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Jinzaki M, Silverman SG, Akita H, Mikami S, Oya M. Diagnosis of Renal Angiomyolipomas: Classic, Fat-Poor, and Epithelioid Types. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2016; 38:37-46. [PMID: 28237279 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing discovery of small renal masses with cross-sectional imaging, there has been the concomitant rise in their treatment. With the intent of early curative surgery for a presumed renal cell carcinoma, many renal masses are being resected at surgery without a confirmed diagnosis. Many of them are benign, and some are angiomyolipomas. The diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma using imaging is, therefore, is as important as ever. Although most, if not all angiomyolipomas with abundant fat are diagnosed readily, some have too little fat to be detected with imaging. This article reviews the current classification, imaging pitfalls, and diagnosis of angiomyolipoma with an emphasis on the fat-poor types. Proper imaging technique, a thorough search for fat, and the appropriate use of percutanoeus biopsy are all needed to eliminate the unnecessary treatment of these benign neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Hirotaka Akita
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Mikami
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The presence of fat in a renal mass is almost pathognomonic of angiomyolipoma. We report a rare instance of CT demonstration of foci of fat density in a renal cell carcinoma.
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Jinzaki M, Silverman SG, Akita H, Nagashima Y, Mikami S, Oya M. Renal angiomyolipoma: a radiological classification and update on recent developments in diagnosis and management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 39:588-604. [PMID: 24504542 PMCID: PMC4040184 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-014-0083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Angiomyolipoma is the most common benign solid renal neoplasm observed in clinical practice. Once thought to be a hamartoma and almost always diagnosed by the imaged-based detection of fat, angiomyolipomas are now known to consist of a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. Although all are considered perivascular epithelioid cell tumors, many display different pathology, imaging features, and clinical behavior. The importance of understanding this group of neoplasms is emphasized by the fact that many types of angiomyolipoma contain little to no fat, and despite being benign, sometimes escape a pre-operative diagnosis. These types of angiomyolipomas can all be considered when encountering a renal mass that is both hyperattenuating relative to renal parenchyma on unenhanced CT and T2-hypointense, features that reflect their predominant smooth muscle component. We review recent developments and provide a radiological classification of angiomyolipomas that helps physicians understand the various types and learn how to both diagnose and manage them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan,
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Jinzaki M, Silverman SG, Akita H, Nagashima Y, Mikami S, Oya M. Renal angiomyolipoma: a radiological classification and update on recent developments in diagnosis and management. ABDOMINAL IMAGING 2014. [PMID: 24504542 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-014-0083-3.pubmedpmid:24504542;pubmedcentralpmcid:pmc4040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Angiomyolipoma is the most common benign solid renal neoplasm observed in clinical practice. Once thought to be a hamartoma and almost always diagnosed by the imaged-based detection of fat, angiomyolipomas are now known to consist of a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. Although all are considered perivascular epithelioid cell tumors, many display different pathology, imaging features, and clinical behavior. The importance of understanding this group of neoplasms is emphasized by the fact that many types of angiomyolipoma contain little to no fat, and despite being benign, sometimes escape a pre-operative diagnosis. These types of angiomyolipomas can all be considered when encountering a renal mass that is both hyperattenuating relative to renal parenchyma on unenhanced CT and T2-hypointense, features that reflect their predominant smooth muscle component. We review recent developments and provide a radiological classification of angiomyolipomas that helps physicians understand the various types and learn how to both diagnose and manage them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan,
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Gaikwad AB, Madathil MB, Kothari AS. Giant renal angiomyolipoma with fatal hemorrhage due to a large pseudoaneurysm. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2008; 36:174-6. [PMID: 17636505 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of giant renal angiomyolipoma (AML) with a large pseudoaneurysm causing fatal hemorrhage. A 60-year-old woman presented with right-sided abdominal pain. Sonographic examination revealed a large hyperechoic renal mass. CT examination of the abdomen revealed a 15-cm AML of the right kidney with a large hemorrhagic area within it. Subsequent color Doppler examination revealed a 2.9-cm pseudoaneurysm arising from the upper segmental branch of the right renal artery. The patient, who was about to undergo transcatheter embolization of the pseudoaneurysm, died from cardio-respiratory arrest. The autopsy findings confirmed a large right renal AML containing a thrombosed pseudoaneurysm and a large perinephric hematoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand B Gaikwad
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical Trust Hospital, M.G. Road, Kochi 682016, India
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Silverman SG, Mortele KJ, Tuncali K, Jinzaki M, Cibas ES. Hyperattenuating renal masses: etiologies, pathogenesis, and imaging evaluation. Radiographics 2007; 27:1131-43. [PMID: 17620471 DOI: 10.1148/rg.274065147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Some renal masses have higher attenuation than the surrounding renal parenchyma at computed tomography (CT). Their hyperattenuation is usually the result of proteinaceous fluid or densely packed cells. Most hyperattenuating renal masses are benign hemorrhagic or proteinaceous cysts. However, solid enhancing hyperattenuating renal masses may have malignant as well as benign causes. Possible malignant causes include renal cell carcinoma and lymphoma; benign causes include angiomyolipoma with minimal fat. It is important to identify the cause of a hyperattenuating renal mass so as to avoid unnecessary surgical resection or ablation. CT may be useful for diagnosing benign hyperattenuating renal cysts, hematomas, and vascular anomalies that appear masslike. However, some solid, enhancing, hyperattenuating masses cannot be diagnosed confidently with CT alone: Small (< or = 3-cm-diameter), homogeneously enhancing, hyperattenuating renal masses depicted on CT images may be either benign angiomyolipomas with minimal fat or renal cell carcinomas. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be helpful for differentiating between angiomyolipomas with minimal fat and clear cell renal cell carcinomas; however, differentiation between angiomyolipomas with minimal fat and papillary renal cell carcinomas often is not possible on the basis of MR imaging. In such cases, a percutaneous biopsy may be useful for diagnosis. If the results of MR imaging and percutaneous biopsy are not definitive, surgery is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Silverman
- Division of Abdominal Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
There is a large range of benign and malignant renal neoplasms. This article lists the most benign, indeterminate and malignant renal tumours that occur during infancy and childhood. It briefly describes the most important entities, including their imaging features, and important complications. Differential diagnosis and pitfalls are discussed, and a brief suggestion for a standardised imaging algorithm is proposed. Although modern imaging techniques, including colour Doppler sonography, helical or multidetector CT, and MR have significantly improved imaging potential, the definite diagnosis on tumour entity still is established only by histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Riccabona
- Division of Paediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Graz, Auenbruggerplatz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
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Abstract
This is a case report of 2 patients with previously resected renal cell carcinoma who present with unusual fatty lesions that proved to be metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia M Muram
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Miyake H, Hori Y, Dono S, Mori H. Low attenuation intratumoral matrix: CT and pathologic correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2000; 24:761-72. [PMID: 11045700 DOI: 10.1097/00004728-200009000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse low attenuation lesions on CT scans are caused by various pathologic conditions, especially differences of the intratumoral matrix. Low attenuation on CT scans was more defined than fat density and less than muscle density, the so-called near water density. We present representative cases of low attenuation lesions in correlation with their pathologic features. Intratumoral matrix showing diffuse low attenuation on CT was classified into eight groups: fatty degeneration/fatty metamorphosis, intracellular high lipid content, large amounts of lipid-laden macrophages, mucin-producing tumor, myxoid degeneration/myxoid matriX, massive necrosis, true cystic growth of the neoplasm, and massive edema. Lesions with fatty degeneration or intracellular high lipid content could be shown as negative CT attenuation. Knowledge of the neoplasms or disease processes that tend to have such pathology will lead to correct interpretation of CT scans of various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miyake
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Informatics Center, Oita Medical University, Hasama-machi, Japan.
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Strouse PJ. PEDIATRIC RENAL NEOPLASMS. Radiol Clin North Am 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Castoldi MC, Dellafiore L, Renne G, Schiaffino E, Casolo F. CT demonstration of liquid intratumoral fat layering in a necrotic renal cell carcinoma. ABDOMINAL IMAGING 1995; 20:483-5. [PMID: 7580792 DOI: 10.1007/bf01213279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe a case of clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the kidney with CT evidence of fat that contradicts the rule that radiologically demonstrable fat is absent in renal carcinoma. The cyst-like appearance, egg-shell parietal calcifications, and extrarenal development of the mass suggested a preoperatively incorrect diagnosis of teratoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Castoldi
- Department of Radiology, Ospedale S. Carlo Borromeo, Milano, Italy
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Abstract
Angiomyolipomas were found in 42 kidneys in 23 female and 8 male patients at our medical center. Angiomyolipoma was diagnosed by computerized tomography (CT) alone in 55% of the cases, and by a combination of ultrasound and CT in 36%. Nine of 11 patients with bilateral angiomyolipoma had associated tuberous sclerosis. Treatment consisted of observation in 22 patients, selective arterial embolization in 6, partial nephrectomy in 6 and nephrectomy in 8. A total of 17 patients who were observed had tumors smaller than 4 cm. and 4 h had angiomyolipoma of 4 to 10 cm. With a mean followup of 3.8 years, no observation patient had subsequent renal hemorrhage and only 1 (tumor larger than 10 cm.) had radiographic progression. Despite progression, the latter patient remained asymptomatic for 18 years. Selective arterial embolization (3 tumors 4 to 10 cm. and 3 larger than 10 cm.) resulted in preservation of renal function at a mean of 1 year. All patients treated with partial nephrectomy (6 tumors 4 to 10 cm.) maintained stable renal function without recurrence during a mean 4.7-year followup. Similarly, all individuals who underwent nephrectomy (4 tumors smaller than 4 cm., 3 tumors 4 to 10 cm. and 1 tumor larger than 10 cm.) have stable renal function. We recommend renal conservation for patients with renal angiomyolipoma using a strategy of observation for small asymptomatic tumors, partial nephrectomy for moderate size tumors and selective arterial embolization of large tumors not amenable to partial nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kennelly
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
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Abstract
AML is a benign renal tumor composed of variable quantities of mature vascular, smooth muscle and fatty elements. They occur as an isolated finding, classically in middle-aged females, or in association with tuberous sclerosis. When symptomatic, they typically present with flank pain secondary to hemorrhage. CT is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice. The diagnosis can usually be made based on the recognition of fat within the lesion. When discovered, asymptomatic lesions are generally monitored by follow-up imaging studies, and if they remain stable, no intervention is required. Arterial embolization has become the recommended treatment of choice in some instances, particularly in cases with associated hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Summers
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Reading Hospital and Medical Center, PA 19603, USA
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Williams MA, Schropp KP, Noe HN. Fat containing renal mass in childhood: a case report of teratoid Wilms tumor. J Urol 1994; 151:1662-3. [PMID: 8189593 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Renal masses in childhood rarely contain adipose tissue as a major component. We report a case of teratoid Wilms tumor, an atypical variant of nephroblastoma, in which bilateral renal masses were found on computerized tomography to have a high fat content. Previously reported cases have had clinical characteristics in common with our case. However, our patient died of metastatic disease, which to our knowledge has not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Williams
- LeBonheur Children's Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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17
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Castillo M, Casillas J. CT appearance of giant renal angiomyolipoma. COMPUTERIZED RADIOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY SOCIETY 1987; 11:49-52. [PMID: 3581815 DOI: 10.1016/0730-4862(87)90029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal angiomyolipomas are rare benign tumors readily identified by computed tomography due to their high fat content. When they attain giant proportions other fatty neoplasms, specifically liposarcomas, cannot be excluded based on the radiographic findings. A case in which a notch defect in the lateral border of the kidney was the single most important clue as to the intrarenal origin of the mass and led to the correct pre-operative diagnosis is presented.
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Dieckmann KP, Hamm B, Pickartz H, Jonas D, Bauer HW. Adrenal myelolipoma: clinical, radiologic, and histologic features. Urology 1987; 29:1-8. [PMID: 3541345 DOI: 10.1016/0090-4295(87)90587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal myelolipoma is a benign, endocrinologically inactive tumor whose histologic structure consists of mature adipose tissue with foci of hematopoietic cells. A case is presented of a seventy-one-year-old woman in whom the diagnosis was established preoperatively by means of sonography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance tomography. In a review of the literature, the radiologic profile is discussed, and based on the analysis of 59 surgically treated cases a therapy recommendation is given.
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Kumar R, Amparo EG, David R, Fagan CJ, Morettin LB. Adult Wilms' tumor: clinical and radiographic features. UROLOGIC RADIOLOGY 1984; 6:164-9. [PMID: 6083649 DOI: 10.1007/bf02923717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The clinical and radiographic features of Wilms' tumor in 4 adult patients are described. Wilms' tumors in adults are usually bulky and contain numerous areas of necrosis and hemorrhage, imparting a complex appearance to the lesion on sonography and computed tomography. Angiography reveals the tumor to be hypovascular with some neovascularity. No specific features of the lesion differentiate it from hypernephroma. In contrast to the childhood variety, Wilms' tumors in adults have ill-defined margins and frequently extend into the retroperitoneum. Their treatment is the subject of debate and prognosis is poor.
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20
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Dunnick NR, Korobkin M. Computed Tomography of the Kidney. Radiol Clin North Am 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)01155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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21
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Seaman WB. The case of the renal hamartoma. HOSPITAL PRACTICE (HOSPITAL ED.) 1982; 17:100-1. [PMID: 7201961 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.1982.11702334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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