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Chandrabalan S, Dang L, Hansen U, Timmen M, Wehmeyer C, Stange R, Beißbarth T, Binder C, Bleckmann A, Menck K. A novel method to efficiently differentiate human osteoclasts from blood-derived monocytes. Biol Proced Online 2024; 26:7. [PMID: 38504200 PMCID: PMC10949786 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-024-00233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoclasts are the tissue-specific macrophage population of the bone and unique in their bone-resorbing activity. Hence, they are fundamental for bone physiology in health and disease. However, efficient protocols for the isolation and study of primary human osteoclasts are scarce. In this study, we aimed to establish a protocol, which enables the efficient differentiation of functional human osteoclasts from monocytes. RESULTS Human monocytes were isolated through a double-density gradient from donor blood. Compared to standard differentiation schemes in polystyrene cell culture dishes, the yield of multinuclear osteoclasts was significantly increased upon initial differentiation of monocytes to macrophages in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon bags. This initial differentiation phase was then followed by the development of terminal osteoclasts by addition of Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand (RANKL). High concentrations of RANKL and Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) as well as an intermediate cell density further supported efficient cell differentiation. The generated cells were highly positive for CD45, CD14 as well as the osteoclast markers CD51/ITGAV and Cathepsin K/CTSK, thus identifying them as osteoclasts. The bone resorption of the osteoclasts was significantly increased when the cells were differentiated from macrophages derived from Teflon bags compared to macrophages derived from conventional cell culture plates. CONCLUSION Our study has established a novel protocol for the isolation of primary human osteoclasts that improves osteoclastogenesis in comparison to the conventionally used cultivation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganja Chandrabalan
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linh Dang
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Melanie Timmen
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Corinna Wehmeyer
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Richard Stange
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tim Beißbarth
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Binder
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Menck
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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2
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Datsi A, Falkowski L, Sorg RV. Generation and quality control of mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells for immunotherapy. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 183:1-31. [PMID: 38548408 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Dendritic cell vaccination is a form of active immunotherapy that aims to exploit the crucial role of DC in the initiation of T-cell responses. Numerous vaccination trials have been conducted targeting various tumor entities, including glioblastoma, the most frequent and aggressive malignant brain tumor in adults. They have demonstrated feasibility and safety and suggest improved survival, associated with induction of anti-tumoral immunity. Here, we describe in detail a large-scale 2-step protocol for successive GMP-compliant generation of immature and mature dendritic cells, yielding a highly homogenous population of CD83+ mature DC expressing CD40, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR at high density, lacking activity of the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, migrating towards the chemokine CCL19 and showing highly potent T-cell stimulatory activity. Loaded with autologous tumor lysate, these cells are currently being evaluated in a phase II controlled randomized clinical trial (GlioVax) in glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Datsi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lea Falkowski
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger V Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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3
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Datsi A, Sorg RV. Dendritic Cell Vaccination of Glioblastoma: Road to Success or Dead End. Front Immunol 2021; 12:770390. [PMID: 34795675 PMCID: PMC8592940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor and remains a therapeutic challenge: even after multimodal therapy, median survival of patients is only 15 months. Dendritic cell vaccination (DCV) is an active immunotherapy that aims at inducing an antitumoral immune response. Numerous DCV trials have been performed, vaccinating hundreds of GBM patients and confirming feasibility and safety. Many of these studies reported induction of an antitumoral immune response and indicated improved survival after DCV. However, two controlled randomized trials failed to detect a survival benefit. This raises the question of whether the promising concept of DCV may not hold true or whether we are not yet realizing the full potential of this therapeutic approach. Here, we discuss the results of recent vaccination trials, relevant parameters of the vaccines themselves and of their application, and possible synergies between DCV and other therapeutic approaches targeting the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Datsi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger V Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Bastien JP, Fekete N, Beland AV, Lachambre MP, Laforte V, Juncker D, Dave V, Roy DC, Hoesli CA. Closing the system: production of viral antigen-presenting dendritic cells eliciting specific CD8 + T cell activation in fluorinated ethylene propylene cell culture bags. J Transl Med 2020; 18:383. [PMID: 33036618 PMCID: PMC7547414 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major obstacle to anti-viral and -tumor cell vaccination and T cell immunotherapy is the ability to produce dendritic cells (DCs) in a suitable clinical setting. It is imperative to develop closed cell culture systems to accelerate the translation of promising DC-based cell therapy products to the clinic. The objective of this study was to investigate whether viral antigen-loaded monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) capable of eliciting specific T cell activation can be manufactured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) bags. Methods Mo-DCs were generated through a protocol applying cytokine cocktails combined with lipopolysaccharide or with a CMV viral peptide antigen in conventional tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) or FEP culture vessels. Research-scale (< 10 mL) FEP bags were implemented to increase R&D throughput. DC surface marker profiles, cytokine production, and ability to activate antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells were characterized. Results Monocyte differentiation into Mo-DCs led to the loss of CD14 expression with concomitant upregulation of CD80, CD83 and CD86. Significantly increased levels of IL-10 and IL-12 were observed after maturation on day 9. Antigen-pulsed Mo-DCs activated antigen-responsive CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. No significant differences in surface marker expression or tetramer-specific T cell activating potency of Mo-DCs were observed between TCPS and FEP culture vessels. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that viral antigen-loaded Mo-DCs produced in downscaled FEP bags can elicit specific T cell responses. In view of the dire clinical need for closed system DC manufacturing, FEP bags represent an attractive option to accelerate the translation of promising emerging DC-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Bastien
- Hematology-Oncology and Cell Therapy Institute, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Fekete
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ariane V Beland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Paule Lachambre
- Hematology-Oncology and Cell Therapy Institute, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Veronique Laforte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Juncker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vibhuti Dave
- Hematology-Oncology and Cell Therapy Institute, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Hematology-Oncology and Cell Therapy Institute, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Corinne A Hoesli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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5
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Marcu A, Eyrich M. Therapeutic vaccine strategies to induce tumor-specific T-cell responses. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 54:806-809. [PMID: 31431710 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Haploidentical stem cell transplantation is increasingly used worldwide as an alternative donor transplantation method. Although novel preparative regimens and T-cell deletion techniques have improved engraftment rates and viral safety, relapses of the underlying leukemia/lymphoma are still frequent, thus representing a significant and unsolved problem. Recent technological advances now enable us to individually decipher the MHC-associated immunopeptidome of cancer cells in reasonable time. These tumor-specific peptides can then be used to skew the early immune reconstitution toward anti-leukemia T-cell responses. In this meeting contribution, we summarize recent innovations in the field and present preliminary data on using this technique for cancer epitope discovery in a paradigmatic pediatric brain tumor with very low mutational burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marcu
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Kristin Schmitz A, Sorg RV, Stoffels G, Grauer OM, Galldiks N, Steiger HJ, Kamp MA, Langen KJ, Sabel M, Rapp M. Diagnostic impact of additional O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FET) PET following immunotherapy with dendritic cell vaccination in glioblastoma patients. Br J Neurosurg 2019; 35:736-742. [DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2019.1639615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kristin Schmitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger V. Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriele Stoffels
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver M. Grauer
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Norbert Galldiks
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Jakob Steiger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel A. Kamp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Sabel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion Rapp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Rapp M, Grauer OM, Kamp M, Sevens N, Zotz N, Sabel M, Sorg RV. A randomized controlled phase II trial of vaccination with lysate-loaded, mature dendritic cells integrated into standard radiochemotherapy of newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GlioVax): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:293. [PMID: 29801515 PMCID: PMC5970474 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the combination of surgical resection, radio- and chemotherapy, median survival of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients only slightly increased in the last years. Disease recurrence is definite with no effective therapy existing after tumor removal. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination is a promising active immunotherapeutic approach. There is clear evidence that it is feasible, results in immunological anti-tumoral responses, and appears to be beneficial for survival and quality of life of GBM patients. Moreover, combining it with the standard therapy of GBM may allow exploiting synergies between the treatment modalities. In this randomized controlled trial, we seek to confirm these promising initial results. Methods One hundred and thirty-six newly diagnosed, isocitrate dehydrogenase wildtype GBM patients will be randomly allocated (1:1 ratio, stratified by O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase promotor methylation status) after near-complete resection in a multicenter, prospective phase II trial into two groups: (1) patients receiving the current therapeutic “gold standard” of radio/temozolomide chemotherapy and (2) patients receiving DC vaccination as an add-on to the standard therapy. A recruitment period of 30 months is anticipated; follow-up will be 2 years. The primary objective of the study is to compare overall survival (OS) between the two groups. Secondary objectives are comparing progression-free survival (PFS) and 6-, 12- and 24-month OS and PFS rates, the safety profile, overall and neurological performance and quality of life. Discussion Until now, close to 500 GBM patients have been treated with DC vaccination in clinical trials or on a compassionate-use basis. Results have been encouraging, but cannot provide robust evidence of clinical efficacy because studies have been non-controlled or patient numbers have been low. Therefore, a prospective, randomized phase II trial with a sufficiently large number of patients is now mandatory for clear evidence regarding the impact of DC vaccination on PFS and OS in GBM. Trial registration Protocol code: GlioVax, date of registration: 17. February 2017. Trial identifier: EudraCT-Number 2017–000304-14. German Registry for Clinical Studies, ID: DRKS00013248 (approved primary register in the WHO network) and at ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03395587. Registered on 11 March 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2659-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rapp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Oliver M Grauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marcel Kamp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Natalie Sevens
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikola Zotz
- Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Sabel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger V Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Fekete N, Béland AV, Campbell K, Clark SL, Hoesli CA. Bags versus flasks: a comparison of cell culture systems for the production of dendritic cell-based immunotherapies. Transfusion 2018; 58:1800-1813. [PMID: 29672857 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, cell-based therapies targeting the immune system have emerged as promising strategies for cancer treatment. This review summarizes manufacturing challenges related to production of antigen presenting cells as a patient-tailored cancer therapy. Understanding cell-material interactions is essential because in vitro cell culture manipulations to obtain mature antigen-producing cells can significantly alter their in vivo performance. Traditional antigen-producing cell culture protocols often rely on cell adhesion to surface-treated hydrophilic polystyrene flasks. More recent commercial and investigational cancer immunotherapy products were manufactured using suspension cell culture in closed hydrophobic fluoropolymer bags. The shift to closed cell culture systems can decrease risks of contamination by individual operators, as well as facilitate scale-up and automation. Selecting closed cell culture bags over traditional open culture systems entails different handling procedures and processing controls, which can affect product quality. Changes in culture vessels also entail changes in vessel materials and geometry, which may alter the cell microenvironment and resulting cell fate decisions. Strategically designed culture systems will pave the way for the generation of more sophisticated and highly potent cell-based cancer vaccines. As an increasing number of cell-based therapies enter the clinic, the selection of appropriate cell culture vessels and materials becomes a critical consideration that can impact the therapeutic efficacy of the product, and hence clinical outcomes and patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fekete
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc., Northboro R&D Center, Northborough, Massachusetts
| | - Ariane V Béland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Katie Campbell
- Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc., Northboro R&D Center, Northborough, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah L Clark
- Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc., Northboro R&D Center, Northborough, Massachusetts
| | - Corinne A Hoesli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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9
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Fraser AR, Pass C, Burgoyne P, Atkinson A, Bailey L, Laurie A, W A McGowan N, Hamid A, Moore JK, Dwyer BJ, Turner ML, Forbes SJ, Campbell JDM. Development, functional characterization and validation of methodology for GMP-compliant manufacture of phagocytic macrophages: A novel cellular therapeutic for liver cirrhosis. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:1113-1124. [PMID: 28673774 PMCID: PMC5571439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background aims Autologous macrophage therapy represents a potentially significant therapeutic advance for the treatment of severe progressive liver cirrhosis. Administration of macrophages has been shown to reduce inflammation and drive fibrotic scar breakdown and tissue repair in relevant models. This therapeutic approach is being assessed for safety and feasibility in a first-in-human trial (MAcrophages Therapy for liver CirrHosis [MATCH] trial). Methods We outline the development and validation phases of GMP production. This includes use of the CliniMACS Prodigy cell sorting system to isolate CD14+ cells; optimizing macrophage culture conditions, assessing cellular identity, product purity, functional capability and determining the stability of the final cell product. Results The GMP-compliant macrophage products have a high level of purity and viability, and have a consistent phenotypic profile, expressing high levels of mature macrophage markers 25F9 and CD206 and low levels of CCR2. The macrophages demonstrate effective phagocytic capacity, are constitutively oriented to an anti-inflammatory profile and remain responsive to cytokine and TLR stimulation. The process validation shows that the cell product in excipient is remarkably robust, consistently passing the viability and phenotypic release criteria up to 48 hours after harvest. Conclusions This is the first report of validation of a large-scale, fully Good Manufacturing Practice–compliant, autologous macrophage cell therapy product for the potential treatment of cirrhosis. Phenotypic and functional assays confirm that these cells remain functionally viable for up to 48 h, allowing significant flexibility in administration to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair R Fraser
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Pass
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cellular Therapy Development Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Burgoyne
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Atkinson
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cellular Therapy Development Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bailey
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cellular Therapy Development Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Laurie
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cellular Therapy Development Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil W A McGowan
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cellular Therapy Development Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Akib Hamid
- Red Cell Integrated Laboratory, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna K Moore
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Dwyer
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc L Turner
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John D M Campbell
- Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, 21 Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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10
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Ladomersky E, Genet M, Zhai L, Gritsina G, Lauing KL, Lulla RR, Fangusaro J, Lenzen A, Kumthekar P, Raizer JJ, Binder DC, James CD, Wainwright DA. Improving vaccine efficacy against malignant glioma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1196311. [PMID: 27622066 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1196311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment of adult and pediatric malignant glioma is a significant clinical challenge. In adults, glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for the majority of malignant glioma diagnoses with a median survival of 14.6 mo. In children, malignant glioma accounts for 20% of primary CNS tumors with a median survival of less than 1 y. Here, we discuss vaccine treatment for children diagnosed with malignant glioma, through targeting EphA2, IL-13Rα2 and/or histone H3 K27M, while in adults, treatments with RINTEGA, Prophage Series G-100 and dendritic cells are explored. We conclude by proposing new strategies that are built on current vaccine technologies and improved upon with novel combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Genet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Galina Gritsina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rishi R Lulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alicia Lenzen
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Priya Kumthekar
- Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Raizer
- Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David C Binder
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C David James
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Northwestern Brain Tumor Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Nava S, Lisini D, Pogliani S, Dossena M, Bersano A, Pellegatta S, Parati E, Finocchiaro G, Frigerio S. Safe and Reproducible Preparation of Functional Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma Patients. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1164-72. [PMID: 26273063 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cell therapy based on dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor lysate is a promising approach in addition to conventional therapy for the treatment of patients with glioblastoma (GB). The success of this approach strongly depends on the ability to generate high-quality, functionally mature DCs (mDCs), with a high level of standardization and in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices. In the cell factory of the Carlo Besta Foundation, two phase I clinical trials on immunotherapy with tumor lysate-loaded DCs as treatment for GB are ongoing. From 2010 to 2014, 54 patients were enrolled in the studies and 54 batches of DCs were prepared. We retrospectively analyzed the results of the quality control tests carried out on each produced batch, evaluating yield of mDCs and their quality in terms of microbiological safety and immunological efficacy. The number of mDCs obtained allowed the treatment of all the enrolled patients. All 54 batches were sterile, conformed to acceptable endotoxin levels, and were free of Mycoplasma species and adventitious viruses. During culture, cells maintained a high percentage of viability (87%-98%), and all batches showed high viability after thawing (mean±SD: 94.6%±2.9%). Phenotype evaluation of mDCs showed an evident upregulation of markers typical of DC maturation; mixed lymphocyte reaction tests for the functional evaluation of DCs demonstrated that all batches were able to induce lymphocyte responses. These results demonstrated that our protocol for DC preparation is highly reproducible and permits generation of large numbers of safe and functional DCs for in vivo use in immunotherapy approaches. SIGNIFICANCE Cell therapy based on antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) is a promising approach for the treatment of glioblastoma patients. The success of this approach strongly depends on the ability to generate high-quality, functional DCs with a high level of standardization, ensuring reproducibility, efficacy, and safety of the final product. This article summarizes the results of the quality controls on 54 batches, to demonstrate the feasibility of producing a therapeutic cell-based vaccine via a well-controlled Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)-compliant production process. The findings may be of scientific interest to those working in the field of preparation of GMP-compliant products for cell-therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nava
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Cerebrovascular Unit, and Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Lisini
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Cerebrovascular Unit, and Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Pogliani
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Cerebrovascular Unit, and Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Dossena
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Cerebrovascular Unit, and Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Bersano
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Cerebrovascular Unit, and Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Pellegatta
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Cerebrovascular Unit, and Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Parati
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Cerebrovascular Unit, and Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Cerebrovascular Unit, and Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Frigerio
- Cell Therapy Production Unit, Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Cerebrovascular Unit, and Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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Van Gool SW. Brain Tumor Immunotherapy: What have We Learned so Far? Front Oncol 2015; 5:98. [PMID: 26137448 PMCID: PMC4470276 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High grade glioma is a rare brain cancer, incurable in spite of modern neurosurgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Novel approaches are in research, and immunotherapy emerges as a promising strategy. Clinical experiences with active specific immunotherapy demonstrate feasibility, safety and most importantly, but incompletely understood, prolonged long-term survival in a fraction of the patients. In relapsed patients, we developed an immunotherapy schedule and we categorized patients into clinically defined risk profiles. We learned how to combine immunotherapy with standard multimodal treatment strategies for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme patients. The developmental program allows further improvements related to newest scientific insights. Finally, we developed a mode of care within academic centers to organize cell-based therapies for experimental clinical trials in a large number of patients.
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13
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Eyrich M, Schreiber SC, Rachor J, Krauss J, Pauwels F, Hain J, Wölfl M, Lutz MB, de Vleeschouwer S, Schlegel PG, Van Gool SW. Development and validation of a fully GMP-compliant production process of autologous, tumor-lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:946-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Stimulating surface molecules, Th1-polarizing cytokines, proven trafficking--a new protocol for the generation of clinical-grade dendritic cells. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:492-506. [PMID: 23480952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Dendritic cells (DC) have been vigorously investigated as an immunological basis for therapeutic vaccination against cancer and infections, even among patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. METHODS Effective induction of cell-mediated immunity strongly depends on the ability of DC to (i) migrate to the draining lymphoid organs mediated by chemokine receptors, (ii) prime T cells through high expression of costimulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complexes and (iii) secret Th1-polarizing cytokines such as Interleukin-12 (IL-12). However, there is no protocol to generate fully matured and functional DC according to methodical requirements of current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) guidelines. RESULTS We established a protocol conforming to CGMP standards that permits the generation of fully matured and functional DC on the basis of cell culture in adherence bags with the use of serum-free media with a maturation cocktail, containing tumor necrosis factor-alpha/Interferon-alpha/polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Our DC superiorly display three critical features for an effective induction of cell-mediated immunity without evidence of exhaustion, along with its ability to prime infectious or tumor-specific T cells in a short-term cell culture. CONCLUSIONS Our newly developed protocol offers an attractive method to produce fully matured Th1-polarizing DC with proven migratory and stimulatory capacity for any clinical application according to CGMP standards.
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15
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Marshall D, Mitchell DA, Graner MW, Bigner DD. Immunotherapy of brain tumors. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 104:309-30. [PMID: 22230450 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52138-5.00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Schuler PJ, Börger V, Bölke E, Habermehl D, Matuschek C, Wild CA, Greve J, Bas M, Schilling B, Bergmann C, Trellakis S, Budach W, Gauler T, Brandau S, Lang S, Whiteside TL, Sorg RV, Hoffmann TK. Dendritic cell generation and CD4+ CD25high FOXP3+ regulatory t cells in human head and neck carcinoma during radio-chemotherapy. Eur J Med Res 2011; 16:57-62. [PMID: 21463982 PMCID: PMC3353422 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-16-2-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Treg) and dendritic cells (DC) play an important role in tumor immunity and immune escape. However, their interplay and the effects of anti-cancer therapy on the human immune system are largely unknown. Methods For DC generation, CD14+ monocytes were enriched by immunomagnetic selection from peripheral blood of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients and differentiated into immature DC using GM-SCF and IL-4. DC maturation was induced by addition of TNFα. The frequency of CD4+CD25highF0XP3+ Treg in HNSCC patients was analyzed before and after radio-chemotherapy (RCT) by four-color flow cytometry. Results In HNSCC patients, the frequency of Treg (0.33 ± 0.06%) was significantly (p = 0.001) increased compared to healthy controls (0.11 ± 0.02%), whereas RCT had variable effects on the Treg frequency inducing its increase in some patients and decrease in others. After six days in culture, monocytes of all patients had differentiated into immature DC. However, DC maturation indicated by CD83 up-regulation (70.7 ± 5.5%) was successful only in a subgroup of patients and correlated well with lower frequencies of peripheral blood Treg in those patients. Conclusion The frequency of regulatory T cells is elevated in HNSCC patients and may be modulated by RCT. Monocyte-derived DC in HNSCC patients show a maturation deficiency ex vivo. Those preliminary data may have an impact on multimodality clinical trials integrating cellular immune modulation in patients with advanced HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Schuler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
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17
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Abstract
Once considered biological waste, umbilical cord blood (UCB) has become an accepted source of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). With initial success in the pediatric setting, UCB transplantation continues to gain favor in the adult patient population. Novel approaches to UCB transplantation include use of two units and a variety of graft manipulations. Additional uses for UCB are currently being explored and include applications in regenerative medicine and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H McKenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Transfusion Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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18
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Advances in cellular therapy for the treatment of thyroid cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:179491. [PMID: 20671939 PMCID: PMC2910457 DOI: 10.1155/2010/179491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, there are no curative therapies available for the subset of metastasized undifferentiated/anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. This review describes the possible use of immunocompetent cells which may help to restore the antitumor immune recognition for treating an existing tumor or preventing its recurrence. The most prominent experimental strategy is the use of dendritic cells (DCs) which are highly potent in presenting tumor antigens. Activated DCs subsequently migrate to draining lymph nodes where they present antigens to naïve lymphocytes and induce cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Alternatively to DC therapy, adoptive cell transfer may be performed by either using natural killer cells or ex vivo maturated CTLs. Within this review article we will focus on recent advances in the understanding of anti-tumor immune responses, for example, in thyroid carcinomas including the advances which have been made for the identification of potential tumor antigens in thyroid malignancies.
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19
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Powell DJ, Brennan AL, Zheng Z, Huynh H, Cotte J, Levine BL. Efficient clinical-scale enrichment of lymphocytes for use in adoptive immunotherapy using a modified counterflow centrifugal elutriation program. Cytotherapy 2010; 11:923-35. [PMID: 19903104 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903188921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Clinical-scale lymphocyte enrichment from a leukapheresis product has been performed most routinely using costly magnetic bead separation systems that deplete monocytes, but this procedure may leave behind residual beads or antibodies in the enriched cell product. Counterflow centrifugal elutriation has been demonstrated previously to enrich monocytes efficiently for generation of dendritic cells. This study describes a modified elutriation procedure for efficient bead-free economical enrichment of lymphocytes from leukapheresis products from healthy donors and study subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or malignancy. METHODS Modified program settings and conditions for the CaridianBCT Elutra device were investigated to optimize lymphocyte enrichment and recovery. Lymphocyte enrichment was measured using a novel approach utilizing cell sizing analysis on a Beckman Coulter Multisizer and confirmed by flow cytometry phenotypic analysis. RESULTS Efficient enrichment and recovery of lymphocytes from leukapheresis cell products was achieved using modified elutriation settings for flow rate and fraction volume. Elutriation allowed for enrichment of larger numbers of lymphocytes compared with depletion of monocytes by bead adherence, with a trend toward increased lymphocyte purity and yield via elutriation, resulting in a substantial reduction in the cost of enrichment per cell. Importantly, significant lymphocyte enrichment could be accomplished using leukapheresis samples from healthy donors (n=12) or from study subjects with HIV infection (n=15) or malignancy (n=12). CONCLUSIONS Clinical-scale closed-system elutriation can be performed efficiently for the selective enrichment of lymphocytes for immunotherapy protocols. This represents an improvement in cost, yield and purity over current methods that require the addition of monocyte-depleting beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Powell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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20
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Optimization of leukocyte collection and monocyte isolation for dendritic cell culture. Transfus Med Rev 2010; 24:130-9. [PMID: 20303036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Leukapheresis is the method of choice to collect monocytes for dendritic cell (DC) culture. Improvement of cell separators and cell collection software have enabled the collection of 10(9) monocytes for the generation of monocyte-derived DCs, which is sufficient to prepare a DC vaccine series. However, leukapheresis works with the technique of differential centrifugation which is not applicable to selectively collect mononuclear cells of similar density. After leukapheresis, thus, additional preparation steps are required to isolate and enrich the desired monocyte population. The cell isolation and cultivation techniques depend on the quality of the original leukocyte harvest due to the monocyte yield and the content of residual erythrocytes and platelets. Monocyte elutriation from the leukapheresis product shows a high monocyte recovery of 80%. However, only 30% of the isolated monocytes can be developed into mature DCs. The factors responsible for DC maturation and the development of different DC subsets are the subject of current research.
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21
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Dendritic Cells Generated in Clinical Grade Bags Strongly Differ in Immune Functionality When Compared With Classical DCs Generated in Plates. J Immunother 2010; 33:352-63. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181cc266b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Over the past decade, dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for central nervous system tumors has progressed from preclinical rodent models and safety assessments to phase I/II clinical trials in over 200 patients, which have produced measurable immunologic responses and some prolonged survival rates. Many questions regarding the methods and molecular mechanisms behind this new treatment option, however, remain unanswered. Results from currently ongoing and future studies will help to elucidate which dendritic cell preparations, treatment protocols, and adjuvant therapeutic regimens will optimize the efficacy of dendritic cell vaccination. As clinical studies continue to report results on dendritic cell-mediated immunotherapy, it will be critical to continue refining treatment methods and developing new ways to augment this promising form of glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kim
- UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Linda M. Liau
- UCLA Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095
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23
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Isolation of Monocytes with High Purity and Yield from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Flotation Density Gradient Centrifugation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2009.19.6.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Despite aggressive multi-modality therapy including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the prognosis for patients with malignant primary brain tumors remains very poor. Moreover, the non-specific nature of conventional therapy for brain tumors often results in incapacitating damage to surrounding normal brain and systemic tissues. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of therapeutic strategies that precisely target tumor cells while minimizing collateral damage to neighboring eloquent cerebral cortex. The rationale for using the immune system to target brain tumors is based on the premise that the inherent specificity of immunologic reactivity could meet the clear need for more specific and precise therapy. The success of this modality is dependent on our ability to understand the mechanisms of immune regulation within the central nervous system (CNS), as well as counter the broad defects in host cell-mediated immunity that malignant gliomas are known to elicit. Recent advances in our understanding of tumor-induced and host-mediated immunosuppressive mechanisms, the development of effective strategies to combat these suppressive effects, and a better understanding of how to deliver immunologic effector molecules more efficiently to CNS tumors have all facilitated significant progress toward the realization of true clinical benefit from immunotherapeutic treatment of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane A Mitchell
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke, NC 27710, USA.
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25
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Winter M, Wang XN, Däubener W, Eyking A, Rae M, Dickinson AM, Wernet P, Kögler G, Sorg RV. Suppression of cellular immunity by cord blood-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells is cytokine-dependent. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:2465-2475. [PMID: 19175687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSC) have the potential to differentiate into tissues derived from all three germinal layers and therefore hold promise for use in regenerative therapies. Furthermore, they have haematopoietic stromal activity, a characteristic that may be exploited to enhance haematopoietic engraftment. Both applications may require USSC to be used in an allogeneic, HLA-mismatched setting. We have therefore studied their in vitro interaction with cellular immunity. USSC showed no allostimulatory activity and caused only minimal inhibition of allogeneic T-cell responses. However, following pre-stimulation with IFNgamma and TNFalpha, they inhibited T-cell proliferation in an indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-dependent manner and suppressed graft-versus-host type reactions. In addition, USSC inhibited DC maturation and function. This inhibition was overridden by stronger DC maturation signals provided by IL-1beta, IL-6, PGE(2) and TNFalpha compared to TNFalpha alone. Pre-stimulation of USSC with IFNgamma and TNFalpha had a similar effect: Inhibition of DC maturation was no longer observed. Thus, USSC are conditionally immunosuppressive, and IFNgamma and TNFalpha constitute a switch, which regulates their immunological properties. They either suppress T-cell responses in the presence of both cytokines or in their absence block DC differentiation and function. These activities may contribute to fine-tuning the immune system especially at sites of tissue damage in order to ensure appropriate differentiation of USSC and subsequent tissue repair. Therapeutically, they may help to protect USSC and possibly their progeny from immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Winter
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiao-Nong Wang
- Haematological Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Walter Däubener
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annette Eyking
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michelle Rae
- Haematological Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne M Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Wernet
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gesine Kögler
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger V Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Jones KL, Brown LE, Eriksson EMY, Ffrench RA, Latour PA, Loveland BE, Wall DM, Roberts SK, Jackson DC, Gowans EJ. Human dendritic cells pulsed with specific lipopeptides stimulate autologous antigen-specific T cells without the addition of exogenous maturation factors. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15:761-72. [PMID: 18637077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.01003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Serum-free culture conditions to generate immature human monocyte-derived DC (Mo-DC) were optimized, and the parameters that influence their maturation after exposure to lipopeptides containing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell epitopes were examined. The lipopeptides contained a single CD4(+) helper T-cell epitopes, one of a number of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted cytotoxic T-cell epitope and the lipid Pam2Cys. To ensure complete maturation of the Mo-DC, we examined (i) the optimal lipopeptide concentration, (ii) the optimal Mo-DC density and (iii) the appropriate period of exposure of the Mo-DC to the lipopeptides. The results showed that a high dose of lipopeptide (30 microm) was no more efficient at upregulating maturation markers on Mo-DC than a low dose (6 microm). There was an inverse relationship between Mo-DC concentration and the mean fluorescence intensity of maturation markers. In addition, at the higher cell concentrations, the chemotactic capacity of the Mo-DC towards a cognate ligand, CCL21, was reduced. Thus, high cell concentrations during lipopeptide exposure were detrimental to Mo-DC maturation and function. The duration of exposure of Mo-DC to the lipopeptides had little effect on phenotype, although Mo-DC exposed to lipopeptides for 48 rather than 4 h showed an increased ability to stimulate autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells to release interferon-gamma in the absence of exogenous maturation factors. These findings reveal conditions for generating mature antigen-loaded DC suitable for targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Jones
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia
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27
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Walker DG, Laherty R, Tomlinson FH, Chuah T, Schmidt C. Results of a phase I dendritic cell vaccine trial for malignant astrocytoma: potential interaction with adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15:114-21. [PMID: 18083572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell vaccination has been applied to the treatment of a variety of cancers, including malignant astrocytoma. We have treated 13 patients with malignant astrocytoma using dendritic cell vaccination and have shown that this treatment is safe and is likely to be effective in combination with standard adjuvant therapy. Future studies should prospectively incorporate dendritic cell vaccination together with chemotherapy. Ideally, dendritic cell vaccination should be tested in a prospective fashion, in a coordinated trial involving multiple centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Walker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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28
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Spadaro M, Caorsi C, Ceruti P, Varadhachary A, Forni G, Pericle F, Giovarelli M. Lactoferrin, a major defense protein of innate immunity, is a novel maturation factor for human dendritic cells. FASEB J 2008; 22:2747-57. [PMID: 18364398 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-098038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an important protein component of the innate immune system that is broadly distributed within the body fluids. LF is endowed with multiple biological activities. Talactoferrin (TLF), a recombinant human LF, is in clinical development as an anticancer agent and is entering Phase III clinical trials. Here, we show that TLF induces the maturation of human dendritic cells (DCs) derived from monocytes. TLF, at physiologically relevant concentrations (100 microg/ml) up-regulates the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II, CD83, CD80, and CD86 costimulatory molecule and CXCR4 and CCR7 chemokine receptors, acting primarily through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. DCs matured by TLF displayed an enhanced release of IL-8 and CXCL10, as well as a significantly reduced production of IL-6, IL-10, and CCL20. They also display a reduced ability to take up antigen and increased capacity to trigger proliferation and release IFN-gamma in the presence of allogeneic human T cells. TLF-matured DCs are able to prime naive T cells to respond to KLH antigen and display a significantly increased capacity to present Flu-MA(58-66) peptide to HLA-A2-matched T cells. These data suggest that a key immunomodulatory function that may be mediated by TLF is to link the innate with adaptive immunity through DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Spadaro
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy
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29
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DiGiusto DL, Cooper LJN. Preparing clinical grade Ag-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy trials. Cytotherapy 2008; 9:613-29. [PMID: 17943498 DOI: 10.1080/14653240701650320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The production of clinical-grade T cells for adoptive immunotherapy has evolved from the ex vivo numerical expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to sophisticated bioengineering processes often requiring cell selection, genetic modification and other extensive tissue culture manipulations, to produce desired cells with improved therapeutic potential. Advancements in understanding the biology of lymphocyte signaling, activation, homing and sustained in vivo proliferative potential have redefined the strategies used to produce T cells suitable for clinical investigation. When combined with new technical methods in cell processing and culturing, the therapeutic potential of T cells manufactured in academic centers has improved dramatically. Paralleling these technical achievements in cell manufacturing is the development of broadly applied regulatory standards that define the requirements for the clinical implementation of cell products with ever-increasing complexity. In concert with academic facilities operating in compliance with current good manufacturing practice, the prescribing physician can now infuse T cells with a highly selected or endowed phenotype that has been uniformly manufactured according to standard operating procedures and that meets federal guidelines for quality of investigational cell products. In this review we address salient issues related to the technical, immunologic, practical and regulatory aspects of manufacturing these advanced T-cell products for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L DiGiusto
- Division of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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30
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Erdmann M, Dörrie J, Schaft N, Strasser E, Hendelmeier M, Kämpgen E, Schuler G, Schuler-Thurner B. Effective clinical-scale production of dendritic cell vaccines by monocyte elutriation directly in medium, subsequent culture in bags and final antigen loading using peptides or RNA transfection. J Immunother 2007; 30:663-74. [PMID: 17667530 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3180ca7cd6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination approaches are advancing fast into the clinic. The major obstacle for further improvement is the current lack of a simple functionally "closed" system to generate standardized monocyte-derived (mo) DC vaccines. Here, we significantly optimized the use of the Elutra counterflow elutriation system to enrich monocytic DC precursors by (1) developing an algorithm to avoid red blood cell debulking and associated monocyte loss before elutriation, and (2) by elutriation directly in culture medium rather than phosphate-buffered saline. Upon elutriation the bags containing the collected monocytes are simply transferred into the incubator to generate DC progeny as the final "open" washing step is no longer required. Elutriation resulted in significantly more (> or = 2-fold) and purer DC than the standard gradient centrifugation/adherence-based monocyte enrichment, whereas morphology, maturation markers, viability, migratory capacity, and T cell stimulatory capacity were identical. Subsequently, we compared RNA transfection, as this is an increasingly used approach to load DC with antigen. Elutra-derived and adherence-derived DC could be electroporated with similar, high efficiency (on average >85% green fluorescence protein positive), and appeared also equal in antigen expression kinetics. Both Elutra-derived and adherence-derived DC, when loaded with the MelanA peptide or electroporated with MelanA RNA, showed a high T cell stimulation capacity, that is, priming of MelanA-specific CD8+ T cells. Our optimized Elutra-based procedure is straightforward, clearly superior to the standard gradient centrifugation/plastic adherence protocol, and now allows the generation of large numbers of peptide-loaded or RNA-transfected DC in a functionally closed system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Erdmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstrasse, Germany
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Egan JE, Quadrini KJ, Santiago-Schwarz F, Hadden JW, Brandwein HJ, Signorelli KL. IRX-2, a novel in vivo immunotherapeutic, induces maturation and activation of human dendritic cells in vitro. J Immunother 2007; 30:624-33. [PMID: 17667526 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3180691593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IRX-2 is a uniform, well-defined set of natural cytokines currently in Phase II clinical trials for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). In preliminary clinical studies of HNSCC patients, IRX-2 therapy has shown promising results, increasing overall survival of patients from 32% to 61% at 48 months. Although it is known that specific cytokines in IRX-2 enhance T cell activity [e.g., interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma, IL-1beta], we chose to investigate the influence of IRX-2 on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) isolated from human peripheral blood in an effort to further understand the clinical findings. We show here that IRX-2 treatment of human monocyte-derived DC resulted in morphologic, phenotypic, and functional changes consistent with the development of mature activated DC. Specifically, IRX-2-treated DC increased expression of CD83 and CCR7, markers for DC maturation and migration, respectively, and increased the expression of HLA-DR, CD54, and the costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD40, which are critical mediators of T cell activation. Functional changes in DC induced by IRX-2 included a reduced endocytic capacity, increased ability to stimulate T cells and increased IL-12 cytokine production. These results provide a plausible mechanistic explanation for the in vivo clinical activity of IRX-2 and an additional rationale for the use of IRX-2-based immunotherapy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Egan
- IRX Therapeutics, Inc., Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA
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Yuan J, Kendle R, Ireland J, Heller G, Sadelain M, Young JW, Rivière I. Scalable Expansion of Potent Genetically Modified Human Langerhans Cells in a Closed System for Clinical Applications. J Immunother 2007; 30:634-43. [PMID: 17667527 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31804efc8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The administration of dendritic cell vaccines is a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. Langerhans cells (LCs) that are genetically modified to express viral or tumor antigens are a dendritic cell subset of particular interest because they elicit potent antigen-specific immune responses. For clinical investigation, transduced, functional LCs must be generated in sufficient numbers using a scalable closed system that conforms to current good manufacturing practices. We therefore developed a process to expand CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cell-derived LCs in serum-free medium using hydrophobic culture bags and compared their biologic function to that of LCs grown in plates or flasks. We obtained significantly higher yields of mature LCs in bags compared with plates or flasks. LCs grown in bags displayed comparable maturation phenotypes and were transduced by GaLV-pseudotyped retroviral vectors with the same efficiency as LCs grown in plates or flasks. Bag-expanded LCs effectively stimulated the proliferation of allogeneic T lymphocytes and the production of interferon-gamma by autologous CD8 T cells against the viral influenza matrix peptide or human tyrosinase. We have thus developed a scalable closed process to expand genetically modified, biologically functional CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cell-derived LCs for phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Yuan
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunobiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Bredberg A, Jonsson S, Lindblom A, Björk P. Clinical-scale generation of strongly CD83-expressing dendritic cells using extracorporeal photopheresis. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2007; 23:113-9. [PMID: 17598863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2007.00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many strategies are currently being pursued in order to generate mature dendritic cells (DC) to be used for immunotherapy. A potent anti-tumour influence by extracorporeal photopheresis has been documented for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and a major mechanism of action has been suggested to be generation of DC presenting tumour antigens. PURPOSE To determine the potential of a simple clinical photopheresis protocol for large-scale development of mature DC. METHODS A standard monocyte-enriched leukapheresis preparation of 10(9)-10(10) cells was derived during each of five consecutive treatment sessions of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The cells were incubated overnight in autologous plasma with no addition of growth medium. Cell surface lymphocyte, monocyte and DC markers were determined using multi-colour flow cytometry. RESULTS We find signs of activation of the CD14+ monocytes, as well as the appearance of a minor population of mature DC negative for CD14 but with strong CD83 expression. CONCLUSIONS With a procedure appropriate for routine clinical use, a total number of 10(6)-10(7) DC ready for patient reinfusion can be prepared within 24 h. Our findings indicate the need to further explore the capacity of photopheresis to stimulate cancer patients' anti-tumour defence reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bredberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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34
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de Vleeschouwer S, Rapp M, Sorg RV, Steiger HJ, Stummer W, van Gool S, Sabel M. Dendritic cell vaccination in patients with malignant gliomas: current status and future directions. Neurosurgery 2006; 59:988-99; discussioin 999-1000. [PMID: 17143233 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000245595.38957.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite recent advances in neurosurgical resection techniques, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, malignant gliomas continue to have a dismal prognosis because relapses are unavoidable. METHODS Dendritic cell vaccination has recently emerged as a promising type of active immunotherapy that aims to induce rather than transfer specific antitumor immune responses in patients. Active immunotherapy is the only type of immunotherapy able to induce immunological memory. RESULTS Although an increasing number of small clinical trials show safety, feasibility, and immunological and clinical responses, this technology requires further clarification of some critical basic and clinical issues before its presumed place in the treatment of malignant gliomas can be specified. This article addresses the basic and clinical pitfalls that, more than with conventional therapies, may interfere with the potential benefits of this approach. CONCLUSION Considering the particular mechanisms involved in the immune modulation of tumor biology using dendritic cell-based vaccinations, the authors summarize the arguments in favor of a further, appropriate assessment of this technology.
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Li Pira G, Bottone L, Ivaldi F, Pelizzoli R, Risso M, Tripodi G, Manca F. A sealed and unbreached system for purification, stimulation, and expansion of cytomegalovirus-specific human CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. Transfusion 2006; 46:2053-62. [PMID: 17176316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of adoptive cellular therapy with virus-specific lymphocytes in patients with defective cellular immune responses. Immunoreconstitution has become a challenge for cellular immunology and for transfusion medicine. In fact, both expertises are required to provide effective and safe cellular products. Because of in vitro manipulation, T-lymphocyte cultures are at risk of contamination even under good manufacturing procedure (GMP) conditions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To further improve the quality of these GMP cellular products, a procedure was designed for purification, stimulation, and expansion of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes in a sealed, unbreached system. Leukopacks from the blood bank that fulfill the requirements of a GMP product were the starting material. Gradient separation and washing were performed in bags with sterile connecting devices on the bench-top, as well as addition of ingredients (antigen, interleukin-2) or transfer to larger bags. RESULTS The method is described in detail, and it is shown that increase in number of cytomegalovirus-specific CD4 or CD8 T-lymphocytes was similar to procedures based on open culture systems. Cell expansion after 4 weeks ranged from 800- to 2400-fold for CD4 lymphocytes and 300- to 900-fold for CD8 lymphocytes. Antigen specificity and loss of alloreactivity were demonstrated on the expanded cells with proliferation, intracytoplasmic interferon gamma-gamma staining, cytolytic activity, and pentamer binding. CONCLUSION This procedure can be applied to improve sterility under GMP conditions when T-cell lines are generated for adoptive immunotherapy and may increase biosafety for the staff when cell lines are generated from subjects infected with dangerous pathogens.
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Cappello P, Fraone T, Barberis L, Costa C, Hirsch E, Elia AR, Caorsi C, Musso T, Novelli F, Giovarelli M. CC-Chemokine Ligand 16 Induces a Novel Maturation Program in Human Immature Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6143-51. [PMID: 17056542 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are indispensable for initiation of primary T cell responses and a host's defense against infection. Many proinflammatory stimuli induce DCs to mature (mDCs), but little is known about the ability of chemokines to modulate their maturation. In the present study, we report that CCL16 is a potent maturation factor for monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) through differential use of its four receptors and an indirect regulator of Th cell differentiation. MoDCs induced to mature by CCL16 are characterized by increased expression of CD80 and CD86, MHC class II molecules, and ex novo expression of CD83 and CCR7. They produce many chemokines to attract monocytes and T cells and are also strong stimulators in activating allogeneic T cells to skew toward Th1 differentiation. Interestingly, they are still able to take up Ag and express chemokine receptors usually bound by inflammatory ligands and can be induced to migrate to different sites where they capture Ags. Our findings indicate that induction of MoDC maturation is an important property of CCL16 and suggest that chemokines may not only organize the migration of MoDCs, but also directly regulate their ability to prime T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cappello
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
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37
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Kurlander RJ, Tawab A, Fan Y, Carter CS, Read EJ. A functional comparison of mature human dendritic cells prepared in fluorinated ethylene-propylene bags or polystyrene flasks. Transfusion 2006; 46:1494-504. [PMID: 16965575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) bags have been used instead of polystyrene (PS) flasks for ex vivo clinical-scale production of human dendritic cells (DCs) to facilitate closed-system recovery of these highly adherent cells. To assess the impact of DC culture on this nonadherent surface, the function of DCs generated in FEP and PS was compared. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Cell yield, phenotype, cytokine production, migration, and antigen-presenting activity were measured in DCs prepared from peripheral blood monocytes in FEP bags or PS flasks with medium supplemented with serum, interleukin (IL)-4, and granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor for 5 days to induce DC differentiation and CD40L or poly(I:C) plus interferon-gamma to promote maturation. RESULTS DCs cultured in FEP or PS had comparable cell yield, viability, and CD83 and CCR7 expression. DCs generated in FEP, however, produced significantly less IL-12 and IL-10 during maturation, and differences persisted on rechallenge after harvest. FEP-cultured DCs migrated spontaneously or in response to CCR7 ligand more actively than PS-cultured DCs, but this difference was not significant. Mature DCs prepared in FEP and PS were equipotent in stimulating peptide-specific CD8 T-cell expansion in vitro. CONCLUSION FEP- and PS-cultured DCs are similar in phenotype and in some functional measures, but FEP markedly reduces DC production of IL-12 and IL-10. This phenomenon presumably reflects intracellular changes linked to the absence of a surface for firm cell adherence. Given the importance of these cytokines in the immune response, these changes could have a significant impact on DC function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J Kurlander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1508, USA.
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ten Brinke A, Karsten ML, Dieker MC, Zwaginga JJ, Vrielink H, Marieke van Ham S. Generation of dendritic cells for immunotherapy is minimally impaired by granulocytes in the monocyte preparation. Immunobiology 2006; 211:633-40. [PMID: 16920502 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The growing number of clinical studies, using monocyte-derived DC therapy, requires protocols where a sufficient number of dendritic cell (DCs) are produced according to current Good Manufacturing Practice guidelines. Therefore, a closed culture system for the generation of DCs is inevitable. One cost-effective way to isolate monocytes directly from leukapheresis material in a closed system is by elutriation with the Elutra cell separation system. In the Elutra, granulocytes co-purify with the monocytes. Therefore, we studied if and to what extent the presence of granulocytes in a monocyte product affects the generation of mature DCs. The presence of up to 16% granulocytes in the monocyte product had no significant effects on the quality of the DCs formed. The presence of higher granulocyte percentages, however, gradually altered DC quality. In this respect, the presence of higher number of granulocytes induced significant lower migratory capacity of the DCs and lower expression levels of CD80, CD40 and CD86. No effects were observed on the DC yield, cytokine production or the stimulatory capacity of the DCs in MLR. In conclusion, the presence of 20-30% granulocytes in a monocyte product has no major influence on the quality of the DCs generated from monocytes. Therefore, the Elutra is a suitable closed system apparatus to separate monocytes from other blood components for the generation of DCs, even from leukapheresis material which contains a high number of granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research at CLB and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rapp M, Ozcan Z, Steiger HJ, Wernet P, Sabel MC, Sorg RV. Cellular immunity of patients with malignant glioma: prerequisites for dendritic cell vaccination immunotherapy. J Neurosurg 2006; 105:41-50. [PMID: 16874889 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2006.105.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Vaccination therapy that uses dendritic cells (DCs) is a promising immunotherapeutic approach. However, it relies on intact cellular immunity and efficient generation of mature DCs, both of which can be impaired in patients with glioma. Therefore, the immune status and ex vivo generation of DC in such patients were studied.
Methods
The frequencies of white blood cell subsets and monocyte-derived, mature DCs in patients with high-grade gliomas and healthy control volunteers were analyzed using flow cytometry.
In the patients, frequencies of lymphocytes, T cells, and B cells were reduced in comparison with the volunteers in the control group, whereas frequencies of neutrophils and monocytes were increased. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of white blood cell counts or the frequency of NK cells and the major T-cell subsets. The responsiveness of T cells to lectin stimulation was normal. For monocytes, lower frequencies of CD80+ and CD86+ cells but not of CD40+ and HLA-DR+ cells were observed in patients. Ex vivo DC generation in a two-step culture protocol in autologous plasma–supplemented medium or in serum-free medium showed only minor differences in CD80 and HLA-DR expression between the patient and control groups. Frequencies of CD83+, CD1a+, CD14−, CD40+, and CD86+ cells were comparable. Overall, the serum-free medium was superior to the plasma-supplemented medium and allowed efficient ex vivo generation of CD83+, CD1a+, and CD14− mature DCs.
Conclusions
Only minor defects in the immune status of patients with glioma were observed, which probably would not hamper immunotherapy. Mature DCs can be generated successfully in normal numbers and with typical immunophenotypes from monocytes of patients with glioma, particularly under serum-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rapp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center, Düsseldorf Germany
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Farkas A, Conrad C, Tonel G, Borbenyi Z, Kemeny L, Dobozy A, Nestle FO. Current State and Perspectives of Dendritic Cell Vaccination in Cancer Immunotherapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 19:124-31. [PMID: 16612139 DOI: 10.1159/000092592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the approach towards immunotherapy of cancer consists in molecular definition of tumor antigens, new tools for phenotypical and functional characterization of tumor-specific effector cells and clinical use of novel adjuvants for optimal stimulation of a cancer-specific immune response such as dendritic cells. In spite of these advances and immunological as well as clinical responses in selected patients, mechanisms involved in dendritic-cell-based cancer immunotherapy are still poorly understood. Therefore, a standardized study design and small pilot trials are needed to explore open scientific questions in future clinical trials. This review focuses on the different parameters of dendritic cell biology relevant to cancer immunotherapy and on innovative approaches to hopefully enhance the efficacy of dendritic cell vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Farkas
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Royer PJ, Tanguy-Royer S, Ebstein F, Sapede C, Simon T, Barbieux I, Oger R, Gregoire M. Culture Medium and Protein Supplementation in the Generation and Maturation of Dendritic Cells. Scand J Immunol 2006; 63:401-9. [PMID: 16764693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.001757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are powerful antigen-presenting cells that have drawn many attentions due to the recent development of anti-cancer vaccines. Clinical grade production of monocyte-derived DC (Mo-DC) is extensively studied, and many efforts are made to develop and improve clinical standard operating procedures. Most of the parameters involved, such as the cytokines and maturation agents, have been widely assessed. However, very few are investigated about how culture medium and additional protein components affect DC yield, viability and maturation. Thus, our study aimed to compare the impact of standard culture medium on Mo-DC differentiation and maturation. Commercially available media for hematopoietic cell culture as well as different protein supplementations, that is foetal calf serum (FCS), autologous plasma (AP), human serum (HS) and human serum albumin (HSA) were tested. Culture yields, cell viability and DC maturation were investigated. Differentiation yields were similar between the conditions used. However, we evidenced significant differences in terms of cytotoxicity and DC maturation (phenotypic and functional). This underscores the importance of defining culture medium composition in clinical standard operating procedures to insure quality control, and also when preparing DC for experimental uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-J Royer
- INSERM U601, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France
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Sakakibara M, Kanto T, Inoue M, Kaimori A, Yakushijin T, Miyatake H, Itose I, Miyazaki M, Kuzushita N, Hiramatsu N, Takehara T, Kasahara A, Hayashi N. Quick Generation of Fully Mature Dendritic Cells From Monocytes With OK432, Low-Dose Prostanoid, and Interferon-?? as Potent Immune Enhancers. J Immunother 2006; 29:67-77. [PMID: 16365602 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000183093.77687.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the promising tools for enhancing antigen-specific immune responses in clinical settings. Many studies have been performed thus far to verify the efficacy of the DC vaccine in cancer patients; however, the responses have not always been satisfactory, partly because of DC incompetence. To obtain DCs potentially applicable for vaccination of cancer patients, our group sought to establish the strategy of DC generation mainly by modulating culture periods and maturation stimuli. Novel mature DCs that can be generated from monocytes within 3 days by using a combination of OK432 (Streptococcus pyogenes preparation), low-dose prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and interferon-alpha (OPA-DCs) were developed. They strongly express CD83, CD86, and CCR7 and have potent ability to migrate to CCL21. In addition, they were able to activate natural killer and T helper 1 (TH1) cells and to induce peptide-antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes more significantly than monocyte-derived DCs stimulated with a conventional cytokine cocktail of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and PGE2 (monocyte-conditioned medium [MCM]-mimic DCs). The profound ability of OPA-DCs to stimulate these effectors is attributable to their higher expression of IL-12p70, IL-23, and IL-27 than MCM-mimic DCs, which was supported by the findings that the neutralization of IL-12p70 and IL-23 reduced the TH1 priming ability of OPA-DCs. Even when from advanced gastric or colonic cancer patients, OPA-DCs displayed abilities of migration and TH1 induction comparable to those from healthy subjects. Therefore, OPA-DCs may serve as a feasible vaccine with the potential to enhance TH1-dominant and cytolytic immune responses against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Sakakibara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Levroney EL, Aguilar HC, Fulcher JA, Kohatsu L, Pace KE, Pang M, Gurney KB, Baum LG, Lee B. Novel innate immune functions for galectin-1: galectin-1 inhibits cell fusion by Nipah virus envelope glycoproteins and augments dendritic cell secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:413-20. [PMID: 15972675 PMCID: PMC4428613 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 (gal-1), an endogenous lectin secreted by a variety of cell types, has pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions, including regulation of lymphocyte survival and cytokine secretion in autoimmune, transplant disease, and parasitic infection models. However, the role of gal-1 in viral infections is unknown. Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe, often fatal, febrile encephalitis. The primary targets of NiV are endothelial cells. NiV infection of endothelial cells results in cell-cell fusion and syncytia formation triggered by the fusion (F) and attachment (G) envelope glycoproteins of NiV that bear glycan structures recognized by gal-1. In the present study, we report that NiV envelope-mediated cell-cell fusion is blocked by gal-1. This inhibition is specific to the Paramyxoviridae family because gal-1 did not inhibit fusion triggered by envelope glycoproteins of other viruses, including two retroviruses and a pox virus, but inhibited fusion triggered by envelope glycoproteins of the related Hendra virus and another paramyxovirus. The physiologic dimeric form of gal-1 is required for fusion inhibition because a monomeric gal-1 mutant had no inhibitory effect on cell fusion. gal-1 binds to specific N-glycans on NiV glycoproteins and aberrantly oligomerizes NiV-F and NiV-G, indicating a mechanism for fusion inhibition. gal-1 also increases dendritic cell production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, known to be protective in the setting of other viral diseases such as Ebola infections. Thus, gal-1 may have direct antiviral effects and may also augment the innate immune response against this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest L. Levroney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jennifer A. Fulcher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Luciana Kohatsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Karen E. Pace
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mabel Pang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kevin B. Gurney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Linda G. Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Benhur Lee or Dr. Linda G. Baum, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, 3825 MSB, 609 Charles E. Young Drive East, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095. or
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Benhur Lee or Dr. Linda G. Baum, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, 3825 MSB, 609 Charles E. Young Drive East, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095. or
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Nestle FO, Farkas A, Conrad C. Dendritic-cell-based therapeutic vaccination against cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 17:163-9. [PMID: 15766676 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early clinical trials, in which over 1000 cancer patients received dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, tested different vaccine preparations, but they did not always induce sufficient acquired immunity or meet the expected level of tumor regressions. Current studies aim to improve the DC vaccine approach and capture the potential of these cells in order to gain access to lymphoid tissues and induce strong cell-mediated immunity. DC clinical trials are moving towards a more professional environment, in accordance with the latest quality standards. This explains the current need for innovative well designed trials with defined endpoints that induce robust anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank O Nestle
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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45
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Shankar G, Fourrier MS, Grevenkamp MA, Lodge PA. Validation of the COSTIM bioassay for dendritic cell potency. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 36:285-94. [PMID: 15496321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are increasingly prepared in vitro for use in clinical trials of human disease. Their utility in experimental immunotherapy has driven significant advances in the manufacture of these cells. Thus it has become imperative that, in concert with other quality control measures, a potency test be utilized for the GMP/GLP lot-release of DC products for preclinical and clinical studies. For this purpose we developed a novel method named the 'COSTIM bioassay', which selectively measures co-stimulatory activity, or functional potency of the DCs. In this method, T-cells stimulated with a sub-optimal amount of anti-CD3 antibody are unable to proliferate unless a source of co-stimulation (DCs) is added to the culture. We describe our validation of this method in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Shankar
- Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc., 22322, 20th Avenue SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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46
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Cody V, Shen H, Shlyankevich M, Tigelaar RE, Brandsma JL, Hanlon DJ. Generation of dendritic cells from rabbit bone marrow mononuclear cell cultures supplemented with hGM-CSF and hIL-4. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 103:163-72. [PMID: 15621303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro generation of dendritic cells (DCs) from either blood or bone marrow has been accomplished for humans and a number of other species. This ability has facilitated the opportunity to test the efficacy of DC vaccines in various tumor models. The cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) model is the most clinically relevant animal model for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated carcinogenesis. The CRPV model has been used to test various preventative and therapeutic vaccination strategies, and the availability of rabbit DCs would further expand its utility. However, to date, rabbit DCs have not been phenotypically and/or functionally characterized. Here we show that DCs can be generated in vitro from rabbit bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) cultured in the presence of the human cytokines GM-CSF and IL-4 and matured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These cells show upregulation of MHC class II and CD86, as well as downregulation of CD14, do not have non-specific esterase activity, are able to perform receptor-mediated endocytosis, and are potent stimulators of allogeneic T cell proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reactions. The ability to generate rabbit DCs makes it possible to test the efficacy of DC vaccination in the prevention and treatment of CRPV-induced lesions, which may provide useful preclinical data regarding the use of DC vaccines for HPV-associated lesions, including cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Cody
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, LCI 501, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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47
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Elias M, van Zanten J, Hospers GAP, Setroikromo A, de Jong MA, de Leij LFMH, Mulder NH. Closed system generation of dendritic cells from a single blood volume for clinical application in immunotherapy. J Clin Apher 2005; 20:197-207. [PMID: 15892082 DOI: 10.1002/jca.20054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) used for clinical trials should be processed on a large scale conforming to current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) guidelines. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol for clinical grade generation of immature DC in a closed-system. Aphereses were performed with the Cobe Spectra continuous flow cell separator and material was derived from one volume of blood processed. Optimisation of a 3-phase collection autoPBSC technique significantly improved the quality of the initial mononuclear cell (MNC) product. Monocytes were then enriched from MNC by immunomagnetic depletion of CD19+ B cells and CD2+ T cells and partial depletion of NK cells using the Isolex 300I Magnetic cell selector. The quality of the initial mononuclear cell product was found to determine the outcome of monocyte enrichment. Enriched monocytes were cultured in Opticyte gas-permeable containers using CellGro serum-free medium supplemented with GM-CSF and IL-4 to generate immature DC. A seeding concentration of 1 x 10(6) was found optimal in terms of DC phenotype expression, monocyte percentage in culture, and cell viability. The differentiation pattern favours day 7 for harvest of immature DC. DC recovery, viability, as well as phenotype expression after cryopreservation of immature DC was considered in this study. DC were induced to maturation and evaluated in FACS analysis for phenotype expression and proliferation assays. Mature DC were able to generate an allogeneic T-cell response as well as an anti-CMV response as detected by proliferation assays. These data indicate that the described large-scale GMP-compatible system results in the generation of stable DC derived from one volume of blood processed, which are qualitatively and quantitatively sufficient for clinical application in immunotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elias
- Sanquin Division North East, GG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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48
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Fernández-Ruiz V, González A, López-Moratalla N. Effect of nitric oxide in the differentiation of human monocytes to dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2004; 93:87-95. [PMID: 15134904 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the influence of nitric oxide (NO) in the differentiation of human monocytes to dendritic cells. Human monocytes from healthy donors were differentiated to immature dendritic cells in presence of GM-CSF and IL-4. Maturation of dendritic cells was achieved with GM-CSF and TNF-alpha. Nitric oxide donors (SIN-1, DEA-NO or DETA-NO) were added during differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells and also during dendritic cells maturation. Immature dendritic cells showed a characteristic phenotype CD80+ CD1a+ HLA-DR+ CD86+ CD40+ CD14(low/-), different from adherent monocytes CD80- CD1a- HLA-DR+ CD86+ CD40- CD14++. The addition of SIN-1 the first day of monocyte differentiation reduced cell viability and increased the percentage of apoptotic immature dendritic cells. Peroxynitrite donor, SIN-1, produced more toxic effects than DEA-NO or DETA-NO. An increase in the subpopulation CD1a+ CD80+ HLADR+ of immature dendritic cells was observed when SIN-1 or DEA-NO, but not DETA-NO, was added at the beginning of monocyte culture. There was a significant reduction in the expression of TNF-alpha receptor of mature dendritic cells when SIN-1 and DEA-NO were added together GM-CSF and TNF-alpha at the beginning of maturation. The presence of SIN-1, DEA-NO or DETA-NO in maturation induced an increase of CD83+ cells. These results suggest that nitric oxide affects differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells and this effect depends on the nitric oxide donor used.
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49
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Bohnenkamp HR, Burchell JM, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Noll T. Apoptosis of monocytes and the influence on yield of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Immunol Methods 2004; 294:67-80. [PMID: 15604017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) are currently under extensive evaluation as cell vaccines for cancer treatment. The requirement for large-scale cell products demands optimized and standardized protocols. However, the yield of DCs from inoculated monocytes is reported to be always lower than 50%. In this present study we investigated whether this cell loss was caused by the properties of the starting population of inoculated monocytes. CD14 cells were enriched by immunomagnetic-bead selection and analyzed for apoptosis by an annexin V/propidium iodide assay. We found that 37.8+/-11.1% (n=8) of freshly isolated monocytes from buffy coats of healthy donors underwent programmed cell death. Further analysis of the fate of apoptotic cells during differentiation suggested phagocytosis. Monocytes were differentiated with GM-CSF and interleukin-4 into a viable, non-apoptotic population of immature dendritic cells. Addition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin E2 resulted in fully matured dendritic cells, which were evaluated by phenotypic analysis and by allogeneic and MHC class-I-restricted T-cell responses. About 90.2+/-16.7% of the non-apoptotic monocyte population differentiated to viable matured dendritic cells. These results indicate that the yield of dendritic cells is mainly influenced by the percentage of apoptotic cells in the inoculum, and this has implications for DC generation in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann R Bohnenkamp
- Institute of Biotechnology 2, Research Center Jülich GmbH, Leo-Brandt-Strasse 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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50
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Büchler T, Kovárová L, Musilová R, Bourková L, Ocadlíková D, Buliková A, Hanák L, Michálek J, Hájek R. Generation of dendritic cells using cell culture bags--description of a method and review of literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 9:199-205. [PMID: 15204101 DOI: 10.1080/10245330410001701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer immunotherapy using dendritic cell-based vaccines is a strategy aimed at the induction and maintenance of immune responses against cancer cells. Clinical applications of dendritic cells (DCs) require stringent adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) methods and rigorous standardization of DC-based vaccine preparation. Recently, closed systems for DC culture have been developed with a goal to minimize the risk of contamination. Here, we compare the yield, immunophenotype, and functional properties of DCs generated in Lifecell X-Fold culture bags and in plastic wells, both from adherence-selected monocytes, and review the current literature on closed systems for DC generation. We found that both the overall yield and the yield of CD83+ cells in cell culture bags was lower than in the standard culture method. No statistically significant differences were observed in the expression of DC immunophenotypic markers. The capability of DCs cultured in bags and in wells to induce the proliferation of allogeneic mononuclear cells were equivalent. The performance of DCs in mixed lymphocyte reaction correlated significantly (p = 0.005) with the CD83 expression but not with the CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, CD1a, and CD1c expression. We conclude that the immunophenotype and stimulatory properties of DCs cultured in closed cell culture bags are similar to those generated by conventional method using cell culture wells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Büchler
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Brno, Czech Republic.
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