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Kranjčević JK, Čonkaš J, Ozretić P. The Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptors in Head and Neck Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1575. [PMID: 38672656 PMCID: PMC11049451 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common histological form of head and neck tumors (HNTs), which originate from the epithelium of the lips and oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, salivary glands, nasal cavity, and sinuses. The main risk factors include consumption of tobacco in all forms and alcohol, as well as infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses or the Epstein-Barr virus. Regardless of the etiological agent, the risk of developing different types of HNTs is from two to more than six times higher in males than in females. The reason for such disparities probably lies in a combination of both biological and psychosocial factors. Therefore, it is hypothesized that exposure to female sex hormones, primarily estrogen, provides women with protection against the formation and metastasis of HNTs. In this review, we synthesized available knowledge on the role of estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) in the development and progression of HNTs, with special emphasis on membrane ERs, which are much less studied. We can summarize that in addition to epidemiologic studies unequivocally pointing to the protective effect of estrogen in women, an increased expression of both nuclear ERs, ERα, and ERβ, and membrane ERs, ERα36, GPER1, and NaV1.2, was present in different types of HNSCC, for which anti-estrogens could be used as an effective therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petar Ozretić
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (J.Č.)
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Chetwood JD, Garg P, Finch P, Gordon M. Systematic review: the etiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in low-income settings. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:71-88. [PMID: 30791842 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1543024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma causes over 380 000 deaths per year, ranking sixth worldwide in mortality amongst all malignancies. Globally, the squamous cell subtype is most common and accounts for 80% of esophageal cancers. Nonetheless, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is much more poorly understood than esophageal adenocarcinoma, including what is driving such high prevalences, why it often presents in young patients, and shows such marked geographical delineations Areas covered: The current literature was searched for articles focusing on aetiopathogenesis of squamous cell esophageal carcinoma via a systematic review, particularly in low-resource settings. This was supplemented by papers of interest known to the authors. Expert commentary: Current putative mechanisms include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, acetaldehyde, cyclo-oxygenase-2 pathways, androgen and their receptor levels, as well as smoking & alcohol, micronutrient deficiencies and diet, mycotoxins, thermal damage, oral hygiene and microbiotal factors, inhaled smoke, viral infections such as HPV, and chronic irritative states. Etiology is likely multifactorial and varies geographically. Though smoking and alcohol play a predominant role in high-income settings, there is strong evidence that mycotoxins, diet and temperature effects may play an under-recognized role in low and middle-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John David Chetwood
- a Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme , Blantyre , Malawi
| | - Priya Garg
- a Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme , Blantyre , Malawi
| | | | - Melita Gordon
- a Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme , Blantyre , Malawi.,b College of Medicine , Blantyre , Malawi.,c Institute of Infection and Global Health , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
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Basile JR, Czerninski R. Repurposing existing medications in oncology and their potential role in oral cancer. Oral Dis 2019; 25:6-9. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JR Basile
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic SciencesUniversity of Maryland Dental School Baltimore MD USA
| | - R Czerninski
- Department of Oral Medicine Sedation and Maxillofacial ImagingHebrew University‐Hadassah School of Dental Medicine Jerusalem Israel
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Hashim D, Sartori S, La Vecchia C, Serraino D, Maso LD, Negri E, Smith E, Levi F, Boccia S, Cadoni G, Luu HN, Lee YCA, Hashibe M, Boffetta P. Hormone factors play a favorable role in female head and neck cancer risk. Cancer Med 2017; 6:1998-2007. [PMID: 28707400 PMCID: PMC5548879 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to lower female incidence, estimates of exogenous and endogenous hormonal factors in head and neck cancers (HNCs, comprising cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx) among women have been inconsistent and unable to account for key HNC risk factors. We pooled data from 11 studies from Europe, North America, and Japan. Analysis included 1572 HNC female cases and 4343 controls. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression models adjusting for tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. Lower risk was observed in women who used hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (OR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.34–0.77). Pregnancy (OR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.42–0.90) and giving birth (OR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38–0.90) at <35 years of age were inversely associated with HNCs. An inverse association with HNC was observed with age at start of HRT use (OR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.39–0.90) for each additional 10 years and with duration of use (OR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76–0.99 for every 3 years). Exogenous female hormone use is associated with a nearly twofold risk reduction in female HNCs. The lower female HNC incidence may, in part, be explained by endogenous and exogenous estrogen exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hashim
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Samantha Sartori
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Serraino
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Luigino Dal Maso
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elaine Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Fabio Levi
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Boccia
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Section of Hygiene, Public Health Institute, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cadoni
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Hung N Luu
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yuan-Chin Amy Lee
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mia Hashibe
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Wang QM, Qi YJ, Jiang Q, Ma YF, Wang LD. Relevance of serum estradiol and estrogen receptor beta expression from a high-incidence area for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China. Med Oncol 2010; 28:188-93. [PMID: 20195802 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The striking 3-4:1 male predominance of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not yet been well explained. Our hypothesis is that the changes in level of estrogen and/or subtype of estrogen receptor (ER) may exert a protective factor in esophageal carcinogenesis and prognosis of ESCC. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to determine the serum level of estradiol in healthy cohort from high-incidence area (HIA) and low-incidence area (LIA) for esophageal cancer as well as patients with ESCC from HIA in Henan, northern China. The ERβ expression profiling during the multi-stage progression of ESCC pathogenesis was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Both males and females from HIA had significant decreases of serum estradiol in high-risk subjects predisposing for ESCC compared to healthy counterparts from LIA (P < 0.01). Furthermore, patients with ESCC from HIA developed the lowest level of estradiol (P < 0.01). ERβ expressed in precursor lesions of ESCC and changed quantitatively and qualitatively with disease progression during the multi-stages process of esophageal carcinogenesis. High frequency of ERβ expression was correlated with less aggressive potential of clinical behavior (P = 0.012, 0.015 for lymph node metastasis and tumor stage, respectively). This study indicates that lower serum level of estradiol may represent higher predisposition for development of ESCC, and ERβ expression and/or nuclear location may predict better outcome for patients with ESCC. The present results provide clues to explain the striking gender difference for ESCC, which warrants further investigations on potential applications of estrogen or analogs in prevention of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Nozoe T, Oyama T, Takenoyama M, Hanagiri T, Sugio K, Yasumoto K. Significance of immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4046-50. [PMID: 17634528 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Possible significance of sex hormone estrogen as an antitumor therapeutic arm toward esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells has been suggested. The aim of the current study was to clarify the clinicopathologic significance of an immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ER alpha and ER beta) in ESCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of ER alpha and ER beta were examined using an immunohistochemical methods in 73 paraffin-embedded sections collected from patients with ESCC who had been subjected to esophageal resection and digestive reconstruction without any preoperative induction therapy. RESULTS Forty-seven (64.4%) ESCCs had a positive cytoplasmic expression of ER alpha and 21 (28.8%) ESCCs had a positive nuclear expression of ER beta. Univariate analysis showed that both positive ER alpha expression (P=0.0001) and negative ER beta expression (P=0.026) were unfavorable prognostic indicators in ESCC. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that ER alpha-positive/ER beta-negative expression (P=0.003) and progression of tumor stage (P=0.014) were found to be independent unfavorable prognostic indicators in ESCCs. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical expression of ER alpha and ER beta were found to be observed in ESCC. Positive expression of ER alpha in addition to negative expression of ER beta proved to be an unfavorable independent prognostic indicator in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Nozoe
- Second Department of Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Nelson K, Helmstaedter V, Moreau C, Lage H. Estradiol, tamoxifen and ICI 182,780 alter alpha3 and beta1 integrin expression and laminin-1 adhesion in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell cultures. Oral Oncol 2007; 44:94-9. [PMID: 17418616 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion molecules such as integrins and extracellular matrix proteins like laminins have been identified to play an important role in cell proliferation, migration and invasion by regulating cell-extracellular matrix interaction in various cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, the effect of estradiol (E2), and the E2 antagonists tamoxifen (TAM) and ICI 182,780 (ICI) on the expression of integrins and adhesion to laminin-1 in different OSCC in vitro models was analyzed. TAM and ICI inhibited growth in all OSCC cell lines. Dependent on estrogen receptor (ER) status E2 displayed a significant influence on growth after long-term administration. ICI reduced laminin-1 adhesion in all cell lines. beta1 Integrin transcription is reduced with TAM and E2 and alpha3 cell surface expression with TAM. This study shows that OSCC is estrogen and SERM sensitive and that these compounds can modulate cell-matrix interaction in part by modulating integrin expression and translation. The investigation also confirms that growth is significantly influenced by these adjuvant therapeutics. These data suggest that a greater understanding of basic biology and mechanisms of the ER and its ligands in oral squamous cells is needed to elucidate the use of specific pharmacological agents as therapeutics of anti-tumorigenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Nelson
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Navigation and Robotics, Charité Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Nelson K, Helmstaedter V, Lage H. The influence of tamoxifen on growth behavior and cell-cell adhesion in OSCC in vitro. Oral Oncol 2006; 43:720-7. [PMID: 17112777 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 09/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of tamoxifen on the growth and aggregation behavior, focusing on the expression pattern of E-cadherin and beta-catenin, in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in vitro. Oral squamous cancer cell lines (UM-SCC-14A, UM-SCC-14B and UM-SCC-14C) were treated with various concentrations of tamoxifen. Growth and aggregation behavior as well as the protein expression and its changes were analysed. All cell lines are estrogen receptor (ER) positive. Tamoxifen induced a significant growth inhibition and induced the ability to form cell aggregates. This phenomena was not accompanied by a change in E-cadherin or beta-catenin expression or due to transcriptional changes. beta-catenin showed isolated membrane staining and nuclear distribution in all cell lines. A defective Ecadherin/beta-catenin complex was seen in UM-SCC-14C with no restoration through tamoxifen treatment. The cell-cell formation is increased in all cell lines without any alterations in the functional and quantitative status of E-cadherin or beta-catenin, indicating that novel cell-cell adhesion complexes not involving the classical E-cadherin/beta-catenin influence cell growth and intercellular adhesion in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Nelson
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Clinic for Navigation and Robotics, Charité Campus Virchow Clinic, Augustenburger Platz 01, Berlin, Germany.
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Zhang PB, Li YH, Xu CP. Expression of transforming growth factor type II receptor in gastric carcinoma tissue. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1531-1533. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i7.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of transforming growth factor type II receptor (TGFIIR) in the gastric carcinoma tissue.
METHODS: Expression of TGFIIR was studied in 20 cases of normal gastric tissues and 74 gastric carcinoma tissues by immunohistochemical method.
RESULTS: In normal gastric tissue, TGFIIR was mainly expressed in the lower part of the gland, especially in the cytoplasm, and the expresssion was significantly decreased in well and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma tissues (P < 0.05), and in poorly differeantiated and mucinous or signet ring cell carcinoma tissues (P < 0.01) as compared with normal mucosa.
CONCLUSION: Decreased expression of TGFIIR may play a role in the development of gastric cancer.
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Nagarkatti N, Davis BA. Tamoxifen induces apoptosis in Fas+ tumor cells by upregulating the expression of Fas ligand. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2003; 51:284-90. [PMID: 12721755 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-003-0581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2002] [Accepted: 01/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tamoxifen (TAM), a nonsteroidal anticancer agent, is used in the treatment of breast cancer. In the current study, we investigated whether TAM induces apoptosis in tumor cells by altering the expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL). METHODS Several tumor cell lines were used to test the ability of TAM to induce apoptosis, which was studied using the TUNEL assay. The effect of TAM on the expression of Fas and FasL was analyzed using a flow cytometer. RESULTS TAM was found to suppress the growth of an estrogen receptor-positive human mammary tumor cell line (T-47D) by inducing apoptosis. Interestingly, TAM also induced apoptosis in an estrogen receptor-negative murine T cell lymphoma cell line, EL-4. The ability of TAM to induce apoptosis in T-47D and EL-4 tumor cells correlated with the increased expression of FasL but not Fas on the tumor cells. Similar to TAM, a metalloproteinase (MP) inhibitor, which is known to increase the expression of membrane-bound FasL, was found to induce apoptosis in both T-47D and EL-4 tumor cells by increasing the expression of FasL but not Fas. Furthermore, both TAM and the MP inhibitor failed to induce apoptosis in L1210 tumor cell lines that failed to express FasL. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrates that TAM can induce apoptosis in Fas(+) tumor cells by upregulating FasL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Nagarkatti
- Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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