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Albertini MR, Zuleger CL, Ranheim EA, Shiyanbola O, Sondel PM, Morris ZS, Eickhoff J, Newton MA, Ong IM, Schwartz RW, Hayim R, Kurzman ID, Turek M, Vail DM. Administration of intratumoral GD2-directed interleukin-2 immunocytokine and local radiation therapy to activate immune rejection of spontaneous canine melanoma. Melanoma Res 2024:00008390-990000000-00148. [PMID: 38768442 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Canine malignant melanoma provides a clinically relevant, large animal parallel patient population to study the GD2-reactive hu14.18-IL-2 immunocytokine as it is similar to human melanoma and expresses GD2. The objectives of this study were to evaluate safety, radiation fractionation, and identify informative biomarkers of an in-situ tumor vaccine involving local radiation therapy plus intratumoral-immunocytokine in melanoma tumor-bearing dogs. Twelve dogs (six dogs/arm) with locally advanced or metastatic melanoma were randomized to receive a single 8 Gy fraction (arm A) or three 8 Gy fractions over 1 week (arm B) to the primary site and regional lymph nodes (when clinically involved) with the single or last fraction 5 days before intratumoral-immunocytokine at 12 mg/m2 on 3 consecutive days. Serial tumor biopsies were obtained. All 12 dogs completed protocol treatment, and none experienced significant or unexpected adverse events. Evidence of antitumor activity includes one dog with a complete response at day 60, one dog with a partial response at day 60, and four dogs with mixed responses. Histology of serial biopsies shows a variably timed increase in intratumoral lymphocytic inflammation in some dogs. Canine NanoString analyses of serial biopsies identified changes in gene signatures of innate and adaptive cell types versus baseline. There were no significant differences in NanoString results between arm A and arm B. We conclude that intratumoral-immunocytokine in combination with local radiation therapy in canine melanoma is well tolerated and has antitumor activity with the potential to inform clinical development in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Albertini
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
- Departments of Medicine
- Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
- The Medical Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital
| | - Cindy L Zuleger
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
- Departments of Medicine
| | - Erik A Ranheim
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Oyewale Shiyanbola
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Paul M Sondel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
- Departments of Pediatrics
- Human Oncology
| | | | - Jens Eickhoff
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
- Biostatistics & Medical Informatics
| | - Michael A Newton
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
- Biostatistics & Medical Informatics
| | - Irene M Ong
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
- Biostatistics & Medical Informatics
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
| | | | - Rubi Hayim
- Departments of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Ilene D Kurzman
- Departments of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Michelle Turek
- Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David M Vail
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center
- Departments of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine
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Tarone L, Giacobino D, Camerino M, Ferrone S, Buracco P, Cavallo F, Riccardo F. Canine Melanoma Immunology and Immunotherapy: Relevance of Translational Research. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:803093. [PMID: 35224082 PMCID: PMC8873926 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.803093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In veterinary oncology, canine melanoma is still a fatal disease for which innovative and long-lasting curative treatments are urgently required. Considering the similarities between canine and human melanoma and the clinical revolution that immunotherapy has instigated in the treatment of human melanoma patients, special attention must be paid to advancements in tumor immunology research in the veterinary field. Herein, we aim to discuss the most relevant knowledge on the immune landscape of canine melanoma and the most promising immunotherapeutic approaches under investigation. Particular attention will be dedicated to anti-cancer vaccination, and, especially, to the encouraging clinical results that we have obtained with DNA vaccines directed against chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), which is an appealing tumor-associated antigen with a key oncogenic role in both canine and human melanoma. In parallel with advances in therapeutic options, progress in the identification of easily accessible biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and the prognosis of melanoma should be sought, with circulating small extracellular vesicles emerging as strategically relevant players. Translational advances in melanoma management, whether achieved in the human or veterinary fields, may drive improvements with mutual clinical benefits for both human and canine patients; this is where the strength of comparative oncology lies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federica Cavallo
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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3
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Magee K, Marsh IR, Turek MM, Grudzinski J, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Engle JW, Kurzman ID, Zuleger CL, Oseid EA, Jaskowiak C, Albertini MR, Esbona K, Bednarz B, Sondel PM, Weichert JP, Morris ZS, Hernandez R, Vail DM. Safety and feasibility of an in situ vaccination and immunomodulatory targeted radionuclide combination immuno-radiotherapy approach in a comparative (companion dog) setting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255798. [PMID: 34383787 PMCID: PMC8360580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Murine syngeneic tumor models have revealed efficacious systemic antitumor responses following primary tumor in situ vaccination combined with targeted radionuclide therapy to secondary or metastatic tumors. Here we present studies on the safety and feasibility of this approach in a relevant translational companion dog model (n = 17 dogs) with advanced cancer. Methods The three component of the combination immuno-radiotherapy approach were employed either separately or in combination in companion dogs with advanced stage cancer. In situ vaccination was achieved through the administration of hypofractionated external beam radiotherapy and intratumoral hu14.18-IL2 fusion immunocytokine injections to the index tumor. In situ vaccination was subsequently combined with targeted radionuclide therapy using a theranostic pairing of IV 86Y-NM600 (for PET imaging and subject-specific dosimetry) and IV 90Y-NM600 (therapeutic radionuclide) prescribed to deliver an immunomodulatory 2 Gy dose to all metastatic sites in companion dogs with metastatic melanoma or osteosarcoma. In a subset of dogs, immunologic parameters preliminarily assessed. Results The components of the immuno-radiotherapy combination were well tolerated either alone or in combination, resulting in only transient low grade (1 or 2) adverse events with no dose-limiting events observed. In subject-specific dosimetry analyses, we observed 86Y-NM600 tumor:bone marrow absorbed-dose differential uptakes ≥2 in 4 of 5 dogs receiving the combination, which allowed subsequent safe delivery of at least 2 Gy 90Y-NM600 TRT to tumors. NanoString gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry from pre- and post-treatment biopsy specimens provide evidence of tumor microenvironment immunomodulation by 90Y-NM600 TRT. Conclusions The combination of external beam radiotherapy, intratumoral immunocytokine, and targeted radionuclide immuno-radiotherapy known to have activity against syngeneic melanoma in murine models is feasible and well tolerated in companion dogs with advanced stage, spontaneously arising melanoma or osteosarcoma and has immunomodulatory potential. Further studies evaluating the dose-dependent immunomodulatory effects of this immuno-radiotherapy combination are currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Magee
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ian R. Marsh
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michelle M. Turek
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joseph Grudzinski
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ilene D. Kurzman
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cindy L. Zuleger
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Oseid
- Office of Environment, Health and Safety, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christine Jaskowiak
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Albertini
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- The Medical Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Karla Esbona
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bryan Bednarz
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Sondel
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jamey P. Weichert
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zachary S. Morris
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RH); . (DMV)
| | - David M. Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RH); . (DMV)
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A Review of Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Canine Malignant Melanoma. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6010015. [PMID: 30759787 PMCID: PMC6466282 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In dogs, melanomas are relatively common tumors and the most common form of oral malignancy. Biological behavior is highly variable, usually aggressive, and frequently metastatic, with reported survival times of three months for oral or mucosal melanomas in advanced disease stages. Classical clinical management remains challenging; thus, novel and more efficacious treatment strategies are needed. Evidence-based medicine supports the role of the immune system to treat neoplastic diseases. Besides, immunotherapy offers the possibility of a precise medicinal approach to treat cancer. In recent years, multiple immunotherapeutic strategies have been developed, and are now recognized as a pillar of treatment. In addition, dogs represent a good model for translational medicine purposes. This review will cover the most relevant immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of canine malignant melanoma, divided among five different categories, namely, monoclonal antibodies, nonspecific immunotherapy activated by bacteria, vaccines, gene therapy, and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy.
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Zuleger CL, Kang C, Ranheim EA, Kurzman ID, Macklin MD, Newton MA, Wolchok JD, Vail DM, Eriksson E, Albertini MR. Pilot study of safety and feasibility of DNA microseeding for treatment of spontaneous canine melanoma. Vet Med Sci 2017; 3:134-145. [PMID: 29067210 PMCID: PMC5645840 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous canine malignant melanoma provides an excellent pre-clinical model to study DNA vaccines for melanoma immunotherapy. A USDA-approved xenogeneic human tyrosinase (huTYR) plasmid DNA vaccine delivered intramuscularly induces detectable immune responses and has clinical activity in some dogs with melanoma. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and immunogenicity of huTYR plasmid DNA administered to the skin via microseeding in dogs with spontaneous melanoma. DNA microseeding utilizes a modified tattooing device as an alternate and potentially more potent delivery method for DNA immunization. DNA was delivered to shaved inner thigh skin of six companion dogs with melanoma approximately every 14 days for a planned total of four vaccination time points. An anti-huTYR ELISA was used to test pre- and post-treatment sera. Biopsies of treated skin were obtained for detection of huTYR transgene expression. DNA microseeding was well tolerated with no significant toxicity detected beyond local site irritation, and there were no signs of autoimmunity. huTYR-expressing cells were observed in biopsies of huTYR DNA microseeding sites. Increased humoral anti-huTYR antibodies were seen in two of five evaluable dogs following microseeding compared to baseline. DNA microseeding is well tolerated in companion dogs with melanoma. Further investigation is needed to determine if combining DNA microseeding with other immunotherapy regimens potentiates this delivery platform for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L. Zuleger
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Chulhi Kang
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Ilene D. Kurzman
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Michael D. Macklin
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Michael A. Newton
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | - David M. Vail
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Elof Eriksson
- Division of Plastic SurgeryBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mark R. Albertini
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Medical ServiceWilliam S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Beirão BCB, Raposo T, Jain S, Hupp T, Argyle DJ. Challenges and opportunities for monoclonal antibody therapy in veterinary oncology. Vet J 2016; 218:40-50. [PMID: 27938708 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have come to dominate the biologics market in human cancer therapy. Nevertheless, in veterinary medicine, very few clinical trials have been initiated using this form of therapy. Some of the advantages of mAb therapeutics over conventional drugs are high specificity, precise mode of action and long half-life, which favour infrequent dosing of the antibody. Further advancement in the field of biomedical sciences has led to the production of different forms of antibodies, such as single chain antibody fragment, Fab, bi-specific antibodies and drug conjugates for use in diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review describes the potential for mAbs in veterinary oncology in supporting both diagnosis and therapy of cancer. The technical and financial hurdles to facilitate clinical acceptance of mAbs are explored and insights into novel technologies and targets that could support more rapid clinical development are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno C B Beirão
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Raposo
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Saurabh Jain
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Ted Hupp
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - David J Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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7
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Cancer immunology and canine malignant melanoma: A comparative review. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 169:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Killick DR, Stell AJ, Catchpole B. Immunotherapy for canine cancer--is it time to go back to the future? J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:229-41. [PMID: 25704119 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, the significance of the immune system in the development and control of cancer has been much debated. However, recent discoveries provide evidence for a role of immunological mechanisms in the detection and destruction of cancer cells. Forty years ago veterinary oncologists were already investigating the feasibility of treating neoplasia by enhancing anticancer immunity. Unfortunately, this research was hindered by lack of a detailed understanding of cancer immunology, this limited the specificity and success of these early approaches. The great forward strides made in our understanding of onco-immunology in recent years have provided the impetus for a resurgence of interest in anticancer immunotherapy for canine patients. In this article both these initial trials and the exciting novel immunotherapeutics currently in development are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Killick
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE
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9
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Clinical cancer therapy by NK cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:379123. [PMID: 21660134 PMCID: PMC3110303 DOI: 10.1155/2011/379123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are powerful effector cells that can be directed to eliminate tumor cells through tumor-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Some tumor-targeted mAbs have been successfully applied in the clinic and are included in the standard of care for certain malignancies. Strategies to augment the antitumor response by NK cells have led to an increased understanding of how to improve their effector responses. Next-generation reagents, such as molecularly modified mAbs and mAb-cytokine fusion proteins (immunocytokines, ICs) designed to augment NK-mediated killing, are showing promise in preclinical and some clinical settings. Continued research into the antitumor effects induced by NK cells and tumor-targeted mAbs suggests that additional intrinsic and extrinsic factors may influence the antitumor response. Therefore more research is needed that focuses on evaluating which NK cell and tumor criteria are best predictive of a clinical response and which combination immunotherapy regimens to pursue for distinct clinical settings.
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10
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Abstract
With the tools of molecular biology and a greater understanding of mechanisms to harness the immune system, effective tumor immunotherapy is becoming a reality. This new class of therapeutics offers a more targeted, and therefore precise, approach to the treatment of cancer. The recent conditional licensure of a xenogeneic DNA vaccine for advanced canine malignant melanoma strongly suggests that immunotherapy can play an extremely important role alongside the classic cancer treatment triad components of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Brightheart Veterinary Centers, 80 Business Park Drive, Suite 110, Armonk, NY 10504, USA.
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11
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Milner RJ, Salute M, Crawford C, Abbot JR, Farese J. The immune response to disialoganglioside GD3 vaccination in normal dogs: a melanoma surface antigen vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:273-84. [PMID: 17027091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As a result of its metastatic potential, canine malignant melanoma like its human counterpart like its human counter part, has a poor response to conventional treatment protocols. This prompted us to investigate the possibility of enhancing the immune response against the melanoma cell surface antigen, disialoganglioside GD3. Initially a flow cytometric study was designed in which the incidence of GD3 on the cell surface, recognized by the monoclonal antibody Mel-1 (R24), was established in canine melanoma cell lines. Results from the flow cytometry found GD3 to be highly expressed (94.2%) in six out of seven canine melanoma cell lines. Since it was thus potentially a good target, a study in which normal dogs were vaccinated intradermally with a vaccine containing GD3 plus adjuvants was designed. The adjuvant included CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) sequences and RIBI-adjuvant, which are known to target toll-like receptors (TLR) of the innate immune system. From a cohort of 10 dogs, 4 were vaccinated 3 times, at 4 weekly intervals with GD3 plus adjuvant, and 4 received only RIBI-adjuvant, and 2 phosphate buffered saline. Caliper measurements were collected to assess skin reaction at the vaccination site and sera assayed for IgM and IgG antibodies against GD3 and cell-mediated cytotoxicity against a melanoma cell line. Results from the study found significant differences (P<0.05) in the vaccine site reactions, IgM/IgG levels and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the vaccinated versus unvaccinated dogs. The addition of CpG-ODN sequences and increasing GD3 concentration in the vaccine increased the inflammation response at the injection site. GD3 IgG and IgM antibodies in vaccinated dogs showed increasing titers over time and achieved significance at weeks 9 and 12, respectively. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity was only detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated dogs. In conclusion, by combining the tumor antigen GD3 (a known weak self-antigen) and an adjuvant, tolerance was overcome by an innate and adaptive immune response in this population of normal dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Milner
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA.
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12
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Bianco SR, Sun J, Fosmire SP, Hance K, Padilla ML, Ritt MG, Getzy DM, Duke RC, Withrow SJ, Lana S, Matthiesen DT, Dow SW, Bellgrau D, Cutter GR, Helfand SC, Modiano JF. Enhancing antimelanoma immune responses through apoptosis. Cancer Gene Ther 2003; 10:726-36. [PMID: 12944992 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the feasibility of using tumor apoptosis at accessible sites to enhance antimelanoma immune responses in a model of spontaneous canine melanoma. We show that priming peripheral blood mononuclear cells with apoptotic melanoma cells significantly enhanced autologous and allogeneic lymphokine-activated killing of tumor cells. Since various pathways required for intrinsic apoptosis are often inactivated in melanoma, we used Fas ligand (FasL) overexpression to promote extrinsic apoptosis. FasL induced apoptosis in five of six cell lines. Each of the susceptible lines, but not the resistant one, expressed Fas mRNA. In addition, direct intratumoral administration of FasL DNA to tumor-bearing dogs was safe, with no adverse events reported over 7 days of observation. A reduction of tumor burden was seen in three of five dogs treated. The reduction of tumor volume was correlated with Fas expression by the tumors, although one dog with a Fas-negative tumor survived for 82 weeks after treatment. Our data show that overexpression of FasL is suitable to promote apoptosis of Fas(+) melanomas, and support the notion that priming immune responder cells with apoptotic tumor cells may enhance antitumor responses. The results also suggest that intratumoral administration of FasL offers a safe route for therapeutic gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie R Bianco
- Center for Cancer Causation and Prevention, AMC Cancer Research Center and Donald Monk Cancer Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado 80214, USA
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13
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Phillips BS, Padilla ML, Dickerson EB, Lindstrom MJ, Helfand SC. Immunostimulatory effects of human recombinant interleukin-12 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999; 70:189-201. [PMID: 10507361 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) plays a pivotal role in regulating cellular immune responses involving autoimmunity, infectious disease, and cancer. Human recombinant (hr) IL-12 is being evaluated for therapy of human cancer. We investigated the potential of hrIL-12 to activate canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using proliferation and cytotoxicity as readouts. Human rIL-12 caused increased proliferation of PBMC, and enhanced lysis of allogeneic canine tumor targets mediated by PBMC from normal dogs in vitro. In addition, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by canine PBMC was enhanced by hrIL-12. These results indicate that hrIL-12 is recognized by canine immune cells, triggering a number of immune responses in canine PBMC, that may be important for immunotherapy of canine cancer. Information from this investigation provides impetus for evaluation of the effects of hrIL-12 on PBMC from tumor-bearing dogs and should be helpful in the development of hrIL-12 as an immune cell activator in vivo in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Phillips
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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14
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Modiano JF, Ritt MG, Wojcieszyn J. The Molecular Basis of Canine Melanoma: Pathogenesis and Trends in Diagnosis and Therapy. J Vet Intern Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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15
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Kruth SA. Biological response modifiers: interferons, interleukins, recombinant products, liposomal products. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1998; 28:269-95. [PMID: 9556849 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(98)82005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The concept of enhancing the normal immune response against infections and neoplasms has been considered for decades. The administration of various natural and synthetic products to simulate systemic infections has largely given over to the idea that specific cytokines can be used effectively when administered systemically. Interferons, interleukins, and hematopoietic growth factors may offer substantial clinical benefit in chronic viral infections, and cancers such as osteosarcoma, melanoma, and lymphosarcoma. Erythropoietin has been shown to have great utility in the management of chronic renal failure. At this point in time, only recombinant products derived from humans are commercially available, and they are expensive and not licensed for use in companion animals. Nevertheless, these products may have significant clinical impact on several highly fatal disorders of dogs and cats. When administered systemically, cytokines perturb complex regulatory pathways, and serious side effects may occur. Innovative delivery methods, such as liposomes, gene therapy, and even oral administration may increase the therapeutic index of these molecules. Biological response modification, cytokine biology, and associated delivery systems are rapidly changing fields, and the small animal veterinarian will need to watch for significant advances in these areas over the next several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kruth
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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