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Guo X, Zhu X, Zhou S, Dong X. Serum levels of IL-9 and IL-11 serve as predictors for the occurrence of early neurologic deterioration in patients with cerebral infarction. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 558:119683. [PMID: 38643817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Early neurological deterioration (END) is a common complication of cerebral infarction and a significant contributor to poor prognosis. Our study aimed to investigate the predictive value of interleukin-9 (IL-9) and interleukin-11 (IL-11) in relation to the occurrence of END in patients with cerebral infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS 102 patients with cerebral infarction and 64 healthy controls were collected. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the development of END following admission: the END group (n = 44) and the non-END group (n = 58). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the serum levels of IL-9, IL-11, and BDNF. RESULTS Serum IL-9 was higher and IL-11 lower in the END group than those in the non-END group (P < 0.01). IL-9 correlated positively with NIHSS score (r = 0.627) and infarction volume (r = 0.686), while IL-11 correlated negatively (r = -0.613, -0.679, respectively). Logistic regression identified age, NIHSS score, and IL-9 as risk factors (P < 0.01), and IL-11 as protective (P < 0.01). Combined IL-9 and IL-11 had an ROC curve area of 0.849. BDNF correlated negatively with IL-9 (r = -0.703) and positively with IL-11 (r = 0.711). CONCLUSION Serum IL-9 and IL-11 levels can predict the occurrence of END in patient with cerebral infarction and are correlated with serum BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Guo
- Department of Emergency, People's Hospital of Yangzhong City, Yangzhong, Jiangsu 212200, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Yangzhong City, Yangzhong, Jiangsu 212200, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Yangzhong City, Yangzhong, Jiangsu 212200, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China
| | - Xiaohong Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222002, China.
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2
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Dong Y, Zhang X, Wang Y. Interleukins in Epilepsy: Friend or Foe. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:635-657. [PMID: 38265567 PMCID: PMC11127910 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder with recurrent unprovoked seizures, affecting ~ 65 million worldwide. Evidence in patients with epilepsy and animal models suggests a contribution of neuroinflammation to epileptogenesis and the development of epilepsy. Interleukins (ILs), as one of the major contributors to neuroinflammation, are intensively studied for their association and modulatory effects on ictogenesis and epileptogenesis. ILs are commonly divided into pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and therefore are expected to be pathogenic or neuroprotective in epilepsy. However, both protective and destructive effects have been reported for many ILs. This may be due to the complex nature of ILs, and also possibly due to the different disease courses that those ILs are involved in. In this review, we summarize the contributions of different ILs in those processes and provide a current overview of recent research advances, as well as preclinical and clinical studies targeting ILs in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Xia Zhang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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3
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Lu W, Wen J. Crosstalk Among Glial Cells in the Blood-Brain Barrier Injury After Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03939-6. [PMID: 38279077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is comprised of brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs), astrocytes, perivascular microglia, pericytes, neuronal processes, and the basal lamina. As a complex and dynamic interface between the blood and the central nervous system (CNS), BBB is responsible for transporting nutrients essential for the normal metabolism of brain cells and hinders many toxic compounds entering into the CNS. The loss of BBB integrity following stroke induces tissue damage, inflammation, edema, and neural dysfunction. Thus, BBB disruption is an important pathophysiological process of acute ischemic stroke. Understanding the mechanism underlying BBB disruption can uncover more promising biological targets for developing treatments for ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes leads to increased production of inflammatory mediators, containing chemokines, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), etc., which are important factors in the pathological process of BBB breakdown. In this review, we discussed the current knowledges about the vital and dual roles of astrocytes and microglia on the BBB breakdown during ischemic stroke. Specifically, we provided an updated overview of phenotypic transformation of microglia and astrocytes, as well as uncovered the crosstalk among astrocyte, microglia, and oligodendrocyte in the BBB disruption following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Gržeta Krpan N, Harej Hrkać A, Janković T, Dolenec P, Bekyarova E, Parpura V, Pilipović K. Chemically Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Prevent the Reduction in Plasmalemmal Glutamate Transporter EAAT1 Expression in, and Increase the Release of Selected Cytokines from, Stretch-Injured Astrocytes in Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:225. [PMID: 38334617 PMCID: PMC10854924 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We tested the effects of water-soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes, chemically functionalized with polyethylene glycol (SWCNT-PEG), on primary mouse astrocytes exposed to a severe in vitro simulated traumatic brain injury (TBI). The application of SWCNT-PEG in the culture media of injured astrocytes did not affect cell damage levels, when compared to those obtained from injured, functionalization agent (PEG)-treated cells. Furthermore, SWCNT-PEG did not change the levels of oxidatively damaged proteins in astrocytes. However, this nanomaterial prevented the reduction in plasmalemmal glutamate transporter EAAT1 expression caused by the injury, rendering the level of EAAT1 on par with that of control, uninjured PEG-treated astrocytes; in parallel, there was no significant change in the levels of GFAP. Additionally, SWCNT-PEG increased the release of selected cytokines that are generally considered to be involved in recovery processes following injuries. As a loss of EAATs has been implicated as a culprit in the suffering of human patients from TBI, the application of SWCNT-PEG could have valuable effects at the injury site, by preventing the loss of astrocytic EAAT1 and consequently allowing for a much-needed uptake of glutamate from the extracellular space, the accumulation of which leads to unwanted excitotoxicity. Additional potential therapeutic benefits could be reaped from the fact that SWCNT-PEG stimulated the release of selected cytokines from injured astrocytes, which would promote recovery after injury and thus counteract the excess of proinflammatory cytokines present in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Gržeta Krpan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Anja Harej Hrkać
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Tamara Janković
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Petra Dolenec
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- International Translational Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Kristina Pilipović
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (N.G.K.); (A.H.H.); (T.J.); (P.D.)
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5
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Sharif A, Mamo J, Lam V, Al-Salami H, Mooranian A, Watts GF, Clarnette R, Luna G, Takechi R. The therapeutic potential of probucol and probucol analogues in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:6. [PMID: 38247000 PMCID: PMC10802046 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders present complex pathologies characterized by various interconnected factors, including the aggregation of misfolded proteins, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Addressing such multifaceted pathways necessitates the development of multi-target therapeutic strategies. Emerging research indicates that probucol, a historic lipid-lowering medication, offers substantial potential in the realm of neurodegenerative disease prevention and treatment. Preclinical investigations have unveiled multifaceted cellular effects of probucol, showcasing its remarkable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, its ability to fortify the BBB and its direct influence on neural preservation and adaptability. These diverse effects collectively translate into enhancements in both motor and cognitive functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent findings highlighting the efficacy of probucol and probucol-related compounds in the context of various neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and cognitive impairment associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arazu Sharif
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Research, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Roger Clarnette
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Luna
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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6
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Qi L, Wang F, Sun X, Li H, Zhang K, Li J. Recent advances in tissue repair of the blood-brain barrier after stroke. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241226551. [PMID: 38304736 PMCID: PMC10832427 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241226551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) enables the necessary exchange of substances between the brain parenchyma and circulating blood and is important for the normal functioning of the central nervous system. Ischemic stroke inflicts damage upon the BBB, triggering adverse stroke outcomes such as cerebral edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and aggravated neuroinflammation. Therefore, effective repair of the damaged BBB after stroke and neovascularization that allows for the unique selective transfer of substances from the BBB after stroke is necessary and important for the recovery of brain function. This review focuses on four important therapies that have effects of BBB tissue repair after stroke in the last seven years. Most of these new therapies show increased expression of BBB tight-junction proteins, and some show beneficial results in terms of enhanced pericyte coverage at the injured vessels. This review also briefly outlines three effective classes of approaches and their mechanisms for promoting neoangiogenesis following a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujie Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hang Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jingan Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering & Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Magnesium Alloy & Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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7
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Lin W, Zhao XY, Cheng JW, Li LT, Jiang Q, Zhang YX, Han F. Signaling pathways in brain ischemia: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 251:108541. [PMID: 37783348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke occurs when the arteries supplying blood to the brain are narrowed or blocked, inducing damage to brain tissue due to a lack of blood supply. One effective way to reduce brain damage and alleviate symptoms is to reopen blocked blood vessels in a timely manner and reduce neuronal damage. To achieve this, researchers have focused on identifying key cellular signaling pathways that can be targeted with drugs. These pathways include oxidative/nitrosative stress, excitatory amino acids and their receptors, inflammatory signaling molecules, metabolic pathways, ion channels, and other molecular events involved in stroke pathology. However, evidence suggests that solely focusing on protecting neurons may not yield satisfactory clinical results. Instead, researchers should consider the multifactorial and complex mechanisms underlying stroke pathology, including the interactions between different components of the neurovascular unit. Such an approach is more representative of the actual pathological process observed in clinical settings. This review summarizes recent research on the multiple molecular mechanisms and drug targets in ischemic stroke, as well as recent advances in novel therapeutic strategies. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future prospects of new strategies based on the biological characteristics of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lin
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jia-Wen Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Li-Tao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi-Xuan Zhang
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China.
| | - Feng Han
- Medical Basic Research Innovation Center for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, China; International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China; Institute of Brain Science, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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8
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Qi F, Zuo Z, Hu K, Wang R, Wu T, Liu H, Tang J, Wang Q, Xie Y, Tan L, Yang Y, Zhang X, Zheng J, Xu J, Yao Z, Wang S, Wu LJ, Guo K. VEGF-A in serum protects against memory impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by blocking neutrophil infiltration. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4374-4389. [PMID: 37280283 PMCID: PMC10827659 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02097-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Activation of innate immunity in the brain is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study investigated the regulation of innate immunity by wild-type serum injection in a transgenic AD mouse model. We found that treatment with wild-type mouse serum significantly reduced the number of neutrophils and microglial reactivity in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. Mimicking this effect, neutrophil depletion via Ly6G neutralizing antibodies resulted in improvements in AD brain functions. Serum proteomic analysis identified vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) as factors enriched in serum samples, which are crucial for neutrophil migration and chemotaxis, leukocyte migration, and cell chemotaxis. Exogenous VEGF-A reversed amyloid β (Aβ)-induced decreases in cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and increases in CXCL1 in vitro and blocked neutrophil infiltration into the AD brain. Endothelial Cdk5 overexpression conferred an inhibitory effect on CXCL1 and neutrophil infiltration, thereby restoring memory abilities in APP/PS1 mice. Our findings uncover a previously unknown link between blood-derived VEGF signaling and neutrophil infiltration and support targeting endothelial Cdk5 signaling as a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Editorial Department of Journal of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Zejie Zuo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Kaishun Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiaoling Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qingbo Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Five-year Programs of Clinical Medicine in the 2017 grade, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 528406, China
| | - Liren Tan
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yunjie Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhibin Yao
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shengwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Kaihua Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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9
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Yao F, Luo Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Hu X, You X, Li Z, Yu S, Tian D, Zheng M, Cheng L, Jing J. Myelin Debris Impairs Tight Junctions and Promotes the Migration of Microvascular Endothelial Cells in the Injured Spinal Cord. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:741-756. [PMID: 35147836 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01203-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clearance of myelin debris caused by acute demyelination is an essential process for functional restoration following spinal cord injury (SCI). Microvascular endothelial cells, acting as "amateur" phagocytes, have been confirmed to engulf and degrade myelin debris, promoting the inflammatory response, robust angiogenesis, and persistent fibrosis. However, the effect of myelin debris engulfment on the function of endothelial tight junctions (TJs) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that myelin debris uptake impairs TJs and gap junctions of endothelial cells in the lesion core of the injured spinal cord and in vitro, resulting in increased permeability and leakage. We further show that myelin debris acts as an inducer to regulate the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in a dose-dependent manner and promotes endothelial cell migration through the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways. Together, our results indicate that myelin debris engulfment impairs TJs and promotes the migration of endothelial cells. Accelerating myelin debris clearance may help maintain blood-spinal cord barrier integrity, thus facilitating restoration of motor and sensory function following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yihao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yiteng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xuyang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xingyu You
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shuisheng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Dasheng Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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10
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Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Yan S, Chen Y, Li Z, Zhou D, Liu L. The role of circadian clock in astrocytes: From cellular functions to ischemic stroke therapeutic targets. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1013027. [PMID: 36570843 PMCID: PMC9772621 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1013027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that astrocytes, the abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), play a critical role in maintaining the immune response after cerebral infarction, regulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), providing nutrients to the neurons, and reuptake of glutamate. The circadian clock is an endogenous timing system that controls and optimizes biological processes. The central circadian clock and the peripheral clock are consistent, controlled by various circadian components, and participate in the pathophysiological process of astrocytes. Existing evidence shows that circadian rhythm controls the regulation of inflammatory responses by astrocytes in ischemic stroke (IS), regulates the repair of the BBB, and plays an essential role in a series of pathological processes such as neurotoxicity and neuroprotection. In this review, we highlight the importance of astrocytes in IS and discuss the potential role of the circadian clock in influencing astrocyte pathophysiology. A comprehensive understanding of the ability of the circadian clock to regulate astrocytes after stroke will improve our ability to predict the targets and biological functions of the circadian clock and gain insight into the basis of its intervention mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fukang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China,The Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siyang Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Desheng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China,Desheng Zhou,
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Lijuan Liu,
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11
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Zhao B, Yin Q, Fei Y, Zhu J, Qiu Y, Fang W, Li Y. Research progress of mechanisms for tight junction damage on blood-brain barrier inflammation. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1579-1590. [PMID: 32608276 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1784952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to disease pathologies by disrupting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tight junctions (TJ) are a key component of the BBB. Following hypoxic-ischaemic or mechanical injury to the brain, inflammatory mediators are released such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Simultaneously, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are released which can degrade TJ proteins. Subsequently, the function and morphology of the BBB are disrupted, which allows immune cells an opportunity to enter into the brain parenchyma. This review summarises the information on the role of TJ protein families in the BBB and provides a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms whereby inflammation breaks down the BBB by increasing degradation of TJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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12
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The Crosstalk between the Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation after General Anaesthesia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5700-5717. [PMID: 36421670 PMCID: PMC9689502 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44110386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As we know, with continuous medical progress, the treatment of many diseases can be conducted via surgery, which often relies on general anaesthesia for its satisfactory performance. With the widespread use of general anaesthetics, people are beginning to question the safety of general anaesthesia and there is a growing interest in central nervous system (CNS) complications associated with anaesthetics. Recently, abundant evidence has suggested that both blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and neuroinflammation play roles in the development of CNS complications after anaesthesia. Whether there is a crosstalk between BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation after general anaesthesia, and whether this possible crosstalk could be a therapeutic target for CNS complications after general anaesthesia needs to be clarified by further studies.
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13
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He T, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Crosstalk of Astrocytes and Other Cells during Ischemic Stroke. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060910. [PMID: 35743941 PMCID: PMC9228674 DOI: 10.3390/life12060910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. Astrocytes structurally compose tripartite synapses, blood–brain barrier, and the neurovascular unit and perform multiple functions through cell-to-cell signaling of neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. The crosstalk of astrocytes and other cells is complicated and incompletely understood. Here we review the role of astrocytes in response to ischemic stroke, both beneficial and detrimental, from a cell–cell interaction perspective. Reactive astrocytes provide neuroprotection through antioxidation and antiexcitatory effects and metabolic support; they also contribute to neurorestoration involving neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, angiogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis by crosstalk with stem cells and cell lineage. In the meantime, reactive astrocytes also play a vital role in neuroinflammation and brain edema. Glial scar formation in the chronic phase hinders functional recovery. We further discuss astrocyte enriched microRNAs and exosomes in the regulation of ischemic stroke. In addition, the latest notion of reactive astrocyte subsets and astrocytic activity revealed by optogenetics is mentioned. This review discusses the current understanding of the intimate molecular conversation between astrocytes and other cells and outlines its potential implications after ischemic stroke. “Neurocentric” strategies may not be sufficient for neurological protection and recovery; future therapeutic strategies could target reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China;
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (G.-Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-62933186 (G.-Y.Y.); Fax: +86-21-62932302 (G.-Y.Y.)
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Correspondence: (G.-Y.Y.); (Z.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-62933186 (G.-Y.Y.); Fax: +86-21-62932302 (G.-Y.Y.)
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14
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Hu Y, Zheng Y, Wang T, Jiao L, Luo Y. VEGF, a Key Factor for Blood Brain Barrier Injury After Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2022; 13:647-654. [PMID: 35656098 PMCID: PMC9116914 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) injury is an important factor affecting the prognosis of ischemic stroke. Extensive research on BBB injury has revealed that blood vessels and neural networks are interdependent and interrelated during and after the development of the brain. An array of signaling molecules, known as angioneurins, can affect both blood vessels and neural networks simultaneously. Angioneurins not only regulate the angiogenesis and remodeling process of the vascular system, but also act as neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors, or serve as guide molecules for axons. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a type of angioneurin that is expressed in neurons, astrocytes, macrophages, and vascular endothelial cells in ischemic and hypoxic brain tissues after cerebral ischemia. VEGF can increase and induce the destruction of the endothelial barrier in the early stages of cerebral ischemia. Both the upregulation of endogenous VEGF levels and the use of exogenous VEGF are harmful in the acute stage of stroke. However, the harmful effects of VEGF on vascular integrity are transient. Several studies have shown that VEGF regulates angiogenesis, neurogenesis, neurite growth and brain edema after cerebral ischemia. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the dual role of VEGF in ischemic stroke. The following will focus on the damage caused by VEGF to the BBB in the context of cerebral ischemic stroke, as well as therapeutic studies targeting VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- 1Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangmin Zheng
- 1Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Jiao
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,4Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- 1Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,3Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,4Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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15
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Bo C, Cao Y, Li S, Zhang H, Lu X, Kong X, Zhang S, Gao H, Wang J, Wang L. Construction Immune Related Feed-Forward Loop Network Reveals Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker as Potential Neuroprotective Drug for Ischemic Stroke. Front Genet 2022; 13:811571. [PMID: 35419038 PMCID: PMC8995882 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.811571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) accounts for the leading cause of disability and mortality in China. Increasing researchers are studying the effects of neuroprotective agents on IS. However, the molecular mechanisms of feed-forward loops (FFLs) associated with neuroprotection in the pathogenesis of IS need to be further studied. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of IS immune genes was constructed to decipher the characters and excavate 3 hub genes (PI3K, IL6, and TNF) of immunity. Then, we identified two hub clusters of IS immune genes, and the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway was discovered on the pathway enrichment results of both clusters. Combined with GO enrichment analysis, the cytokines participate in the inflammatory response in the extracellular space of IS patients. Next, a transcription factor (TF)-miRNA-immune gene network (TMIGN) was established by extracting four regulatory pairs (TF-miRNA, TF-gene, miRNA-gene, and miRNA-TF). Then, we detected 3-node regulatory motif types in the TMIGN network. According to the criteria we set for defining 3-node motifs, the motif with the highest Z-score (3-node composite FFL) was picked as the statistically evident motif, which was merged to construct an immune-associated composite FFL motif-specific sub-network (IA-CFMSN), which contained 21 3-node FFLs composed of 13 miRNAs, 4 TFs, 9 immune genes, and 1 TF& immune gene, among which TP53 and VEGFA were prominent TF and immune gene, respectively. In addition, the immune genes in IA-CFMSN were used for identifying associated pathways and drugs to further clarify the immune regulation mechanism and neuroprotection after IS. As a result, 5 immune genes targeted by 20 drugs were identified and the Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) target AGTR1 was found to be a neuroprotective drug for IS. In the present study, the construction of IA-CFMSN provides IS immune-associated FFLs for further experimental studies, providing new prospects for the discovery of new biomarkers and potential drugs for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrui Bo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuze Cao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huixue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaotong Kong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianjian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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16
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Addressing Blood–Brain Barrier Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040742. [PMID: 35453494 PMCID: PMC9029506 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the specialized microenvironment of the brain tissue. It facilitates communication while separating the peripheral circulation system from the brain parenchyma. However, normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases can alter and damage the physiological properties of the BBB. In this review, we first briefly present the essential pathways maintaining and regulating BBB integrity, and further review the mechanisms of BBB breakdown associated with normal aging and peripheral inflammation-causing neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. We also discuss how BBB disruption can cause or contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia and a devastating neurological disorder. Next, we document overlaps between AD and vascular dementia (VaD) and briefly sum up the techniques for identifying biomarkers linked to BBB deterioration. Finally, we conclude that BBB breakdown could be used as a biomarker to help diagnose cognitive impairment associated with normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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17
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Zhu H, Hu S, Li Y, Sun Y, Xiong X, Hu X, Chen J, Qiu S. Interleukins and Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828447. [PMID: 35173738 PMCID: PMC8841354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke after cerebral artery occlusion is one of the major causes of chronic disability worldwide. Interleukins (ILs) play a bidirectional role in ischemic stroke through information transmission, activation and regulation of immune cells, mediating the activation, multiplication and differentiation of T and B cells and in the inflammatory reaction. Crosstalk between different ILs in different immune cells also impact the outcome of ischemic stroke. This overview is aimed to roughly discuss the multiple roles of ILs after ischemic stroke. The roles of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-32, IL-33, IL-34, IL-37, and IL-38 in ischemic stroke were discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siping Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjing Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Junjing Chen, ; Sheng Qiu,
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18
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Impact of Age on Plasma Inflammatory Biomarkers in the 6 Months Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2021; 35:324-331. [PMID: 32881766 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare plasma inflammatory biomarker concentrations to 6 months in young and older adults with and without mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). SETTING Level 1 trauma center. PARTICIPANTS Younger (21-54 years) and older (55+) adults diagnosed with mild TBI along with age-/sex-matched noninjured controls (n = 313). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. MAIN MEASURES Multiplex assays were used to quantify concentrations of selected plasma inflammatory markers at day 0, months 1 and 6. RESULTS Persistent aging-related differences were found between control groups in concentrations of 4 cytokines up to 6 months. At day 0, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and fractalkine were higher in the older TBI compared with older control as well as the younger TBI groups, while IL-10 was higher in older TBI compared with controls. At month 1, significantly higher concentrations of IL-8, fractalkine, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were seen. At 6 months postinjury, significantly higher concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were seen, while a lower concentration of IL-7 was found in older versus younger TBI groups. CONCLUSION The neuroinflammatory signature that accompanies mild TBI in older adults differs from that of younger adults. The differences seen are notable for their roles in neutrophil attraction (IL-8), neuronal-microglial-immune cell interactions (fractalkine), and chronic inflammation (IL-6).
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19
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Liu X, Zhou F, Wang W, Chen G, Zhang Q, Lv R, Zhao Z, Li X, Yu Q, Meves JM, Hua H, Li X, Wang X, Sun H, Gao D. IL-9-triggered lncRNA Gm13568 regulates Notch1 in astrocytes through interaction with CBP/P300: contribute to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:108. [PMID: 33971906 PMCID: PMC8112022 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin 9 (IL-9), produced mainly by T helper 9 (Th9) cells, has been recognized as an important regulator in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Astrocytes respond to IL-9 and reactive astrocytes always associate with blood-brain barrier damage, immune cell infiltration, and spinal injury in MS and EAE. Several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with aberrant expression have been identified in the pathogenesis of MS. Here, we examined the effects of lncRNA Gm13568 (a co-upregulated lncRNA both in EAE mice and in mouse primary astrocytes activated by IL-9) on the activation of astrocytes and the process of EAE. Methods In vitro, shRNA-recombinant lentivirus with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter were performed to determine the relative gene expression and proinflammatory cytokines production in IL-9 treated-astrocytes using Western blot, real-time PCR, and Cytometric Bead Array, respectively. RIP and ChIP assays were analyzed for the mechanism of lncRNA Gm13568 regulating gene expression. Immunofluorescence assays was performed to measure the protein expression in astrocytes. In vivo, H&E staining and LFB staining were applied to detect the inflammatory cells infiltrations and the medullary sheath damage in spinal cords of EAE mice infected by the recombinant lentivirus. Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA or Student’s t test, as appropriate. Results Knockdown of the endogenous lncRNA Gm13568 remarkably inhibits the Notch1 expression, astrocytosis, and the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IP-10) in IL-9-activated astrocytes, in which Gm13568 associates with the transcriptional co-activators CBP/P300 which are enriched in the promoter of Notch1 genes. More importantly, inhibiting Gm13568 with lentiviral vector in astrocytes ameliorates significantly inflammation and demyelination in EAE mice, therefore delaying the EAE process. Conclusions These findings uncover that Gm13568 regulates the production of inflammatory cytokines in active astrocytes and affects the pathogenesis of EAE through the Notch1/STAT3 pathway. LncRNA Gm13568 may be a promising target for treating MS and demyelinating diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02156-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofang Chen
- Neurology Department, The Affiliated Xuzhou Center Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.,Neurology Department, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.,Neurology Department, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixue Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jessica M Meves
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medicine, MI48109, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hui Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology and Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China.
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20
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A peripheral inflammatory signature discriminates bipolar from unipolar depression: A machine learning approach. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110136. [PMID: 33045321 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood disorders (major depressive disorder, MDD, and bipolar disorder, BD) are considered leading causes of life-long disability worldwide, where high rates of no response to treatment or relapse and delays in receiving a proper diagnosis (~60% of depressed BD patients are initially misdiagnosed as MDD) contribute to a growing personal and socio-economic burden. The immune system may represent a new target to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic procedures but reliable biomarkers still need to be found. METHODS In our study we predicted the differential diagnosis of mood disorders by considering the plasma levels of 54 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors of 81 BD and 127 MDD depressed patients. Clinical diagnoses were predicted also against 32 healthy controls. Elastic net models, including 5000 non-parametric bootstrapping procedure and inner and outer 10-fold nested cross-validation were performed in order to identify the signatures for the disorders. RESULTS Results showed that the immune-inflammatory signature classifies the two disorders with a high accuracy (AUC = 97%), specifically 92% and 86% respectively for MDD and BD. MDD diagnosis was predicted by high levels of markers related to both pro-inflammatory (i.e. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-16) and regulatory responses (IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10), whereas BD by high levels of inflammatory markers (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, CCL25, CCL27, CXCL11, IL-9 and TNF-α). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide novel tools for early diagnosis of BD, strengthening the impact of biomarkers research into clinical practice, and new insights for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for depressive disorders.
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21
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of R/S-Roscovitine and CDKs Related Inhibition under Both Focal and Global Cerebral Ischemia: A Focus on Neurovascular Unit and Immune Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010104. [PMID: 33429982 PMCID: PMC7827530 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Following ischemic stroke, Neurovascular Unit (NVU) inflammation and peripheral leucocytes infiltration are major contributors to the extension of brain lesions. For a long time restricted to neurons, the 10 past years have shown the emergence of an increasing number of studies focusing on the role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) on the other cells of NVU, as well as on the leucocytes. The most widely used CDKs inhibitor, (R)-roscovitine, and its (S) isomer both decreased brain lesions in models of global and focal cerebral ischemia. We previously showed that (S)-roscovitine acted, at least, by modulating NVU response to ischemia. Interestingly, roscovitine was shown to decrease leucocytes-mediated inflammation in several inflammatory models. Specific inhibition of roscovitine majors target CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 showed that these CDKs played key roles in inflammatory processes of NVU cells and leucocytes after brain lesions, including ischemic stroke. The data summarized here support the investigation of roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and provide an overview of CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 functions in brain cells and leucocytes during cerebral ischemia.
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22
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Huang X, Hussain B, Chang J. Peripheral inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:36-47. [PMID: 33381913 PMCID: PMC7804893 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiological barrier that separates the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral circulation, which contains inflammatory mediators and immune cells. The BBB regulates cellular and molecular exchange between the blood vessels and brain parenchyma. Normal functioning of the BBB is crucial for the homeostasis and proper function of the brain. It has been demonstrated that peripheral inflammation can disrupt the BBB by various pathways, resulting in different CNS diseases. Recently, clinical research also showed CNS complications following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cell therapy, which both lead to a cytokine storm in the circulation. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the BBB disruption induced by peripheral inflammation will provide an important basis for protecting the CNS in the context of exacerbated peripheral inflammatory diseases. In the present review, we first summarize the physiological properties of the BBB that makes the CNS an immune‐privileged organ. We then discuss the relevance of peripheral inflammation‐induced BBB disruption to various CNS diseases. Finally, we elaborate various factors and mechanisms of peripheral inflammation that disrupt the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Basharat Hussain
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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23
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Fowler AJ, Hebron M, Balaraman K, Shi W, Missner AA, Greenzaid JD, Chiu TL, Ullman C, Weatherdon E, Duka V, Torres-Yaghi Y, Pagan FL, Liu X, Ressom H, Ahn J, Wolf C, Moussa C. Discoidin Domain Receptor 1 is a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:2882-2898. [PMID: 32776088 PMCID: PMC7566445 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Discoidin Domain Receptors (DDRs) is poorly understood in neurodegeneration. DDRs are upregulated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (PD), and DDRs knockdown reduces neurotoxic protein levels. Here we show that potent and preferential DDR1 inhibitors reduce neurotoxic protein levels in vitro and in vivo. Partial or complete deletion or inhibition of DDR1 in a mouse model challenged with α-synuclein increases autophagy and reduces inflammation and neurotoxic proteins. Significant changes of cerebrospinal fluid microRNAs that control inflammation, neuronal injury, autophagy and vesicular transport genes are observed in PD with and without dementia and Lewy body dementia, but these changes are attenuated or reversed after treatment with the DDR1 inhibitor, nilotinib. Collectively, these data demonstrate that DDR1 regulates autophagy and reduces neurotoxic proteins and inflammation and is a therapeutic target in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Fowler
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Georgetown Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Michaeline Hebron
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kaluvu Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University and Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Wangke Shi
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Alexander A Missner
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jonathan D Greenzaid
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Timothy L Chiu
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Clementina Ullman
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Ethan Weatherdon
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Val Duka
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Yasar Torres-Yaghi
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Fernando L Pagan
- MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Habtom Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jaeil Ahn
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University and Medicinal Chemistry Shared Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Charbel Moussa
- Department of Neurology, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Lewy Body Dementia Association, Research Center of Excellence, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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24
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Le Roy L, Amara A, Le Roux C, Bocher O, Létondor A, Benz N, Timsit S. Principal component analysis, a useful tool to study cyclin-dependent kinase-inhibitor's effect on cerebral ischaemia. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa136. [PMID: 33094284 PMCID: PMC7566348 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of acute death related in part to brain oedema, blood-brain barrier disruption and glial inflammation. A cyclin-dependant kinase inhibitor, (S)-roscovitine, was administered 90 min after onset on a model of rat focal cerebral ischaemia. Brain swelling and Evans Blue tissue extravasation were quantified after Evans Blue injection. Combined tissue Evans Blue fluorescence and immunofluorescence of endothelial cells (RECA1), microglia (isolectin-IB4) and astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were analysed. Using a Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test, (S)-roscovitine improved recovery by more than 50% compared to vehicle (Mann-Whitney, P < 0.001), decreased significantly brain swelling by 50% (t-test, P = 0.0128) mostly in the rostral part of the brain. Main analysis was therefore performed on rostral cut for immunofluorescence to maximize biological observations (cut B). Evans Blue fluorescence decreased in (S)-roscovitine group compared to vehicle (60%, t-test, P = 0.049) and was further supported by spectrophotometer analysis (Mann-Whitney, P = 0.0002) and Evans Blue macroscopic photonic analysis (t-test, P = 0.07). An increase of RECA-1 intensity was observed in the ischaemic hemisphere compared to non-ischaemic hemisphere. Further study showed, in the ischaemic hemisphere that (S)-roscovitine treated group compared to vehicle, showed a decrease of: (i) endothelial RECA-1 intensity of about 20% globally, mainly located in the cortex (-28.5%, t-test, P = 0.03); (ii) Microglia's number by 55% (t-test, P = 0.006) and modulated reactive astrocytes through a trend toward less astrocytes number (15%, t-test, P = 0.05) and astrogliosis (21%, t-test, P = 0.076). To decipher the complex relationship of these components, we analysed the six biological quantitative variables of our study by principal component analysis from immunofluorescence studies of the same animals. Principal component analysis differentiated treated from non-treated animals on dimension 1 with negative values in the treated animals, and positive values in the non-treated animals. Interestingly, stroke recovery presented a negative correlation with this dimension, while all other biological variables showed a positive correlation. Dimensions 1 and 2 allowed the identification of two groups of co-varying variables: endothelial cells, microglia number and Evans Blue with positive values on both dimensions, and astrocyte number, astrogliosis and brain swelling with negative values on dimension 2. This partition suggests different mechanisms. Correlation matrix analysis was concordant with principal component analysis results. Because of its pleiotropic complex action on different elements of the NeuroVascular Unit response, (S)-roscovitine may represent an effective treatment against oedema in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Le Roy
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Ahmed Amara
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Cloé Le Roux
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Ozvan Bocher
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Anne Létondor
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Nathalie Benz
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Serge Timsit
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, Genetics, functional genomics and biotechnology (GGB), F-29200, Brest, France.,Neurology and Stroke Unit Department, CHRU de Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Inserm 1078, France
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25
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Sarvari S, Moakedi F, Hone E, Simpkins JW, Ren X. Mechanisms in blood-brain barrier opening and metabolism-challenged cerebrovascular ischemia with emphasis on ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:851-868. [PMID: 32297170 PMCID: PMC7988906 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability among adults as well as the 2nd leading cause of death globally. Ischemic stroke accounts for about 85% of strokes, and currently, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), whose therapeutic window is limited to up to 4.5 h for the appropriate population, is the only FDA approved drug in practice and medicine. After a stroke, a cascade of pathophysiological events results in the opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through which further complications, disabilities, and mortality are likely to threaten the patient's health. Strikingly, tPA administration in eligible patients might cause hemorrhagic transformation and sustained damage to BBB integrity. One must, therefore, delineate upon stroke onset which cellular and molecular factors mediate BBB permeability as well as what key roles BBB rupture plays in the pathophysiology of stroke. In this review article, given our past findings of mechanisms underlying BBB opening in stroke animal models, we elucidate cellular, subcellular, and molecular factors involved in BBB permeability after ischemic stroke. The contribution of each factor to stroke severity and outcome is further discussed. Determinant factors in BBB permeability and stroke include mitochondria, miRNAs, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion proteins. Once these factors are interrogated and their roles in the pathophysiology of stroke are determined, novel targets for drug discovery and development can be uncovered in addition to novel therapeutic avenues for human stroke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Sarvari
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Faezeh Moakedi
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Emily Hone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James W Simpkins
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Experimental Stroke Core Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Xuefang Ren
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Experimental Stroke Core Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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26
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Keep RF, Jones HC, Drewes LR. This was the year that was: brain barriers and brain fluid research in 2019. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:20. [PMID: 32138786 PMCID: PMC7059280 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial highlights advances in brain barrier and brain fluid research published in 2019, as well as addressing current controversies and pressing needs. Topics include recent advances related to: the cerebral endothelium and the neurovascular unit; the choroid plexus, arachnoid membrane; cerebrospinal fluid and the glymphatic hypothesis; the impact of disease states on brain barriers and brain fluids; drug delivery to the brain; and translation of preclinical data to the clinic. This editorial also mourns the loss of two important figures in the field, Malcolm B. Segal and Edward G. Stopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200 USA
| | | | - Lester R. Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
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27
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Martha SR, Cheng Q, Fraser JF, Gong L, Collier LA, Davis SM, Lukins D, Alhajeri A, Grupke S, Pennypacker KR. Expression of Cytokines and Chemokines as Predictors of Stroke Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1391. [PMID: 32010048 PMCID: PMC6974670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ischemic stroke remains one of the most debilitating diseases and is the fifth leading cause of death in the US. The ability to predict stroke outcomes within the acute period of stroke would be essential for care planning and rehabilitation. The Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC; clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683) study collects arterial blood immediately distal and proximal to the intracranial thrombus at the time of mechanical thrombectomy. These blood samples are an innovative resource in evaluating acute gene expression changes at the time of ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to identify inflammatory genes and important immune factors during mechanical thrombectomy for emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) and which patient demographics were predictors for stroke outcomes (infarct and/or edema volume) in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods: The BACTRAC study is a non-probability sampling of male and female subjects (≥18 year old) treated with mechanical thrombectomy for ELVO. We evaluated 28 subjects (66 ± 15.48 years) relative concentrations of mRNA for gene expression in 84 inflammatory molecules in arterial blood distal and proximal to the intracranial thrombus who underwent thrombectomy. We used the machine learning method, Random Forest to predict which inflammatory genes and patient demographics were important features for infarct and edema volumes. To validate the overlapping genes with outcomes, we perform ordinary least squares regression analysis. Results: Machine learning analyses demonstrated that the genes and subject factors CCR4, IFNA2, IL-9, CXCL3, Age, T2DM, IL-7, CCL4, BMI, IL-5, CCR3, TNFα, and IL-27 predicted infarct volume. The genes and subject factor IFNA2, IL-5, CCL11, IL-17C, CCR4, IL-9, IL-7, CCR3, IL-27, T2DM, and CSF2 predicted edema volume. The overlap of genes CCR4, IFNA2, IL-9, IL-7, IL-5, CCR3, and IL-27 with T2DM predicted both infarct and edema volumes. These genes relate to a microenvironment for chemoattraction and proliferation of autoimmune cells, particularly Th2 cells and neutrophils. Conclusions: Machine learning algorithms can be employed to develop prognostic predictive biomarkers for stroke outcomes in ischemic stroke patients, particularly in regard to identifying acute gene expression changes that occur during stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Martha
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Justin F Fraser
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Liyu Gong
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lisa A Collier
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Stephanie M Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Doug Lukins
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Abdulnasser Alhajeri
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Stephen Grupke
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Keith R Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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28
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Cong X, Kong W. Endothelial tight junctions and their regulatory signaling pathways in vascular homeostasis and disease. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109485. [PMID: 31770579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining vascular homeostasis. In endothelial cells (ECs), TJs are highly dynamic structures that respond to multiple external stimuli and pathological conditions. Alterations in the expression, distribution, and structure of endothelial TJs may lead to many related vascular diseases and pathologies. In this review, we provide an overview of the assessment methods used to evaluate endothelial TJ barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and describe the composition of endothelial TJs in diverse vascular systems and ECs. More importantly, the direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of TJ proteins by intracellular kinases and phosphatases, as well as the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of TJs, including and the protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, PKG, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, are discussed. With great advances in this area, targeting endothelial TJs may provide novel treatment for TJ-related vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
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29
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Kaabachi W, Khaouthar M, Hamdi B, Khalfallah I, Ammar J, Hamzaoui K, Hamzaoui A. Th 9 cells in Behçet disease: Possible involvement of IL-9 in pulmonary manifestations. Immunol Lett 2019; 211:3-12. [PMID: 31075294 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Behçet disease (BD) is a multisystemic disease some of whose manifestations are characterized by pulmonary involvements. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the level of T-helper type 9 (Th9) cells and the cytokine interleukin (IL)-9 in peripheral blood and in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with Behçet's disease (BD) affected by pulmonary manifestations. Nevertheless, until recently there have been no studies on its role in BD. The Th9 (CD4+IL-9+T) cell, transcription factor PU.1 and IL-9 mRNA levels, as well as serum and BAL IL-9 concentration, were measured in BD patients and healthy controls. The Th9 cell percentage and absolute number, PU.1 and IL-9 expression levels of BD patients were all increased significantly compared with the control group. Absolute number of Th9 cells was particularly increased in patients with active BD compared to inactive BD patients. The levels of IL-9 associated to Th9 expression depended on BD severity. These parameters were markedly expressed in the BAL of BD patients with pulmonary manifestations. IL-17 and the epithelial inflammatory cytokine TSLP were significantly correlated to IL-9 levels. This cytokine trio decreased in inactive BD patients after corticosteroïd treatment. In addition, IL-9 levels were correlated to CD4+ IL-9+ cells in BAL and in PBMCs. LPS stimulated PBMCs and macrophages induced increased secretion of IL-9 and the encoding transcription factors PU.1 and IRF4. In conclusion, the expansion of the Th9 cell subset, up-regulation of the PU.1 transcription factor and increased secretion of the IL-9 cytokine may contribute to the pathogenesis of BD, which may be supported by the increased release of IL-17 and TSLP. We provide evidence that Th9 T cells are increased in BD patients with pulmonary manifestations. This suggests an important role of IL-9 in the pathogenesis of BD particularly in patients suffering from lung involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajih Kaabachi
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mnasria Khaouthar
- Immuno-microbiologie environnementale et cancérogenèse, faculté des sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Besma Hamdi
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric and Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Ikbel Khalfallah
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric and Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Jamel Ammar
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric and Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Kamel Hamzaoui
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Agnès Hamzaoui
- Unit Research 12SP15 "Expression moléculaire des interactions cellulaires et leur mode de communication dans le poumon profond", A. Mami Hospital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Department of Basic Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Paediatric and Respiratory Diseases, Abderrahman Mami Hospital, Pavillon B, Ariana, Tunisia.
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