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Loiseau C, Cayetanot F, Joubert F, Perrin-Terrin AS, Cardot P, Fiamma MN, Frugiere A, Straus C, Bodineau L. Current Perspectives for the use of Gonane Progesteronergic Drugs in the Treatment of Central Hypoventilation Syndromes. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1433-1454. [PMID: 28721821 PMCID: PMC6295933 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170719104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central alveolar hypoventilation syndromes (CHS) encompass neurorespiratory diseases resulting from congenital or acquired neurological disorders. Hypercapnia, acidosis, and hypoxemia resulting from CHS negatively affect physiological functions and can be lifethreatening. To date, the absence of pharmacological treatment implies that the patients must receive assisted ventilation throughout their lives. OBJECTIVE To highlight the relevance of determining conditions in which using gonane synthetic progestins could be of potential clinical interest for the treatment of CHS. METHODS The mechanisms by which gonanes modulate the respiratory drive were put into the context of those established for natural progesterone and other synthetic progestins. RESULTS The clinical benefits of synthetic progestins to treat respiratory diseases are mixed with either positive outcomes or no improvement. A benefit for CHS patients has only recently been proposed. We incidentally observed restoration of CO2 chemosensitivity, the functional deficit of this disease, in two adult CHS women by desogestrel, a gonane progestin, used for contraception. This effect was not observed by another group, studying a single patient. These contradictory findings are probably due to the complex nature of the action of desogestrel on breathing and led us to carry out mechanistic studies in rodents. Our results show that desogestrel influences the respiratory command by modulating the GABAA and NMDA signaling in the respiratory network, medullary serotoninergic systems, and supramedullary areas. CONCLUSION Gonanes show promise for improving ventilation of CHS patients, although the conditions of their use need to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurence Bodineau
- Address correspondence to this author at the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, F-75013, Paris, France; Tel: 33 1 40 77 97 15; Fax: 33 1 40 77 97 89; E-mail:
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2
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Joubert F, Loiseau C, Perrin-Terrin AS, Cayetanot F, Frugière A, Voituron N, Bodineau L. Key Brainstem Structures Activated during Hypoxic Exposure in One-day-old Mice Highlight Characteristics for Modeling Breathing Network in Premature Infants. Front Physiol 2016; 7:609. [PMID: 28018238 PMCID: PMC5145891 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We mapped and characterized changes in the activity of brainstem cell groups under hypoxia in one-day-old newborn mice, an animal model in which the central nervous system at birth is particularly immature. The classical biphasic respiratory response characterized by transient hyperventilation, followed by severe ventilation decline, was associated with increased c-FOS immunoreactivity in brainstem cell groups: the nucleus of the solitary tract, ventral reticular nucleus of the medulla, retrotrapezoid/parafacial region, parapyramidal group, raphe magnus nucleus, lateral, and medial parabrachial nucleus, and dorsal subcoeruleus nucleus. In contrast, the hypoglossal nucleus displayed decreased c-FOS immunoreactivity. There were fewer or no activated catecholaminergic cells activated in the medulla oblongata, whereas ~45% of the c-FOS-positive cells in the dorsal subcoeruleus were co-labeled. Approximately 30% of the c-FOS-positive cells in the parapyramidal group were serotoninergic, whereas only a small portion were labeled for serotonin in the raphe magnus nucleus. None of the c-FOS-positive cells in the retrotrapezoid/parafacial region were co-labeled for PHOX2B. Thus, the hypoxia-activated brainstem neuronal network of one-day-old mice is characterized by (i) the activation of catecholaminergic cells of the dorsal subcoeruleus nucleus, a structure implicated in the strong depressive pontine influence previously reported in the fetus but not in newborns, (ii) the weak activation of catecholaminergic cells of the ventral reticular nucleus of the medulla, an area involved in hypoxic hyperventilation, and (iii) the absence of PHOX2B-positive cells activated in the retrotrapezoid/parafacial region. Based on these results, one-day-old mice could highlight characteristics for modeling the breathing network of premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Joubert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique Paris, France
| | - Camille Loiseau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Perrin-Terrin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et CliniqueParis, France; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, EA2363 Hypoxie et PoumonsBobigny, France
| | - Florence Cayetanot
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7289 Marseille, France
| | - Alain Frugière
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Voituron
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, EA2363 Hypoxie et Poumons Bobigny, France
| | - Laurence Bodineau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique Paris, France
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3
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Perrin-Terrin AS, Jeton F, Pichon A, Frugière A, Richalet JP, Bodineau L, Voituron N. The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo. J Vis Exp 2016:53613. [PMID: 27167092 PMCID: PMC4941991 DOI: 10.3791/53613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Perrin-Terrin
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory "Hypoxia & Lung" EA2363, University Paris 13; UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Universités
| | - Florine Jeton
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory "Hypoxia & Lung" EA2363, University Paris 13; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex
| | - Aurelien Pichon
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory "Hypoxia & Lung" EA2363, University Paris 13; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), University of Poitiers
| | - Alain Frugière
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Universités
| | - Jean-Paul Richalet
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory "Hypoxia & Lung" EA2363, University Paris 13; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex
| | - Laurence Bodineau
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Universités
| | - Nicolas Voituron
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory "Hypoxia & Lung" EA2363, University Paris 13; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex;
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4
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Voituron N, Frugière A, Mc Kay LC, Romero-Granados R, Domínguez-Del-Toro E, Saadani-Makki F, Champagnat J, Bodineau L. The kreisler mutation leads to the loss of intrinsically hypoxia-activated spots in the region of the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group. Neuroscience 2011; 194:95-111. [PMID: 21839147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute hypoxia elicits a biphasic respiratory response characterized in the newborn by a transient hyperventilation followed by a severe decrease in respiratory drive known as hypoxic respiratory depression. Medullary O(2) chemosensitivity is known to contribute to respiratory depression induced by hypoxia, although precise involvement of cell populations remains to be determined. Having a thorough knowledge of these populations is of relevance because perturbations in the respiratory response to hypoxia may participate in respiratory diseases in newborns. We aimed to analyze the hypoxic response of ponto-medullary cell populations of kreisler mutant mice. These mice have defects in a gene expressed in two rhombomeres encompassing a part of the medulla oblongata implicated in hypoxic respiratory depression. Central responses to hypoxia were analyzed in newborn mice by measuring respiratory rhythm in ex vivo caudal pons-medullary-spinal cord preparations and c-fos expression in wild-type and kreisler mutants. The homozygous kreisler mutation, which eliminates most of rhombomere 5 and mis-specifies rhombomere 6, abolished (1) an early decrease in respiratory frequency within 10 min of hypoxia and (2) an intrinsic hypoxic activation, which is characterized by an increase in c-fos expression in the region of the ventral medullary surface encompassing the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group expressing Phox2b. This increase in c-fos expression persisted in wild-type Phox2b-negative and Phox2b-positive cells after blockade of synaptic transmission and rhythmogenesis by a low [Ca(2+)](0). Another central response was retained in homozygous kreisler mutant mice; it was distinguished by (1) a delayed (10-30 min) depression of respiratory frequency and (2) a downregulation of c-fos expression in the ventrolateral reticular nucleus of the medulla, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the area of the A5 region. Thus, two types of ponto-medullary cell groups, with distinct anatomical locations, participate in central hypoxic respiratory depression in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Voituron
- UPRES EA 3901, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, F-80036, France
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5
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Gestreau C, Heitzmann D, Thomas J, Dubreuil V, Bandulik S, Reichold M, Bendahhou S, Pierson P, Sterner C, Peyronnet-Roux J, Benfriha C, Tegtmeier I, Ehnes H, Georgieff M, Lesage F, Brunet JF, Goridis C, Warth R, Barhanin J. Task2 potassium channels set central respiratory CO2 and O2 sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:2325-30. [PMID: 20133877 PMCID: PMC2836670 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0910059107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Task2 K(+) channel expression in the central nervous system is surprisingly restricted to a few brainstem nuclei, including the retrotrapezoid (RTN) region. All Task2-positive RTN neurons were lost in mice bearing a Phox2b mutation that causes the human congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. In plethysmography, Task2(-/-) mice showed disturbed chemosensory function with hypersensitivity to low CO(2) concentrations, leading to hyperventilation. Task2 probably is needed to stabilize the membrane potential of chemoreceptive cells. In addition, Task2(-/-) mice lost the long-term hypoxia-induced respiratory decrease whereas the acute carotid-body-mediated increase was maintained. The lack of anoxia-induced respiratory depression in the isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparation suggested a central origin of the phenotype. Task2 activation by reactive oxygen species generated during hypoxia could silence RTN neurons, thus contributing to respiratory depression. These data identify Task2 as a determinant of central O(2) chemoreception and demonstrate that this phenomenon is due to the activity of a small number of neurons located at the ventral medullary surface.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain Stem/pathology
- Brain Stem/physiology
- Brain Stem/physiopathology
- Carbon Dioxide/physiology
- Chemoreceptor Cells/pathology
- Chemoreceptor Cells/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Hypercapnia/physiopathology
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Oxygen/physiology
- Plethysmography, Whole Body
- Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain/deficiency
- Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain/genetics
- Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain/physiology
- Pregnancy
- Respiratory Center/physiology
- Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
- Sleep Apnea, Central/etiology
- Sleep Apnea, Central/genetics
- Sleep Apnea, Central/physiopathology
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gestreau
- Department of Neurovegetative Physiology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Cézanne, 13397 Marseille, France;
| | - Dirk Heitzmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrologyand Rheumatology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Joerg Thomas
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Véronique Dubreuil
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France; and
| | - Sascha Bandulik
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Markus Reichold
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Saïd Bendahhou
- Transport Ionique Aspects Normaux et Pathologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex, France
| | - Patricia Pierson
- Transport Ionique Aspects Normaux et Pathologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex, France
| | - Christina Sterner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Julie Peyronnet-Roux
- Department of Neurovegetative Physiology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Cézanne, 13397 Marseille, France;
| | - Chérif Benfriha
- Department of Neurovegetative Physiology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Cézanne, 13397 Marseille, France;
| | - Ines Tegtmeier
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Hannah Ehnes
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Michael Georgieff
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Florian Lesage
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France;
| | - Jean-Francois Brunet
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France; and
| | - Christo Goridis
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France; and
| | - Richard Warth
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Jacques Barhanin
- Transport Ionique Aspects Normaux et Pathologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Faculté des Sciences, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice Cedex, France
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6
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Lazarenko RM, Milner TA, Depuy SD, Stornetta RL, West GH, Kievits JA, Bayliss DA, Guyenet PG. Acid sensitivity and ultrastructure of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in Phox2b-EGFP transgenic mice. J Comp Neurol 2009; 517:69-86. [PMID: 19711410 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains noncholinergic noncatecholaminergic glutamatergic neurons that express the transcription factor Phox2b (chemically coded or "cc" RTN neurons). These cells regulate breathing and may be central chemoreceptors. Here we explore their ultrastructure and their acid sensitivity by using two novel BAC eGFP-Phox2b transgenic mice (B/G, GENSAT JX99) in which, respectively, 36% and 100% of the cc RTN neurons express the transgene in complete or partial anatomical isolation from other populations of eGFP neurons. All but one of the eGFP-labeled RTN neurons recorded in these mice were acid activated in slices. These cells contained VGLUT2 mRNA, and 50% contained preprogalanin mRNA (determined by single-cell PCR in the B/G mouse). Two neuronal subgroups were revealed, which differed in discharge rate at pH 7.3 (type I approximately 2; type II approximately 4 Hz) and the degree of alkalization that silenced the cells (type I 7.4-7.6, type II 7.8-8.0). Medial to the RTN, C1 neurons recorded in a tyrosine hydroxylase-GFP mouse were pH insensitive between pH 6.9 and pH 7.5. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that eGFP-labeled RTN neurons were surrounded by numerous capillaries and were often in direct contact with glial cells, pericytes, and the basement membrane of capillaries. Terminals contacting large proximal eGFP dendrites formed mainly symmetric, likely inhibitory, synapses. Terminals on more distal eGFP dendrites formed preferentially asymmetric, presumably excitatory, synapses. In sum, C1 cells are pH insensitive, whereas cc RTN neurons are uniformly acid sensitive. The RTN neurons receive inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs and may have unfettered biochemical interactions with glial cells and the local microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Lazarenko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0735, USA
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7
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Picard N, Guénin S, Larnicol N, Perrin Y. Maternal caffeine ingestion during gestation and lactation influences respiratory adaptation to acute alveolar hypoxia in newborn rats and adenosine A2A and GABAA receptor mRNA transcription. Neuroscience 2008; 156:630-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Voituron N, Frugière A, Champagnat J, Bodineau L. Hypoxia-sensing properties of the newborn rat ventral medullary surface in vitro. J Physiol 2006; 577:55-68. [PMID: 16901937 PMCID: PMC2000692 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.111765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventral medullary surface (VMS) is a region known to exert a respiratory stimulant effect during hypercapnia. Several studies have suggested its involvement in the central inhibition of respiratory rhythm caused by hypoxia. We studied brainstem-spinal cord preparations isolated from newborn rats transiently superfused with a very low O(2) medium, causing reversible respiratory depression, to characterize the participation of the VMS in hypoxic respiratory adaptation. In the presence of 0.8 mM Ca(2+), very low O(2) medium induced an increase in c-fos expression throughout the VMS. The reduction of synaptic transmission and blockade of the respiratory drive by 0.2 mM Ca(2+)-1.6 mM Mg(2+) abolished c-fos expression in the medial VMS (at the lateral edge of the pyramidal tract) but not in the perifacial retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG) VMS, suggesting the existence of perifacial RTN/pFRG hypoxia-sensing neurons. In the presence of Ca(2+) (0.8 mM), lesioning experiments suggested a physiological difference in perifacial RTN/pFRG VMS between the lateral VMS (beneath the ventrolateral part of the facial nucleus) and the middle VMS (beneath the ventromedial part of the facial nucleus), at least in newborn rats. The lateral VMS lesion, corresponding principally to the most rostral part of the pFRG, produced hypoxia-induced stimulation, whereas the middle VMS lesion, corresponding to the main part of the RTN, abolished hypoxic excitation. This may involve relay via the medial VMS, which is thought to be the parapyramidal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Voituron
- Laboratoire de Dysrégulations Métaboliques Acquises et Génétiques, UPRES EA 3901, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, 80036 Amiens cedex 1, France
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9
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Voituron N, Frugière A, Gros F, Macron JM, Bodineau L. Diencephalic and mesencephalic influences on ponto-medullary respiratory control in normoxic and hypoxic conditions: an in vitro study on central nervous system preparations from newborn rat. Neuroscience 2005; 132:843-54. [PMID: 15837144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the diencephalon and mesencephalon on the central respiratory drive originating from ponto-medullary regions in normoxic and hypoxic conditions, using central nervous system preparations from newborn rats. We used two approaches: 1) electrophysiological analysis of respiratory frequency and the amplitude of inspiratory C4 activity and 2) immunohistochemical detection of Fos protein, an activity-dependent neuronal marker. We found that, in normoxic conditions, the mesencephalon moderated respiratory frequency, probably by means of an inhibitory effect on ventral medullary respiratory neurons. Diencephalic inputs restored respiratory frequency. Moreover, O(2)-sensing areas in the diencephalon (caudal lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas) and mesencephalon (ventrolateral and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray) seem to increase the amplitude of respiratory bursts during adaptation of the central respiratory drive to hypoxia. In contrast, decrease in respiratory frequency during hypoxia is thought to be mediated by a cluster of ventral hypothalamic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Voituron
- Laboratoire de Dysrégulations Métaboliques Acquises et Génétiques, UPRES EA 3901, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 Rue des Louvels, 80036 Amiens cedex 1, France
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10
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Bodineau L, Cayetanot F, Marlot D, Collin T, Gros F, Frugière A. Endogenous 5-HT(1/2) systems and the newborn rat respiratory control. A comparative in vivo and in vitro study. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2004; 141:47-57. [PMID: 15234675 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Consequences of 5-HT(1/2) systems blockade by methysergide on newborn rats respiratory drive were evaluated in vivo with unrestrained animals and in vitro using brainstem-spinal cord preparations. A decrease in respiratory frequency until a plateau level was observed under both in vivo (82.8 +/- 0.6% of control values) and in vitro (76.8 +/- 0.8% of control values) conditions whereas an increase in inspiratory amplitude (135.1 +/- 2.1% of control values) was only retrieved in vivo. By the use of the c-fos expression analysis, we correlated these effects with neuronal activity changes, particularly, in vivo in two key structures between the respiratory ponto-medullary network and the peripheral or suprapontine afferences, namely the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract and the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Thus, peripheral and suprapontine inputs seem to be of a primeval importance in the respiratory influence of endogenous 5-HT. Besides, as 5-HT is involved in the respiratory perturbations that occur in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), our results suggest a participation of peripheral and suprapontine inputs in these disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/physiology
- Brain Stem/cytology
- Brain Stem/drug effects
- Brain Stem/physiology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Methysergide/pharmacology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Pulmonary Ventilation/drug effects
- Pulmonary Ventilation/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1/physiology
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2/physiology
- Respiratory Mechanics/drug effects
- Respiratory Mechanics/physiology
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bodineau
- Dysrégulations métaboliques acquises et génétiques, EA 2088-2629, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, 80036 Amiens cedex 1, France.
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11
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Abstract
This mini-review summarizes the present knowledge regarding central oxygen-chemosensitive sites with special emphasis on their function in regulating changes in cardiovascular and respiratory responses. These oxygen-chemosensitive sites are distributed throughout the brain stem from the thalamus to the medulla and may form an oxygen-chemosensitive network. The ultimate effect on respiratory or sympathetic activity presumably depends on the specific neural projections from each of these brain stem oxygen-sensitive regions as well as on the developmental age of the animal. Little is known regarding the cellular mechanisms involved in the chemotransduction process of the central oxygen sensors. The limited information available suggests some conservation of mechanisms used by other oxygen-sensing systems, e.g., carotid body glomus cells and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. However, major gaps exist in our understanding of the specific ion channels and oxygen sensors required for transducing central hypoxia by these central oxygen-sensitive neurons. Adaptation of these central oxygen-sensitive neurons during chronic or intermittent hypoxia likely contributes to responses in both physiological conditions (ascent to high altitude, hypoxic conditioning) and clinical conditions (heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, hypoventilation syndromes). This review underscores the lack of knowledge about central oxygen chemosensors and highlights real opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Neubauer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Deparment of Medicine, Uversity of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0019, USA.
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Saadani-Makki F, Frugière A, Gros F, Gaytan S, Bodineau L. Involvement of adenosinergic A1 systems in the occurrence of respiratory perturbations encountered in newborns following an in utero caffeine exposure. a study on brainstem–spinal cord preparations isolated from newborn rats. Neuroscience 2004; 127:505-18. [PMID: 15262339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of adenosinergic A1 systems in the occurrence of respiratory perturbations encountered in newborns following an in utero caffeine exposure has been investigated on pontomedullary-spinal cord, caudal pons-medullary-spinal cord and medullary-spinal cord preparations isolated from newborn rats. According to the drinking fluid of dams (tap water or 0.02% caffeine), two groups of preparations were distinguished, no-caffeine and caffeine. In the no-caffeine group, adenosine A1 receptor activation induces a decrease in respiratory frequency (Rf) in caudal pons-medullary-spinal cord and medullary-spinal cord preparations whereas, in presence of the rostral pons, an increase is observed. A parallel Fos detection indicates that this discrepancy may be due to the excitatory action of the medial parabrachial nucleus at the rostral pontine level that surpasses inhibitory influence of the adenosine A1 receptor activation at the medullary level particularly in the ventrolateral reticular nucleus of the medulla. In caffeine group, an increase in the baseline Rf in presence of the pons and no change in medullary-spinal cord preparations have been observed. Depending on Fos detection, we assume that the medial parabrachial nucleus is the main region involved in the exaggeration of Rf. Moreover, adenosine A1 receptor activation was modified by in utero caffeine exposure with an overcharge of the Rf increase in pontomedullary-spinal cord preparations and an exaggeration of the Rf decrease in medullary-spinal cord preparations. Based on Fos detection, we link the overcharge in Rf of pontomedullary spinal cord preparations to an increase in the medial parabrachial nucleus neuronal activity. Similarly, exaggeration of Rf decrease observed without the pons is linked with a decrease in activity of the ventrolateral reticular neurons. This study brings evidence for the involvement of adenosinergic A1 systems in the occurrence of respiratory perturbations in newborns following in utero caffeine exposure and the importance of rostral pons in the adenosinergic A1 modulation of the respiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Saadani-Makki
- Laboratoire de Dysrégulations Métaboliques Acquises et génétiques EA 2088-EA 2629, Faculté de Médecine, 3 rue des Louvels, 80036 Amiens cedex 1, France
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Bodineau L, Cayetanot F, Sådani-Makki F, Bach V, Gros F, Lebleu A, Collin T, Frugière A. Consequences of in utero caffeine exposure on respiratory output in normoxic and hypoxic conditions and related changes of Fos expression: a study on brainstem-spinal cord preparations isolated from newborn rats. Pediatr Res 2003; 53:266-73. [PMID: 12538785 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000047523.29917.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Several aspects of the central regulation of respiratory control have been investigated on brainstem-spinal cord preparations isolated from newborn rats whose dam was given 0.02% caffeine in water as drinking fluid during the whole period of pregnancy. Analysis of the central respiratory drive estimated by the recording of C4 ventral root activity was correlated to Fos ponto-medullary expression. Under normoxic conditions, preparations obtained from the caffeine-treated group of animals displayed a higher respiratory frequency than observed in the control group (9.2 +/- 0.5 versus 7.2 +/- 0.6 burst/min). A parallel Fos detection tends to indicate that the changes of the respiratory rhythm may be due to a decrease in neuronal activity of medullary structures such as the ventrolateral subdivision of the solitary tract, the area postrema, and the nucleus raphe obscurus. Under hypoxic conditions, the preparations displayed a typical hypoxic respiratory depression associated with changes in the medullary Fos expression pattern. In addition, the hypoxic respiratory depression is clearly emphasized after in utero exposure to caffeine and coincides with an increased Fos expression in the area postrema and nucleus raphe obscurus, two structures in which it is not increased in the absence of caffeine. Taken together, these results support the idea that in utero caffeine exposure could affect central respiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Bodineau
- Laboratoire Environnement Toxique Périnatal et Adaptations Physiologiques et Comportementales, EA 2088, Faculté de Médecine, 3 rue des Louvels, 80036 Amiens cedex 1, France.
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