1
|
Holmes TR, Dindu S, Hansen LA. Aberrant localization of signaling proteins in skin cancer: Implications for treatment. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1631-1639. [PMID: 31062427 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant subcellular localization of signaling proteins can provide cancer cells with advantages such as resistance to apoptotic cell death, increased invasiveness and more rapid proliferation. Nuclear to cytoplasmic shifts in tumor-promoting proteins can lead to worse patient outcomes, providing opportunities to target cancer-specific processes. Herein, we review the significance of dysregulated protein localization with a focus on skin cancer. Altered localization of signaling proteins controlling cell cycle progression or cell death is a common feature of cancer. In some instances, aberrant subcellular localization results in an acquired prosurvival function. Taking advantage of this knowledge reveals novel targets useful in the development of cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shravya Dindu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Laura A Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Winkler J, Roessler S, Sticht C, DiGuilio AL, Drucker E, Holzer K, Eiteneuer E, Herpel E, Breuhahn K, Gretz N, Schirmacher P, Ori A, Singer S. Cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS) is linked to integrin β1 and required for tumor cell migration and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Oncotarget 2017; 7:22883-92. [PMID: 27015362 PMCID: PMC5008409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Importins and exportins represent an integral part of the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery with fundamental importance for eukaryotic cell function. A variety of malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) show de-regulation of nuclear transport factors such as overexpression of the exportin Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility (CAS). The functional implications of CAS in hepatocarcinogenesis remain, however, poorly understood. Here we integrated proteomics, transcriptomics and functional assays with patient data to further characterize the role of CAS in HCC. By analyzing ∼ 1700 proteins using quantitative mass spectrometry in HCC cells we found that CAS depletion by RNAi leads to de-regulation of integrins, particularly down-regulation of integrin β1. Consistent with this finding, CAS knockdown resulted in substantially reduced migration and invasion of HCC cell lines as analyzed by 2D ‘scratch’ and invasion chamber assays, respectively. Supporting the potential in vivo relevance, high expression levels of CAS in HCC tissue samples were associated with macroangioinvasion and poorer patient outcome. Our data suggest a previously unanticipated link between CAS and integrin signaling which correlates with an aggressive HCC phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Winkler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Amanda L DiGuilio
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Elisabeth Drucker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Holzer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Eiteneuer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Centre, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ori
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.,Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute e.V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Singer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang MC. CAS (CSE1L) signaling pathway in tumor progression and its potential as a biomarker and target for targeted therapy. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13077-13090. [PMID: 27596143 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CSE1L (chromosome segregation 1-like protein), also named as CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein), is highly expressed in most cancer types. CSE1L/CAS is a multiple functional protein that plays roles in apoptosis, cell survival, chromosome assembly, nucleocytoplasmic transport, microvesicle formation, and cancer metastasis; some of the functions are explicitly correlated. CSE1L is also a cancer serum biomarker. The phosphorylation of CAS is regulated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The RAS/RAF/MAPK/ERK signaling pathways are the essential targets of most targeted cancer drugs, thus serum phosphorylated CSE1L may be a potential biomarker for monitoring drug resistance in targeted therapy. CSE1L can regulate Ras-induced ERK phosphorylation. CSE1L also regulates the expression and phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) and MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) and is thus involved in the melanogenesis and progression of melanoma. CAS is an exosome/microvesicle membrane protein. Tumor cells consistently secrete microvesicles and tumor-derived microvesicles may be accumulated around tumors. Therefore, microvesicle membrane CSE1L may be a potential target for the development of high-efficacy antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy. This review will focus on CSE1L expression in cancers, its relationship to Ras/ERK and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways in melanoma development, its potential for the development of ADCs and tumor imaging reagents, and secretory phosphorylated CSE1L for monitoring the emergence of drug resistance in targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Jiang
- Targetrust Biotech. Ltd., No. 510 Zhongzheng Rd, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
HOLZER KERSTIN, DRUCKER ELISABETH, OLIVER SCOTT, WINKLER JULIANE, EITENEUER EVA, HERPEL ESTHER, BREUHAHN KAI, SINGER STEPHAN. Cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS) is overexpressed in thyroid carcinoma and maintains tumor cell growth: A potential link to the BRAFV600E mutation. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1679-87. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
5
|
Prognostic markers in lentigo maligna patients treated with imiquimod cream: A long-term follow-up study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74:81-87.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Monian P, Jiang X. The Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein (CAS) Promotes Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-induced Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2379-88. [PMID: 26668314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.685008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A signature event during the cell intrinsic apoptotic pathway is mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, leading to formation of the apoptosome, a caspase activation complex. The cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (CAS) can facilitate apoptosome assembly by stimulating nucleotide exchange on Apaf-1 following binding of cytochrome c. We report here that CAS expression itself is up-regulated during tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis, and knockdown of CAS renders cells resistant to TRAIL. We find that TRAIL induces up-regulation of CAS in a posttranscriptional, caspase-8-dependent manner through degradation of cIAP1, an E3 ligase that targets CAS for ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. We identified a novel signaling pathway whereby caspase-8 engages a feedforward cascade that leads to CAS up-regulation and amplifies the apoptotic signal. Furthermore, in silico analysis revealed that expression of CAS is up-regulated at both the mRNA and DNA levels in human breast tumors, consistent with its role in promoting cell proliferation. Overexpression of various oncogenes led to CAS up-regulation in non-transformed cells. Intriguingly, oncogene-induced CAS up-regulation also resulted in greater susceptibility to TRAIL-induced cell death, consistent with its proapoptotic function. These findings suggest that CAS plays contrasting roles in proliferation and apoptosis and that overexpression of CAS in tumors could serve as a potential biomarker to guide therapeutic choices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Monian
- From the Cell Biology Program and Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- From the Cell Biology Program and Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee WR, Shen SC, Wu PR, Chou CL, Shih YH, Yeh CM, Yeh KT, Jiang MC. CSE1L Links cAMP/PKA and Ras/ERK pathways and regulates the expressions and phosphorylations of ERK1/2, CREB, and MITF in melanoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1542-1552. [PMID: 26331446 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ras/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) and cAMP/PKA (protein kinase A) pathways are essential for the transcriptional activities of CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) and MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor) in melanogenesis and the progression of melanoma. However, the interaction between Ras/ERK and cAMP/PKA pathways in the melanogenesis and progression of melanoma is not fully known. Here, we report that CSE1L (chromosome segregation 1-like protein) regulates cAMP/PKA-induced CREB and MITF expressions as well as Ras-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. IBMX, a cAMP/PKA activator, treatment induced CSE1L phosphorylation and augmented Ras-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CSE1L knockdown by CSE1L shRNA expression vectors inhibited Ras-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and melanogenesis in melanoma cells. CSE1L overexpression increased phospho-CREB expression; CSE1L knockdown also inhibited Ras-induced phospho-CREB, MITF, and tyrosinase expressions, regardless of the presence of IBMX. This study identifies CSE1L links and controls the Ras/ERK and cAMP/PKA pathways in the melanogenesis of melanoma cells. Melanomas frequently develop drug resistance via paradoxical activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK or alternatively activated Ras/ERK and cAMP/PKA pathways. Thus CSE1L may be a potential target for treating melanomas that harbor Ras mutations or are resistant to drugs targeting Raf/MEK/ERK. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Chuan Shen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Wu
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lun Chou
- Department of Dermatology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Shih
- Department of Dermatology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Min Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tu Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuksel UM, Turker I, Dilek G, Dogan L, Gulcelik MA, Oksuzoglu B. Does CSE1L Overexpression Affect Distant Metastasis Development in Breast Cancer? Oncol Res Treat 2015; 38:431-4. [PMID: 26278417 DOI: 10.1159/000438501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CSE1L (chromosome segregation 1-like) is the human homologue to the yeast gene CSE1, and is related to invasion and metastasis in cancer progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of CSE1L expression in distant metastasis of breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 71 breast cancer patients were included in this study. Clinical characteristics and CSE1L status were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival breast tumor tissue. The results of CSE1L staining were analyzed according to the percentage of immunoreactive cells. RESULTS 34 patients had distant metastasis and 37 did not. The mean age of the patients was 50.5 ± 12.1 years. Age, tumor size, and hormone receptor status were similar in patients with distant metastasis and in those without. A statistically significant relationship was found between nuclear CSE1L expression and distant metastasis of breast cancer. Lymph node metastasis and nuclear grade were other factors affecting distant metastasis. CONCLUSION There is a relationship between nuclear CSE1L overexpression and distant metastasis in breast cancer. CSE1L status may therefore become a valuable prognostic tool in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi M Yuksel
- Department of Surgery, Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Okimoto S, Sun J, Fukuto A, Horikoshi Y, Matsuda S, Matsuda T, Ikura M, Ikura T, Machida S, Kurumizaka H, Miyamoto Y, Oka M, Yoneda Y, Kiuchi Y, Tashiro S. hCAS/CSE1L regulates RAD51 distribution and focus formation for homologous recombinational repair. Genes Cells 2015; 20:681-94. [PMID: 26123175 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombinational repair (HR) is one of the major repair systems for DNA double-strand breaks. RAD51 is a key molecule in HR, and the RAD51 concentration in the cell nucleus increases after DNA damage induction. However, the mechanism that regulates the intracellular distribution of RAD51 is still unclear. Here, we show that hCAS/CSE1L associates with RAD51 in human cells. We found that hCAS/CSE1L negatively regulates the nuclear protein level of RAD51 under normal conditions. hCAS/CSE1L is also required to repress the DNA damage-induced focus formation of RAD51. Moreover, we show that hCAS/CSE1L plays roles in the regulation of the HR activity and in chromosome stability. These findings suggest that hCAS/CSE1L is responsible for controlling the HR activity by directly interacting with RAD51.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okimoto
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Jiying Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Fukuto
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yasunori Horikoshi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.,Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shun Matsuda
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Tomonari Matsuda
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Masae Ikura
- Laboratory of Chromatin Regulatory Network, Department of Mutagenesis, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ikura
- Laboratory of Chromatin Regulatory Network, Department of Mutagenesis, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichi Machida
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoneda
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.,Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The relationship between CSE1L expression and axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2015; 101:194-8. [PMID: 25791533 DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM CSE1L is the human homologue to the yeast gene CSE1 and CSE1L is a gene related to cancer progression. Thus, CSE1L may regulate the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. The aim of this study is to show the relationship between CSE1L and axillary lymph node metastasis. METHODS Sixty-six breast cancer patients were evaluated according to patient and tumor characteristics. Immunohistochemistry was carried out on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival breast tumor tissues. The results of CSE1L staining were analyzed according to the percentage of immunoreactive cells. RESULTS There were 29 patients without axillary lymph node metastasis and 37 patients with nodal metastasis. The mean age of the patients was 50.6 ± 11.3 years. Age, tumor size, nuclear grade and hormone receptor status were similar in the axillary lymph node positive and negative groups. There was a statistically significant relationship between cytoplasmic CSE1L expression and axillary lymph node metastasis. However, nuclear CSE1L expression did not have any effect on axillary lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Cytoplasmic CSE1L overexpression may be a valuable tool for prognosis of breast cancer in future.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wachsmann MB, Pop LM, Vitetta ES. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a review of immunologic aspects. J Investig Med 2014. [PMID: 22406516 DOI: 10.231/jim.0b013e31824a4d79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the continued failures of both early diagnosis and treatment options for pancreatic cancer, it is now time to comprehensively evaluate the role of the immune system on the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. It is important to develop strategies that harness the molecules and cells of the immune system to treat this disease. This review will focus primarily on the role of immune cells in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and to evaluate what is known about the interaction of immune cells with the tumor microenvironment and their role in tumor growth and metastasis. We will conclude with a brief discussion of therapy for pancreatic cancer and the potential role for immunotherapy. We hypothesize that the role of the immune system in tumor development and progression is tissue specific. Our hope is that better understanding of this process will lead to better treatments for this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan B Wachsmann
- Masters Program in Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang MC, Yeh CM, Tai CJ, Chen HC, Lin SH, Su TC, Shen SC, Lee WR, Liao CF, Li LT, Lee CH, Chen YC, Yeh KT, Chang CC. CSE1L modulates Ras-induced cancer cell invasion: correlation of K-Ras mutation and CSE1L expression in colorectal cancer progression. Am J Surg 2013; 206:418-27. [PMID: 23806821 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ras plays an important role in colorectal cancer progression. CSE1L (chromosome segregation 1-like) gene maps to 20q13, a chromosomal region that correlates with colorectal cancer development. We investigated the association of CSE1L with Ras in colorectal cancer progression. METHODS The effect of CSE1L on metastasis-stimulating activity of Ras was studied in an animal model with tumor cells expressing CSE1L-specific shRNA and v-H-Ras. CSE1L expression was evaluated by the immunohistochemical analysis of 127 surgically resected colorectal tumors. K-Ras mutations were analyzed by direct sequencing. RESULTS CSE1L knockdown reduced Ras-induced metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. v-H-Ras expression altered the cellular trafficking of CSE1L and increased CSE1L secretion. Most colorectal tumors were positive for CSE1L staining (98.4%, 125 of 127). Colorectal tumors with K-Ras mutation or high cytoplasmic CSE1L expression were correlated with T status (depth of tumor penetration; P = .004), stage (P = .004), and lymph node metastasis (P = .019). CONCLUSIONS CSE1L may be a target for treating Ras-associated tumors. Analysis of K-Ras mutation and CSE1L expression may provide valuable clinical and pathological information to aid in the determination of treatment options for colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Hsing-Yi District, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tai CJ, Su TC, Jiang MC, Chen HC, Shen SC, Lee WR, Liao CF, Chen YC, Lin SH, Li LT, Shen KH, Yeh CM, Yeh KT, Lee CH, Shih HY, Chang CC. Correlations between cytoplasmic CSE1L in neoplastic colorectal glands and depth of tumor penetration and cancer stage. J Transl Med 2013; 11:29. [PMID: 23369209 PMCID: PMC3564816 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal carcinomas spread easily to nearby tissues around the colon or rectum, and display strong potential for invasion and metastasis. CSE1L, the chromosome segregation 1-like protein, is implicated in cancer progression and is located in both the cytoplasm and nuclei of tumor cells. We investigated the prognostic significance of cytoplasmic vs. nuclear CSE1L expression in colorectal cancer. Methods The invasion- and metastasis-stimulating activities of CSE1L were studied by in vitro invasion and animal experiments. CSE1L expression in colorectal cancer was assayed by immunohistochemistry, with tissue microarray consisting of 128 surgically resected specimens; and scored using a semiquantitative method. The correlations between CSE1L expression and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. Results CSE1L overexpression was associated with increased invasiveness and metastasis of cancer cells. Non-neoplastic colorectal glands showed minimal CSE1L staining, whereas most colorectal carcinomas (99.2%, 127/128) were significantly positive for CSE1L staining. Cytoplasmic CSE1L was associated with cancer stage (P=0.003) and depth of tumor penetration (P=0.007). Cytoplasmic CSE1L expression also correlated with lymph node metastasis of the disease in Cox regression analysis Conclusions CSE1L regulates the invasiveness and metastasis of cancer cells, and immunohistochemical analysis of cytoplasmic CSE1L in colorectal tumors may provide a useful aid to prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jeng Tai
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Hospital, No,250, Wu-Hsing St,, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Soldini D, Montagna C, Schüffler P, Martin V, Georgis A, Thiesler T, Curioni-Fontecedro A, Went P, Bosshard G, Dehler S, Mazzuchelli L, Tinguely M. A new diagnostic algorithm for Burkitt and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas based on the expression of CSE1L and STAT3 and on MYC rearrangement predicts outcome. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:193-201. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
15
|
Liao CF, Lin SH, Chen HC, Tai CJ, Chang CC, Li LT, Yeh CM, Yeh KT, Chen YC, Hsu TH, Shen SC, Lee WR, Chiou JF, Luo SF, Jiang MC. CSE1L, a novel microvesicle membrane protein, mediates Ras-triggered microvesicle generation and metastasis of tumor cells. Mol Med 2012; 18:1269-80. [PMID: 22952058 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived microvesicles are rich in metastasis-related proteases and play a role in the interactions between tumor cells and tumor microenvironment in tumor metastasis. Because shed microvesicles may remain in the extracellular environment around tumor cells, the microvesicle membrane protein may be the potential target for cancer therapy. Here we report that chromosome segregation 1-like (CSE1L) protein is a microvesicle membrane protein and is a potential target for cancer therapy. v-H-Ras expression induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent CSE1L phosphorylation and microvesicle biogenesis in various cancer cells. CSE1L overexpression also triggered microvesicle generation, and CSE1L knockdown diminished v-H-Ras-induced microvesicle generation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 secretion and metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells. CSE1L was preferentially accumulated in microvesicles and was located in the microvesicle membrane. Furthermore, anti-CSE1L antibody-conjugated quantum dots could target tumors in animal models. Our findings highlight a novel role of Ras-ERK signaling in tumor progression and suggest that CSE1L may be involved in the "early" and "late" metastasis of tumor cells in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the novel microvesicle membrane protein, CSE1L, may have clinical utility in cancer diagnosis and targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fong Liao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chang CC, Tai CJ, Su TC, Shen KH, Lin SH, Yeh CM, Yeh KT, Lin YM, Jiang MC. The prognostic significance of nuclear CSE1L in urinary bladder urothelial carcinomas. Ann Diagn Pathol 2012; 16:362-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
17
|
Alnabulsi A, Agouni A, Mitra S, Garcia-Murillas I, Carpenter B, Bird S, Murray GI. Cellular apoptosis susceptibility (chromosome segregation 1-like, CSE1L) gene is a key regulator of apoptosis, migration and invasion in colorectal cancer. J Pathol 2012; 228:471-81. [PMID: 22450763 DOI: 10.1002/path.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility (chromosome segregation 1-like, CSE1L) gene maps to chromosomal region 20q13.13, a region frequently amplified in solid tumours. In this study, we investigated the roles played by CSE1L in colorectal cancer by examining CSE1L expression and clinico-pathological parameters in colorectal cancer and investigating the effect of CSE1L on the viability, adhesion and migration of colorectal cancer cells. RT-PCR showed that CSE1L mRNA was over-expressed in colorectal cancer. CSE1L depletion by knock-down with CSE1L-specific siRNA significantly reduced viability in HCT116 cells (p = 0.004) and SW480 cells (p = 0.003) whilst significantly increasing the proportion of apoptotic HCT116 cells (p < 0.001) and SW480 cells (p < 0.001). Furthermore, CSE1L depletion significantly reduced the adhesive capacity of HCT116 (p = 0.003) and SW480 cells (p = 0.004). Analysis by qRT-PCR following CSE1L siRNA treatment of HCT116 and SW480 cells showed significant modulation of key apoptotic (p53, p73 and BAK) and adhesive (E-cadherin, Ep-CAM and ICAM-1) molecules. Immunohistochemistry of a colorectal cancer tissue microarray showed that CSE1L had a significantly increased level in colorectal cancer compared to normal colorectal epithelium (p < 0.001). There were significant decreases in both nuclear (p = 0.006) and cytoplasmic (p = 0.003) staining of CSE1L in tumours with lymph node metastasis (stage 3 tumours) compared with lymph node-negative tumours (stage 1 and 2 tumours). In lymph node-negative patients, poor survival was associated with increased CSE1L cytoplasmic expression (p = 0.042). These results indicate that CSE1L is associated with viability and apoptosis, cellular adhesion and invasion, thus implicating CSE1L in the progression of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayham Alnabulsi
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
With the continued failures of both early diagnosis and treatment options for pancreatic cancer, it is now time to comprehensively evaluate the role of the immune system on the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. It is important to develop strategies that harness the molecules and cells of the immune system to treat this disease. This review will focus primarily on the role of immune cells in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and to evaluate what is known about the interaction of immune cells with the tumor microenvironment and their role in tumor growth and metastasis. We will conclude with a brief discussion of therapy for pancreatic cancer and the potential role for immunotherapy. We hypothesize that the role of the immune system in tumor development and progression is tissue specific. Our hope is that better understanding of this process will lead to better treatments for this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan B. Wachsmann
- Masters Program in Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-8576, USA
| | - Laurentiu M. Pop
- The Cancer Immunobiology Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-8576, USA
| | - Ellen S. Vitetta
- The Cancer Immunobiology Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-8576, USA
- The Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-8576, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tai CJ, Chang CC, Shen SC, Lee WR, Jiang MC. Serum Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein for Cancer Diagnosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Tai CJ, Hsu CH, Shen SC, Lee WR, Jiang MC. Cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CSE1L/CAS) protein in cancer metastasis and chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:110. [PMID: 20701792 PMCID: PMC2925819 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CSE1L/CAS) protein is highly expressed in cancer, and its expression is positively correlated with high cancer stage, high cancer grade, and worse outcomes of patients. CSE1L (or CAS) regulates chemotherapeutic drug-induced cancer cell apoptosis and may play important roles in mediating the cytotoxicities of chemotherapeutic drugs against cancer cells in cancer chemotherapy. CSE1L was originally regarded as a proliferation-associated protein and was thought to regulate the proliferation of cancer cells in cancer progression. However, the results of experimental studies showed that enhanced CSE1L expression is unable to increase proliferation of cancer cells and CSE1L regulates invasion and metastasis but not proliferation of cancer cells. Recent studies revealed that CSE1L is a secretory protein, and there is a higher prevalence of secretory CSE1L in the sera of patients with metastatic cancer. Therefore, CSE1L may be a useful serological marker for screening, diagnosis and prognosis, assessment of therapeutic responses, and monitoring for recurrence of cancer. In this paper, we review the expression of CSE1L in cancer and discuss why CSE1L regulates the invasion and metastasis rather than the proliferation of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jeng Tai
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liao CF, Luo SF, Li LT, Lin CY, Chen YC, Jiang MC. CSE1L/CAS, the cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein, enhances invasion and metastasis but not proliferation of cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2008; 27:15. [PMID: 18597698 PMCID: PMC2474842 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS) protein is regarded as a proliferation-associated protein that associates with tumour proliferation as it associates with microtubule and functions in the mitotic spindle checkpoint. However, there is no any actual experimental study showing CAS (or CSE1 and CSE1L) can increase the proliferation of cancer cells. Previous pathological study has reported that CAS was strongly positive stained in all of the metastasis melanoma that be examined. Thus, CAS may regulate the invasion and metastasis of cancers. CAS is highly expressed in cancers; if CAS is associated with cancer proliferation, then increased CAS expression should be able to increase the proliferation of cancer cells. We studied whether increased CAS expression can increase cancer cell proliferation and whether CAS regulates the invasion of cancer cells. Methods We enhanced or reduced CAS expression by transfecting CAS or anti-CAS expression vectors into human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The proliferations of cells were determined by trypan blue exclusion assay and flow cytometry analysis. Invasion of cancer cells were determined by matrigel-based invasion assay. Results Our studies showed that increased CAS expression was unable to enhance cancer cell proliferation. Immunofluorescence showed CAS was distributed in cytoplasm areas near cell membrane and cell protrusions. CAS was localized in cytoplasmic vesicle and immunogold electronmicroscopy showed CAS was located in vesicle membrane. CAS overexpression enhanced matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) secretion and cancer cell invasion. Animal experiments showed CAS reduction inhibited the metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma cells by 56% in C57BL/6 mice. Conclusion Our results indicate that CAS increases the invasion but not the proliferation of cancer cells. Thus, CAS plus ECM-degradation proteinases may be used as the markers for predicting the advance of tumour metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fong Liao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Praveen K, Leary JH, Evans DL, Jaso-Friedmann L. Molecular cloning of cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS) gene in Oreochromis niloticus and its proposed role in regulation of non-specific cytotoxic cell (NCC) functions. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:647-55. [PMID: 16153859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS) gene is a homologue of the chromosome segregation gene (CSE) in yeast, involved in multiple cellular mechanisms associated with cell proliferation as well as cell death. CAS is highly expressed in proliferating cells but at a lower level in quiescent cells and tissues. Therefore it appears that CAS may play an important role in cancer development. We have previously identified CAS in tilapia non-specific cytotoxic cells (NCC) with a cross-reacting monoclonal antibody. Its expression was up-regulated in NCC in response to apoptosis regulatory factors. In the present report, the molecular cloning and expression of CAS in NCC is described, suggesting the importance of this protein in regulation of teleost immune functions. Furthermore, CAS expression is proposed as one of the mechanisms of regulation of activation induced programmed cell death (AIPCD) in these cytotoxic cells. As CAS expression is ubiquitous, we expect that these studies will help identify proliferating cells protected from apoptosis in additional tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kesavannair Praveen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Agriculture Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vetter CS, Müller-Blech K, Schrama D, Bröcker EB, Becker JC. Cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of survivin in melanocytic skin lesions. Arch Dermatol Res 2005; 297:26-30. [PMID: 15906050 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-005-0572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Survivin, a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein family, regulates both cellular proliferation and apoptotic cell death. While the human survivin gene is highly expressed in the developing fetus, in adults its expression is restricted to highly proliferating normal tissues and neoplastic tumors tissues. In the present study, we compared the expression of survivin in melanoma and benign melanocytic lesions such as junctional, compound, dermal, congenital, blue and spitz nevi. This analysis reveals a heterogeneous expression of survivin with respect to both the intensity, frequency and cellular localization. In junctional, compound and blue nevi, survivin was present in nuclear localization, whereas in spitz nevi survivin was detectable in the cytoplasm. In dermal and congenital nevi, survivin was present in both localizations with predominance of the nuclear compartment. Interestingly, this distribution was similar to that observed in primary melanoma; whereas in metastatic melanoma the predominance of the nuclear localization of survivin was lost. Our data demonstrate that although survivin is expressed in a large number of benign nevi, the balance between its cytoplasmic and nuclear expression was immensely heterogeneous between lesions with suspected different developmental origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia S Vetter
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Prognoses for melanoma patients are currently based on statistically confirmed parameters, above all the Breslow thickness and number of lymph node and/or distant metastases. However, metastases can develop even with "thin" melanomas (< 0.7 mm), while survival has been recorded in patients with tumours classified as "thick" (> 4 mm). This review of the literature examines the most recent advances in prognostic markers for melanoma (serological, immunohistochemical, histological, genetic and surgical). These markers offer interesting possibilities in terms of diagnostic certainty, identification of early growth phases and estimation of the tumour's potential for progression and metastasis. It is reasonable to assume that their combined use can provide useful information for formulating prognoses that are not only statistically valid but also individualized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lomuto
- Dermatology Department, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital-IRCCS, Viale Cappuccini, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Melanoma cells can undergo self-destruction via programmed cell death, i.e. apoptosis. In these tumours, the molecular components of apoptosis include positive (apoptotic) and negative (anti-apoptotic) regulators. The former include p53, Bid, Noxa, PUMA, Bax, TNF, TRAIL, Fas/FasL, PITSLRE, interferons, and c-KIT/SCF. The latter include Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L), Mcl-1, NF-(K)B, survivin, livin, and ML-IAP. Alternatively, some molecules such as TRAF-2, c-Myc, endothelins, and integrins may have either pro- or anti-apoptotic effects. Some of these molecules are of potential therapeutic use, such as: (1) p53, which influences resistance to chemotherapy; (2) Mcl-1 and Bcl-X(L), which can override apoptosis; (3) TRAIL, which has selective fatal effects on tumour cells; (4) NF-(K)B, which when downregulated sensitizes cells to TRAIL and TNF; (5) the PITSLRE kinases, whose alteration appears to result in Fas resistance; (6) interferons, which sensitize cells to other factors; and (7) survivin and other IAPs that inhibit apoptosis. This review summarizes the state of current knowledge about the key molecular components and mechanisms of apoptosis in melanoma, discusses potential therapeutic ramifications, and provides directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Peiró G, Diebold J, Löhrs U. CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptibility) gene expression in ovarian carcinoma: Correlation with 20q13.2 copy number and cyclin D1, p53, and Rb protein expression. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 118:922-9. [PMID: 12472286 DOI: 10.1309/xycb-uw8u-5541-u4qd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We immunohistochemically analyzed cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS) protein expression and compared it with 20q13.2 copy number and the expression of cell cycle-associated proteins retinoblastoma (Rb), cyclin D1, and p53 and prognosis on paraffin-embedded tissue from 69 ovarian carcinomas (OCs). CAS protein reactivity was present in 100%, Rb in 54%, cyclin D1 in 47%, and p53 in 49%. Significant reciprocal correlation was observed between high levels of CAS and histologic type, FIGO (International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology) stage III and grade 3, residual tumor (>2 cm), 20q13.2 (ZNF217 gene) amplification (>4 copies in >20% cells), and high expression of cyclin D1 (all P < .05). No association was found between cyclin D1, p53, or Rb levels with clinicopathologic factors. In univariate analysis, residual tumor, FIGO stage and grade, ZNF217 amplification, and CAS levels predicted outcome (all P < .05). In multivariate analysis, stage, grade, amount of residual tumor, and ZNF217 amplification showed independent prognostic value (all P < .05). In OC, alteration of CAS and ZNF217 genes, both located at 20q13, is frequent and relevant prognostically. Cyclin D1, Rb, and p53 seem to have a secondary role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Peiró
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiang MC, Lin TL, Lee TL, Huang HT, Lin CL, Liao CF. IRF-1-mediated CAS expression enhances interferon-gamma-induced apoptosis of HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS : MCBRC 2001; 4:353-8. [PMID: 11703094 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.2001.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The expression of CAS is reported to be upregulated in a variety of human tumor cells, and such expression correlates with the development of tumors. CAS also plays a role in apoptosis. We investigated whether CAS expression affects the susceptibility of tumor cells to IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis. Our data show that IFN-gamma treatment induces CAS expression in HT-29 tumor cells. IFN-gamma-induced gene expression is primarily mediated by the transcriptional factor, IRF-1. Our data show that IRF-1 mediates IFN-gamma-induced CAS expression. Transfection of HT-29 cells with CAS expression vector did not induce apoptosis of cells; nevertheless, CAS overexpression greatly enhanced IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis of cells. CPP32 is regarded as one of the central apoptosis executioner molecules. CAS overexpression enhances IFN-gamma-induced CPP32 expression. These results indicate that tumor cells highly expressing CAS may be more susceptible to apoptosis induced by reagents that are capable of inducing CAS expression. Thus, CAS may be a target for the elimination of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Jiang
- Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ibrahim SM, Ringel J, Schmidt C, Ringel B, Müller P, Koczan D, Thiesen HJ, Löhr M. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines show variable susceptibility to TRAIL-mediated cell death. Pancreas 2001; 23:72-9. [PMID: 11451151 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200107000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Programmed cell death via the Fas receptor/Fas Ligand and DR4, DR5/TRAIL plays a major role in tumor escape and elimination mechanisms. It also promises to be an effective therapy alternative for aggressive tumors, as has been recently shown for colon, breast, and lung cancer cells. We attempted to clarify the role of these molecules in aggressivity of pancreatic carcinomas and to identify possible pathways as targets for therapy. METHODS Five pancreatic cell lines were investigated for the expression of FasL/Fas, DcR3, DR4, DR5/TRAIL, DcR1, DcR2, and other death pathways related molecules such as Bax, bcl-xL, bcl-2, FADD, and caspase-3 by flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and RT/PCR, both semiquantitative and real time (TaqMan). The susceptibility of these cell lines to apoptosis mediated by recombinant TRAIL was investigated. The effect of therapeutic agents (gemcitabine) on their susceptibility to TRAIL induced apoptosis was studied as well. RESULTS Pancreatic adenocarcinomas expressed high levels of apoptosis-inducing receptors and ligands. They showed differential susceptibility to cell death induced by TRAIL, despite expressing intact receptors and signaling machineries. Treatment with commonly used therapeutic agents did not augment their susceptibility to apoptosis. This could be explained by the fact that they expressed differentially high levels of decoy receptors, as well as molecules known as inhibitors of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that pancreatic carcinoma cells have developed different mechanisms to evade the immune system. One is the expression of nonfunctional receptors, decoy receptors, and molecules that block cell death, such as bcl2 and bcl-xL. The second is the expression of apoptosis-inducing ligands, such as TRAIL, that could induce cell death of immune cells. The success in treating malignant tumors by recombinant TRAIL might apply to some but not all pancreatic tumors because of their differential resistance to TRAIL-induced cell death.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Arabidopsis Proteins
- Blotting, Western
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/analysis
- Computer Systems
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Fatty Acid Desaturases/analysis
- Flow Cytometry
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- HeLa Cells/chemistry
- HeLa Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells/chemistry
- Jurkat Cells/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/chemistry
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 10c
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 6b
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/chemistry
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
- bcl-X Protein
- fas Receptor/analysis
- Gemcitabine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Ibrahim
- Department of Immunology, University of Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|