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Guo X, Zhu X, Zhou S, Dong X. Serum levels of IL-9 and IL-11 serve as predictors for the occurrence of early neurologic deterioration in patients with cerebral infarction. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 558:119683. [PMID: 38643817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Early neurological deterioration (END) is a common complication of cerebral infarction and a significant contributor to poor prognosis. Our study aimed to investigate the predictive value of interleukin-9 (IL-9) and interleukin-11 (IL-11) in relation to the occurrence of END in patients with cerebral infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS 102 patients with cerebral infarction and 64 healthy controls were collected. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the development of END following admission: the END group (n = 44) and the non-END group (n = 58). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the serum levels of IL-9, IL-11, and BDNF. RESULTS Serum IL-9 was higher and IL-11 lower in the END group than those in the non-END group (P < 0.01). IL-9 correlated positively with NIHSS score (r = 0.627) and infarction volume (r = 0.686), while IL-11 correlated negatively (r = -0.613, -0.679, respectively). Logistic regression identified age, NIHSS score, and IL-9 as risk factors (P < 0.01), and IL-11 as protective (P < 0.01). Combined IL-9 and IL-11 had an ROC curve area of 0.849. BDNF correlated negatively with IL-9 (r = -0.703) and positively with IL-11 (r = 0.711). CONCLUSION Serum IL-9 and IL-11 levels can predict the occurrence of END in patient with cerebral infarction and are correlated with serum BDNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Guo
- Department of Emergency, People's Hospital of Yangzhong City, Yangzhong, Jiangsu 212200, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Yangzhong City, Yangzhong, Jiangsu 212200, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Yangzhong City, Yangzhong, Jiangsu 212200, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China
| | - Xiaohong Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222002, China.
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Winship A, Dimitriadis E. Interleukin 11 is upregulated in preeclampsia and leads to inflammation and preeclampsia features in mice. J Reprod Immunol 2017; 125:32-38. [PMID: 29195119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a dangerous pregnancy complication, which is often associated with fetal growth restriction and can have serious life-long effects for both mother and baby. While the establishment of the placenta in the first trimester is the sentinel event in the development of preeclampsia little is known of the critical mechanisms of placentation that lead to the syndrome. Locally produced inflammatory cytokines are thought to play a role in the development of preeclampsia. This review summarizes the evidence that interleukin 11 is dysregulated in preeclampsia and contributes to the initiation of preeclampsia via effects on placentation. It discusses the benefits and drawbacks of targeting IL11 as a novel treatment option for preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Winship
- Centre for Reproductive Health, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Eva Dimitriadis
- Centre for Reproductive Health, The Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia.
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Adegoke SA, Smith OS, Adekile AD, Figueiredo MS. Relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and inflammatory cytokines in paediatric sickle cell disease. Cytokine 2017; 96:87-93. [PMID: 28390266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alteration in the concentration of inflammatory cytokines may contribute to pathogenesis in sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Vitamin D may suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhance anti-inflammatory cytokines. OBJECTIVE To compare steady state levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines of Nigerian SCA children with age- and sex-matched healthy controls, and determine the relationship with 25-hydroxyvitamin-D (25-OHD). Effects of three months of vitamin D supplementation on cytokines of SCA children with suboptimal 25-OHD were also evaluated. METHODS Serum 25-OHD, IL-1β, 2, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18 of 95 SCA children and 75 matched controls were determined using HPLC. The 12 SCA children with suboptimal 25-OHD received 2000IU of vitamin D daily for 3months, and their post supplementation cytokines and 25-OHD levels were compared with the baseline values. RESULTS IL-2, 6, 8, 12, 17 and 18 were higher in SCA children than the controls (p≤0.001), but no significant variation in IL-11 and 13 (p=0.131 and 0.057 respectively). Patients with suboptimal serum 25-OHD had higher IL-6, 8 and 18 (p=0.003, 0.010 and 0.002 respectively) and lower levels of IL-11 (p=0.005). Significant positive treatment effects were observed: post-supplementation, serum 25-OHD increased by 23.3ng/mL, p<0.001; proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, 6, 8, 17 and 18 (p<0.001) were reduced and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-11 was increased, p<0.001. CONCLUSIONS Suboptimal 25OHD is associated with enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory markers in children with SCA. Three months of daily vitamin D supplementation reversed the trend. Hence; Vitamin D supplementation may reduce the inflammatory milieu and serve as an anti-inflammatory agent in the management of SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ademola Adegoke
- Haematology and Blood Transfusion Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Olufemi Samuel Smith
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle D Adekile
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Maria Stella Figueiredo
- Haematology and Blood Transfusion Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Qian Y, Si Y, Bao H, Zhou J. [Differential expressions of serum cytokines in cognitive dysfunction patients after colorectal surgery]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2015; 31:231-234. [PMID: 25652866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the serum levels of cytokines in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) patients having received colorectal surgery. METHODS Eighty patients who had received colorectal surgery were enrolled in the study based on the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cognitive function was assessed on day 1 before operation and day 7 after operation using a battery of neuropsychological tests. Serum levels of 120 cytokines were measured at two time points (day 1 before surgery and 4 hours after surgery) using high-throughput cytokine screening. Serum interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-11, IL-17, Fas, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein 3 (MCP3), myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor-1 (MPIF-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha (MIP-3α), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Seventy-seven patients completed both neurocognitive tests and blood samples collection. Nineteen cases were diagnosed with POCD at 7 days after surgery. The age, ASA classification and diabetes incidence of POCD patients were significantly higher and the education level was lower than those in patients without POCD. Serum IL-17, Fas, MIP-3α levels were higher and leptin was lower when compared with non-POCD patients at 1 day before surgery. Serum IL-6, IL-11, IL-17, MCP3, MPIF-1, MIP-3α levels were higher and BDNF was lower when compared with non-POCD group at 4 hours after surgery. In POCD group, serum IL-6, IL-17, MCP3 and MPIF-1 levels at 4 hours postoperatively were higher when compared with ones at 1 day preoperatively. In non-POCD group, serum IL-6 and IL-17 at 4 hours postoperatively were higher while Fas and BDNF were lower when compared with ones at 1 day preoperatively. CONCLUSION Serum cytokines IL-6, IL-11, IL-17, Fas, MPIF-1, MIP-3α, MCP3, leptin, BDNF were found to display differential expressions in POCD patients after colorectal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166; Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029; Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yanna Si
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Hongguang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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Kheifetz Y, Elishmereni M, Agur Z. Complex pattern of interleukin-11-induced inflammation revealed by mathematically modeling the dynamics of C-reactive protein. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:479-91. [PMID: 25231819 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation underlies many diseases and is an undesired effect of several therapy modalities. Biomathematical modeling can help unravel the complex inflammatory processes and the mechanisms triggering their emergence. We developed a model for induction of C-reactive protein (CRP), a clinically reliable marker of inflammation, by interleukin (IL)-11, an approved cytokine for treatment of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. Due to paucity of information on the mechanisms underlying inflammation-induced CRP dynamics, our model was developed by systematically evaluating several models for their ability to retrieve variable CRP profiles observed in IL-11-treated breast cancer patients. The preliminary semi-mechanistic models were designed by non-linear mixed-effects modeling, and were evaluated by various performance criteria, which test goodness-of-fit, parsimony and uniqueness. The best-performing model, a robust population model with minimal inter-individual variability, uncovers new aspects of inflammation dynamics. It shows that CRP clearance is a nonlinear self-controlled process, indicating an adaptive anti-inflammatory reaction in humans. The model also reveals a dual IL-11 effect on CRP elevation, whereby the drug has not only a potent immediate influence on CRP incline, but also a long-term influence inducing elevated CRP levels for several months. Consistent with this, model simulations suggest that periodic IL-11 therapy may result in prolonged low-grade (chronic) inflammation post treatment. Future application of the model can therefore help design improved IL-11 regimens with minimized long-term CRP toxicity. Our study illuminates the dynamics of inflammation and its control, and provides a prototype for progressive modeling of complex biological processes in the medical realm and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kheifetz
- Institute for Medical Biomathematics (IMBM), POB 282, Hate'ena St. 10, 60991, Bene-Ataroth, Israel
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Ren C, Chen Y, Han C, Fu D, Chen H. Plasma interleukin-11 (IL-11) levels have diagnostic and prognostic roles in patients with pancreatic cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11467-72. [PMID: 25123265 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) affects inflammation, motility, and invasion in cancer. Here, we investigated the clinical significance of plasma IL-11 (IL-11p) levels in patients with pancreatic cancer. We enrolled 44 patients with pathologically confirmed diagnoses of pancreatic cancer into this study (median age at diagnosis, 68 years; range, 42-86 years), along with 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and 3 patients with pancreatitis complicated with pancreatic cysts and 15 patients with early pancreatitis. Median baseline IL-11p levels of patients with pancreatic cancer were significantly higher than that of the healthy controls (P < 0.001), as were those of the 15 patients with early pancreatitis. IL-11p levels presented high diagnostic accuracy for pancreatic cancer (area under the curve (AUC), 0.901; sensitivity, 97.7%; specificity, 70.0%). Age, sex, lesion site, disease stage, serum dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin levels did not correlate with IL-11p concentrations (P>0.05), but patients with distant metastases had lower median IL-11p values than did patients without distant metastases (P=0.043). Patients with IL-11p higher than the median level (43.2 pg/mL) had better prognoses than those with lower values (P=0.004), particularly as IL-11p concentration increased to ≥ 50 pg/mL (P=0.001). IL-11p concentration correlated with overall survival (≥ median IL-11p, 10 months; <median IL-11p, 4.0 months; P=0.004). In conclusion, IL-11p has diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic applications for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Ren
- Clinical Medical Testing Laboratory, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital and Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
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Ren CL, Jin P, Han CX, Xiao Q, Wang DR, Shi L, Wang DX, Chen H. Unusual early-stage pancreatic sarcomatoid carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:7820-7824. [PMID: 24282372 PMCID: PMC3837285 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i43.7820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the pancreas (SCP) is a very rare pathological type of carcinoma that usually has a poor prognosis. Its pathogenesis has not been elucidated. We herein report a case of an early-stage SCP involving successful treatment and a good prognosis. The patient was a 48-year-old Chinese man with a 5-mo history of vague abdominal pain. Ultrasonography revealed a 93 mm × 94 mm × 75 mm mass of mixed echogenicity in the tail of the pancreas. Laboratory test results were within the normal range, with the exception of an obviously increased pretreatment neuron-specific enolase level. The plasma transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 and interleukin-11 levels were obviously increased according to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Microscopically, the excised tumor tissue comprised cancer cells and mesenchymal cells. Immunohistochemical analysis was positive for α-1-antichymotrypsin, pan-cytokeratin, cytokeratin 19, cytokeratin 8/18, and vimentin and negative for CD68 and lysozyme. The pathogenetic mechanism of this case shows that TGFβ1 may regulate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in SCP. With early eradication of the tumor and systemic therapy, this patient has been alive for more than 3 years without tumor recurrence or distant metastasis. This case is also the first to show that TGFβ1 may regulate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in early-stage SCP.
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Qing YF, Zhou JG, Zhang QB, Wang DS, Li M, Yang QB, Huang CP, Yin L, Pan SY, Xie WG, Zhang MY, Pu MJ, Zeng M. Association of TLR4 Gene rs2149356 polymorphism with primary gouty arthritis in a case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64845. [PMID: 23738004 PMCID: PMC3667827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The toll-like receptor (TLR)4-interleukin1β (IL1β) signaling pathway is involved in the monosodium urate (MSU)-mediated inflammation. The aim of this present study was to determine whether the TLR4 gene rs2149356 SNP is associated with gouty arthritis (GA) susceptibility and whether rs2149356 SNP impacts the TLR4-IL1β signaling pathway molecules expression. Methods and Findings The rs2149356 SNP was detected in 459 GA patients and 669 control subjects (containing 459 healthy and 210 hyperuricemic subjects). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) TLR4 mRNA and serum IL1β were measured in different genotype carriers, and correlations between TLR4 gene SNP and TLR4 mRNA, IL1β were investigated. The frequencies of the genotype and allele were significantly different between the GA and control groups (P<0.01, respectively). The TT genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of GA (OR = 1.88); this finding was not influenced by making adjustments for the components of possible confounders (adjusted OR = 1.96). TLR4 mRNA and IL1β were significantly increased in the TT genotype from acute GA patients (P<0.05, respectively), and lipids were significantly different among three genotypes in the GA patients (P<0.05, respectively). Conclusions The TLR4 gene rs2149356 SNP might be associated with GA susceptibility, and might participate in regulating immune, inflammation and lipid metabolism. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Qing
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of the Affiliated Hospital, North Sichuan Medical College, China
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Chung SJ, Kwon YJ, Park MC, Park YB, Lee SK. The correlation between increased serum concentrations of interleukin-6 family cytokines and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:113-20. [PMID: 21155043 PMCID: PMC3017685 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was performed to determine whether the serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 family cytokines are elevated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to investigate the relationship between IL-6 family cytokine levels and disease activity in RA patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained serum samples from 40 patients with RA and 40 age- and sex- matched healthy controls, and we assessed the clinical parameters of disease activity, including the 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Serum samples from five patients with high disease activity (DAS28 > 5.1) were also collected at the eighth week of treatment. Serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-11, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Serum concentrations of IL-6 family cytokines, including IL-6, IL-11, and LIF, were significantly elevated in patients with RA compared to those of healthy controls. Although there was no significant relationship between IL-6 family cytokine levels and DAS28, the IL-6 levels of patients with RA showed a significant correlation with CRP levels. After eight weeks of medical treatment in patients with high disease activity, a decrease in DAS28 was associated with a significant decrease in the serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-11. CONCLUSION The serum concentrations of IL-6 family cytokines were significantly elevated in patients with RA, and they decreased with medical treatment. These findings suggest a possible role for IL-6 family cytokines in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Chung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Immunology and Immunologic Disease, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kwon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Immunology and Immunologic Disease, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Chan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Immunology and Immunologic Disease, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Immunology and Immunologic Disease, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Kon Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Immunology and Immunologic Disease, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Nakazato M, Maeda T. [Interleukin-11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 (IL-11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18)]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 7:82-85. [PMID: 20963858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mio Nakazato
- Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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Iyibozkurt AC, Kalelioğlu I, Gursoy S, Corbacioglu A, Gurelpolat N, Karahan GE, Saygili H, Bengisu E. Evaluation of serum levels of interleukin-10, interleukin-11 and leukemia inhibitory factor in differentiation of eutopic and tubal ectopic pregnancies. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2010; 37:217-220. [PMID: 21077528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF STUDY To investigate whether serum levels of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and interleukin 11 (IL-11) are different in reference to the site of implantation. METHODS Seventeen patients with laparoscopic diagnoses of tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP) and 19 patients with intrauterine pregnancy delivering healthy term neonates (IUP) were prospectively evaluated for LIF, IL-10 and IL-11 levels. The data were compared by using the Student's t-test, chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni's correction (p < 0.05) as appropriate. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was observed in serum LIF levels between the EP and IUP groups (p = 0.002). Ranges of LIF were 15-300 and 70-1200 ng/ml for the IUP and EP groups, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of IL-10 and IL-11 levels. CONCLUSION LIF, but not IL-10 or IL-11, levels may be increased in early tubal ectopic pregnancies when compared to normal intrauterine pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Iyibozkurt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Virology and Basic Immunology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Cardier JE, Balogh V, Perez-Silva C, Romano E, Rivas B, Bosch N, Rothman AL. Relationship of thrombopoietin and interleukin-11 levels to thrombocytopenia associated with dengue disease. Cytokine 2006; 34:155-60. [PMID: 16759877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is one of the main clinical findings of dengue. In this work we examined the levels of thrombopoietin (TPO) and interleukin-11 (IL-11), two of the most potent regulators of platelet production, in serum from 28 patients with dengue fever (DF). Patients with DF had increased levels of TPO, compared with healthy individuals (p<0.005). Patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF, n=7), the more severe form of dengue, had higher TPO levels than patients with DF (p<0.001). Serum TPO levels and platelet counts were inversely correlated in both DF and DHF patients. IL-11 was detectable in neither DF nor DHF patients. Our results demonstrate that thrombocytopenia in dengue disease is associated with changes in the serum levels of TPO, but not IL-11, suggesting that this cytokine could be a potential early clinical marker of the severity of dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Cardier
- Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, IVIC, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
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Zhang QR, Wu DP, Chen LS, Cao RN. [Curative effect of interleukin 11 on chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2006; 14:176-8. [PMID: 16584619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the circulating levels of IL-11 in the patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (CITP), and its significance, and to evaluate the curative effect of rhIL-11 on CITP. The level of IL-11 in patients with CITP was determined by ELISA before and after treatment, respectively. 1.5 mg of rhIL-11 were injected subcutaneously, once a day, continuously for 14 days as one course, treatment time 1 - 2 courses as total. The results showed that the higher blood IL-11 level was found in CITP patients than that in controls (P < 0.01) and during the course of treatment the number of platelets in peripheral blood of patients with CITP parallelled to the level of IL-11. The platelet counts were obviously increased in all CITP patients after rhIL-11 treatment. It is concluded that the serum level of IL-11 in patients is correlated to the number of platelets in patients. rhIL-11 can be used as an effective treatment for CITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Rong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical Collage, Xuzhou 221006, China.
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Fang HY, Ko WJ, Lin CY. Plasma interleukin 11 levels correlate with outcome of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 64:511-7, discussion 517-8. [PMID: 16293467 DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL) 11 is a multipotential cytokine with anti-inflammatory and fibrogenic properties. It is released into the peripheral blood from damaged brain tissue. The objective of this study was to determine plasma and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) levels of IL-11 in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and to correlate IL-11 with survival, related edema of the brain, volume of hematoma, and hydrocephalus. METHODS Forty-three patients with spontaneous ICH were included. Twenty-three were male, and 20 were female. The mean age of the patients was 64.3 years. Plasma and CSF samples were collected on the first, second, third, and fourth days after spontaneous ICH onset. RESULTS The levels of IL-11 in CSF (123.9 +/- 107 pg/mL) were 5 times higher than those in plasma (25.5 +/- 18.0 pg/mL) on the first day (P = .001 by paired t test) in our spontaneous ICH patients, and this significant difference persisted up to the third day of ICH. Plasma IL-11 levels in the nonsurvival group (41.2 +/- 18.9 pg/mL) were significantly higher than those in the survival group (22.2 +/- 15.2 pg/mL) on the second day of ICH onset (P = .024 by Mann-Whitney U test), and the significant difference extended to the fourth day. Plasma IL-11 levels of the hydrocephalus group were higher than those of the nonhydrocephalus group in the first 4 days of ICH, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS IL-11 was highly associated with mortality caused by spontaneous ICH and correlated with the hydrocephalus occurring after ICH onset. It is our belief that IL-11 can be a useful clinical marker for spontaneous ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yuan Fang
- Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
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15
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Li L, Xu CG, Wang XW, Guo QS, Sun YH, Sun LM. [Effectiveness and safety of rhIL-11 in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2005; 27:377-9. [PMID: 16117904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness, safety and possible mechanism of recombinate human interleukin 11 (rhIL-11) in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia. METHODS Thirty-four patients (totally 76 cycles) with chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia received subcutaneous injection of rhIL-11 at the dose of 25 microg.kg(-1).d(-1) for 4 to 16 days. Serum IL-11 level was measured by ELISA, and IL-11 R alpha expression was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS The mean baseline platelet count before chemotherapy was (135.0 +/- 54.3) x 10(9)/L for the 1st cycle and (259.4 +/- 64.5) x 10(9)/L for the 2nd cycle. The time to administer rhIL-11 was 7 to 16 days (median 12 days) in the 1st cycle and 4 to 10 days (median 6 days) in the 2nd, respectively (P < 0.05). The duration of post-chemotherapy platelet count below 50 x 10(9)/L was 7 to 13 days (median 10 days) for the 1st cycle and 3 to 8 days (median 5 days) for the 2nd, respectively (P < 0.05). Platelet count reached 300 x 10(9)/L or above in 30 chemotherapy cycles. The maximum platelet count was found to appear at D10 to D 17 (median D14), and negatively correlated with the pre-chemotherapy serum IL-11 level after administration of rhIL-11. Major adverse reactions included edema, headache, muscle and joint pain. CONCLUSION rhIL-11 is effective and safe for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, with a relatively slow but sustained effect on the recovery of platelet count. Pre-chemotherpy serum IL-11 level might predict the efficacy of rhIL-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Cancer Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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16
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Abstract
Recent data have shown that anti-inflammatory responses to major injury occur immediately after trauma. Interleukin 11 (IL-11), a member of the IL-6 family, is a pleiotropic cytokine with hematopoietic, osteotrophic, and mucosa protective properties, as well as anti-inflammatory functions. IL-11 inhibits synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines, promotes a Th2-type immune response, and improves outcome after shock and sepsis in different animal models. To further investigate the role of IL-11 in the human posttraumatic immune response, we measured plasma levels of IL-11 in 216 multiple-injured patients (mean age of 40 +/- 16 [range 11-81] years; Injury Severity Score [ISS] of 31 +/- 11 [range 16-66] points; 52 women and 164 men) after injury and correlated this with demographics, clinical course, and other laboratory parameters. IL-11 was significantly elevated in polytraumatized patients compared with healthy donors (P <0.0001). The time course of IL-11 in surviving patients was an initial increase after trauma with a decrease during the first 4 weeks, whereas nonsurvivors (n=34) had a significant increase later after injury (4 weeks). IL-11 was significantly higher after abdominal trauma and in men. No correlation between systemic IL-11 and ISS or age was detected. IL-11 correlated significantly with other pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-18. Our data demonstrate elevated levels of systemic IL-11 after multiple injuries; however, the role of a posttraumatic increase of IL-11 has to be further analyzed. In contrast to IL-6, IL-11 in plasma does not correlate with trauma severity and seems to have no clinical relevance to outcome prediction after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schinkel
- BG Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Department of Surgery, Ruhr University Bochum, 44789 Bochum, Germany.
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17
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Hirota H, Izumi M, Hamaguchi T, Sugiyama S, Murakami E, Kunisada K, Fujio Y, Oshima Y, Nakaoka Y, Yamauchi-Takihara K. Circulating interleukin-6 family cytokines and their receptors in patients with congestive heart failure. Heart Vessels 2005; 19:237-41. [PMID: 15372299 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-004-0770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
gp130 is a common signal-transducing receptor subunit for the interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine family. Studies in genetically engineered animal models have demonstrated a critical role for the gp130-dependent cardiomyocyte survival pathway in the transition to heart failure. In the present study, we examined plasma levels of the IL-6 family of cytokines and the soluble form of their receptors in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Circulating levels of the IL-6 family of cytokines, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and soluble gp130 (sgp130) were examined in 48 patients with various degrees of CHF, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), and valvular cardiomyopathy (VCM). Circulating levels of IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and sgp130 significantly increased in association with the severity of CHF. No significant difference was observed in the circulating levels of sIL-6R and IL-11 among these patients. Interestingly, DCM patients showed higher circulating sgp130 levels than patients with ICM or VCM. Our findings suggest that gp130 expression in the heart is likely to be dynamic, and that the IL-6 family of cytokines and their common receptor gp130 participates in the pathogenesis of CHF, especially in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Hirota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Abstract
To clarify whether serum levels of interleukin-11 (IL-11) could be a useful marker in patients with prostate cancer, serum IL-11 was determined in 73 and 23 men with prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), respectively, before treatment. There were no statistical differences of IL-11 levels between patients with prostate cancer and BPH. Patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer had a significantly higher level of IL-11 than those with untreated cancer. Serum IL-11 levels may be a potential tumor marker for prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Furuya
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan.
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19
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Cockrell EM, Gorman J, Hord JD. Endogenous interleukin-11 (IL-11) levels in newly diagnosed children with acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA). Cytokine 2004; 28:55-8. [PMID: 15381181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired hematopoietic growth factor production is a hypothetical contributing factor to the development of acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The serum levels of most hematopoietic cytokines in SAA patients are elevated. OBJECTIVE To measure interleukin-11 levels in newly diagnosed SAA children and attempt to correlate levels with disease severity and response to therapy. DESIGN/METHODS Following enrollment into a clinical study but prior to treatment, serum samples were obtained from 11 newly diagnosed children with acquired SAA. These samples were collected between May 2000 and September 2002. IL-11 levels were quantified utilizing an ELISA technique. RESULTS Ten of the 11 patients had low or normal levels of IL-11 (<85 pg/mL) and one had an elevated level of 409 pg/mL (normal range 15-200 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS The production of IL-11 does not increase in response to thrombocytopenia in most children with SAA. The significance of this laboratory observation is not clear at this time. Further studies are warranted to determine what, if any, role this plays in the development of this disorder and if the administration of recombinant human IL-11 might be beneficial in the treatment of acquired SAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Cockrell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH 44308, USA
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20
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Abstract
The incidence of thromboembolic events is high as a result of disease, disease-related complications, and therapy in multiple myeloma (MM). In patients with hematologic tumors, impaired fibrinolysis may be present and may contribute to the development of thrombotic complications. Therefore, we designed a study to investigate fibrinolytic activity in MM. We compared plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-1beta, IL-11, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity, and global fibrinolytic capacity (GFC) in patients with MM (n = 66) and in control subjects (n = 18). The prevalence of venous thromboembolism was 4.5%, with a median follow-up period of 7 months in our myeloma group. Results are given as mean (median, range). Plasma levels of IL-6 (8.27 +/- 0.74 [9.65, 0.90-13.32] pg/mL versus 2.64 +/- 0.66 [1.80, 0.10-11.86] pg/mL, P < 0.001), CRP (45.57 +/- 9.92 [21.00, 1.34-330.00] mg/L versus 1.96 +/- 0.50 [1.05, 0.19-8.03] mg/L, P < 0.001), PAI-1 (7.40 +/- 0.67 [5.57, 2.40-31.80] IU/mL versus 4.73 +/- 0.65 [3.60, 2.32-11.00] IU/mL, P < 0.01), GFC score (1.90 +/- 0.02 [2, 1-3] versus 2.50 +/- 0.14 [3, 1-3], P < 0.001) were increased compared with controls. In patients with MM, the level of IL-6 was positively correlated with CRP (r = 0.66, P < 0.001), IL-1beta (r = 0.29, P < 0.05), and PAI-1 (r = 0.35, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with GFC (r = -0.37, P < 0.01). CRP level was positively correlated with plasma PAI-1 level (r = 0.40, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with GFC (r = -0.44, P < 0.001). A significant negative correlation between PAI-1 level and GFC (r = -0.75, P < 0.001) was also detected. IL-1beta levels were negatively correlated with tPA level (r = -0.26, P < 0.05). These results suggest that patients with myeloma have a decreased fibrinolytic activity mainly because of increased PAI-1 activity. In MM, increased PAI-1 activity seems to be related with elevated IL-6 level. MM should be considered as a hypercoagulable state as a result of both increased procoagulant activity and decreased fibrinolytic activity. Achieving a plateau by means of conventional chemotherapies does not improve the decreased fibrinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münci Yağci
- Gazi Medical School Division of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey.
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21
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Abstract
We investigated the circulating levels of the main cytokines involved in bone resorption (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), prostaglandins (PGE2) and metalloproteases (MMP-1), as possible early markers of osteolysis, in the serum of eight patients with periprosthetic osteolysis and ten patients without osteolysis. All had received a cementless hip prosthesis (ABG-1). We also assessed the serum levels of IL-11 and TGF-β anti-inflammatory cytokines exerting protective effect on bone resorption. The mean serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, MMP-1, and PGE2 in patients with periprosthetic osteolysis did not differ significantly from those of patients without osteolysis or from those of normal controls. IL-11 serum levels were not detectable at all in any of the patients, while they were detected within normal reference values in the control subjects (significant inverse correlation). We believe that circulating cytokines cannot be regarded as markers of osteolysis, a condition characterised by a local inflammation without systemic signs of inflammation. On the contrary, the undetectable levels of IL-11 in implanted patients could provide evidence for a lack of balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fiorito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome, 'La Sapienza', Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
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22
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Torroella-Kouri M, Keith JC, Ivanova M, Lopez DM. IL-11-induced reduction of C/EBP transcription factor binding may contribute to the IL-12 downregulation in tumor-bearing mice. Int J Oncol 2003; 22:439-48. [PMID: 12527946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a mammary tumor model syngeneic to BALB/c mice, we have characterized several tumor-derived factors. We now report that the DA-3 cell line derived from this tumor, as well as the in vivo tumor itself, express IL-11. The expression of IL-11 in the tumor is detectable at the transcriptional and translational levels, as evidenced by RT-PCR and Western blots. Using a murine IL-11 ELISA, we observed no differences in IL-11 production between normal and tumor-bearer's macrophages or T cells, with or without activation. Interestingly, elevated levels of IL-11 were found in the sera of tumor-bearers, when compared to normal animals and even higher levels of IL-11 were detected in the tumor cystic fluid. Macrophages from mice bearing large mammary tumors show an impaired production of IL-12 and NO, whereas T cells from the same animals display a deficient production of IFN-gamma. Pretreatment of normal macrophages with IL-11 resulted in no decrease in NO production, nor an impaired production of IFN-gamma was observed in normal T cells upon pretreatment with IL-11. However, pretreatment of normal macrophages with IL-11 resulted in a decreased production of IL-12, as revealed by ELISA and RT-PCR. Electromobility shift assays showed decreased binding of the transcription factor C/EBP to the IL-12p40 promoter of LPS-activated macrophages from normal animals, upon pretreatment with IL-11. In contrast, no differences were observed in the levels of NFkappaB binding under the same experimental conditions. Our results suggest that tumor-derived IL-11 may play a role in the depressed IL-12 production by macrophages, leading to the impaired immune functions observed during mammary tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Animals
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Depression, Chemical
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-11/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-11/blood
- Interleukin-11/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torroella-Kouri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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23
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Johnson JL, Moore EE, Gonzalez RJ, Fedel N, Partrick DA, Silliman CC. Alteration of the postinjury hyperinflammatory response by means of resuscitation with a red cell substitute. J Trauma 2003; 54:133-9; discussion 139-40. [PMID: 12544908 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200301000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion of stored packed red blood cells (PRBCs) has unintended effects beyond the desired results of increased oxygen delivery. A particular concern is the potential for lipid and cytokine mediators present in PRBCs to augment the postinjury inflammatory response that sometimes culminates in multiple organ failure. Through the use of a polymerized human hemoglobin (PolyHeme), we have been able to measure the inflammatory response in patients resuscitated with minimal exposure to banked components in the early postinjury period. METHODS Critically injured patients requiring urgent transfusion were resuscitated with either PRBCs or PolyHeme in the early postinjury period. Proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-8 and IL-6), counterregulatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-11), and markers of endothelial injury (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule and soluble E-selectin) were serially measured. RESULTS Increases in IL-8, IL-6, and IL-10 were greater in patients resuscitated with PRBCs. IL-11 plasma levels were largely below the level of detection of the assay. There was no difference in markers of endothelial injury. CONCLUSION Consistent with concerns about the immunoinflammatory response to transfusion of PRBCs, we observed exaggerated levels of three markers associated with adverse outcome. The clinical significance of these findings with respect to the development of multiple organ failure awaits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, 777 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA.
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24
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Shaarawy M, Zaki S, Sheiba M, El-Minawi AM. Circulating levels of osteoclast activating cytokines, interleukin-11 and transforming growth factor-beta2, as valuable biomarkers for the assessment of bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clin Lab 2003; 49:625-36. [PMID: 14651333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of osteoclast activating cytokines, interleukin-11 (IL-11) and transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) in the assessment of bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis (PO). Eighty postmenopausal osteoporotic women with lumbar spine bone mineral densities (BMD) as measured by DEXA that were more than 2.5 SD below the normal mean of healthy women (controls), participated in this study. Various therapeutic modalities (hormone replacement therapy, HRT, alendronate, calcitonin and 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D (alfacalcidol) were administered for 12 months to 4 groups of postmenopausal osteoporotic patients. Fasting blood samples and two hour urine samples were collected from control subjects and from patients before and after treatment. Serum samples were assayed for IL-11, TGF-beta2, osteocalcin (OC) and bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP), whereas urine samples were assayed for N-telopeptide for type I collagen (NTX) and deoxypyridinoline (DPyr). The results demonstrated a significant increase of both IL-11 and TGF-beta2 in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Positive correlations exist between TGF-beta2 or IL-11 and markers of bone resorption (NTX and DPyr). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between TGF-beta2 and IL-11. Therapeutic modalities enhancing bone formation and/or with antiresorptive effect revealed a significant decrease in markers of bone resorption, formation and osteoclast activating cytokines, indicating a decrease in bone turnover. The decrease of IL-11 and TGF-beta2 may be attributed to a drug inhibitory effect of these cytokines on enhancing osteoblast mediated osteoid degradation. In conclusion, both serum IL-11 and TGF-beta2 determinations may be considered as biomarkers for the assessment of bone turnover and for monitoring antiresorptive therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shaarawy
- Endocrinology and Maternal Biochemistry Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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25
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Abstract
We studied the production of interleukin (IL)-11 and IL-8, two cytokines known to affect erythropoiesis, in polycythemia vera (PV). In vivo, IL-11 was detected more frequently in serum and bone marrow (BM) plasma of PV patients than in controls (healthy donors and patients with idiopathic erythrocytosis (IE)). In addition, serum IL-11 levels of PV patients were higher than those of controls. IL-8 was elevated in serum of both PV and IE patients (respective median levels: 38.6 and 242pg/ml, vs 4.4pg/ml for healthy donors). BM plasma IL-8 levels of PV patients (508pg/ml) were significantly higher than those of IE patients (120pg/ml). In vitro, bone marrow (BM) stromal cells (BMSC) of PV patients produced significantly more IL-11 (x6.4) and IL-8 (x8.3) than BMSC of healthy donors or IE patients. In conclusion, both IL-11 and IL-8 are overproduced in PV, apparently by BMSC; IL-8 is also overproduced in IE, by cells other than BMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Hermouet
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie et Groupe Cytokines, Récepteurs et Transduction de Signal, Institut de Biologie des Hôpitaux de Nantes, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France.
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26
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Hsu HC, Lee YM, Tsai WH, Jiang ML, Ho CH, Ho CK, Wang SY. Circulating levels of thrombopoietic and inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Oncology 2002; 63:64-9. [PMID: 12187073 DOI: 10.1159/000065722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis appears to be under the control of an array of hematopoietic growth factors. The regulatory mechanism of endogenous cytokines in circulating platelet counts of thrombocytopenic patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is still not clear. METHODS We measured the serum levels of both thrombopoietic and inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood and bone marrow samples collected from 52 patients with either AML or MDS along with 35 normal control samples. The levels of thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin (IL)-11, IL-6, IL-8 and stem cell factor (SCF) were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Platelet counts in the AML/MDS patients during initial diagnosis, chemotherapy and complete remission were 71.2 +/- 11.6, 47.2 +/- 6.1 and 181.4 +/- 26.3 x10(9)/l, respectively. The median value of TPO in AML/MDS patients during diagnosis was 150.6 pg/ml and increased significantly during chemotherapy (median: 828 pg/ml; p < 0.05) but then decreased following complete remission (median: 221.4 pg/ml). However, these levels were all significantly higher in patients than in normal subjects (p < 0.05, p < 0.05 and p < 0.05; respectively), and no significant change was noted in the levels of IL-11 and SCF during treatment of patients or in normal controls. The level of IL-6 was not detectable in normal serum samples but was markedly increased in the AML/MDS patients (median level during diagnosis: 6.7 pg/ml; chemotherapy: 25 pg/ml; complete remission: 7 pg/ml). The level of IL-8 in patients with AML and MDS was markedly elevated during diagnosis (median: 27.5 pg/ml; range: 0-1,587 pg/ml), but decreased to the level of the normal controls when patients were under chemotherapy or in complete remission. CONCLUSIONS The endogenous levels of TPO, IL-6 and IL-8 are elevated in the thrombocytopenic patients with AML and MDS. Our results are consistent with previous mechanistic studies and suggest that TPO and IL-6 may be active mediators of platelet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chi Hsu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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27
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Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is common in sick neonates, and affected neonates have adverse outcomes compared with those without thrombocytopenia. As impaired platelet production underlies many neonatal thrombocytopenias, affected neonates are potential candidates for hemopoietic growth factor therapy. Although recombinant human (rh) thrombopoietin remains under therapeutic development, rhIL-11, which stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis and increases platelet counts after chemotherapy, is already licensed for clinical use. However, nothing is known about IL-11 in neonates. We therefore measured plasma IL-11 by ELISA in healthy term neonates, stable preterm neonates with or without thrombocytopenia, and preterm neonates with sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) with or without thrombocytopenia. At birth IL-11 was undetectable (<10 pg/mL) in healthy term neonates (n = 20) and 27 of 31 (87%) stable preterm neonates. Three stable preterm neonates with detectable IL-11 (mean+/-SD, 11.3 +/- 0.4 pg/mL; median, 11.6 pg/mL) suffered chorioamnionitis, the remaining neonate (IL-11, 14 pg/mL) being one of nine with early onset thrombocytopenia (present by <72 h of age). IL-11 was also measured in 58 preterm neonates with suspected sepsis or NEC. In 25 of 58, sepsis or NEC was unconfirmed and IL-11 was undetectable. By contrast, 14 of 33 with proven sepsis or NEC had elevated IL-11 (median, 14.9 pg/mL; range, 11.2-92.2 pg/mL). Of these 33 neonates, 19 developed thrombocytopenia: nine of 19 (47%) had detectable IL-11 and 10 of 19 (53%) did not (p > 0.05). Although its role in platelet production in neonates remains unclear, these data suggest that IL-11 is involved in the endogenous cytokine response to sepsis or NEC in preterm neonates. Further studies of IL-11 in neonates are warranted to assess its role both in platelet production and in mediation of the endogenous inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P McCloy
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonatal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 ONN, UK
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28
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Matsubara K, Baba K, Nigami H, Harigaya H, Ishiguro A, Kato T, Miyazaki H. Early elevation of serum thrombopoietin levels and subsequent thrombocytosis in healthy preterm infants. Br J Haematol 2001; 115:963-8. [PMID: 11843834 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To verify pathophysiological mechanisms underlying thrombocytosis in low-birth-weight (LBW) preterm babies, we evaluated kinetic changes in platelet counts and thrombopoietic cytokines including thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-11 in 24 uncomplicated preterm infants. Platelet counts in cord blood (CB) (265 +/- 64 x 10(9)/l) were similar to adult levels, increased by d 14 (473 +/- 140 x 10(9)/l), and then remained fairly constant. Thrombocytosis (> 500 x 10(9)/l) was observed in 9/24 (38%) subjects. Mean TPO level in CB was 5.11 +/- 1.51 fmol/ml, peaked at d 2 (7.64 +/- 3.28 fmol/ml), decreased at d 5 (3.93 +/- 1.67 fmol/ml), and thereafter kept fairly constant during the remaining neonatal period. Compared with term infants, mean TPO levels of preterm infants in CB and at d 2 were significantly higher (P < 0.01). There was an inverse correlation between platelet counts and TPO levels (r = 0.45, P < 0.001, n = 88). Preterm neonates with thrombocytosis had significantly higher TPO values in CB than those without thrombocytosis (P < 0.05). There was no significant relationship between platelet counts and IL-6. IL-11 was not detectable. These results suggest that an early elevation of serum TPO levels is related to the subsequent thrombocytosis in LBW preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsubara
- Department of Paediatrics, Nishi-Kobe Medical Centre, 5-7-1 Kojidai, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2273, Japan.
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Dame C, Cremer M, Ballmaier M, Bartmann P, Bald R, Schild RL, Fahnenstich H. Concentrations of thrombopoietin and interleukin-11 in the umbilical cord blood of patients with fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Am J Perinatol 2001; 18:335-44. [PMID: 11607851 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-17858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to determine whether the fetus compensates for fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FAITP) by increasing serum concentrations of thrombopoietin (TPO) and interleukin-11 (IL-11). TPO and IL-11 concentrations were measured in cord blood sera of 12 neonates with FAITP, and 35 preterm and 25 term controls. TPO concentrations in the 12 patients (median 129 pg/mL, range 73 to 325 pg/mL) were similar to those of 35 healthy preterm neonates (median 183 pg/mL, range 71 to 290 pg/mL) and the 25 term controls (median 180 pg/mL, range 93 to 302 pg/mL), although the platelet counts were significantly lower in FAITP. TPO concentrations did not correlate with the platelet counts, platelet nadir after birth, or time to recovery of normal platelet count. IL-11 reached detectable concentrations only in four patients with FAITP (median 54 pg/mL). After birth, these patients had a more rapid recovery of the platelet count. Cord blood serum concentrations of TPO are not significantly elevated in FAITP and do not predict the severity of the thrombocytopenia. Elevated IL-11 may signal a more rapid platelet recovery in FAITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dame
- Department of Neonatology, University of Bonn, Germany
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Koumantaki Y, Matalliotakis I, Sifakis S, Kyriakou D, Neonaki M, Goymenou A, Koumantakis E. Detection of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-11 in plasma from women with spontaneous abortion. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 98:66-71. [PMID: 11516802 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-2115(01)00289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-11 in the immune-regulatory mechanisms involved in the spontaneous abortion of the first trimester of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-11 were determined in 68 women who had a spontaneous abortion of unknown aetiology during the first trimester of pregnancy. They were compared with the corresponding levels of 73 age-matched pregnant women who had an uneventful pregnancy, and 52 age-matched non-pregnant women. All enrolled women presented without any severe disease, syndrome or recent infection. Cytokine levels were measured by a sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS The women with spontaneous abortion had significantly decreased plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-11 compared to those with normal pregnancies (P<0.05). The non-pregnant women had no detectable cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS The reduced plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-11 in women with spontaneous abortion may be related to the underlying aetiopathogenetic mechanisms, however, there is no sufficient evidence for their use as predictive markers of pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Koumantaki
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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31
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Abstract
IL-6 and IL-11 are two cytokines that increase osteoclast formation and augment bone resorption. PTH stimulates the production of both cytokines by human osteoblast-like cells. Circulating levels of IL-6 are elevated in patients with states of PTH excess and correlate strongly to markers of bone resorption. In contrast, serum levels of IL-11 were significantly reduced in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism compared with values in euparathyroid controls. Further, after successful parathyroid adenomectomy, circulating levels of IL-6 fell, whereas IL-11 levels increased. Five-day infusions of human PTH-(1--84) in rodents resulted in a significant decline in mean circulating levels of IL-11, whereas IL-6 levels significantly increased. Pretreatment of cells and mice with neutralizing serum to IL-6 enhanced PTH-induced IL-11 production compared with the effect of pretreatment with nonimmune sera. These data indicate that IL-6 negatively regulates IL-11 production in vivo and in vitro. Analysis of steady state mRNA levels in SaOS-2 cells indicated that this effect is posttranscriptional. As both IL-6 and IL-11 stimulate osteoclast formation, down-regulation of IL-11 by IL-6 may help modulate the resorptive response to PTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Nakchbandi
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA
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32
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Araneda M, Krishnan V, Hall K, Kalbfleisch J, Krishnaswamy G, Krishnan K. Reactive and clonal thrombocytosis: proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines and acute phase proteins. South Med J 2001; 94:417-20. [PMID: 11332909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We quantitated proinflammatory and thrombopoietic cytokines in reactive thrombocytosis (RT) and clonal thrombocytosis (CT) to identify a cytokine profile that might aid in the distinction of these two disorders. METHODS Serum levels of cytokines relevant to platelet biology--interleukins 3, 6, 11, and 1beta; thrombopoietin; tumor necrosis factor alpha; and C-reactive protein (CRP)--were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in healthy subjects and in patients with CT and RT. RESULTS Interleukin-6 and CRP levels were higher in RT patients than in controls or CT patients. Interleukin 1beta levels were higher in the RT group than in the CT and control groups. CONCLUSIONS In RT, IL-6, IL-1beta, and CRP levels are elevated. In both RT and CT, IL-11 is elevated, but thrombopoietin levels are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Araneda
- Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center and James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614-0622, USA
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Depoortere I, Thijs T, Thielemans L, Keith JC, Van Assche G, Peeters TL. Effect of recombinant human interleukin-11 on motilin and substance P release in normal and inflamed rabbits. Regul Pept 2001; 97:111-9. [PMID: 11164946 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(00)00190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) normalizes depressed smooth muscle tension generation towards motilin and substance P (SP) in rabbits with colitis. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of rhIL-11 treatment on motilin and SP release which could have an effect on the contractility changes. Rabbits received 4, 40, 72 or 720 microg/kg rhIL-11 s.c. or saline, 1 h later a continuous s.c. administration of rhIL-11 was started with or without the induction of colitis (135 mg/kg TNBS) for 5 days. Motilin and SP levels were measured by RIA, motilin mRNA expression by RT-PCR. TNBS-colitis did not affect plasma motilin levels but increased the motilin content of the duodenal mucosa 1.7-fold. rhIL-11 treatment dose-dependently increased plasma motilin levels (720 microg/kg day: 3.5-fold) and the motilin content of the duodenal mucosa (720 microg/kg day: 3.0-fold). The effects of rhIL-11 were similar in normal rabbits and were accompanied by an increased motilin mRNA expression. TNBS-colitis decreased plasma SP levels 2.7-fold and the SP content in the colonic muscle layer 7.1-fold. The decrease in the muscle layer, but not in the plasma, was normalized by rhIL-11 treatment. In normal rabbits, rhIL-11 caused a decrease in plasma SP levels, but had no effect on the tissue content of SP. In conclusion, treatment of inflamed or normal rabbits with rhIL-11 increases plasma and tissue levels of motilin in the duodenal mucosa via an increased expression of motilin in the endocrine cells and induces the release of SP from extrinsic neurons. These changes do not explain the beneficial effect of rhIL-11 on the lowered contractility in inflamed rabbits although a change in balance of neuropeptides may influence gastro-intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Depoortere
- Centre for Gastroenterological Research, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Ballmaier M, Schulze H, Cremer M, Folman CC, Strauss G, Welte K. Defective c-Mpl signaling in the syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radii. Stem Cells 2001; 16 Suppl 2:177-84. [PMID: 11012189 DOI: 10.1002/stem.5530160720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia with absent radii (TAR) syndrome is a rare congenital defect with severe hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia and bilateral radial aplasia. To elucidate a possible relationship between thrombocytopenia in TAR and defects in the thrombopoietin (TPO)/c-Mpl system, we examined TPO activity in sera from six patients and in vitro reactivity of the patients' platelets to recombinant human TPO. We found elevated TPO serum levels in all patients, excluding a TPO production defect as a pathomechanism for the thrombocytopenia. In contrast to healthy controls, however, platelets of TAR patients failed to respond to recombinant TPO as measured by testing TPO synergism to suboptimal concentration of platelet activators. Most interestingly, TPO-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet proteins was completely absent (four out of five) or markedly decreased (one out of five). More detailed investigations of the signal cascades of c-Mpl demonstrated the absence of Jak2 phosphorylation after TPO stimulation in a TAR patient's platelets. A defect in the early events of c-Mpl signal transduction might be the reason for impaired megakaryocytopoiesis in TAR syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ballmaier
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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35
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Akan H, Güven N, Aydogdu I, Arat M, Beksaç M, Dalva K. Thrombopoietic cytokines in patients with iron deficiency anemia with or without thrombocytosis. Acta Haematol 2000; 103:152-6. [PMID: 10940653 DOI: 10.1159/000041038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is a cause of reactive thrombocytosis. A moderate increase in platelet numbers is common but sometimes counts may exceed 1,000 x 10(9)/l. The mechanisms causing reactive thrombocytosis are unclear. In this study, we evaluated 15 women with iron deficiency anemia and thrombocytosis (platelets >450 x 10(9)/l) and 16 women with iron deficiency anemia with normal platelet counts. Serum samples were taken before oral iron replacement therapy, after 1 and 3 months and at the end of replacement therapy. Thrombopoietin, erythropoietin (EPO), leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 levels were assayed. There was no change in the levels of thrombopoietic cytokines except for EPO. The correlation between high EPO levels and high platelet counts may suggest that EPO increases platelet counts, but the same EPO level changes can also be demonstrated in women with iron deficiency anemia but normal initial platelet counts. The fact that the levels of other cytokines remained unchanged during treatment suggests that either these cytokines have no effect on reactive thrombocytosis or the change in platelet counts in our patients is in a narrow range and is thus not affected by the cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Ankara, Turkey.
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36
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Urbańska-Ryś H, Wiersbowska A, Stepień H, Robak T. Relationship between circulating interleukin-10 (IL-10) with interleukin-6 (IL-6) type cytokines (IL-6, interleukin-11 (IL-11), oncostatin M (OSM)) and soluble interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor (sIL-6R) in patients with multiple myeloma. Eur Cytokine Netw 2000; 11:443-51. [PMID: 11022130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the serum concentration of the interleukin-10 (IL-10), along with cytokines of interleukin-6 (IL-6) family (IL-6, IL-11 and oncostatin M - OSM), as well as soluble receptor for IL-6 (sIL-6R), in 121 patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and 28 healthy subjects. We studied the interactions between IL-10 and other cytokines, and the receptor. The correlation between IL-10 and some clinical and laboratory parameters associated with the disease activity were also analysed. The IL-10 was detectable in all patients with multiple myeloma and in all controls. The IL-10 concentration was significantly increased in myeloma patients compared with healthy persons (mean - 7.09 and 2.1 pg/ml, respectively) (p = 0.008). The level of IL-10 correlated positively with the advanced stage of disease estimated according to the Salmon and Durie classification (I versus III stage - p = 0.03). Higher values of IL-10 were found in patients with the light chain disease, hypercalcaemia, and correlated with the elevated concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP). IL-6 was detected in 117 of the 121 patients and in all controls. The concentration of IL-6 was statistically increased in MM patients compared with control group (mean - 16.06 and 4.49 pg/ml, respectively) (p = 0.01). We found a positive correlation between IL-10 and IL-6 serum levels in MM patients. The relationship, expressed as Spearman's rank sum coefficient (rho = 0.249, p = 0.006) was significant. IL-11 was detected in 26 of the 121 MM patients and in 3 of the 28 healthy subjects at the mean concentration of 1.2 and 0.6 pg/ml respectively (p > 0.05). OSM was at detectable levels in 51 of the 121 patients and in only 4 of the 28 controls (mean - 3.84 and 0.1 pg/ml, p = 0. 002). The correlation between IL-10 and IL-11 levels in MM patients was not significant, but there was a strong statistical correlation between IL-10 and OSM concentrations (rho= 0.327, p = 0.0002). The serum concentration of sIL-6R was measurable in all patients and all controls (mean - 66.00 and 39.57 ng/ml respectively), but the difference between these groups was not significant. We found significant, positive correlation between the levels of IL-10 and sIL-6R (rho= 0.233, p = 0.01). In conclusion, we state that the serum concentrations of IL-10, IL-6, OSM and sIL-6R in MM patients may be a useful markers for the evaluation of the disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Urbańska-Ryś
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of L/eodez##, Copernicus Hospital, 93-513 Lódź, Pabianicka 62, Poland
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Weisdorf DJ, DeFor T, Nichol J, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Blazar BR. Thrombopoietic cytokines in relation to platelet recovery after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 25:711-5. [PMID: 10745255 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1702221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the importance of different thrombopoietic stimulatory cytokines in accelerating platelet recovery after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), we assayed serial plasma concentrations of three cytokines, thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-11 through the course of platelet nadir and recovery after BMT. Both mean TPO and IL-6 levels showed a marked rise and later fall preceding or coincident with the platelet nadir and recovery, suggesting their potential role as circulating regulators or stimulators of thrombopoiesis. In contrast, IL-11 levels remained remarkably constant through the whole course suggesting that this cytokine, though capable of stimulating thrombopoiesis, does not serve as a circulating regulator of platelet production. Additionally, we assayed the levels of these three cytokines following initial platelet transfusion to assess the capacity of transfused platelets to adsorb these thrombopoietic cytokines from the plasma and reduce their circulating levels, thus potentially modifying their availability for stimulating megakaryocyte proliferation. No consistent falls in TPO, IL-6 or IL-11 levels were observed following the initial two platelet transfusions. These data support the importance of circulating TPO and IL-6 as hormones capable of stimulating platelet production. Their physiologic relevance as in vivo regulators of thrombopoiesis and clinical utility for therapy of thrombocytopenia need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weisdorf
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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38
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Abstract
The search for a thrombopoietic agent has resulted in the identification of numerous cytokines and growth factors with thrombopoietic activity. However, with the exception of interleukin (IL)-11 and thrombopoietin (TPO), the megakaryopoietic activity of most of these molecules has not produced clearly identifiable clinical benefits. Despite the relatively modest effect of IL-11 on megakaryocyte and platelet production in vitro and in vivo, it does reduce the need for platelet transfusions in specialized clinical settings. In contrast, the c-Mpl ligand TPO has been shown to be a potent stimulator of megakaryocyte and platelet production both in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies are being conducted with two different preparations of the c-Mpl ligand: recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) and pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG-rHuMGDF). A recombinant form of the complete human molecule, rhTPO is glycosylated and produced in mammalian cells. PEG-rHuMGDF consists of only the receptor-binding domain linked to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety and is generated in Escherichia coil. Although c-Mpl ligands are still being evaluated, preliminary evidence indicates that these molecules can elevate platelet counts and may be useful in a range of clinical contexts. This report discusses aspects of the biology behind the clinical actions of IL-11 and the c-Mpl ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Begley
- Centre for Developmental Cancer Therapeutics, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. AIMS To measure the serial serum levels of interleukin 10 and interleukin 11 in patients with acute pancreatitis and analyse the relation of these anti-inflammatory cytokines to disease severity. METHODS In 50 patients with acute pancreatitis, the serum concentrations of interleukin 10 and interleukin 11 were determined on days one, two, three, four, and seven after admission. Serum C reactive protein levels were evaluated on days one and two. Severity of pancreatitis was determined according to the Atlanta criteria. RESULTS Serum concentrations of interleukin 10 on days one to seven were significantly higher in patients with severe pancreatitis than in those with mild pancreatitis. Patients with severe attacks had significantly elevated serum interleukin 11 concentrations on days two to four compared with those with mild attacks, but not on days one and seven. With cut off levels of 30 pg/ml for interleukin 10, 10.5 pg/ml for interleukin 11, and 115 mg/l for C reactive protein, the accuracy rates for detecting severe pancreatitis were 84%, 64%, and 78% respectively on day one and 82%, 74%, and 84% respectively on day two. CONCLUSIONS Serum interleukin 10 and interleukin 11 concentrations reflect the severity of acute pancreatitis. Interleukin 10 is a useful variable for early prediction of the prognosis of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei and National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Maeda T, Yamada Y. [Interleukin-11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 (IL-11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18)]. Nihon Rinsho 1999; 57 Suppl:790-3. [PMID: 10635971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Maeda
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine
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41
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Hsu HC, Tsai WH, Jiang ML, Ho CH, Hsu ML, Ho CK, Wang SY. Circulating levels of thrombopoietic and inflammatory cytokines in patients with clonal and reactive thrombocytosis. J Lab Clin Med 1999; 134:392-7. [PMID: 10521086 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(99)90154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis appears to be under the control of an array of hematopoietic growth factors. To determine the relationship between endogenous cytokine levels and circulating platelet counts, we measured the serum levels of both thrombopoietic and inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood and bone marrow samples from 70 patients with clonal thrombocytosis (CT) caused by myeloproliferative disorders, 28 patients with reactive thrombocytosis (RT), and 35 normal control subjects. The levels of thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble IL-6 (sIL-6) receptor, IL-11, stem cell factor (SCF), IL-3, and IL-8 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Platelet counts were significantly higher in both CT and patients with RT (699+/-399x10(9)/L, P<.001; 642+/-200 x 10(9)/L, P<.001; respectively) as compared with the normal control subjects (240+/-47x10(9)/L). The concentrations of cytokines in the bone marrow correlated well with those in the peripheral blood. The endogenous levels of TPO, IL-6, and sIL-6 receptor were significantly higher in both CT and patients with RT than those in normal control subjects. The median level of IL-6 was significantly higher in patients with RT than in patients with CT (40 pg/mL vs. 5 pg/mL; P<.001); however, there was no detectable difference in TPO and sIL-6 receptor levels between the two groups. Significantly higher levels of SCF and IL-8 were also found in patients with CT as compared with those found in normal control subjects (median 2460 pg/mL vs 1995 pg/mL, P<.05; 20 ng/mL vs. 5 ng/mL, P = .001; respectively). Finally, IL-11 and IL-3 levels were undetectable in most patients with thrombocytosis. Our results reveal that the endogenous levels of TPO, IL-6, sIL-6 receptor, IL-8, and SCF are elevated in patients with CT or RT. These cytokines appear to be active mediators involved in the regulation of thrombopoiesis during clonal and reactive thrombocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Cremer M, Schulze H, Linthorst G, Folman CC, Wehnert S, Strauss G, von dem Borne AE, Welte K, Ballmaier M. Serum levels of thrombopoietin, IL-11, and IL-6 in pediatric thrombocytopenias. Ann Hematol 1999; 78:401-7. [PMID: 10525827 DOI: 10.1007/s002770050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We measured serum levels of thrombopoietin (TPO), interleukin (IL)-11, and IL-6 in 90 different samples from 67 pediatric patients with thrombocytopenia (TP). The cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and the biological activity of TPO was measured using a cell line transfected with human c-mpl. In patients with impaired megakaryocytopoiesis, as found in diseases such as aplastic anemia, amegakaryocytic TP, or TP with absent radii, we found TPO levels which were highly elevated compared with normal values (mean=261 AU/ml, n=52, vs. 22 AU/ml in healthy controls). In contrast, patients suffering from idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (mean=16 AU/ml, n=31) or platelet function defects (mean=23 AU/ml, n=7) demonstrated normal TPO levels. The biological activity tested in the bioassay correlated well with the ELISA data. However, sera of some patients with amegakaryocytic TP demonstrated a remarkably higher biological activity of TPO than expected from the ELISA data. Within the different groups there was no correlation between platelet counts and TPO levels. Only 27% of all samples had elevated levels of IL-11 (mean=450 pg/ml, n=20). Elevated IL-6 serum levels were detected in only 13% of all samples analyzed (mean=42 pg/ml, n=12). We conclude that megakaryocytopoiesis is regulated mainly by TPO, that it is dependent on the platelet and the megakaryocytic mass, and that IL-11 plays an additional role in supporting the platelet production. IL-6 does not appear to be up-regulated in children with thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cremer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Meldrum
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
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44
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Balleari E, Ghirlanda P, Garrè S, Casciaro S, Massa G, Ghio R. Gender-related analysis of thrombopoietic cytokine pattern in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 876:387-90. [PMID: 10415633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Balleari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Italy.
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45
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Tacke F, Schöffski P, Trautwein C, Martin MU, Stangel W, Seifried E, Manns MP, Ganser A, Petersen D. Endogenous serum levels of thrombopoietic cytokines in healthy whole-blood and platelet donors: implications for plateletpheresis. Br J Haematol 1999; 105:511-3. [PMID: 10233430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1999.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Serum concentrations of the thrombopoiesis-enhancing cytokines thrombopoietin (TPO), erythropoietin (EPO), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-11 were determined in 119 healthy whole-blood (WBD) and 101 platelet donors (PD) prior to donation. The 90% TPO reference interval in WBD of 64-867 pg/ml (median 163, 100% range 45-7572) was significantly higher than in PD of 56-524 (median 122, range 44-801, P = 0.004), whereas their platelet counts were lower (P < 0.001). EPO levels were not different (WBD 7.7 +/- 3.8, PD 8.0 +/- 4.9 IU/l), IL-6 and IL-11 were below the detection limit in >/=90% of cases (IL-6 < 3.2 pg/ml, IL-11 < 31.2 pg/ml). None of the cytokines correlated with platelet counts, other blood parameters, or in the PD group with the frequency of platelet donations within the last 6 months. We conclude that plateletpheresis does not lead to a lasting increase of thrombopoietic cytokines and provide reference data for potential platelet mobilization strategies with recombinant growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tacke
- Haematology/Oncology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany
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Peck-Radosavljevic M, Zacherl J, Wichlas M, Sims P, Meng YG, Panzer S, Lipinski E, Steininger R, Mühlbacher F, Pidlich J, Gangl A. Thrombopoietic cytokines and reversal of thrombocytopenia after liver transplantation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11:151-6. [PMID: 10102225 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-199902000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thrombopoietin (TPO), the key regulator of platelet production, is mainly produced by the liver and reduced expression of TPO could cause thrombocytopenia in liver cirrhosis. Reversal of thrombocytopenia by orthotopic liver transplantation seems to be mediated through an increase in TPO plasma levels after transplantation, but other cytokines with thrombopoietic activity could augment the actions of TPO on post transplant platelet recovery. DESIGN Measurement of thrombopoietic cytokines before and for 14 days post liver transplantation in a cohort of thrombocytopenic liver transplant patients. METHODS TPO, interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, and IL-11 plasma levels as well as peripheral platelet count were analysed in thrombocytopenic patients with liver disease undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (17 patients) and followed for 14 days after the intervention. RESULTS Before liver transplantation, TPO plasma levels were undetectable and IL-3, IL-6, and IL-11 levels were normal. Sixteen out of 17 patients showed a significant rise of TPO levels within 2 days after transplantation, with a peak between days 4 and 6, while IL-3 and IL-6 levels did not show a significant rise. IL-11 levels remained normal. Platelet counts were significantly higher than pretransplantation levels by day 14 post transplantation. CONCLUSION Restitution of normal TPO production by liver replacement seems to be of key importance for reversal of thrombocytopenia in liver disease. The early acting thrombopoietic factor IL-3 and the late acting factors IL-6 and IL-11 do not play a major role for recovery of peripheral platelet count after orthotopic liver transplantation.
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Griesshammer M, Hornkohl A, Nichol JL, Hecht T, Raghavachar A, Heimpel H, Schrezenmeier H. High levels of thrombopoietin in sera of patients with essential thrombocythemia: cause or consequence of abnormal platelet production? Ann Hematol 1998; 77:211-5. [PMID: 9858146 DOI: 10.1007/s002770050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the most important regulator of megakaryocyte development and platelet production. Platelet production is thought to be regulated by a negative regulatory feed back loop. In an attempt to evaluate the role of TPO in the pathobiology of essential thrombocythemia (ET), we have examined levels of TPO and other cytokines with thrombopoietic activity (interleukin-6 and interleukin-11) in sera obtained from 25 patients with ET (ten treated, 15 untreated) and 117 healthy control subjects. TPO serum levels were assessed using a sandwich-antibody ELISA that utilizes a polyclonal rabbit antiserum for both capture and signal. The mean serum TPO level in 25 ET patients was significantly elevated (545+/-853 pg/ml) as compared with that in healthy controls (95.3+/-54.0 pg/ml,p<0.001). The difference in TPO serum levels between ten treated (781+/-1229 pg/ ml) and 15 untreated ET patients (388+/-458 pg/ml) did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.09). We conclude that either consumption or production of TPO is altered in ET. Failure of appropriate feedback regulation and continued megakaryocyte stimulation by an elevated TPO may play an important role in the pathobiology of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Griesshammer
- Department of Medicine III (Hematology and Oncology), University of Ulm, Germany
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Uppenkamp M, Makarova E, Petrasch S, Brittinger G. Thrombopoietin serum concentration in patients with reactive and myeloproliferative thrombocytosis. Ann Hematol 1998; 77:217-23. [PMID: 9858147 DOI: 10.1007/s002770050446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We wished to test whether thrombopoietin (TPO) is entirely regulated by receptor binding or if other factors may play a role in the mechanism of TPO regulation. Therefore, we analyzed the TPO serum levels in 43 patients with reactive (secondary) thrombocytosis and in 37 with myeloproliferative thrombocytosis. Thrombocytosis was defined as a platelet level greater than 440 x 10(9)/l. Forty-two patients (98%) with reactive thrombocytosis had high concentrations of IL-6 correlating with elevated C-reactive protein levels. Twenty-three patients (53%) in this group had TPO serum concentrations of more than 300 pg/ml (normal: below 300 pg/ml). Only nine patients (24%) with myeloproliferative thrombocytosis had TPO serum levels above normal range, whereas 28 patients (76%) had normal levels of TPO. No correlation between the TPO serum levels and the concentrations of IL-6 or EPO was established. The other investigated thrombopoietic cytokines (IL-3, IL-11, GM-CSF) were unmeasurable; therefore, a correlation could not be assessed. We conclude that TPO concentrations are not strictly inversely related to platelet count. TPO serum levels are elevated especially in a considerable percentage of patients with reactive thrombocytosis, arguing for the existence of additional mechanisms of TPO regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uppenkamp
- Universität-Gesamthochschule Essen, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Abteilung für Hämatologie, Germany
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Trontzas P, Kamper EF, Potamianou A, Kyriazis NC, Kritikos H, Stavridis J. Comparative study of serum and synovial fluid interleukin-11 levels in patients with various arthritides. Clin Biochem 1998; 31:673-9. [PMID: 9876901 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(98)00062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the levels of serum and synovial fluid (SF) interleukin (IL)-11 in patients with various arthritides and estimate the contribution of IL-11 to acute phase response (APR). DESIGN AND METHODS Serum and SF IL-11 were measured by ELISA in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 31), seronegative spondyloarthritis (SSA, n = 23), gout (GT, n = 14) and osteoarthritis (OA, n = 20) and were correlated with ESR and acute phase proteins as well as with cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF alpha. RESULTS IL-11 was detected in both serum and SF in each group, with IL-11 being statistically higher in SF than serum in all groups, suggesting reduced catabolism or increased synthesis of IL-11 intra-articularly. Median SF IL-11 levels were higher in OA patients than in other groups and in the treated than in the untreated RA subgroup. Moreover, serum and SF IL-11 were correlated significantly with each other, and moderately with the other cytokines examined in RA, SSA, and GT, but not in OA patients, while a significant negative correlation was found with a few of the inflammatory markers examined in each group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence of extensive intra-articular expression of IL-11 in arthritides, especially in OA and treated RA patients, suggesting a protective role for IL-11 in joints, probably through the induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Trontzas
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible immunoregulatory role of interleukin-11 (IL-11) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS IL-11 protein was assayed in RA tissue, and the effect of exogenous IL-11 on neutralization of endogenous IL-11 was investigated with respect to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) production. RESULTS IL-11 was found in RA synovial membranes, synovial fluids, and blood sera. Blockade of endogenous IL-11 resulted in a 2-fold increase in TNFalpha levels, which increased to 22-fold if endogenous IL-10 was also blocked. Addition of exogenous IL-11 inhibited spontaneous TNFalpha production in RA synovium only in the presence of soluble IL-11 receptor. However, exogenous IL-11 directly inhibited spontaneous MMP-1 and MMP-3 production, and up-regulated TIMP-1 in RA synovial tissue. CONCLUSION IL-11 has important endogenous immunoregulatory effects in RA synovium, which suggests that exogenous IL-11 may have therapeutic activity in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hermann
- The Mathilda and Terence Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, London, UK
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