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Zou X, Dong Y, Alhaskawi A, Zhou H, Ezzi SHA, Kota VG, Abdulla MHAH, Abdalbary SA, Lu H, Wang C. Techniques and graft materials for repairing peripheral nerve defects. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1307883. [PMID: 38318237 PMCID: PMC10839026 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1307883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve defects refer to damage or destruction occurring in the peripheral nervous system, typically affecting the limbs and face. The current primary approaches to address peripheral nerve defects involve the utilization of autologous nerve transplants or the transplantation of artificial material. Nevertheless, these methods possess certain limitations, such as inadequate availability of donor nerve or unsatisfactory regenerative outcomes post-transplantation. Biomaterials have been extensively studied as an alternative approach to promote the repair of peripheral neve defects. These biomaterials include both natural and synthetic materials. Natural materials consist of collagen, chitosan, and silk, while synthetic materials consist of polyurethane, polylactic acid, and polycaprolactone. Recently, several new neural repair technologies have also been developed, such as nerve regeneration bridging technology, electrical stimulation technology, and stem cell therapy technology. Overall, biomaterials and new neural repair technologies provide new methods and opportunities for repairing peripheral nerve defects. However, these methods still require further research and development to enhance their effectiveness and feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanzhao Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ahmad Alhaskawi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiying Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong School of Biomedical Science, Shatin, China
| | | | | | | | - Sahar Ahmed Abdalbary
- Department of Orthopedic Physical Therapy, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Nahda University in Beni Suef, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changxin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Xiao C, Liu B. Engineered hydrogels for peripheral nerve repair. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100668. [PMID: 37273791 PMCID: PMC10232914 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a complex disease that often appears in young adults. It is characterized by a high incidence, limited treatment options, and poor clinical outcomes. This disease not only causes dysfunction and psychological disorders in patients but also brings a heavy burden to the society. Currently, autologous nerve grafting is the gold standard in clinical treatment, but complications, such as the limited source of donor tissue and scar tissue formation, often further limit the therapeutic effect. Recently, a growing number of studies have used tissue-engineered materials to create a natural microenvironment similar to the nervous system and thus promote the regeneration of neural tissue and the recovery of impaired neural function with promising results. Hydrogels are often used as materials for the culture and differentiation of neurogenic cells due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Hydrogels can provide three-dimensional hydration networks that can be integrated into a variety of sizes and shapes to suit the morphology of neural tissues. In this review, we discuss the recent advances of engineered hydrogels for peripheral nerve repair and analyze the role of several different therapeutic strategies of hydrogels in PNI through the application characteristics of hydrogels in nerve tissue engineering (NTE). Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of the application of hydrogels in the treatment of PNI are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130061, PR China
| | - Xiaonong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Hand and Foot Surgery Department, First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130061, PR China
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Liu K, Yan L, Li R, Song Z, Ding J, Liu B, Chen X. 3D Printed Personalized Nerve Guide Conduits for Precision Repair of Peripheral Nerve Defects. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103875. [PMID: 35182046 PMCID: PMC9036027 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of peripheral nerve defects has always been one of the most challenging clinical practices in neurosurgery. Currently, nerve autograft is the preferred treatment modality for peripheral nerve defects, while the therapy is constantly plagued by the limited donor, loss of donor function, formation of neuroma, nerve distortion or dislocation, and nerve diameter mismatch. To address these clinical issues, the emerged nerve guide conduits (NGCs) are expected to offer effective platforms to repair peripheral nerve defects, especially those with large or complex topological structures. Up to now, numerous technologies are developed for preparing diverse NGCs, such as solvent casting, gas foaming, phase separation, freeze-drying, melt molding, electrospinning, and three-dimensional (3D) printing. 3D printing shows great potential and advantages because it can quickly and accurately manufacture the required NGCs from various natural and synthetic materials. This review introduces the application of personalized 3D printed NGCs for the precision repair of peripheral nerve defects and predicts their future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot SurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin University1 Xinmin StreetChangchun130061P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Lesan Yan
- Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei ProvinceState Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology122 Luoshi RoadWuhan430070P. R. China
| | - Ruotao Li
- Department of Hand and Foot SurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin University1 Xinmin StreetChangchun130061P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Song
- Department of Sports MedicineThe First Hospital of Jilin University1 Xinmin StreetChangchun130061P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan University220 Handan RoadShanghai200433P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hand and Foot SurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin University1 Xinmin StreetChangchun130061P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences5625 Renmin StreetChangchun130022P. R. China
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Wang Q, Chen FY, Ling ZM, Su WF, Zhao YY, Chen G, Wei ZY. The Effect of Schwann Cells/Schwann Cell-Like Cells on Cell Therapy for Peripheral Neuropathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:836931. [PMID: 35350167 PMCID: PMC8957843 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.836931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common neurological issue that leads to sensory and motor disorders. Over time, the treatment for peripheral neuropathy has primarily focused on medications for specific symptoms and surgical techniques. Despite the different advantages of these treatments, functional recovery remains less than ideal. Schwann cells, as the primary glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, play crucial roles in physiological and pathological conditions by maintaining nerve structure and functions and secreting various signaling molecules and neurotrophic factors to support both axonal growth and myelination. In addition, stem cells, including mesenchymal stromal cells, skin precursor cells and neural stem cells, have the potential to differentiate into Schwann-like cells to perform similar functions as Schwann cells. Therefore, accumulating evidence indicates that Schwann cell transplantation plays a crucial role in the resolution of peripheral neuropathy. In this review, we summarize the literature regarding the use of Schwann cell/Schwann cell-like cell transplantation for different peripheral neuropathies and the potential role of promoting nerve repair and functional recovery. Finally, we discuss the limitations and challenges of Schwann cell/Schwann cell-like cell transplantation in future clinical applications. Together, these studies provide insights into the effect of Schwann cells/Schwann cell-like cells on cell therapy and uncover prospective therapeutic strategies for peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fang-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhuo-Min Ling
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wen-Feng Su
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ya-Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Chen,
| | - Zhong-Ya Wei
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Zhong-Ya Wei,
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Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using a Nerve Conduit with Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in a Rat Model. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:453-465. [PMID: 33515167 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous nerve grafts are the gold standard treatment for peripheral nerve injury treatment. However, this procedure cannot avoid sacrificing other nerves as a major limitation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) embedded in a nerve conduit. METHODS A 10-mm segment of the sciatic nerve was resected in 21 rats, and the nerve injury was repaired with one of the following (n = 7 per group): autologous nerve graft, poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) conduit and OECs, and PCL conduit only. The consequent effect on nerve regeneration was measured based on the nerve conduction velocity (NCV), amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (ACMAP), wet muscle weight, histomorphometric analysis, and nerve density quantification. RESULTS Histomorphometric analysis revealed nerve regeneration and angiogenesis in all groups. However, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the ACMAP nerve regeneration rate of the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles between the autologous graft (37.9 ± 14.3% and 39.1% ± 20.4%) and PCL only (17.8 ± 8.6% and 13.6 ± 5.8%) groups, and between the PCL only and PCL + OECs (46.3 ± 20.0% and 34.5 ± 14.6%) groups, with no differences between the autologous nerve and PCL + OEC groups (p > 0.05). No significant results in NCV, wet muscle weight, and nerve density quantification were observed among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION A PCL conduit with OECs enhances the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves, offering a good alternative to autologous nerve grafts.
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Xia B, Gao J, Li S, Huang L, Ma T, Zhao L, Yang Y, Huang J, Luo Z. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Promote Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:548. [PMID: 31866834 PMCID: PMC6908849 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence showed that extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their cargoes are important information mediators in the nervous system and have been proposed to play an important role in regulating regeneration. Moreover, many studies reported that olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) conditioned medium is capable of promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery. However, the role of EVs derived from OECs in axonal regeneration has not been clear. Thereby, the present study was designed to firstly isolate EVs from OECs culture supernatants, and then investigated their role in enhancing axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve injury. In vitro studies showed that OECs-EVs promoted axonal growth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which is dose-dependent and relies on their integrity. In vivo studies further demonstrated that nerve conduit containing OECs-EVs significantly enhanced axonal regeneration, myelination of regenerated axons and neurologically functional recovery in rats with sciatic nerve injury. In conclusion, our results, for the first time, demonstrated that OECs-EVs are capable of promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injuries in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengyou Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The General Hospital of Central Theater Command of People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Laihe Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinghui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Rink S, Bendella H, Akkin SM, Manthou M, Grosheva M, Angelov DN. Experimental Studies on Facial Nerve Regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1287-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral MedicineUniversity of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC) Cologne Germany
| | - Salih Murat Akkin
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineSANKO University Gaziantep Turkey
| | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyAristotle University Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto‐Rhino‐LaryngologyUniversity of Cologne Cologne Germany
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8
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Wang ZZ, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Matrices, scaffolds & carriers for cell delivery in nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol 2018; 319:112837. [PMID: 30291854 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nerve injuries can be life-long debilitating traumas that severely impact patients' quality of life. While many acellular neural scaffolds have been developed to aid the process of nerve regeneration, complete functional recovery is still very difficult to achieve, especially for long-gap peripheral nerve injury and most cases of spinal cord injury. Cell-based therapies have shown many promising results for improving nerve regeneration. With recent advances in neural tissue engineering, the integration of biomaterial scaffolds and cell transplantation are emerging as a more promising approach to enhance nerve regeneration. This review provides an overview of important considerations for designing cell-carrier biomaterial scaffolds. It also discusses current biomaterials used for scaffolds that provide permissive and instructive microenvironments for improved cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Austin at Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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Boecker AH, Bozkurt A, Kim BS, Altinova H, Tank J, Deumens R, Tolba R, Weis J, Brook GA, Pallua N, van Neerven SGA. Cell-enrichment with olfactory ensheathing cells has limited local extra beneficial effects on nerve regeneration supported by the nerve guide Perimaix. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:2125-2137. [PMID: 30044547 DOI: 10.1002/term.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries is clinically challenging, and today, the autologous nerve transplantation is still considered as the only gold standard remedy for nerve lesions where a direct nerve coaptation is not possible. Nevertheless, the functional merits of many biomaterials have been tested as potential substitutes for the autologous nerve transplant. One of the strategies that have been pursued is the combination of bioengineered nerve guides with cellular enrichment. In this present study, we combined the previously evaluated collagen-based and microstructured nerve guide Perimaix with olfactory ensheathing cell enrichment. Rat sciatic nerve defects of 20 mm were either bridged by a cell-seeded or nonseeded nerve guide or an autologous nerve transplant. Animals were monitored for 12 weeks for structural and functional parameters. Seeded cells survived on Perimaix, and following implantation aligned along the microstructured Perimaix framework. Axonal densities within the cell-seeded nerve guides were higher than in the nonseeded nerve guides and were comparable to the autograft. Additionally, cell-seeding had local beneficial effects on myelination within the nerve guide, as myelin sheath thickness was enhanced when compared with the empty scaffold. Nevertheless, for bridging the nerve gap of 20 mm, both the cell-seeded as well as nonseeded scaffolds were equally efficient regarding the functional outcome, which did not differ between the autograft, seeded or nonseeded groups. Our data demonstrate that olfactory ensheathing cell enrichment has local effects on nerve regeneration in combination with the Perimaix nerve guide. Surprisingly, for traversing the lesion gap, additional cell-seeding is not crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hendrik Boecker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Hand-Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ahmet Bozkurt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Plastic, Hand, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Helios Klinikum Wuppertal, University Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bong Sung Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Haktan Altinova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Tank
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Private Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Neuropharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Germany
| | - Gary Anthony Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Germany
| | - Norbert Pallua
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Bierlein De la Rosa M, Sharma AD, Mallapragada SK, Sakaguchi DS. Transdifferentiation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-secreting mesenchymal stem cells significantly enhance BDNF secretion and Schwann cell marker proteins. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:572-582. [PMID: 28694020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a rapidly growing area of research targeting delivery of therapeutic factors for neuro-repair. Cells can be programmed to hypersecrete various growth/trophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) to promote regenerative neurite outgrowth. In addition to genetic modifications, MSCs can be subjected to transdifferentiation protocols to generate neural cell types to physically and biologically support nerve regeneration. In this study, we have taken a novel approach by combining these two unique strategies and evaluated the impact of transdifferentiating genetically modified MSCs into a Schwann cell-like phenotype. After 8 days in transdifferentiation media, approximately 30-50% of transdifferentiated BDNF-secreting cells immunolabeled for Schwann cell markers such as S100β, S100, and p75NTR. An enhancement was observed 20 days after inducing transdifferentiation with minimal decreases in expression levels. BDNF production was quantified by ELISA, and its biological activity tested via the PC12-TrkB cell assay. Importantly, the bioactivity of secreted BDNF was verified by the increased neurite outgrowth of PC12-TrkB cells. These findings demonstrate that not only is BDNF actively secreted by the transdifferentiated BDNF-MSCs, but also that it has the capacity to promote neurite sprouting and regeneration. Given the fact that BDNF production remained stable for over 20 days, we believe that these cells have the capacity to produce sustainable, effective, BDNF concentrations over prolonged time periods and should be tested within an in vivo system for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metzere Bierlein De la Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Anup D Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Donald S Sakaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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12
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Peripheral Nerve Injury: Stem Cell Therapy and Peripheral Nerve Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122101. [PMID: 27983642 PMCID: PMC5187901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury can lead to great morbidity in those afflicted, ranging from sensory loss, motor loss, chronic pain, or a combination of deficits. Over time, research has investigated neuronal molecular mechanisms implicated in nerve damage, classified nerve injury, and developed surgical techniques for treatment. Despite these advancements, full functional recovery remains less than ideal. In this review, we discuss historical aspects of peripheral nerve injury and introduce nerve transfer as a therapeutic option, as well as an adjunct therapy to transplantation of Schwann cells and their stem cell derivatives for repair of the damaged nerve. This review furthermore, will provide an elaborated discussion on the sources of Schwann cells, including sites to harvest their progenitor and stem cell lines. This reflects the accessibility to an additional, concurrent treatment approach with nerve transfers that, predicated on related research, may increase the efficacy of the current approach. We then discuss the experimental and clinical investigations of both Schwann cells and nerve transfer that are underway. Lastly, we provide the necessary consideration that these two lines of therapeutic approaches should not be exclusive, but conversely, should be pursued as a combined modality given their mutual role in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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13
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Kabiri M, Oraee-Yazdani S, Shafiee A, Hanaee-Ahvaz H, Dodel M, Vaseei M, Soleimani M. Neuroregenerative effects of olfactory ensheathing cells transplanted in a multi-layered conductive nanofibrous conduit in peripheral nerve repair in rats. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:35. [PMID: 25986461 PMCID: PMC4437686 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-layered conductive nanofibrous hollow conduit in combination with olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. We aimed to harness both the topographical and electrical cues of the aligned conductive nanofibrous single-walled carbon nanotube/ poly (L-lactic acid) (SWCNT/PLLA) scaffolds along with the neurotrophic features of OEC in a nerve tissue engineered approach. Results We demonstrated that SWCNT/PLLA composite scaffolds support the adhesion, growth, survival and proliferation of OEC. Using microsurgical techniques, the tissue engineered nerve conduits were interposed into an 8 mm gap in sciatic nerve defects in rats. Functional recovery was evaluated using sciatic functional index (SFI) fortnightly after the surgery. Histological analyses including immunohistochemistry for S100 and NF markers along with toluidine blue staining (nerve thickness) and TEM imaging (myelin sheath thickness) of the sections from middle and distal parts of nerve grafts showed an increased regeneration in cell/scaffold group compared with cell-free scaffold and silicone groups. Neural regeneration in cell/scaffold group was very closely similar to autograft group, as deduced from SFI scores and histological assessments. Conclusions Our results indicated that the tissue engineered construct made of rolled sheet of SWCNT/PLLA nanofibrous scaffolds and OEC could promote axonal outgrowth and peripheral nerve regeneration suggesting them as a promising alternative in nerve tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Oraee-Yazdani
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran. .,Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Shohada Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran. .,Experimental Dermatology Group, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Hana Hanaee-Ahvaz
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masumeh Dodel
- Department of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Textile engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Vaseei
- Pathology Department, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Radtke C, Kocsis JD. Olfactory-ensheathing cell transplantation for peripheral nerve repair: update on recent developments. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:48-58. [PMID: 25765445 DOI: 10.1159/000369006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of important advances have been made using transplantation of olfactory-ensheathing cells (OECs) to provide therapeutic effects with regard to peripheral nerve repair. In vivo studies have focused on transplanting OECs to stimulate axonal regeneration and sprouting, increase remyelination, confer neuroprotection, enhance neovascularization and replace lost cells. OECs support axonal regeneration and remyelination with appropriate formation of axonal nodes of Ranvier with improvement of nerve conduction velocity. Current work using gene profiling and proteomics is identifying potential therapeutic differences between OECs harvested from nasal mucosa and the olfactory bulb and genes that OECs express that may be conducive to neural repair. OECs derived from nasal mucosa are of clinical interest since the cells could potentially be harvested from a patient and used for autotransplantation. Various nerve scaffolds and materials have been used for nerve repair and recent studies have examined OECs in combination with various supportive materials, including nanoparticles and scaffolds for peripheral nerve substance defects. This review will discuss the use of OECs in nerve repair and nerve defect injuries with specific emphasis on differences between OECs derived from the olfactory bulb and the olfactory mucosa.
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Gu X, Ding F, Williams DF. Neural tissue engineering options for peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6143-56. [PMID: 24818883 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered nerve grafts (TENGs) have emerged as a potential alternative to autologous nerve grafts, the gold standard for peripheral nerve repair. Typically, TENGs are composed of a biomaterial-based template that incorporates biochemical cues. A number of TENGs have been used experimentally to bridge long peripheral nerve gaps in various animal models, where the desired outcome is nerve tissue regeneration and functional recovery. So far, the translation of TENGs to the clinic for use in humans has met with a certain degree of success. In order to optimize the TENG design and further approach the matching of TENGs with autologous nerve grafts, many new cues, beyond the traditional ones, will have to be integrated into TENGs. Furthermore, there is a strong requirement for monitoring the real-time dynamic information related to the construction of TENGs. The aim of this opinion paper is to specifically and critically describe the latest advances in the field of neural tissue engineering for peripheral nerve regeneration. Here we delineate new attempts in the design of template (or scaffold) materials, especially in the context of biocompatibility, the choice and handling of support cells, and growth factor release systems. We further discuss the significance of RNAi for peripheral nerve regeneration, anticipate the potential application of RNAi reagents for TENGs, and speculate on the possible contributions of additional elements, including angiogenesis, electrical stimulation, molecular inflammatory mediators, bioactive peptides, antioxidant reagents, and cultured biological constructs, to TENGs. Finally, we consider that a diverse array of physicochemical and biological cues must be orchestrated within a TENG to create a self-consistent coordinated system with a close proximity to the regenerative microenvironment of the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China.
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - David F Williams
- Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Li R, Liu Z, Pan Y, Chen L, Zhang Z, Lu L. Peripheral Nerve Injuries Treatment: a Systematic Review. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 68:449-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Geuna S, Gnavi S, Perroteau I, Tos P, Battiston B. Tissue Engineering and Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 108:35-57. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410499-0.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rajaram A, Chen XB, Schreyer DJ. Strategic Design and Recent Fabrication Techniques for Bioengineered Tissue Scaffolds to Improve Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:454-67. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Rajaram
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xiong-Biao Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - David J. Schreyer
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Radtke C, Kocsis JD. Peripheral nerve injuries and transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells for axonal regeneration and remyelination: fact or fiction? Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23202929 PMCID: PMC3497303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131012911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful nerve regeneration after nerve trauma is not only important for the restoration of motor and sensory functions, but also to reduce the potential for abnormal sensory impulse generation that can occur following neuroma formation. Satisfying functional results after severe lesions are difficult to achieve and the development of interventional methods to achieve optimal functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury is of increasing clinical interest. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been used to improve axonal regeneration and functional outcome in a number of studies in spinal cord injury models. The rationale is that the OECs may provide trophic support and a permissive environment for axonal regeneration. The experimental transplantation of OECs to support and enhance peripheral nerve regeneration is much more limited. This chapter reviews studies using OECs as an experimental cell therapy to improve peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Radtke
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; E-Mail:
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-511-532-8864; Fax: +49-511-532-8890
| | - Jeffery D. Kocsis
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; E-Mail:
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Penna V, Stark GB, Wewetzer K, Radtke C, Lang EM. Comparison of Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells for peripheral nerve gap bridging. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:534-42. [PMID: 22699447 DOI: 10.1159/000338059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previously, we introduced the biogenic conduit (BC) as a novel autologous nerve conduit for bridging peripheral nerve defects and tested its regenerative capacity in a short- and long-term setting. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether intraluminal application of regeneration-promoting glial cells, including Schwann cells (SC) and olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC), displayed differential effects after sciatic nerve gap bridging. MATERIAL AND METHODS BCs were generated as previously described. The conduits filled with fibrin/SC (n = 8) and fibrin/OEC (n = 8) were compared to autologous nerve transplants (NT; n = 8) in the 15-mm sciatic nerve gap lesion model of the rat. The sciatic functional index was evaluated every 4 weeks. After 16 weeks, histological evaluation followed regarding nerve area, axon number, myelination index and N ratio. RESULTS Common to all groups was a continual improvement in motor function during the observation period. Recovery was significantly better after SC transplantation compared to OEC (p < 0.01). Both cell transplantation groups showed significantly worse function than the NT group (p < 0.01). Whereas nerve area and axon number were correlated to function, being significantly lowest in the OEC group (p < 0.001), both cell groups showed lowered myelination (p < 0.001) and lower N ratio compared to the NT group. DISCUSSION SC-filled BCs led to improved regeneration compared to OEC-filled BCs in a 15-mm-long nerve gap model of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Penna
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Rodrigues MCO, Rodrigues AA, Glover LE, Voltarelli J, Borlongan CV. Peripheral nerve repair with cultured schwann cells: getting closer to the clinics. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:413091. [PMID: 22701355 PMCID: PMC3373143 DOI: 10.1100/2012/413091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are a frequent and disabling condition, which affects 13 to 23 per 100.000 persons each year. Severe cases, with structural disruption of the nerve, are associated with poor functional recovery. The experimental treatment using nerve grafts to replace damaged or shortened axons is limited by technical difficulties, invasiveness, and mediocre results. Other therapeutic choices include the adjunctive application of cultured Schwann cells and nerve conduits to guide axonal growth. The bone marrow is a rich source of mesenchymal cells, which can be differentiated in vitro into Schwann cells and subsequently engrafted into the damaged nerve. Alternatively, undifferentiated bone marrow mesenchymal cells can be associated with nerve conduits and afterward transplanted. Experimental studies provide evidence of functional, histological, and electromyographical improvement following transplantation of bone-marrow-derived cells in animal models of peripheral nerve injury. This paper focuses on this new therapeutic approach highlighting its direct translational and clinical utility in promoting regeneration of not only acute but perhaps also chronic cases of peripheral nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina O Rodrigues
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulvard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Adult-brain-derived neural stem cells grafting into a vein bridge increases postlesional recovery and regeneration in a peripheral nerve of adult pig. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:128732. [PMID: 22448170 PMCID: PMC3289924 DOI: 10.1155/2012/128732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempted transplantation of adult neural stem cells (ANSCs) inside an autologous venous graft following surgical transsection of nervis cruralis with 30 mm long gap in adult pig. The transplanted cell suspension was a primary culture of neurospheres from adult pig subventricular zone (SVZ) which had been labeled in vitro with BrdU or lentivirally transferred fluorescent protein. Lesion-induced loss of leg extension on the thigh became definitive in controls but was reversed by 45–90 days after neurosphere-filled vein grafting. Electromyography showed stimulodetection recovery in neurosphere-transplanted pigs but not in controls. Postmortem immunohistochemistry revealed neurosphere-derived cells that survived inside the venous graft from 10 to 240 post-lesion days and all displayed a neuronal phenotype. Newly formed neurons were distributed inside the venous graft along the severed nerve longitudinal axis. Moreover, ANSC transplantation increased CNPase expression, indicating activation of intrinsic Schwann cells. Thus ANSC transplantation inside an autologous venous graft provides an efficient repair strategy.
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Perspectives in regeneration and tissue engineering of peripheral nerves. Ann Anat 2011; 193:334-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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de Corgnol AC, Guérout N, Duclos C, Vérin E, Marie JP. Olfactory ensheathing cells in a rat model of laryngeal reinnervation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2011; 120:273-80. [PMID: 21585159 DOI: 10.1177/000348941112000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Olfactory ensheathing cells have been used successfully for recovery of nervous system lesions. The aim of our study was to determine whether olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory bulb or olfactory mucosa were able to improve functional recovery in a laryngeal reinnervation animal model. METHODS Fifty-nine rats were divided into 6 groups. A group without nerve section (group 1; n=10) and a group without anastomosis (group 2; n=11) served as controls. Right vagus nerve section and immediate anastomosis (nonselective reinnervation) was performed in 4 other groups, as follows. In group 3 (n=10), there was selective reinnervation without any addition of substance; groups 4 (n=10), 5 (n=10), and 6 (n=8) received, on the section and anastomosis site, and at the same time, cultivated olfactory bulb, cultivated olfactory mucosa, and noncultivated olfactory mucosa from inbred rats, respectively. Three months later, videolaryngoscopy with vocal fold movement measurements, electromyography, and histologic examination were performed. RESULTS The best right vocal fold angular movement (3.05 degrees +/- 1.14 degrees) was observed in group 5 with cultivated olfactory mucosa, versus group 3 (-0.28 degrees +/- 1.51 degrees; p = 0.06). The relative angular vocal fold movement was better in group 5 (p = 0.05). The mobility score was 0.6 +/- 0.27 for group 3 and 1.4 +/- 0.31 for group 5 (p = 0.07). Less synkinesis was observed in the reinnervated groups with cell addition, particularly with noncultivated olfactory mucosa (group 6; p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Olfactory ensheathing cells obtained from olfactory mucosa cultures seem to improve functional laryngeal reinnervation in a rat model of nonselective vagus nerve section and anastomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Christine de Corgnol
- Experimental Surgery Laboratory, EA 3830 GRHV (Groupe de Recherche sur le Handicap Ventilatoire [Research Group on Respiratory Handicap]), School of Medicine, University of Rouen, France
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Ramón-Cueto A, Muñoz-Quiles C. Clinical application of adult olfactory bulb ensheathing glia for nervous system repair. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:181-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Olfactory enseathing glia enhances reentry of axons into the brain from peripheral nerve grafts bridging the substantia nigra with the striatum. Neurosci Lett 2011; 494:104-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Skouras E, Ozsoy U, Sarikcioglu L, Angelov DN. Intrinsic and therapeutic factors determining the recovery of motor function after peripheral nerve transection. Ann Anat 2011; 193:286-303. [PMID: 21458252 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient recovery after peripheral nerve injury has been attributed to (i) poor pathfinding of regrowing axons, (ii) excessive collateral axonal branching at the lesion site and (iii) polyneuronal innervation of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). The facial nerve transection model has been used initially to measure restoration of function after varying therapies and to examine the mechanisms underlying their effects. Since it is very difficult to control the navigation of several thousand axons, efforts concentrated on collateral branching and NMJ-polyinnervation. Treatment with antibodies against trophic factors to combat branching improved the precision of reinnervation, but had no positive effects on functional recovery. This suggested that polyneuronal reinnervation--rather than collateral branching--may be the critical limiting factor. The former could be reduced by pharmacological agents known to perturb microtubule assembly and was followed by recovery of function. Because muscle polyinnervation is activity-dependent and can be manipulated, attempts to design a clinically feasible therapy were performed by electrical stimulation or by soft tissue massage. Electrical stimulation applied to the transected facial nerve or to paralysed facial muscles did not improve vibrissal motor performance and failed to diminish polyinnervation. In contrast, gentle stroking of the paralysed muscles (vibrissal, orbicularis oculi, tongue musculature) resulted in full recovery of function. This manual stimulation was also effective after hypoglossal-facial nerve suture and after interpositional nerve grafting, but not after surgical reconstruction of the median nerve. All these findings raise hopes that clinically feasible and effective therapies could be soon designed and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Skouras
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, Cologne, Germany
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Radtke C, Wewetzer K, Reimers K, Vogt PM. Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells as Adjunct Cell Therapy for Peripheral Nerve Injury. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:145-52. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x522081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic events, such as work place trauma or motor vehicle accident violence, result in a significant number of severe peripheral nerve lesions, including nerve crush and nerve disruption defects. Transplantation of myelin-forming cells, such as Schwann cells (SCs) or olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), may be beneficial to the regenerative process because the applied cells could mediate neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects by secretion of chemokines. Moreover, myelin-forming cells are capable of bridging the repair site by establishing an environment permissive to axonal regeneration. The cell types that are subject to intense investigation include SCs and OECs either derived from the olfactory bulb or the olfactory mucosa, stromal cells from bone marrow (mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs), and adipose tissue-derived cells. OECs reside in the peripheral and central nervous system and have been suggested to display unique regenerative properties. However, so far OECs were mainly used in experimental studies to foster central regeneration and it was not until recently that their regeneration-promoting activity for the peripheral nervous system was recognized. In the present review, we summarize recent experimental evidence regarding the regenerative effects of OECs applied to the peripheral nervous system that may be relevant to design novel autologous cell transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Radtke
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Konstantin Wewetzer
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Center of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Reimers
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter M. Vogt
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Hejčl A, Jendelová P, Syková E. Experimental reconstruction of the injured spinal cord. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2011:65-95. [PMID: 21997741 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0673-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the spinal cord, with its pathological sequelae, results in a permanent neurological deficit. With currently available tools at hand, there is very little that clinicians can do to treat such a condition with the view of helping patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). On the other hand, in the last 20 years experimental research has brought new insights into the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury; we can divide the time course into 3 phases: primary injury (the time of traumatic impact and the period immediately afterwards), the secondary phase (cell death, inflammation, ischemia), and the chronic phase (scarring, demyelination, cyst formation). Increased knowledge about the pathophysiology of SCI can stimulate the development of new therapeutic modalities and approaches, which may be feasible in the future in clinical practice. Some of the most promising experimental therapies include: neurotrophic factors, enzymes and antibodies against inhibitory molecules (such as Nogo), activated macrophages, stem cells and bridging scaffolds. Their common goal is to reconstitute the damaged tissue in order to recover the lost function. In the current review, we focus on some of the recent developments in experimental SCI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hejčl
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Li BC, Jiao SS, Xu C, You H, Chen JM. PLGA conduit seeded with olfactory ensheathing cells for bridging sciatic nerve defect of rats. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:769-80. [PMID: 20336740 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PLGA is thought to be a promising material for nerve scaffold. OECs have been shown to promote axon outgrowth and myelination following peripheral nerve transection. This study assessed the compatibility between PLGA and OECs in vitro, and evaluated the effect of PLGA conduit filled with OECs and extracellular matrix gel (ECM) (POE group) on 10 mm-defect sciatic nerve of rats. Silicon-OECs-EMC (SOE group), PLGA-ECM (PE group), and silicon-ECM (SE group)-were used as the controls. The survival and distribution of OECs in vivo, neurohistology and neurofunction of the bridged nerve, were quantitatively evaluated from 1 week to 12 weeks after surgery. PLGA possessed complete compatibility with OECs. After implantation, OECs migrated along the axis of the nerve and survived longer in the POE group than in the SOE group. Gross recovery of the animal, like ulcerious and autophagical rate as well as relative diameter recovery rate of the fiber, was more successful in the POE group than in other groups. The number of the fiber in the middle and distal segments of bridged sites and neurons in anterior horn of the spinal cord was increased in both OECs-contained groups, but the diameter and the myeline thickness of the fiber were increased only in the POE group. The nerve conduction velocity and the amplitude of compound muscle active potential were improved much successfully in the PLGA-guided group than in the silicon-guided group, but the best improvement was encountered in the POE group. Sciatic function index was not improved in all groups at 12 weeks after surgery due to the injury model. These results suggested that PLGA filled with OECs is a significant alternative to conventional autograft in repairing peripheral nerve defects, and OECs are potential seed cells for peripheral nerve tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Cang Li
- Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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You H, Wei L, Liu Y, Oudega M, Jiao SS, Feng SN, Chen Y, Chen JM, Li BC. Olfactory ensheathing cells enhance Schwann cell-mediated anatomical and functional repair after sciatic nerve injury in adult rats. Exp Neurol 2010; 229:158-67. [PMID: 20832404 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sciatic nerve injury results in axon damage, muscle degeneration, and loss of function. We compared the potential of Schwann cell (SC), olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC), or mixed SC/OEC transplants for anatomical and functional restoration after adult rat sciatic nerve transection. The cells were seeded into a 20mm long macroporous poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) acid conduit and grafted between the sciatic nerve stumps. Some rats received a conduit without cells (controls) or an autologous nerve graft, the clinical standard of care. Compared with SC transplants, axon regeneration was 25% less with OEC transplants but 28% more with SC/OEC transplants. Gastrocnemius muscle restoration was similar with a SC or OEC transplant and 35% better with a SC/OEC transplant. With SC transplants, motor and sensory function recovery and electrophysiological outcomes were similar as with OEC transplants and 33% better with SC/OEC transplants. Compared with the mixed SC/OEC transplants, axon regeneration was 21% better and gastrocnemius muscle restoration was 18% better with autologous peripheral nerve transplants, but these improvements did not translate into increased function and electrophysiological outcomes. Our results revealed that OEC synergistically improve SC mediated sciatic nerve repair. The data emphasized the promise of SC/OEC transplants as artificial nerves for peripheral nerve repair. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Understanding olfactory ensheathing glia and their prospect for nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua You
- Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Huang H, Chen L, Sanberg P. Cell Therapy From Bench to Bedside Translation in CNS Neurorestoratology Era. CELL MEDICINE 2010; 1:15-46. [PMID: 21359168 DOI: 10.3727/215517910x516673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cell biology, neural injury and repair, and the progress towards development of neurorestorative interventions are the basis for increased optimism. Based on the complexity of the processes of demyelination and remyelination, degeneration and regeneration, damage and repair, functional loss and recovery, it would be expected that effective therapeutic approaches will require a combination of strategies encompassing neuroplasticity, immunomodulation, neuroprotection, neurorepair, neuroreplacement, and neuromodulation. Cell-based restorative treatment has become a new trend, and increasing data worldwide have strongly proven that it has a pivotal therapeutic value in CNS disease. Moreover, functional neurorestoration has been achieved to a certain extent in the CNS clinically. Up to now, the cells successfully used in preclinical experiments and/or clinical trial/treatment include fetal/embryonic brain and spinal cord tissue, stem cells (embryonic stem cells, neural stem/progenitor cells, hematopoietic stem cells, adipose-derived adult stem/precursor cells, skin-derived precursor, induced pluripotent stem cells), glial cells (Schwann cells, oligodendrocyte, olfactory ensheathing cells, astrocytes, microglia, tanycytes), neuronal cells (various phenotypic neurons and Purkinje cells), mesenchymal stromal cells originating from bone marrow, umbilical cord, and umbilical cord blood, epithelial cells derived from the layer of retina and amnion, menstrual blood-derived stem cells, Sertoli cells, and active macrophages, etc. Proof-of-concept indicates that we have now entered a new era in neurorestoratology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Huang
- Center for Neurorestoratology, Beijing Rehabilitation Center, Beijing, P.R. China
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Schwann cells overexpressing FGF-2 alone or combined with manual stimulation do not promote functional recovery after facial nerve injury. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:408794. [PMID: 19830246 PMCID: PMC2760319 DOI: 10.1155/2009/408794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether transplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) overexpressing different isoforms of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) combined with manual stimulation (MS) of vibrissal muscles improves recovery after facial nerve transection in adult rat. PROCEDURES Transected facial nerves were entubulated with collagen alone or collagen plus naïve SCs or transfected SCs. Half of the rats received daily MS. Collateral branching was quantified from motoneuron counts after retrograde labeling from 3 facial nerve branches. Quality assessment of endplate reinnervation was combined with video-based vibrissal function analysis. RESULTS There was no difference in the extent of collateral axonal branching. The proportion of polyinnervated motor endplates for either naïve SCs or FGF-2 over-expressing SCs was identical. Postoperative MS also failed to improve recovery. CONCLUSIONS Neither FGF-2 isoform changed the extent of collateral branching or polyinnervation of motor endplates; furthermore, this motoneuron response could not be overridden by MS.
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Jiang X, Lim SH, Mao HQ, Chew SY. Current applications and future perspectives of artificial nerve conduits. Exp Neurol 2009; 223:86-101. [PMID: 19769967 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Artificial nerve guide conduits have the advantage over autografts in terms of their availability and ease of fabrication. However, clinical outcomes associated with the use of artificial nerve conduits are often inferior to that of autografts, particularly over long lesion gaps. There have been significant advances in the designs of artificial nerve conduits over the years. In terms of materials selection and design, a wide variety of new synthetic polymers and biopolymers have been evaluated. The inclusion of nerve conduit lumen fillers has also been demonstrated as essential to enable nerve regeneration across large defect gaps. These lumen filler designs have involved the integration of physical cues for contact guidance and biochemical signals to control cellular function and differentiation. Novel conduit architectural designs using porous and fibrous substrates have also been developed. This review highlights the recent advances in synthetic nerve guide designs for peripheral nerve regeneration, and the in vivo applicability and future prospects of these nerve guide conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jiang
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Block N1.2-B2-20, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Andrade P, Silva F, Vargas G, Maciel-Navarro MM, Jiménez-Botello LC. Olfactory bulb implantation and methylprednisolone administration in the treatment of spinal cord injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Neville CM, Huang AY, Shyu JY, Snyder EY, Hadlock TA, Sundback CA. Neural Precursor Cell Lines Promote Neurite Branching. Int J Neurosci 2009; 119:15-39. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450802480218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Möllers S, Heschel I, Damink LHHO, Schügner F, Deumens R, Müller B, Bozkurt A, Nava JG, Noth J, Brook GA. Cytocompatibility of a novel, longitudinally microstructured collagen scaffold intended for nerve tissue repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:461-72. [PMID: 18724829 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury to the nervous system induces functional deficits as a result of axonal destruction and the formation of scar tissue, cystic cavitation, and physical gaps. Bioengineering bridging materials should ideally act as cell carriers for the implantation of axon growth-promoting glia, as well as supporting integration with host cell types. Here, we describe the cytocompatibility of a novel, micro-structured porcine collagen scaffold containing densely packed and highly orientated channels that, in three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture, supports attachment, proliferation, aligned process extension, and directed migration by populations of glial cells (olfactory nerve ensheathing cells and astrocytes) and orientated axonal growth by neurons (differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line). The seeded glia required several weeks to penetrate deeply into the highly porous scaffold, where they adopted an orientated morphology similar to that displayed in simple 2D cultures. The direct interaction between SH-SY5Y-derived nerve fibers and the collagen scaffold also resulted in highly orientated axonal growth. It is likely that biocompatible scaffolds that are capable of promoting glial cell attachment, migration, and highly orientated process outgrowth will be important for future repair strategies for traumatically injured nervous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Möllers
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Grosheva M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Arnhold S, Skouras E, Kuerten S, Streppel M, Angelova SK, Wewetzer K, Radtke C, Dunlop SA, Angelov DN. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation does not improve quality of muscle reinnervation or recovery of motor function after facial nerve transection in rats. Biol Chem 2008; 389:873-88. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRecently, we devised and validated a novel strategy in rats to improve the outcome of facial nerve reconstruction by daily manual stimulation of the target muscles. The treatment resulted in full recovery of facial movements (whisking), which was achieved by reducing the proportion of pathologically polyinnervated motor endplates. Here, we posed whether manual stimulation could also be beneficial after a surgical procedure potentially useful for treatment of large peripheral nerve defects, i.e., entubulation of the transected facial nerve in a conduit filled with suspension of isogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in collagen. Compared to control treatment with collagen only, entubulation with BM-MSCs failed to decrease the extent of collateral axonal branching at the lesion site and did not improve functional recovery. Post-operative manual stimulation of vibrissal muscles also failed to promote a better recovery following entubulation with BM-MSCs. We suggest that BM-MSCs promote excessive trophic support for regenerating axons which, in turn, results in excessive collateral branching at the lesion site and extensive polyinnervation of the motor endplates. Furthermore, such deleterious effects cannot be overridden by manual stimulation. We conclude that entubulation with BM-MSCs is not beneficial for facial nerve repair.
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Post-injury regeneration in rat sciatic nerve facilitated by neurotrophic factors secreted by amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 14:1089-98. [PMID: 17954375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to secrete neurotrophic factors that are able to promote neuron survival in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of neurotrophic factors secreted by rat amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells on regeneration of sciatic nerve after crush injury. Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 g were used. The left sciatic nerve was crushed with a vessel clamp. Rat amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells embedded in fibrin glue were delivered to the injured nerve. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunocytochemistry were used to detect neurotrophic factors secreted by the amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells. Nerve regeneration was assessed by motor function, electrophysiology, histology, and immunocytochemistry studies. Positive CD29/44, and negative CD11b/45, as well as high levels of expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) were demonstrated in amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells. Motor function recovery, the compound muscle action potential, and nerve conduction latency showed significant improvement in rats treated with amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells. ELISA measurement in retrieved nerves displayed statistically significant elevation of CNTF and NT-3. The immunocytochemical studies demonstrated positive staining for NT-3 and CNTF in transplanted cells. The histology and immunocytochemistry studies revealed less fibrosis and a high level of expression of S-100 and glial fibrillary acid protein at the crush site. Rat amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells may facilitate regeneration in the sciatic nerve after crush injury. The increased nerve regeneration found in this study may be due to the neurotrophic factors secreted by amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells.
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Féron F. Réparation du système nerveux central : les stratégies actuelles de thérapie cellulaire. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(07)92156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pan HC, Yang DY, Chiu YT, Lai SZ, Wang YC, Chang MH, Cheng FC. Enhanced regeneration in injured sciatic nerve by human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell. J Clin Neurosci 2006; 13:570-5. [PMID: 16769515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to differentiate into neuronal stem cells in vitro. We evaluated using amniotic fluid MSCs to support or enhance the ability of the injured sciatic nerve to cross a nerve gap. MATERIALS AND METHODS We created a 5 mm nerve defect in Sprague Dawley rats. One group received therapy with MSCs embedded into woven oxidised regenerated cellulose gauze (Surgical; Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) and fibrin glue, while a control group received woven Surgicel and fibrin glue only. Evaluation methods included behavioural, electrophysiological and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS In gait analysis, the angle of the ankles in the treatment and control group were 46.4 degrees (standard deviation [SD]=15 degrees) and 36 degrees (SD=8.2 degrees), respectively, which was statistically significant (p=0.045). Five of 10 treated rats (50%) demonstrated partial foot movement, while none of the control group had any movement. The percentage amplitude of muscle compound action potential in the experimental group was 43% (SD=12.5%) compared to 29% (SD=8.8%) in the control group (p=0.038). The conduction latencies in the control and experimental groups was 2.5 ms (SD=0.45) and 1.7 ms (SD=0.47), respectively (p=0.005). Histological examination demonstrated that 70% of the treatment group achieved a maximum axon diameter percentage across the nerve gap of greater than 50%, compared with 0% in the control group. There were no differences in direction of fibre growth and fibrotic reaction between the two groups. CONCLUSION Amniotic fluid MSC can augment growth of injured nerve across a nerve gap. This effect may be due to neurotrophic or induction effects of the MSC interacting with Schwann cells. Further study is required to determine the underlying mechanism of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chuan Pan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, (40705), Taiwan, ROC
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Vincent AJ, West AK, Chuah MI. Morphological and functional plasticity of olfactory ensheathing cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 34:65-80. [PMID: 16374710 DOI: 10.1007/s11068-005-5048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the primary olfactory pathway, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) extend processes to envelop bundles of olfactory axons as they course towards their termination in the olfactory bulb. The expression of growth-promoting adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules by OECs, and their spatially close association with olfactory axons are consistent with OECs being involved in promoting and guiding olfactory axon growth. Because of this, OECs have been employed as a possible tool for inducing axonal regeneration in the injured adult CNS, resulting in significant functional recovery in some animal models and promising outcomes from early clinical applications. However, fundamental aspects of OEC biology remain unclear. This brief review discusses some of the experimental data that have resulted in conflicting views with regard to the identity of OECs. We present here recent findings which support the notion of OECs as a single but malleable phenotype which demonstrate extensive morphological and functional plasticity depending on the environmental stimuli. The review includes a discussion of the normal functional role of OECs in the developing primary olfactory pathway as well as their interaction with regenerating axons and reactive astrocytes in the novel environment of the injured CNS. The use of OECs to induce repair in the injured nervous system reflects the functional plasticity of these cells. Finally, we will explore the possibility that recent microarray data could point to OECs assuming an innate immune function or playing a role in modulating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele J Vincent
- NeuroRepair Group, Discipline of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Tasmania Hobart, Private Bag 24, Tasmania, Australia 7001
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Polentes J, Gauthier P. Transplantation de cellules gliales olfactives après traumatisme médullaire. Neurochirurgie 2005; 51:563-76. [PMID: 16553329 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3770(05)83631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, a certain number of experimental investigations have studied the effect of the transplantation of olfactory ensheathing glial cells (OEC) after spinal traumatism in animal, the rat in particular. Some of these studies have reported improvements in motor (mainly locomotor, postural and respiratory) and sensory function. While these new data provide additional support for the interest of the strategy of EOC transplantation to minimise the incapacitating effects of spinal pathologies in clinical therapy, it nonetheless remains necessary to continue experiments on animal models in order to better understand and master certain important points: beneficial effects according to the nature and composition of the transplants; therapeutic impact according to the type of pathology and the nature of the traumatism; influence of the dose effect; migration of the transplanted OECs (distance, pathways); active principles of the transplants; beneficial effect on various functions, in particular at the level of the vesico-sphincteric area; long-term innocuousness; long-term posttraumatic efficacy. Although therapeutic trials are in progress in certain countries (Australia, China, Portugal), it would nonetheless appear essential that these somewhat obscure points should be better understood before any clinical application might be seriously envisaged, in order to respect the principles of precaution, maximum efficacy and observance of the prevailing ethical rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Polentes
- Physiologie Neurovégétative, UMR CNRS 6153 INRA 1147, Université Paul-Cézanne, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Saint-Jérôme (Aix-Marseille III), Marseille
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Desouches C, Alluin O, Mutaftschiev N, Dousset E, Magalon G, Boucraut J, Feron F, Decherchi P. La réparation nerveuse périphérique : 30 siècles de recherche. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2005; 161:1045-59. [PMID: 16288170 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(05)85172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nerve injury compromises sensory and motor functions. Techniques of peripheral nerve repair are based on our knowledge regarding regeneration. Microsurgical techniques introduced in the late 1950s and widely developed for the past 20 years have improved repairs. However, functional recovery following a peripheral mixed nerve injury is still incomplete. STATE OF ART Good motor and sensory function after nerve injury depends on the reinnervation of the motor end plates and sensory receptors. Nerve regeneration does not begin if the cell body has not survived the initial injury or if it is unable to initiate regeneration. The regenerated axons must reach and reinnervate the appropriate target end-organs in a timely fashion. Recovery of motor function requires a critical number of motor axons reinnervating the muscle fibers. Sensory recovery is possible if the delay in reinnervation is short. Many additional factors influence the success of nerve repair or reconstruction. The timing of the repair, the level of injury, the extent of the zone of injury, the technical skill of the surgeon, and the method of repair and reconstruction contribute to the functional outcome after nerve injury. CONCLUSION This review presents the recent advances in understanding of neural regeneration and their application to the management of primary repairs and nerve gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Desouches
- Service de Chirurgie de la Main, Chirurgie Plastique et Réparatrice des Membres, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille
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Haastert K, Lipokatic E, Fischer M, Timmer M, Grothe C. Differentially promoted peripheral nerve regeneration by grafted Schwann cells over-expressing different FGF-2 isoforms. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 21:138-53. [PMID: 16122933 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial nerve grafts are needed to reconstruct massive defects in the peripheral nervous system when autologous nerve grafts are not available in sufficient amounts. Nerve grafts containing Schwann cells display a suitable substrate for long-distance regeneration. We present here a comprehensive analysis of the in vivo effects of different isoforms of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) on peripheral nerve regeneration across long gaps. FGF-2 isoforms were provided by grafted, genetically modified Schwann cells over-expressing 18-kDa-FGF-2 and 21-/23-kDa-FGF-2, respectively. Functional tests evaluated motor and sensory recovery. Additionally, morphometrical analyses of regenerated nerves were performed 3 and 6 months after grafting. Distinct regeneration promoting effects of the different FGF-2 isoforms were found. 18-kDa-FGF-2 mediated inhibitory effects on the grade of myelination of regenerating axons, whereas 21-/23-kDa-FGF-2 mediated early recovery of sensory functions and stimulation of long-distance myelination of regenerating axons. The results contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies in peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Haastert
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Tsai EC, Dalton PD, Shoichet MS, Tator CH. Synthetic hydrogel guidance channels facilitate regeneration of adult rat brainstem motor axons after complete spinal cord transection. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21:789-804. [PMID: 15253805 DOI: 10.1089/0897715041269687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic guidance channels or tubes have been shown to promote axonal regeneration within the spinal cord from brainstem motor nuclei with the inclusion of agents such as matrices, cells, or growth factors to the tube. We examined the biocompatibility and regenerative capacity of synthetic hydrogel tubular devices that were composed of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) (PHEMA-MMA). Two PHEMA-MMA channels, having a mean elastic modulus of either 177 or 311 kPa were implanted into T8-transected spinal cords of adult Sprague Dawley rats. The cord stumps were inserted into the channels and fibrin glue was applied to the cord-channel interface. An expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane was used for duraplasty. Controls underwent cord transection alone. Gross and microscopic examination of the spinal cords showed continuity of tissue within the synthetic guidance channels between the cord stumps at 4 and 8 weeks. There was a trend towards an increased area and width of bridging neural tissue in the 311-kPa guidance channels compared to the 177-kPa channels. Neurofilament stained axons were visualized within the bridging tissue, and serotonergic axons were found to enter the 311-kPa channel. Retrograde axonal tracing revealed regeneration of axons from reticular, vestibular, and raphe brainstem motor nuclei. For both channels, there was minimal scarring at the channel-cord interface, and less scarring at the channel-dura interface compared to that observed next to the ePTFE. The present study is the first to show that axons from brainstem motor nuclei regenerated in unfilled synthetic hydrogel guidance channels after complete spinal cord transection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve C Tsai
- Toronto Western Hospital Research Institute and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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47
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Bianco JI, Perry C, Harkin DG, Mackay-Sim A, Féron F. Neurotrophin 3 promotes purification and proliferation of olfactory ensheathing cells from human nose. Glia 2004; 45:111-23. [PMID: 14730705 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the potential of olfactory ensheathing cells for the repair of central and peripheral nerve injury. However, the majority of these studies have been performed with olfactory ensheathing cells derived from the olfactory bulbs, situated inside the skull. A more clinically relevant source of olfactory ensheathing cells is the olfactory mucosa, located in the nose. To be successful, an autologous transplant of nasal ensheathing glia would require a large number of purified cells. To address this issue, we have focused our research on three neurotrophic factors, namely nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin 3 (NT3). We show here that their respective receptors, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, as well as p75(NTR) (the low affinity NGF receptor), are expressed in vitro by the nasal ensheathing cells; the three neurotrophins promote purification and proliferation of these glial cells, with an optimal concentration of 50 ng/ml; and human ensheathing cells can be easily biopsied and highly purified using a serum-free medium supplemented with NT3. This technique opens the door for clinical trials in which nasal ensheathing cells will be autotransplanted in humans suffering from nerve injury.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Biopsy/methods
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/therapeutic use
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/pharmacology
- Female
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Nerve Growth Factor/therapeutic use
- Nerve Regeneration/physiology
- Neuroglia/cytology
- Neuroglia/drug effects
- Neuroglia/transplantation
- Neurotrophin 3/pharmacology
- Neurotrophin 3/therapeutic use
- Olfactory Mucosa/cytology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor
- Receptor, trkA/drug effects
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Receptor, trkB/drug effects
- Receptor, trkB/genetics
- Receptor, trkB/metabolism
- Receptor, trkC/drug effects
- Receptor, trkC/genetics
- Receptor, trkC/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- S100 Proteins/metabolism
- Transplantation, Autologous/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Bianco
- Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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48
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Timmer M, Robben S, Müller-Ostermeyer F, Nikkhah G, Grothe C. Axonal regeneration across long gaps in silicone chambers filled with Schwann cells overexpressing high molecular weight FGF-2. Cell Transplant 2004; 12:265-77. [PMID: 12797381 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108746821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) has been shown to enhance the survival and neurite extension of various types of neurons including spinal ganglion neurons. In addition, endogenous FGF-2 and FGF receptors are upregulated following peripheral nerve lesion in ganglia and at the lesion site. FGF-2 protein is expressed in different isoforms (18 kDa, 21 kDa, 23 kDa) and differentially regulated after nerve injury. In the rat we analyzed the regenerative capacity of the high molecular weight (HMW) FGF-2 isoforms (21/23 kDa) to support the regeneration of the axotomized adult sciatic nerve across long gaps. The nerve stumps were inserted into the opposite ends of a silicone chamber resulting in an interstump gap of 15 mm. Silicone tubes were filled with Matrigel or a mixture of Schwann cells (SC) and Matrigel. SC were prepared from newborn rats and transfected to overexpress HMW FGF-2. Four weeks after the operation procedure, channels were analyzed with regard to tissue cables bridging both nerve stumps and myelinated axons distal to the original proximal nerve stump. Peripheral nerves interposed with HMW Schwann cells displayed significantly enhanced nerve regeneration, with the greatest number of tissue cables containing myelinated axons and the highest number of myelinated axons. These results suggest that a cellular substrate together with a source of a trophic factor could be a promising tool to promote nerve regeneration and, therefore, become useful also for a clinical approach to repair long gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Timmer
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Center of Anatomy, OE 4140, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
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Nieto-Sampedro M. Central nervous system lesions that can and those that cannot be repaired with the help of olfactory bulb ensheathing cell transplants. Neurochem Res 2004; 28:1659-76. [PMID: 14584820 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026056921037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth-promoting macroglia (aldynoglia) with growth properties and immunological markers similar to Schwann cells, are found in loci of the mammalian CNS where axon regeneration occurs throughout life, like the olfactory sytem, hypothalamus-hypophysis and the pineal gland. Contrary to Schwann cells, aldynoglia mingle freely with astrocytes and can migrate in brain and spinal cord. Transplantation of cultured and immunopurified olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in the spinal cord after multiple central rhizotomy, promoted sensory and central axon growth and partial functional restoration, judging by anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural criteria. OEC transplants suppressed astrocyte reactivity, thus generally favouring axon growth after a lesion. However, the functional repair promoted by OEC transplants was partial in the best cases, depending on lesion type and location. Cyst formation after photochemical cord lesion was partially prevented but neither the corticospinal tract, interrupted by a mild contusion, nor the sectioned medial longitudinal fascicle, did regrow after OEC transplantation in the injured area.
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Abstract
Nerve regeneration is a complex biological phenomenon. In the peripheral nervous system, nerves can regenerate on their own if injuries are small. Larger injuries must be surgically treated, typically with nerve grafts harvested from elsewhere in the body. Spinal cord injury is more complicated, as there are factors in the body that inhibit repair. Unfortunately, a solution to completely repair spinal cord injury has not been found. Thus, bioengineering strategies for the peripheral nervous system are focused on alternatives to the nerve graft, whereas efforts for spinal cord injury are focused on creating a permissive environment for regeneration. Fortunately, recent advances in neuroscience, cell culture, genetic techniques, and biomaterials provide optimism for new treatments for nerve injuries. This article reviews the nervous system physiology, the factors that are critical for nerve repair, and the current approaches that are being explored to aid peripheral nerve regeneration and spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
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