1
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Ghaffari A, Azad A, Zarei MA, Rassafiani M, Sharif Nia H. Efficacy of Occupational Performance Coaching with and without Four Quadrant Model of Facilitated Learning for mothers of children with specific learning disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2022; 30:101009. [PMID: 36186541 PMCID: PMC9523350 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to academic problems, children with a specific learning disability (SLD) encounter problems with participation in activities outside school. Purpose To investigate the efficacy of Occupational Performance Coaching (OPC) with and without Four Quadrant Model of Facilitated Learning (4QM) in the mothers of children with SLD. Method A single-blinded, parallel-group randomized clinical trial will be carried out. Mothers of children with SLD will constitute the participants and be allocated to experimental (OPC+4QM) and control (OPC alone) groups. Key issues Children's occupational performance and satisfaction, participation in activities outside school, goals attainment, executive function, and academic achievement along with self-efficacy of mothers will be measured in baseline, post-intervention, and one-month follow-up stages. Implications An OPC intervention protocol may improve children's participation in activities outside school and may help clarify whether 4QM promotes maternal empowerment and better results for children with SLD. Trial registration Clinical Trials, IRCT20140416017301N9. (https://en.irct.ir/trial/55842)
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ghaffari
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Azad
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Alizadeh Zarei
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rassafiani
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, Australia
| | - Hamid Sharif Nia
- Department of Nursing, Amol Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Sari, Iran
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2
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Till AC, Florquin R, Delhaye M, Kornreich C, Williams DR, Briganti G. A network perspective on abnormal child behavior in primary school students. Psychol Rep 2022:332941221077907. [PMID: 35331028 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221077907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal child behavior is a complex entity including among others disorders such as ADHD, a neuropsychiatric disorder interfering with the normal development of the child, and combining many comorbidities. There are no specific tools designed to assess abnormal child behavior, although well-known ADHD screening tools such as the CTRS-R:S go beyond the disorder itself and cover the wider construct. This can be understood as the complex system of mutually influencing entities, that is why the aim of this study was to investigate the items of the CTRS-R:S as a psychological network. We analyzed a data set of 525 children in French-speaking primary schools from Belgium, and estimated a Bayesian Gaussian Graphical Model with a Bayes Factor of 30. We identified highly connected nodes from each community of the CTRS-R:S to build an additional network of communities. In the domain network, Oppositional and Cognitive skills share the strongest connection in the network. The 28-item network was overall positively connected albeit the presence of some negative connections. The spinglass algorithm identified eight domains in the CTRS-R:S network that causally influence each other. The network approach is a useful framework to investigate the domains of abnormal child behavior as well as the interplay between individual symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline C Till
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Hôpital Erasme, 26659Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rémi Florquin
- Faculté de Médecine, 26659Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Delhaye
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Hôpital Erasme, 26659Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et Addictologie, 26659Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Giovanni Briganti
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et Addictologie, Faculty of Medicine, 26659Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels; and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Yano K, Shin J, Yasumura A. Brain activity in the prefrontal cortex during cancelation tasks: Effects of the stimulus array. Behav Brain Res 2022; 422:113744. [PMID: 35031385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cancelation tasks have been widely used to neurologically assess selective attention and visual search in various clinical and research settings. However, there is still a lack of evidence regarding the effect of differences in array conditions on brain activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its association with developmental characteristics. This study employed cancelation tasks to investigate the effects of varying array conditions on oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) concentrations. Data from 24 healthy adults were analyzed based on performance during two-block-design type of cancelation tasks with different array conditions (i.e., structured array vs. random array). Performance was assessed based on the number of correct responses, incorrect responses, hit ratios, and performance scores (PS); while PFC activity was examined using near-infrared spectroscopy. In addition, characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were assessed using the ADHD-Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV). Results revealed that the numbers of correct responses and PS were higher in the random array, but there was no difference in the incorrect responses and hit ratio. Similarly, we observed that the oxy-Hb concentration in the PFC significantly increased during the task. Additionally, in the structured array, a significant relationship between task performance and characteristics of ADHD was found but not in the random array. Our results regarding the above-mentioned changes in oxy-Hb concentration suggest that the PFC region is involved in selective attention. We also found that cancelation tasks in a structured array may be useful in evaluating the characteristics of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yano
- Child Development Support Office Lapöale, 9-2-15 Idenakama Minami-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 862-0963, Japan; Graduate School of Social and Cultural Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-40-1 Kurokami Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Jungpil Shin
- Pattern Processing Lab, School of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Aizu, Tsuruga Ikki-machi, Aizu-Wakamatsu City, Fukushima 965-8580, Japan
| | - Akira Yasumura
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-40-1 Kurokami Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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4
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Boshomane TT, Pillay BJ, Meyer A. Mental flexibility (set-shifting) deficits in children with ADHD: A replication and extension study. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2021.1952637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshikani Theodore Boshomane
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Basil Joseph Pillay
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anneke Meyer
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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5
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Kibby MY, Newsham G, Imre Z, Schlak JE. Is executive dysfunction a potential contributor to the comorbidity between basic reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Child Neuropsychol 2021; 27:888-910. [PMID: 33849390 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1908532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our study is one of the few to analyze executive functioning (EF) in a comprehensive, multi-modal fashion as a potential contributor to the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and basic reading disability (RD). We included multiple, traditional, neuropsychological measures of EF, along with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire, to assess inhibit, shift, working memory (WM), planning, generation fluency, and problem-solving. Participants included 263 children, ages 8-12 years, with RD, ADHD, RD/ADHD, and typically developing controls. When using the traditional measures in a 2 × 2 MANCOVA, we found both RD and ADHD had poor cognitive EF in most areas at the group level, with phonological loop deficits being more specific to RD and behavioral regulation deficits being more specific to ADHD. Children with RD/ADHD performed comparably to those with RD and ADHD alone. Results were similar on the BRIEF. In contrast, only WM predicted both basic reading and inattention when the data were assessed in a continuous fashion. It also explained the correlations between basic reading and inattention, being worthy of longitudinal research to determine if it is a shared contributor to RD/ADHD. When comparing hypotheses as to the nature of RD/ADHD, we found the multiple deficit hypothesis was better supported by our EF data than the phenocopy hypothesis or the cognitive subtype hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Kibby
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Genni Newsham
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Zsofia Imre
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer E Schlak
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA
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6
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Magalhães S, Carneiro L, Limpo T, Filipe M. Executive functions predict literacy and mathematics achievements: The unique contribution of cognitive flexibility in grades 2, 4, and 6. Child Neuropsychol 2020; 26:934-952. [PMID: 32200681 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1740188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that cognitive flexibility plays a critical role in students' learning and academic achievement. However, the unique contribution of cognitive flexibility to academic achievement across schooling is not fully understood. Thus, this study tested whether cognitive flexibility explained a significant amount of variance in academic achievement (i.e., literacy and mathematics outcomes) across Grades 2, 4, and 6, above and beyond fluid intelligence, inhibitory control, working memory, attention, and planning. The sample included 243 second graders, 284 fourth graders, and 203 sixth graders. For Grades 4 and 6, we found that better performance on the flexibility score was associated with better academic outcomes after controlling for fluid intelligence, attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and planning. This effect was not observed for Grade 2. Our findings showed that cognitive flexibility is a key component for school achievement, particularly for older students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Magalhães
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Carneiro
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Limpo
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Filipe
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
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Executive Function and Attention Performance in Children with ADHD: Effects of Medication and Comparison with Typically Developing Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203822. [PMID: 31658722 PMCID: PMC6843761 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The emerging literature reports that children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show deficits in executive functioning. To date, the combination of drug therapy with certain evidence-based non-medication interventions has been proven to be the most effective treatment for ADHD. There is a gap in the literature regarding comparing the executive functions (EF) of treatment naïve and medicated children with ADHD with both each other and typically developing children. Altogether, 50 treatment naïve and 50 medicated children with ADHD and 50 typically developing children between the ages of six and 12 were enrolled. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (Mini Kid) and the Test of Attentional Performance for Children (KiTAP) measures were employed. Treatment naïve children with ADHD showed weaker performance on most executive function measures (12 out of 15) than either the medicated ADHD group or the controls. There were no significant differences between the medicated ADHD children and typically developing children in most KiTAP parameters (10 out of 15). Executive function impairments were observable in treatment naïve ADHD children, which draws attention to the importance of treating ADHD. Future studies should focus on the specific effects of stimulant medication on executive functions.
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8
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Luna-Rodriguez A, Wendt M, Kerner Auch Koerner J, Gawrilow C, Jacobsen T. Selective impairment of attentional set shifting in adults with ADHD. Behav Brain Funct 2018; 14:18. [PMID: 30414619 PMCID: PMC6230251 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Task switch protocols are frequently used in the assessment of cognitive control, both in clinical and non-clinical populations. These protocols frequently confound task switch and attentional set shift. The current study investigated the ability of adult ADHD patients to shift attentional set in the context of switching tasks. Method We tested 38 adults with ADHD and 39 control adults with an extensive diagnostic battery and a task switch protocol without proactive interference. The experiment combined orthogonally task-switch vs. repetition, and attentional set shift vs. no shift. Each experimental stimulus had global and local features (Hierarchical/“Navon” stimuli), associated with corresponding attentional sets. Results ADHD patients were slower than controls in task switch trials with a simultaneous shift of attention between global/local attentional sets. This also correlated significantly with diagnostic scales for ADHD symptoms. The patients had more variable reaction times, but when the attentional set was kept constant neither were they significantly slower nor showed higher task switch costs. Conclusion ADHD is associated with a deficit in flexible deployment of attention to varying sources of stimulus information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aquiles Luna-Rodriguez
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mike Wendt
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kerner Auch Koerner
- Educational Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Caterina Gawrilow
- School Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobsen
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Jagger-Rickels AC, Kibby MY, Constance JM. Global gray matter morphometry differences between children with reading disability, ADHD, and comorbid reading disability/ADHD. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 185:54-66. [PMID: 30189332 PMCID: PMC6940023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive, yet disparate, research exists elucidating structural anomalies in individuals with Reading Disability (RD) or ADHD. Despite ADHD and RD being highly comorbid, minimal research has attempted to determine shared patterns of morphometry between these disorders. In addition, there is no published research examining the morphometry of comorbid RD and ADHD (RD/ADHD). Hence, we conducted voxel-based morphometry on the MRI scans of 106 children, ages 8-12 years, with RD, ADHD, or RD/ADHD, and typically developing controls. We found right caudate and superior frontal regions in both RD and ADHD, along with areas specific to RD and to ADHD that are consistent with current theories on these disorders. Perhaps most importantly, we found a potential neurobiological substrate for RD/ADHD. Further, our findings illustrate both shared and specific contributors to RD/ADHD, supporting two current theories on the comorbidity of RD and ADHD, thereby facilitating future work on potential etiologies of RD/ADHD.
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10
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assesses planning skills of adolescents with ADHD using a multi-method assessment and explores subtype differences between inattentive and combined subtypes. METHOD One hundred fifteen adolescents with ADHD and 34 typically developing controls completed subtests of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS), and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). RESULTS No group differences were found on the D-KEFS. The BADS Zoo Map test showed longer completion times in the inattentive than in the combined subtype and controls. The BRIEF showed more planning problems in adolescents with ADHD (both subtypes) than in controls, with the combined subtype showing most problems on overall executive functioning. CONCLUSION Only a proportion of adolescents with ADHD shows planning deficits. To capture these planning problems in adolescents with ADHD, it seems important to use multiple measures of planning, both ratings and "less structured" neurocognitive measures of planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca E Boyer
- 1 University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Autism & ADHD Research Center, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M Geurts
- 1 University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Autism & ADHD Research Center, The Netherlands.,4 Center for Cognitive Science, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Van der Oord
- 1 University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,2 KU Leuven, Belgium.,4 Center for Cognitive Science, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Pila-Nemutandani RG, Meyer A. Behaviour planning and problem solving deficiencies in children with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from the Balobedu culture, Limpopo province, South Africa. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2016; 28:109-21. [DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2016.1200582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Kyeong S, Park S, Cheon KA, Kim JJ, Song DH, Kim E. A New Approach to Investigate the Association between Brain Functional Connectivity and Disease Characteristics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Topological Neuroimaging Data Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137296. [PMID: 26352147 PMCID: PMC4564101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently diagnosed by a diagnostic interview, mainly based on subjective reports from parents or teachers. It is necessary to develop methods that rely on objectively measureable neurobiological data to assess brain-behavior relationship in patients with ADHD. We investigated the application of a topological data analysis tool, Mapper, to analyze the brain functional connectivity data from ADHD patients. Methods To quantify the disease severity using the neuroimaging data, the decomposition of individual functional networks into normal and disease components by the healthy state model (HSM) was performed, and the magnitude of the disease component (MDC) was computed. Topological data analysis using Mapper was performed to distinguish children with ADHD (n = 196) from typically developing controls (TDC) (n = 214). Results In the topological data analysis, the partial clustering results of patients with ADHD and normal subjects were shown in a chain-like graph. In the correlation analysis, the MDC showed a significant increase with lower intelligence scores in TDC. We also found that the rates of comorbidity in ADHD significantly increased when the deviation of the functional connectivity from HSM was large. In addition, a significant correlation between ADHD symptom severity and MDC was found in part of the dataset. Conclusions The application of HSM and topological data analysis methods in assessing the brain functional connectivity seem to be promising tools to quantify ADHD symptom severity and to reveal the hidden relationship between clinical phenotypic variables and brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyon Kyeong
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Mathematical Models, National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonjeong Park
- Division of Mathematical Models, National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Ah Cheon
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Song
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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13
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Antonini TN, Becker SP, Tamm L, Epstein JN. Hot and Cool Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:584-95. [PMID: 26416095 PMCID: PMC4589250 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
While neuropsychological deficits in both "hot" and "cool" executive functions (EFs) have been documented among individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), these EF deficits are not universal across all individuals with this diagnosis. One potential moderator of executive dysfunction may be the presence of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). This study examined the association between "hot" and "cool" EFs and comorbid ODD in children with ADHD. Thirty-three children with ADHD and comorbid ODD (ADHD+ODD), 67 with ADHD without ODD (ADHD-ODD), and 30 typically developing controls participated. Children were 7-12 years of age. "Cool" EFs were assessed with a spatial span task and a card sorting test. "Hot" EFs were assessed using a delay discounting task and a gambling task. ADHD-ODD and ADHD+ODD groups performed more poorly on "cool" EF tasks than controls, but did not differ from each other. Furthermore, the number of ADHD symptoms, but not ODD symptoms, was associated with "cool" EF scores. The three groups did not differ on "hot" EF tasks and the number of ADHD or ODD symptoms was unrelated to "hot" EF scores. In sum, children with ADHD presented with "cool" EF deficits which appear to be unrelated to ODD comorbidity. However, "hot" EF deficits were not present among children with ADHD, irrespective of comorbid ODD status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leanne Tamm
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center,Cincinnati,Ohio
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Vakil E, Lowe M, Goldfus C. Performance of Children With Developmental Dyslexia on Two Skill Learning Tasks-Serial Reaction Time and Tower of Hanoi Puzzle: A Test of the Specific Procedural Learning Difficulties Theory. JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 2015; 48:471-481. [PMID: 24153401 DOI: 10.1177/0022219413508981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Among the various theories proposed to explain developmental dyslexia (DD), the theory of specific procedural learning difficulties has gained certain support and is the framework for the current research. This theory claims that an inability to achieve skill automaticity explains the difficulties experienced by individuals with DD. Previous research on automaticity and DD has exhibited methodological issues such as a failure to test a range of skills. The current study broadens previous findings by delineating various reading skills correlated with several aspects of skill acquisition. Furthermore, the study utilizes two nonverbal tasks that reflect distinct types of skills: Serial Reaction Time (SRT) and the Tower of Hanoi Puzzle (TOHP). A total of 53 children aged 11 to 13 participated in the study, of whom 23 were children with DD and 30 were controls. Participants completed a test battery that consisted of reading tests, the SRT, and the TOHP. Results show no differences in learning rate between individuals with or without DD, although individuals with DD performed both tasks at a slower rate. Correlations were identified between a number of reading measures and measures of skill acquisition, expressed primarily in individuals with DD. Implications are examined in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Vakil
- Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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15
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Lee SE, Kibby MY, Cohen MJ, Stanford L, Park Y, Strickland S. [Formula: see text]Differences in memory functioning between children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and/or focal epilepsy. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 22:979-1000. [PMID: 26156331 PMCID: PMC5051265 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1060955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has shown that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and epilepsy are frequently comorbid and that both disorders are associated with various attention and memory problems. Nonetheless, limited research has been conducted comparing the two disorders in one sample to determine unique versus shared deficits. Hence, we investigated differences in working memory (WM) and short-term and delayed recall between children with ADHD, focal epilepsy of mixed foci, comorbid ADHD/epilepsy and controls. Participants were compared on the Core subtests and the Picture Locations subtest of the Children's Memory Scale (CMS). Results indicated that children with ADHD displayed intact verbal WM and long-term memory (LTM), as well as intact performance on most aspects of short-term memory (STM). They performed worse than controls on Numbers Forward and Picture Locations, suggesting problems with focused attention and simple span for visual-spatial material. Conversely, children with epilepsy displayed poor focused attention and STM regardless of the modality assessed, which affected encoding into LTM. The only loss over time was found for passages (Stories). WM was intact. Children with comorbid ADHD/epilepsy displayed focused attention and STM/LTM problems consistent with both disorders, having the lowest scores across the four groups. Hence, focused attention and visual-spatial span appear to be affected in both disorders, whereas additional STM/encoding problems are specific to epilepsy. Children with comorbid ADHD/epilepsy have deficits consistent with both disorders, with slight additive effects. This study suggests that attention and memory testing should be a regular part of the evaluation of children with epilepsy and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia E. Lee
- Department of Psychology and Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences Southern Illinois University, LSII, Room 281,Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - Michelle Y. Kibby
- Department of Psychology and Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive & Neural Sciences Southern Illinois University, LSII, Room 281,Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - Morris J. Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Children’s Medical Center, 1446 Harper Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Lisa Stanford
- NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children’s Hospital, Considine Professional Building, 215 W. Bowery St., Suite 4400, Akron, OH 44308
| | - Yong Park
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Children’s Medical Center, 1446 Harper Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Suzanne Strickland
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Children’s Medical Center, 1446 Harper Street, Augusta, GA 30912
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Albrecht B, Uebel-von Sandersleben H, Gevensleben H, Rothenberger A. Pathophysiology of ADHD and associated problems-starting points for NF interventions? Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:359. [PMID: 26157377 PMCID: PMC4478393 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by severe and age-inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention. ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder, and the majority of patients show comorbid or associated problems from other psychiatric disorders. Also, ADHD is associated with cognitive and motivational problems as well as resting-state abnormalities, associated with impaired brain activity in distinct neuronal networks. This needs to be considered in a multimodal treatment, of which neurofeedback (NF) may be a promising component. During NF, specific brain activity is fed-back using visual or auditory signals, allowing the participants to gain control over these otherwise unaware neuronal processes. NF may be used to directly improve underlying neuronal deficits, and/or to establish more general self-regulatory skills that may be used to compensate behavioral difficulties. The current manuscript describes pathophysiological characteristics of ADHD, heterogeneity of ADHD subtypes and gender differences, as well as frequently associated behavioral problems such as oppositional defiant/conduct or tic disorder. It is discussed how NF may be helpful as a treatment approach within these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Albrecht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Holger Gevensleben
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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Crippa A, Marzocchi GM, Piroddi C, Besana D, Giribone S, Vio C, Maschietto D, Fornaro E, Repossi S, Sora ML. An Integrated Model of Executive Functioning is Helpful for Understanding ADHD and Associated Disorders. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:455-67. [PMID: 25015583 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714542000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to test the discriminative capacity of executive function (EF) tasks to better define the cognitive functioning of children with ADHD and comorbidities. METHOD One hundred four children were presented with a battery of new EF tasks and a rating scale filled out by parents. RESULTS Preliminary analysis of the neuropsychological tasks revealed the presence of five factors: Speed of Processing, Inhibition, Planning, Execution, and Retrospective Memory. All children with ADHD were impaired in Execution (a measure describing the capacity to achieve a goal). ADHD-only children were specifically impaired in Planning, while ADHD + reading disorder (RD) children were impaired in Speed of Processing and Retrospective Memory. Children with ADHD + oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) did not show impairment in any other EF domains. The five EF processes correlated with the EF Questionnaire. CONCLUSION The present study describes different cognitive profiles in children with ADHD with or without comorbid disorders using neuropsychological EF measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Crippa
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Vio
- Hospital of San Donà di Piave, Venice, Italy
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Johnson AC. Developmental pathways to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorders: Investigating the impact of the stress response on executive functioning. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 36:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Park S, Cho SC, Kim JW, Shin MS, Yoo HJ, Oh SM, Han DH, Cheong JH, Kim BN. Differential perinatal risk factors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by subtype. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219:609-16. [PMID: 24997783 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We compared the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) combined subtype (ADHD-C) to the ADHD inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) in terms of genetic, perinatal, and developmental risk factors as well as clinical and neuropsychological characteristics. A total of 147 children diagnosed with ADHD between the ages of 6 and 15 years participated in this study. The parents of the children completed the structured diagnostic interview, the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, the Children's Behavior Checklist, and structured questionnaires on perinatal risk factors, and the children underwent a neuropsychological test and were genotyped. A total of 502 children without ADHD were recruited from the community as a healthy control group. The ADHD-C children showed more severe externalizing symptoms, showed more deficits in a continuous performance test, and were more likely to have comorbid disorders. Maternal stress during pregnancy, postpartum depression, and changes in the primary caretaker during first 3 years were significantly associated with both ADHD-I and ADHD-C. The ADHD-I group was less likely to have received regular prenatal check-ups and more likely to have had postnatal medical illness than the ADHD-C group. There were no significant differences in the genotype frequencies of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) and the serotonin transporter -linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphisms between ADHD-I and ADHD-C groups. This study shows that the inattentive subtype of ADHD is different from the combined subtype in many parameters including severity of symptoms, comorbidity, neuropsychological characteristics, and environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Churl Cho
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sup Shin
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Yoo
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Min Oh
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Neuropsychological performance of youth with secondary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 6- and 12-months after traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2014; 20:971-81. [PMID: 25489810 PMCID: PMC5010863 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617714000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared executive dysfunction among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called secondary ADHD (S-ADHD), pre-injury ADHD and children with TBI only (i.e., no ADHD). Youth aged 6-16 years admitted for TBI to five trauma centers were enrolled (n=177) and evaluated with a semi-structured psychiatric interview scheduled on three occasions (within 2 weeks of TBI, i.e., baseline assessment for pre-injury status; 6-months and 12-months post-TBI). This permitted the determination of 6- and 12-month post-injury classifications of membership in three mutually exclusive groups (S-ADHD; pre-injury ADHD; TBI-only). Several executive control measures were administered. Unremitted S-ADHD was present in 17/141 (12%) children at the 6-month assessment, and in 14/125 (11%) children at 12-months post-injury. The study found that children with S-ADHD exhibited deficient working memory, attention, and psychomotor speed as compared to children with pre-injury ADHD. Furthermore, the children with S-ADHD and the children with TBI-only were impaired compared to the children with pre-injury ADHD with regard to planning. No group differences related to response inhibition emerged. Age, but not injury severity, gender, or adaptive functioning was related to executive function outcome. Neuropsychological sequelae distinguish among children who develop S-ADHD following TBI and those with TBI only. Moreover, there appears to be a different pattern of executive control performance in those who develop S-ADHD than in children with pre-injury ADHD suggesting that differences exist in the underlying neural mechanisms that define each disorder, underscoring the need to identify targeted treatment interventions.
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Capdevila-Brophy C, Artigas-Pallarés J, Navarro-Pastor JB, García-Nonell K, Rigau-Ratera E, Obiols JE. ADHD predominantly inattentive subtype with high sluggish cognitive tempo: a new clinical entity? J Atten Disord 2014; 18:607-16. [PMID: 22653808 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712445483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors investigate differences in the neuropsychological and behavioral profiles of two groups of children with ADHD, one with predominantly inattentive subtype of ADHD (PI) and high sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT; n = 19) and another formed by the rest of the sample (children with ADHD combined subtype and children with PI and low SCT scores; n = 68). METHOD Instruments included Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and subtests from Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, Conners' Continuous Performance Test, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, and Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6 to 18. RESULTS PI with high SCT had fewer problems with sustained attention, and more internalizing problems, anxiety/depression, and withdrawn/depressed behavior, and more executive problems with self-monitoring than the rest of the ADHD sample. CONCLUSION This study supports revising subtype's criteria and further studying the hypothesis that ADHD with high SCT constitutes a separate clinical entity.
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Mazaheri A, Fassbender C, Coffey-Corina S, Hartanto TA, Schweitzer JB, Mangun GR. Differential oscillatory electroencephalogram between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes and typically developing adolescents. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:422-9. [PMID: 24120092 PMCID: PMC3972379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A neurobiological-based classification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes has thus far remained elusive. The aim of this study was to use oscillatory changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) related to informative cue processing, motor preparation, and top-down control to investigate neurophysiological differences between typically developing (TD) adolescents, and those diagnosed with predominantly inattentive (IA) or combined (CB) (associated with symptoms of inattention as well as impulsivity/hyperactivity) subtypes of ADHD. METHODS The EEG was recorded from 57 rigorously screened adolescents (12 to 17 years of age; 23 TD, 17 IA, and 17 CB), while they performed a cued flanker task. We examined the oscillatory changes in theta (3-5 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), and beta (22-25 Hz) EEG bands after cues that informed participants with which hand they would subsequently be required to respond. RESULTS Relative to TD adolescents, the IA group showed significantly less postcue alpha suppression, suggesting diminished processing of the cue in the visual cortex, whereas the CB group showed significantly less beta suppression at the electrode contralateral to the cued response hand, suggesting poor motor planning. Finally, both ADHD subtypes showed weak functional connectivity between frontal theta and posterior alpha, suggesting common top-down control impairment. CONCLUSIONS We found both distinct and common task-related neurophysiological impairments in ADHD subtypes. Our results suggest that task-induced changes in EEG oscillations provide an objective measure, which in conjunction with other sources of information might help distinguish between ADHD subtypes and therefore aid in diagnoses and evaluation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazaheri
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Catherine Fassbender
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Imaging Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Julie B. Schweitzer
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - George R. Mangun
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Utility of cognitive neuropsychological assessment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:241-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-014-0132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chiang HL, Huang LW, Gau SSF, Shang CY. Associations of symptoms and subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with visuospatial planning ability in youth. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:2986-2995. [PMID: 23811280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about which ADHD core symptom or subtype is most associated with visuospatial planning deficit. This issue was investigated in a sample of 408 youths with current DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD, and 332 youths without lifetime ADHD, aged 8-17 years (mean age 12.02±2.24). All the participants and their mothers were interviewed using the Chinese Kiddie Epidemiologic version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to obtain information about ADHD symptoms and diagnosis and other psychiatric disorders. In addition to clinical assessments, the participants were assessed with the WISC-III and the Stocking of Cambridge task of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Multi-level regression models were used for data analysis. The results showed that univariate analyses revealed that inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity were significantly associated with visuospatial planning, and the magnitude of such association was amplified with increased task difficulties. Only inattention independently predicted visuospatial planning in a model that included all three ADHD symptoms. After further controlling for comorbidity, age of assessment, treatment with methylphenidate, and Full-scale IQ, inattention was still independently associated with visuospatial planning indexed by mean moves needed to solve problems. In subtype comparison, participants with combined subtype and those with prominently inattentive subtype, rather than prominently hyperactivity/impulsivity subtype, had poorer visuospatial planning performance. Our findings indicate that inattention is independently associated with impaired visuospatial planning, and dimensional approach retains the important distinction among ADHD symptoms than subtype approach in understanding the neuropsychological functioning of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Ling Chiang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Qian Y, Shuai L, Chan RCK, Qian QJ, Wang Y. The developmental trajectories of executive function of children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:1434-45. [PMID: 23474996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the developmental trajectories of executive function (EF) of children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Han Chinese. Five hundred and fifteen children and adolescents with ADHD and 249 healthy controls took part in this study. All of them were administered four EF tests capturing inhibition, working memory, shifting and planning components. The participants were further divided into four age groups, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, and 13-15 years old, respectively, for developmental trajectories comparison. The performance of the typical developing children and adolescents aged 7-15 were reported to get stable at age 11-12 for inhibition, working memory and planning, and kept developing till age 13-15 for shifting. For inhibition and shifting, participants with ADHD displayed similar performance to the healthy controls who were 2 years younger whereas they did poorer than the healthy controls of their same age. And at age 13-15, such poorer performance disappeared for inhibition but maintained for shifting. No significant differences were found between participants with and without ADHD in working memory and planning across all age groups. The current findings suggested, compared with healthy controls, Han Chinese children and adolescents with ADHD displayed delayed developmental trajectories on inhibition and shifting, whereas they showed similar trend of development on working memory and planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qian
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Yeniad N, Malda M, Mesman J, van IJzendoorn MH, Pieper S. Shifting ability predicts math and reading performance in children: A meta-analytical study. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Munkvold LH, Manger T, Lundervold AJ. Conners' continuous performance test (CCPT-II) in children with ADHD, ODD, or a combined ADHD/ODD diagnosis. Child Neuropsychol 2012; 20:106-26. [PMID: 23244393 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2012.753997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated if results on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CCPT-II) could discriminate between children with ADHD (n = 59), ODD (n = 10), ADHD+ODD (n = 15), and normal controls (n =160), and how the results are associated with and explained by the intellectual function of the child. The sample was derived from the Bergen Child Study (BCS), a longitudinal, ongoing, population-based study of children's development and mental health. CCPT-II performance did not differentiate between the three diagnostic groups (i.e., ADHD, ODD, and ADHD+ODD). Children with ODD (with or without comorbid ADHD) did not differ from children in the control group on any CCPT-II parameters. Children with ADHD made statistically significant more errors of omissions and showed a more variable response time to targets than the control group. The correlations between CCPT-II measures and IQ were mild to moderate, and there was a statistically significant group difference in IQ: Children with ADHD, and children with ADHD+ODD, obtained lower IQ scores than normal controls. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that IQ, but not diagnostic group status, was significant predictors of CCPT-II performance. CCPT-II performance should be interpreted with caution when assessing ADHD and/or ODD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H Munkvold
- a Department of Psychosocial Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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Nikolas MA, Nigg JT. Neuropsychological performance and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes and symptom dimensions. Neuropsychology 2012; 27:107-20. [PMID: 23148496 DOI: 10.1037/a0030685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characterization of clinical heterogeneity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remains controversial. Neuropsychological and cognitive studies provide one type of validation data, but too often have considered only a narrow range of functional domains. METHOD The current study examined ADHD subtype and presentation differences across a broad range of neurocognitive domains in a large clinically characterized, community-recruited sample of 498 youth (213 control, 107 ADHD-primarily inattentive [ADHD-PI], 137 ADHD-combined [ADHD-C]), ages 6-17 years. Domains assessed included inhibition, working memory, arousal, processing speed, response variability, and temporal information processing. RESULTS Youth with ADHD-C performed worse than youth with ADHD-PI in all domains, consistent with a severity model. Performance among a subgroup with a "restrictive inattentive" presentation indicated potential deficits in processing speed relative to other ADHD-PI youth, but no other effects. When all measures were included in the same model, cognitive control (executive functions, working memory, and memory span), arousal, and response variability each provided uniquely incremental statistical prediction of specific symptom dimensions and of subtype/presentation, but temporal information processing and processing speed did not. CONCLUSION Results suggest the potential to consolidate multiple neurocognitive theories of ADHD, and that such consolidation will apply across putative clinical subtypes or presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Nikolas
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, IA City, IA 52242, USA.
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Sexton CC, Gelhorn HL, Bell JA, Classi PM. The co-occurrence of reading disorder and ADHD: epidemiology, treatment, psychosocial impact, and economic burden. JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 2012; 45:538-564. [PMID: 21757683 DOI: 10.1177/0022219411407772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of reading disorder (RD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has received increasing attention. This review summarizes the epidemiology, treatment strategies, psychosocial impact, and economic burden associated with the co-occurrence of these conditions. Common genetic and neuropsychological deficits may partially explain the high degree of overlap between RD and ADHD. Children who face the additive problems of both disorders are at greater risk for academic failure, psychosocial consequences, and poor long-term outcomes that persist into adulthood. However, few studies have evaluated interventions targeted to this patient population, underscoring the importance of identifying effective multimodal treatments that address the neuropsychological deficits of RD and ADHD through carefully planned clinical research.
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Understanding phonological memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): dissociation of short-term storage and articulatory rehearsal processes. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 40:999-1011. [PMID: 22427246 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-012-9619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The current study dissociated and examined the two primary components of the phonological working memory subsystem--the short-term store and articulatory rehearsal mechanism--in boys with ADHD (n = 18) relative to typically developing boys (n = 15). Word lists of increasing length (2, 4, and 6 words per trial) were presented to and recalled by children following a brief (3 s) interval to assess their phonological short-term storage capacity. Children's ability to utilize the articulatory rehearsal mechanism to actively maintain information in the phonological short-term store was assessed using word lists at their established memory span but with extended rehearsal times (12 s and 21 s delays). Results indicate that both phonological shortterm storage capacity and articulatory rehearsal are impaired or underdeveloped to a significant extent in boys with ADHD relative to typically developing boys, even after controlling for age, SES, IQ, and reading speed. Larger magnitude deficits, however, were apparent in short-term storage capacity (ES = 1.15 to 1.98) relative to articulatory rehearsal (ES = 0.47 to 1.02). These findings are consistent with previous reports of deficient phonological short-term memory in boys with ADHD, and suggest that future attempts to develop remedial cognitive interventions for children with ADHD will need to include active components that require children to hold increasingly more information over longer time intervals.
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Forssman L, Eninger L, Tillman CM, Rodriguez A, Bohlin G. Cognitive functioning and family risk factors in relation to symptom behaviors of ADHD and ODD in adolescents. J Atten Disord 2012; 16:284-94. [PMID: 20978270 DOI: 10.1177/1087054710385065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the authors investigated whether ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) behaviors share associations with problems in cognitive functioning and/or family risk factors in adolescence. This was done by examining independent as well as specific associations of cognitive functioning and family risk factors with ADHD and ODD behaviors. METHOD A sample of 120 adolescents from the general population was assessed on various cognitive tasks. ADHD and ODD behaviors were measured through parental and teacher ratings based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) criteria. Parents and adolescents provided information regarding measures of family risk factors. RESULTS The results show that only cognitive functioning was associated with ADHD behaviors, and family risk factors were, independent of cognitive functioning, associated with ODD behaviors. CONCLUSION These results suggest that cognitive performance bears a specific significance for ADHD behaviors, whereas family risk factors have specific importance for ODD behaviors.
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Pire M, Van Broeck N. Zoom sur les déficits neuropsychologiques du TDA/H : d’une perspective globale à une perspective spécifique. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2012. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.121.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Zoom sur les déficits neuropsychologiques du TDA/H : d’une perspective globale à une perspective spécifique. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2012. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503312001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Humphreys KL, Aguirre VP, Lee SS. Association of anxiety and ODD/CD in children with and without ADHD. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 41:370-7. [PMID: 22420771 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2012.656557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to examine levels of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) in four groups of children: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) only, anxiety only, ADHD and anxiety, and controls (i.e., non-ADHD youth). Although children with ADHD exhibit more ODD and CD than non-ADHD youth, it is unknown if anxiety is associated with increased or decreased ODD and CD in children with ADHD. We examined parent and teacher ratings of ODD and CD from the Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale in 203 school age children (ages 6-9); 70% were male, and 47% were Caucasian. Children were divided into four diagnostic groups based on ADHD and anxiety status from the Diagnostic Interview Scale for Children. According to parents, children with ADHD and anxiety had the highest levels of ODD/CD, followed by children with ADHD only (i.e., without anxiety). Children with anxiety only and controls had lowest ODD and CD scores, and these groups did not differ from each other. The same patterns were found according to teacher report, except that the anxiety only group had significantly lower levels of ODD than non-ADHD controls. Further, combined type ADHD youth with anxiety exhibited the highest levels of ODD and CD compared to all other groups. Comorbid anxiety may strengthen the association of ADHD and ODD/CD, particularly in the combined subtype. We discuss the importance of comorbid anxiety to the development of externalizing problems as well as potential explanatory factors underlying elevated ODD and CD among children with ADHD and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Humphreys
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Rubia K. "Cool" inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus "hot" ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: a review. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:e69-87. [PMID: 21094938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder overlap behaviorally, clinically, and cognitively. An important question of potential future clinical relevance is whether these two overlapping disorders are mediated by similar or distinct underlying brain substrates. This article reviews the modern neuroimaging literature on brain structure, function, and connectivity in both disorders, shaping out commonalities and differences. Findings show that ADHD is characterized predominantly by abnormalities in inferior frontal, striatal, parietotemporal, and cerebellar regions and networks that mediate "cool"-cognitive, i.e., inhibitory, attention and timing functions associated with the disorder. Conduct disorder, by contrast, has consistently been associated with abnormalities of the "hot" paralimbic system that regulates motivation and affect, comprising lateral orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, superior temporal lobes, and underlying limbic structures, most prominently the amygdala. Direct comparisons in functional imaging show that these associations of cool inferior fronto-striato-cerebellar dysfunction in ADHD and of hot orbitofrontal-paralimbic dysfunction in conduct disorder are disorder-specific. There is, hence, evidence for dissociated underlying pathophysiologies for these two disorders that may have implications for future anatomy-based differential diagnosis and prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Rubia
- Department of Child Psychiatry/Medical Research Council Center for Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.
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Di Trani M, Casini MP, Capuzzo F, Gentile S, Bianco G, Menghini D, Vicari S. Executive and intellectual functions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbidity. Brain Dev 2011; 33:462-9. [PMID: 20692779 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent neuropsychological theories have targeted deficient executive functions (EF) as the main characteristic of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but the nature of the neuropsychological deficits remains elusive and findings are heterogeneous. In particular, it is still unclear whether ADHD subtypes and comorbidity affect intellectual and executive functioning, because large variability has been found in different patient populations. Furthermore, the role of IQ in EF deficits in individuals with ADHD has been debated. METHODS The aim of the present research was to study in detail the relationship between EF, ADHD subtypes, and comorbid diagnosis by taking into account the potential role of IQ. For this purpose, 23 children (aged from 5 to 16 years; 20 males and 3 females) with a diagnosis of ADHD were selected. RESULTS Data show no differences between children with different subtypes of ADHD on measures of EF, but they evidence differences on EF measures in children with different comorbidities (internalizing versus externalizing disorder). Namely, compared to the internalizing disorders group, the children with externalizing disorders obtained significantly lower scores on different measures of EF (i.e., verbal working memory and categorical fluency), but these differences were strictly dependent on IQ level. CONCLUSIONS Comorbidity patterns, rather than ADHD subtypes, appear to be more valid for defining the neuropsychological features of the ADHD endophenotype. Moreover, general intelligence seems to play a substantial role in the cognitive processes underling the disorder, especially in relation to externalizing aspects.
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Castel AD, Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Moore AN. Memory capacity, selective control, and value-directed remembering in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychology 2011; 25:15-24. [PMID: 20873928 DOI: 10.1037/a0020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability to select what is important to remember, to attend to this information, and to recall high-value items leads to the efficient use of memory. The present study examined how children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) performed on an incentive-based selectivity task in which to-be-remembered items were worth different point values. METHOD Participants were 6-9 year old children with ADHD (n = 57) and without ADHD (n = 59). Using a selectivity task, participants studied words paired with point values and were asked to maximize their score, which was the overall value of the items they recalled. This task allows for measures of memory capacity and the ability to selectively remember high-value items. RESULTS Although there were no significant between-groups differences in the number of words recalled (memory capacity), children with ADHD were less selective than children in the control group in terms of the value of the items they recalled (control of memory). All children recalled more high-value items than low-value items and showed some learning with task experience, but children with ADHD Combined type did not efficiently maximize memory performance (as measured by a selectivity index) relative to children with ADHD Inattentive type and healthy controls, who did not differ significantly from one another. CONCLUSIONS Children with ADHD Combined type exhibit impairments in the strategic and efficient encoding and recall of high-value items. The findings have implications for theories of memory dysfunction in childhood ADHD and the key role of metacognition, cognitive control, and value-directed remembering when considering the strategic use of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Castel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
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Giannopulu I, Escolano S, Cusin F, Citeau H, Dellatolas G. Teachers' reporting of behavioural problems and cognitive-academic performances in children aged 5-7 years. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 78:127-47. [PMID: 17535517 DOI: 10.1348/000709907x204372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The behavioural and academic performance of young children with teachers' reported hyperactivity, conduct problems or inattention is under debate. AIM This study investigates the associations between teachers' reported behavioural difficulties and academic and cognitive performances in two large samples of preschool and school children in France. SAMPLES AND METHOD: Behavioural data relating to two large samples of preschool (N=475) and first grade (N=465) children were collected from their teachers by means of a questionnaire. A factorial analysis of the questionnaire revealed a four-factor structure ('hyperactivity', 'inattention', 'conduct problems' and 'unsociability') that was similar in both age groups. Cognitive tests were used for each age group. RESULTS Teachers' reporting of 'inattention' was associated with significantly lower performances in all tests in both the preschool and first grade samples. 'Hyperactivity' or 'conduct problems' were not consistently associated with the test results, when the effect of 'inattention' was taken into account. Preschool 'inattention', but not 'hyperactivity' or 'conduct/sociability problems', was related to poor performances at reading tasks in first grade. CONCLUSION These findings question the pathological significance of teachers' report of 'hyperactivity' in young children without associated attention problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Giannopulu
- Inserm U 780, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Villejuif, France, INRETS, MSIS, Arcueil, France.
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Transler C, Eilander A, Mitchell S, van de Meer N. The impact of polyunsaturated fatty acids in reducing child attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. J Atten Disord 2010; 14:232-46. [PMID: 20424008 DOI: 10.1177/1087054709347250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the impact of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in reducing ADHD symptoms in children. METHODS Peer-reviewed experimental literature published from 1980 to Mai 2009 is consulted (Psychinfo, Medline, and resulting reference lists). RESULTS Placebo-controlled studies with ADHD or hyperactive children show no effects on behaviors or cognition when only n-6 (omega-6) PUFA, only docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or n-6 and n-3 (omega-3) short-chain PUFA are supplemented. Yet three out of four studies suggest that a combination of long-chain n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA], and gamma-linolenic acid [GLA]) supplemented daily for 3 to 4 months could lead to a reduction in ADHD symptomatology. Results on cognitive outcomes are inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is too limited to reach definitive conclusions but suggests that research on the impact of long-chain PUFA (n-3 and n-6) should continue with special focus on individual differences (genetic and fatty acid markers), mechanisms (brain imaging), and new enhanced methods of systematic observations of behaviors.
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Willcutt EG, Betjemann RS, McGrath LM, Chhabildas NA, Olson RK, DeFries JC, Pennington BF. Etiology and neuropsychology of comorbidity between RD and ADHD: the case for multiple-deficit models. Cortex 2010; 46:1345-61. [PMID: 20828676 PMCID: PMC2993430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disability (RD) are complex childhood disorders that frequently co-occur, but the etiology of this comorbidity remains unknown. METHOD Participants were 457 twin pairs from the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center (CLDRC) twin study, an ongoing study of the etiology of RD, ADHD, and related disorders. Phenotypic analyses compared groups with and without RD and ADHD on composite measures of six cognitive domains. Twin analyses were then used to test the etiology of the relations between the disorders and any cognitive weaknesses. RESULTS Phenotypic analyses supported the hypothesis that both RD and ADHD arise from multiple cognitive deficits rather than a single primary cognitive deficit. RD was associated independently with weaknesses on measures of phoneme awareness, verbal reasoning, and working memory, whereas ADHD was independently associated with a heritable weakness in inhibitory control. RD and ADHD share a common cognitive deficit in processing speed, and twin analyses indicated that this shared weakness is primarily due to common genetic influences that increase susceptibility to both disorders. CONCLUSIONS Individual differences in processing speed are influenced by genes that also increase risk for RD, ADHD, and their comorbidity. These results suggest that processing speed measures may be useful for future molecular genetic studies of the etiology of comorbidity between RD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Willcutt
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Lemiere J, Wouters H, Sterken C, Lagae L, Sonuga-Barke E, Danckaerts M. Are children with ADHD predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes different in terms of aspects of everyday attention? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 19:679-85. [PMID: 20361222 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-010-0105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The validity of the DSM-IV subtypes is a recurring diagnostic debate in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Laboratory measures, such as the test of everyday attention for children (TEA-Ch) can help us address this question. TEA-Ch is a test battery covering different aspects of everyday attention relating to selective and sustained attention and attentional control. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether this instrument can differentiate between combined (ADHD-C) and inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) of ADHD. Subjects were recruited from a multidisciplinary ADHD outpatient unit and tested free of medication. Sixty-four children with a diagnosis of ADHD were included (38 with ADHD-C; 26 with ADHD-I). The control group was 76 children recruited from primary and secondary schools. Children with ADHD performed worse than controls on 6 out of 9 TEA-Ch subtests. However a regression analysis revealed that TEA-Ch subtests made only a marginal contribution to the correct classification of ADHD, once the effects of IQ and age are controlled. Confirmatory factor analysis in our ADHD group demonstrated that the three factor structure achieved a poor fit. More detailed analysis suggested that inferior performance on the tasks designed to test vigilance was not the result of deficient-sustained attention. ADHD-C and ADHD-I showed very few differences across tasks. In conclusion, our results provided not much support for the value of the ADHD-C and ADHD-I distinction in predicting difficulties in everyday attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Lemiere
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UPC-KULeuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
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Goth-Owens TL, Martinez-Torteya C, Martel MM, Nigg JT. Processing speed weakness in children and adolescents with non-hyperactive but inattentive ADHD (ADD). Child Neuropsychol 2010; 16:577-91. [PMID: 20560083 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2010.485126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
DSM-IV-TR defines ADHD-Predominantly Inattentive as allowing up to five symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity, while theories of the inattentive type usually assume a group that is hypoactive and characterized by processing speed and cognitive interference deficits. In a community-recruited sample of 572 children and adolescents, a pure inattentive subtype of ADHD (ADD) was defined as those who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD-PI but had two or fewer hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. Processing and output speeds of those with ADD were compared to those identified with DSM-IV-TR ADHD combined type and non-ADHD controls. These results were then contrasted with those found when DSM-IV-TR defined ADHD-PI was compared with ADHD-C and controls. Processing and output speed were assessed with the Trailmaking A and B and the Stroop Naming Tests. Cognitive interference control was assessed with the interference score from the Stroop Task. Slower cognitive interference speed was found in the ADD vs. ADHD-C and controls comparisons, but not the ADHD-PI versus ADHD-C and controls comparisons. On output speed measures, ADD exhibited the slowest performance, significantly different from controls and the effect size for the set-shifting speed contrast (Trailmaking B) was double that of the ADHD-PI vs. control comparison. ADHD-Inattentive type as defined by the DSM-IV-TR is a heterogeneous condition with a meaningful proportion of those affected exhibiting virtually no hyperactive/impulsive symptoms. This subgroup may represent a distinct inattentive condition characterized by poor cognitive interference control and slow processing or output speed.
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Bolfer C, Casella EB, Baldo MVC, Mota AM, Tsunemi MH, Pacheco SP, Reed UC. Reaction time assessment in children with ADHD. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2010; 68:282-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2010000200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit, impulsivity and hyperactivity are the cardinal features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but executive function (EF) disorders, as problems with inhibitory control, working memory and reaction time, besides others EFs, may underlie many of the disturbs associated with the disorder. OBJECTIVE: To examine the reaction time in a computerized test in children with ADHD and normal controls. METHOD: Twenty-three boys (aged 9 to 12) with ADHD diagnosis according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, 2000 (DSM-IV) criteria clinical, without comorbidities, Intelligence Quotient (IQ) >89, never treated with stimulant and fifteen normal controls, age matched were investigated during performance on a voluntary attention psychophysical test. RESULTS: Children with ADHD showed reaction time higher than normal controls. CONCLUSION: A slower reaction time occurred in our patients with ADHD. This findings may be related to problems with the attentional system, that could not maintain an adequate capacity of perceptual input processes and/or in motor output processes, to respond consistently during continuous or repetitive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erasmo Barbante Casella
- Israelite Albert Einstein Hospital, Brazil; University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
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Andrade AC, Flores-Mendoza C. Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade: o que nos informa a investigação dimensional? ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (NATAL) 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-294x2010000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Investiga-se o Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH) em contexto escolar adotando a perspectiva dimensional. Participaram 107 crianças com idade média de 12,37 anos. Utilizou-se a Escala de TDAH - versão para professores, uma versão adaptada para pais e tarefas computadorizadas de processamento cognitivo. A prevalência de Hiperatividade pelo relato de professores e pais foi condizente com aquela apontada pela literatura (4,7%). O Déficit de Atenção, avaliado por pais e professores, correlacionou com todas as medidas de processamento de informação. Hiperatividade e Comportamento Anti-social correlacionaram com as medidas de memória de trabalho quando a primeira foi avaliada pelos professores e a segunda pelos pais, refletindo baixa concordância entre o relato de informantes a respeito das dimensões comportamentais do TDAH. Entretanto, as respostas dos professores parecem estar mais de acordo com a literatura. Conclui-se que a perspectiva dimensional de investigação pode fornecer informações relevantes sobre as características demográficas e cognitivas do TDAH.
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Alloway TP, Elliott J, Place M. Investigating the relationship between attention and working memory in clinical and community samples. Child Neuropsychol 2010; 16:242-54. [PMID: 20221932 DOI: 10.1080/09297040903559655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The first aim of the present study was to investigate whether differences in core deficits in ADHD subtypes lead to dissociable working memory profiles. The second aim was to compare the working memory profiles of inattentive students with those identified as having poor working memory, as they exhibit very similar behavioral profiles. Finally, the relationship between working memory and academic attainment in these groups were also of interest. Four groups of 9-year-olds were recruited: a community sample of children with inattentive symptoms, a clinically diagnosed group of children with ADHD-Combined, children with low working memory, and a healthy comparison group. They were assessed on measures of working memory, IQ, academic attainment, and sustained attention. The findings indicated that the combined and inattentive subtypes could not be distinguished on the basis of their working memory profile. In contrast, those with inattentive symptoms did better on the short-term memory tasks than the low working memory group. The majority of all three atypical groups performed very poorly in reading and math. This pattern can be interpreted as reflecting the link between working memory and academic attainment, even in those with attention problems.
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Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, Mohammad AM, Scott S, Brammer M. Disorder-specific inferior prefrontal hypofunction in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with pure conduct disorder during cognitive flexibility. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 31:1823-33. [PMID: 20205245 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problems with cognitive flexibility have been observed in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in patients with conduct disorder (CD), characterized by the violation of societal rules and the rights of others. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of cognitive switching, however, has only been investigated in patients with ADHD, including comorbidity with CD, finding frontostriatal and temporoparietal underactivation. This study investigates disorder-specific functional abnormalities during cognitive flexibility between medication-naïve children and adolescents with noncomorbid CD and those with noncomorbid ADHD compared to healthy controls. METHODS Event-related fMRI was used to compare brain activation of 14 boys with noncomorbid, childhood-onset CD, 14 boys with noncomorbid ADHD, and 20 healthy comparison boys during a visual-spatial Switch task. RESULTS Behaviorally, children with ADHD compared to children with CD had significantly slower reaction times to switch compared to repeat trials. The fMRI comparison showed that the patients with ADHD compared to both controls and patients with CD showed underactivation in right and left inferior prefrontal cortex. No disorder-specific brain underactivation was observed in patients with CD. Only when compared with controls alone, the disruptive behavior group showed reduced activation in bilateral temporoparietal and occipital brain regions. CONCLUSIONS The findings extend previous evidence for disorder-specific underactivation in patients with ADHD compared to patients with CD in inferior prefrontal cortex during tasks of inhibitory control to the domain of cognitive flexibility. Inferior prefrontal underactivation thus appears to be a disorder-specific neurofunctional biomarker for ADHD when compared with patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Rubia
- Department of Child Psychiatry, MRC Center for Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
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Walshaw PD, Alloy LB, Sabb FW. Executive function in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: in search of distinct phenotypic profiles. Neuropsychol Rev 2010; 20:103-20. [PMID: 20165924 PMCID: PMC2834768 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-009-9126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Often, there is diagnostic confusion between bipolar disorder (BD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in youth due to similar behavioral presentations. Both disorders have been implicated as having abnormal functioning in the prefrontal cortex; however, there may be subtle differences in the manner in which the prefrontal cortex functions in each disorder that could assist in their differentiation. Executive function is a construct thought to be a behavioral analogy to prefrontal cortex functioning. We provide a qualitative review of the literature on performance on executive function tasks for BD and ADHD in order to determine differences in task performance and neurocognitive profile. Our review found primary differences in executive function in the areas of interference control, working memory, planning, cognitive flexibility, and fluency. These differences may begin to establish a pediatric BD profile that provides a more objective means of differential diagnosis between BD and ADHD when they are not reliably distinguished by clinical diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D Walshaw
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Alderson RM, Rapport MD, Hudec KL, Sarver DE, Kofler MJ. Competing Core Processes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Do Working Memory Deficiencies Underlie Behavioral Inhibition Deficits? JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 38:497-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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de Jong CGW, Van De Voorde S, Roeyers H, Raymaekers R, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA. How distinctive are ADHD and RD? Results of a double dissociation study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 37:1007-17. [PMID: 19488850 PMCID: PMC2734255 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the comorbidity between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Reading Disability (RD) was examined using a double dissociation design. Children were between 8 and 12 years of age and entered into four groups: ADHD only (n = 24), ADHD+RD (n = 29), RD only (n = 41) and normal controls (n = 26). In total, 120 children participated in the study; 38 girls and 82 boys. Both ADHD and RD were associated with impairments in inhibition and lexical decision, although inhibition and lexical decision were more severely impaired in RD than in ADHD. Visuospatial working memory deficits were specific to children with only ADHD. It is concluded that there was overlap on lexical decision and to a lesser extent on inhibition between ADHD and RD. In ADHD, impairments were dependent on IQ, which suggest that the overlap in lexical decision and inhibition is different in origin for ADHD and RD. The ADHD only group was specifically characterized by deficits in visuospatial working memory. Hence, no double dissociation between ADHD and RD was found on executive functioning and lexical decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christien G W de Jong
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gillberg IC, Billstedt E, Wentz E, Anckarsäter H, Råstam M, Gillberg C. Attention, executive functions, and mentalizing in anorexia nervosa eighteen years after onset of eating disorder. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2009; 32:358-65. [PMID: 19856232 DOI: 10.1080/13803390903066857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prospective study of attention, executive functions, and mentalizing abilities in a representative sample of teenage-onset anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD A total of 51 AN cases recruited after community screening were contrasted with 51 matched comparison cases 18 years after AN onset. Neuropsychological tests had been done at 21, 24, and 32 years (18 years after AN onset). RESULTS The AN-group had more attention, executive function, and mentalizing problems. Some of these problems had been present at all three follow-up occasions. CONCLUSIONS AN is associated with a range of neuropsychological problems that are present long after the eating disorder per se is no longer an important feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Carina Gillberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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