Gastrointestinal motor dysfunction, symptoms, and neuropathy in noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus

Prevalence of gastroparesis symptoms and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in West Bank in Palestine: a national cross-sectional study

Introduction

Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) is defined as delayed gastric emptying without any mechanical obstruction in diabetic patients.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study using an Arabic-validated translated version of the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI). A total of 3,542 diabetic patients were interviewed, of whom 91.6% were finally included in the analysis.

Results

DGP symptoms were present in 14.5% of the study population, of which 10.2% had a GCSI score of severe disease. Further analysis of individuals with GCSI scores≥1.9 (14.5%; 470) revealed that 50.8% of them visited a doctor at least once, and 18% had been hospitalized due to DGP symptoms. However, only nine patients (1.9%) were diagnosed with DGP. The most common symptoms were stomach fullness and early satiety. The binary regression model showed that DGP symptoms were more likely to occur in patients who had diabetes for >10 years and glycosylated hemoglobin >9. Furthermore, the model revealed that females were at a higher risk of developing DGP.

Discussion

This was the first study in Palestine on DGP, which showed that the condition is underdiagnosed. This is not only because of the unavailability of standard diagnostic methods but also due to the under appreciation of gastrointestinal complaints in diabetic patients.

Ineffective esophageal motility is associated with diabetes mellitus end organ complications

BACKGROUND

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is known to induce a wide range of harmful effects on several organs, notably leading to ineffective esophageal motility (IEM). However, the relationship between DM and IEM is not fully elucidated. We aimed to determine the relationship between DM and IEM and to evaluate the impact of DM's end organ complications on IEM severity.

METHODS

A multicenter cohort study of consecutive patients undergoing high-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) was performed. We reviewed medical records of patients diagnosed with IEM using HREM, encompassing data on demographics, DM history, antidiabetic and other medications as well as comorbidities.

KEY RESULTS

Two hundred and forty six subjects met the inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in any of the HREM parameters between diabetics and nondiabetics. Out of 246 patients, 92 were diabetics. Diabetics with neuropathy presented a significantly lower distal contractile integral (DCI) value compared to those without neuropathy (248.2 ± 226.7 mmHg·cm·sec vs. 375.6 ± 232.4 mmHg·cm·sec; p = 0.02) Similarly, the DCI was lower in diabetics with retinopathy compared to those without retinopathy (199.9 ± 123.1 mmHg·cm·sec vs. 335.4 ± 251.7 mmHg·cm·sec; p = 0.041). Additionally, a significant difference was observed in DCI values among DM patients with ≥2 comorbidities compared to those without comorbidities (224.8 ± 161.0 mmHg·cm·sec vs. 394.2 ± 243.6 mmHg·cm·sec; p = 0.025). Around 12.6% of the variation in DCI could be explained by its linear relationship with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), with a regression coefficient (β) of -55.3.

CONCLUSION & INFERENCES

DM is significantly associated with IEM in patients with neuropathy, retinopathy, or multiple comorbidities. These results are pivotal for tailoring patient-specific management approaches.

Factors Associated With Delayed Gastric Emptying in Symptomatic Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study

Background Gastroparesis, characterized by delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction, is a significant complication, especially in diabetic individuals. It manifests through symptoms such as abdominal bloating, feelings of fullness, and pain. This study investigates the prevalence of gastroparesis among non-diabetic and diabetic patients, exploring associations with demographic data, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels, and symptoms. Methodology This retrospective, observational, cohort study included patients with gastroparesis symptoms who underwent a nuclear gastric emptying study from January 2021 to April 2023. The study analyzed demographic data, symptoms, and HbA1c levels to identify correlations with delayed gastric emptying. Results Of 157 patients, 34.4% exhibited delayed gastric emptying. Diabetic patients comprised 29.3% of the sample, with a notable disease duration of over 10 years in 77.3% of cases. Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and early satiety were prevalent, with significant associations between delayed emptying and female gender, higher HbA1c, and vomiting. Conclusions Delayed gastric emptying is significantly associated with female gender, elevated HbA1c levels, and when vomiting is the presenting symptom. Highlighting the importance of awareness among healthcare providers and the community, the findings encourage collaborative efforts for further gastroparesis research to better understand the predictive factors and mechanisms.

Determinants of gastric residual volume before elective surgery in diabetic patients: An observational study

Background

We investigated factors affecting the low- and high-risk groups for aspiration by measuring gastric volume with ultrasound in diabetic patients who fasted for elective surgery.

Methods

The study was conducted as an observational study. Sixty-five patients scheduled for elective surgery, aged 18-86 years, with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores II-III, and who have diabetes were included after local ethics committee approval. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Demographic data of cases were recorded. Patients whose gastric residual volume (GRV) was calculated using the pupils equal, round, reactive to light, and accommodation (PERLA) formula following gastric antrum measurement in the right lateral decubitus and supine position by ultrasound were categorized as low or high risk for aspiration.

Results

Thirty-one patients were in the low-risk group, and 34 patients were in the high-risk group. Sex, weight, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values, and duration of diabetes were not statistically significant (p > 0.5). Age (p = 0.006) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p = 0.005) were statistically significant. The risk of aspiration decreases with age. Hyperglycemia is related to delayed gastric emptying and a high risk for aspiration. The duration of fasting, GRV, and cross-sectional area (CSA) were statistically significant (p = 0.017, p = 0.000, and p = 0.000, respectively).

Conclusion

Gastric emptying might be delayed in diabetic patients resulting in a high risk for aspiration pneumonia. The risk of aspiration increases in young diabetic patients, and preoperative FBG measurements can provide an idea about gastric emptying in diabetic patients. Gastric ultrasound (USG) may contribute to guidelines for determining more appropriate fasting times for other patient populations, such as obese, pregnant, or child patients.

Risk factors and 26-years worldwide prevalence of endoscopic erosive esophagitis from 1997 to 2022: a meta-analysis

Erosive esophagitis (EE) is the part of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) spectrum and may progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Due to its progressivity and unclear prevalence, we aim to identify the factors contributing in EE to decide the need for further examination. We performed a PRISMA 2020-based systematic search through PubMed and other resources up to June 2, 2022. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The odds ratio (OR) of each factor and worldwide prevalence of EE were measured. There are 114 observational studies included with a total of 759,100 participants. Out of 29 factors, the significant risk factors are age ≥ 60 y.o. (OR 2.03 [1.81-2.28]), White/Caucasian (OR 1.67 [1.40-1.99]), unmarried (OR 1.08 [1.03-1.14]), having GERD ≥ 5 years (OR 1.27 [1.14-1.42]), general obesity (OR 1.78 [1.61-1.98]), central obesity (OR 1.29 [1.18-1.42]), diabetes mellitus (DM) (OR 1.24 [1.17-1.32]), hypertension (OR 1.16 [1.09-1.23]), dyslipidemia (OR 1.15 [1.06-1.24]), hypertriglyceridemia (OR 1.42 [1.29-1.57]), hiatal hernia (HH) (OR 4.07 [3.21-5.17]), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (OR 1.26 [1.18-1.34]). However, H. pylori infection (OR 0.56 [0.48-0.66]) and atrophic gastritis (OR 0.51 [0.31-0.86]) are protective towards EE. This study demonstrates that age, ethnicity, unmarried, long-term GERD, metabolic diseases, HH, and NAFLD act as risk factors for EE, whereas H. pylori infection and atrophic gastritis act as protective factors. These findings may enable a better understanding of EE and increase greater awareness to address its growing burden.

Case Report: Repeated esophageal obstruction in a patient with type 3C diabetes mellitus

Although diabetic neuropathy is a well-known cause of gastrointestinal motility disorders, it is rare that diabetic neuropathy brings about esophageal obstruction. Here, we report a case with Type 3C diabetes mellitus (DM) lasting over 15 years and repeated esophageal obstruction resulting in chicken-meat-induced esophageal obstruction and candidiasis. This case highlights the importance of management of DM to prevent the development of complications such as diabetic neuropathy and associated symptoms.

Inter-relationships between gastric emptying and glycaemia: Implications for clinical practice

Gastric emptying (GE) exhibits a wide inter-individual variation and is a major determinant of postprandial glycaemia in health and diabetes; the rise in blood glucose following oral carbohydrate is greater when GE is relatively more rapid and more sustained when glucose tolerance is impaired. Conversely, GE is influenced by the acute glycaemic environment acute hyperglycaemia slows, while acute hypoglycaemia accelerates it. Delayed GE (gastroparesis) occurs frequently in diabetes and critical illness. In diabetes, this poses challenges for management, particularly in hospitalised individuals and/or those using insulin. In critical illness it compromises the delivery of nutrition and increases the risk of regurgitation and aspiration with consequent lung dysfunction and ventilator dependence. Substantial advances in knowledge relating to GE, which is now recognised as a major determinant of the magnitude of the rise in blood glucose after a meal in both health and diabetes and, the impact of acute glycaemic environment on the rate of GE have been made and the use of gut-based therapies such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, which may profoundly impact GE, in the management of type 2 diabetes, has become commonplace. This necessitates an increased understanding of the complex inter-relationships of GE with glycaemia, its implications in hospitalised patients and the relevance of dysglycaemia and its management, particularly in critical illness. Current approaches to management of gastroparesis to achieve more personalised diabetes care, relevant to clinical practice, is detailed. Further studies focusing on the interactions of medications affecting GE and the glycaemic environment in hospitalised patients, are required.

Relationship Between Esophageal Motility Disorders and Autonomic Nervous System in Diabetic Patients: Pilot North African Study

Little attention has been given to esophageal disorders in diabetes mellitus. Pathophysiology of esophageal motility disorders (EMD) in patients with diabetes mellitus is multifactorial. The aims of the present study were: (a) to evaluate the prevalence of EMD in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and (b) to determine the relationship between EMD and autonomic neuropathy as assessed by heart rate variability (HRV). All the patients completed a questionnaire about diabetes characteristics and gastrointestinal symptoms. Conventional esophageal manometry was performed in all patients. HRV was measured in three different situations (Lying Position 1, standing position, and Lying Position 2). The temporal and frequency domain parameters were considered for analysis. The prevalence of EMD in our patients was 60.5% (n = 23). Low score physical activity was significantly more frequent in patients with EMD (p = .03). There was an increase in sympathetic activity represented by the low frequency (LF) parameter (p = .027) in the presence of EMD. Whereas parasympathetic modulation of heart rate represented by the high frequency (HF) parameter (p = .027) was declined in patients with EMD compared to those without. The LF/HF ratio was significantly higher (p = .002) in patients with EMD. EMD were prevalent in diabetes mellitus and were associated to autonomic nervous system dysfunction predominantly at the parasympathetic component.

Effect of Paroxetine Combined with Probiotics in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Liver Cancer

BACKGROUND

To explore the effect of paroxetine combined with probiotics in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with gastrointestinal dysfunction and liver cancer and its effect on nutritional status.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

96 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with gastrointestinal dysfunction and liver cancer were selected as subjects from March 2018 to March 2021. They were randomly divided into control group and observation group, with 48 cases in each group. The control group was treated with probiotics, and the observation group was combined with paroxetine on the basis of the control group. After 4 weeks of treatment, the gastrointestinal mucosal function, nutritional status, Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) score, and the safety were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The levels of D-lactic acid, PCT, and endotoxin in the observation group were (1.75 ± 0.38), (4.39 ± 0.79), and (0.20 ± 0.06), respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (2.69 ± 0.46), (7.84 ± 1.32), and (0.29 ± 0.08) (P < 0.05). Moreover, the nutritional status TP, ALB, Hb, PA, and TLC levels of the observation group were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The HAMA and HAMD scores in the observation group were (5.76 ± 1.06) and (8.94 ± 1.26), respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (10.69 ± 2.21) and (13.42 ± 2.34) (P < 0.05). However, there was no statistical significance in the incidence of nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, chest arthralgia, palpitation, anaesthesia, dizziness, and drowsiness between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Paroxetine combined with probiotics could help to improve the gastrointestinal mucosal function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with gastrointestinal dysfunction and liver cancer, improve the nutritional status of patients, and reduce anxiety and depression, and the drug was safe and worthy of promotion and application.

3D-printing magnesium-polycaprolactone loaded with melatonin inhibits the development of osteosarcoma by regulating cell-in-cell structures

Melatonin has been proposed as a potent anticarcinogen presents a short half-life for osteosarcoma (OS). Cell-in-cell (CIC) structures play a role in the development of malignant tumors by changing the tumor cell energy metabolism. This study developed a melatonin-loaded 3D printed magnesium-polycaprolactone (Mg-PCL) scaffold and investigated its effect and molecular mechanism on CIC in OS. Mg-PCL scaffold was prepared by 3D-printing and its characteristic was determined. The effect and molecular mechanism of Mg-PCL scaffold as well as melatonin-loaded Mg-PCL on OS growth and progression were investigated in vivo and in vitro. We found that melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) and CIC expressions were increased in OS tissues and cells. Melatonin treatment inhibit the key CIC pathway, Rho/ROCK, through the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, interfering with the mitochondrial physiology of OS cells, and thus playing an anti-invasion and anti-metastasis role in OS. The Mg-PCL-MT could significantly inhibit distant organ metastasis of OS in the in vivo model. Our results showed that melatonin-loaded Mg-PCL scaffolds inhibited the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of OS cells through the CIC pathway. The Mg-PCL-MT could be a potential therapeutics for OS.

Comparison of High-Resolution Manometry in Patients Complaining of Dysphagia among Patients with or without Diabetes Mellitus

INTRODUCTION

Dysphagia is a common symptom that occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). There have been few prospective observational studies on esophageal motility disorders in DM using high-resolution manometry (HRM). This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of esophageal motility disorders using HRM in patients with dysphagia and compare them between DM and non-DM patients.

METHODS

Patients with dysphagia were prospectively recruited between October 2018 and July 2019. Patients (n = 89) underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and HRM and completed the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) questionnaire. Manometry parameters and motility disorder classifications were compared between DM and non-DM patients. We also investigated the differences in clinical backgrounds and questionnaire scores among DM patients with normal and abnormal manometry results.

RESULTS

A higher prevalence of esophageal motility disorder was observed in DM patients (60%, 21/35) compared to non-DM patients (29.6%, 16/54) (p = 0.001). The prevalence of minor disorders such as ineffective esophageal motor disorder and fragmented peristalsis was significantly higher (45 vs. 11%), and the distal contractile integral, integrated relaxation pressure, and contractile front velocity values were lower in the DM group. Among DM patients, those with abnormal esophageal motility had a significantly higher prevalence of neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, as well as higher reflux or constipation scores on the GSRS, than those with normal results.

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with dysphagia, the frequency of minor esophageal motility disorders was higher in DM patients than in non-DM patients. Abnormal esophageal motility related to poor esophageal clearance was associated with higher prevalence of diabetic complications.

Diabetes in the practice of otolaryngology

Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The hyperglycemic milieu leads to endothelial injury in blood vessels of variant size, which results in microangiopathy and macroangiopathy (atherosclerosis). Consequential ischemia of nerves and hyperglycemia by itself lead to nerve degeneration and generalized neuropathy, affecting most often the sensory peripheral nerves and the autonomic nervous system. Auditory, vestibular and olfactory sensorium may be compromised by DM. People with DM have an increased susceptibility to infection, as a result of neutrophil dysfunction and impaired humoral immunity. Therefore DM predisposes to certain infectious diseases, such as fungal sinusitis or malignant otitis externa, which are rare in general population. Recovery from infections or from injuries may be compromised by coexisting DM. In this review we discuss complications of DM in the head and neck region. Otolaryngologists and general practitioners should be alert to specific conditions related to DM and be minded of the relevant complications and consequences.

Diabetes is an independent risk factor for delayed perforation after foreign bodies impacted in esophagus in adults

Background

Perforation is the most serious complication of esophageal foreign bodies. Studies examining the association between diabetes and esophageal foreign body-induced perforation are largely non-existent.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors for esophageal foreign body-induced perforation.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of patients with esophageal foreign bodies between January 2012-January 2017 was performed at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. The patients were divided into two groups: those complicated with perforation and those without perforation. Date on patient demographics, symptoms, foreign bodies, and diabetes were collected and analyzed. Study-specific odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models.

Results

Of 294 patients with esophageal foreign bodies (41.84% male, mean age, 56.73 years), 33 (11.22%) complicated by perforation. Diabetes (odds ratio = 6.00; 95% confidence interval = 1.72-20.23), duration (>24 h) of foreign bodies retention (odds ratio = 4.25; 95% confidence interval = 1.71-10.86), and preoperative fever (odds ratio = 8.19; 95% confidence interval = 3.17-21.74) were strongly associated with an increased risk of perforation, whereas the sensation of a foreign body (odds ratio = 0.32; 95% confidence interval = 0.09-0.92) was a protective factor of perforation. Glucose level was not observed to have an association among patients with or without perforation.

Conclusions

Diabetes and duration of foreign body retention increase risk for esophageal foreign bodies complicated by perforation, and cases with elevated armpit temperature may represented a more likely perforation compared with those without fever.

Assessment of the Prevalence of Diabetic Gastroparesis and Validation of Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy for Diagnosis

OBJECTIVE

Gastroparesis is defined as delayed gastric emptying and is a common medical condition in diabetic patients. Scintigraphy is commonly used as a standard diagnostic procedure for the quantitative assessment of gastroparesis. The aims of this study were to determine an optimum imaging time for the diagnosis of gastroparesis, to assess the prevalence of gastroparesis, to evaluate the correlation between endoscopy and scintigraphy findings as well as the correlation between gastric emptying with patient genders, blood glucose concentration, and functional dyspepsia.

METHODS

Gastric emptying was assessed in 50 diabetic patients with a mean age of 50.16 years. For evaluation of gastric emptying, a test meal containing 2 pieces of toast, 120 cc non-labeled water and fried egg labeled with 1 mCi of 99mTc was given to each patient. The scintigraphy was performed immediately after ingestion and was repeated at 1, 1.5, 2 and 4 hours after ingestion. In some patients, an additional 90-minute dynamic scan was also acquired.

RESULTS

The prevalence of gastroparesis in this study population was determined as 64%. Also, the results of this study revealed that a 4-hour scan after ingestion is more relevant than a 90-minute dynamic scan for the evaluation of delayed gastric emptying. There was no statistically significant difference between 1-hour and 2-hour scans, 1-hour and 90-minute scans, 2-hour and 90-minute scans, 2-hour and 4-hour scans. Likewise there was no significant correlation between blood glucose levels, gender and calculated values of gastric emptying time in all groups.

CONCLUSION

According to our findings, it can be suggested that the prevalence of gastroparesis is higher than that mentioned in some previous studies. Also, this study indicates that a gastric emptying scintigraphy at 2 and 4 hours after meal ingestion might provide the anticipated clinical information in diabetic patients with dyspepsia without other evident reasons.

Prevalence and predictors of delayed gastric emptying among Indian patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Upper gastrointestinal symptoms are more prevalent among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The prevalence of delayed gastric emptying (GE) and factors predictive of it have not been studied in Indian T2DM patients and the present study aimed to study the same.

METHODS

This hospital-based cross-sectional study involved adult (age between 18 and 65 years) outpatients with T2DM of ≥5-year duration. Measurements of GE of a labelled standardized solid rice idli meal by gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES), symptoms of delayed GE (by standardized questionnaire) and autonomic function by cardiovascular autonomic function tests (AFTs) were carried out. Thirty healthy subjects served as controls for GES and AFTs.

RESULTS

One hundred and forty T2DM patients (age range: 32-65 years) were studied. Delayed GE was documented in ≈29 % (40/140) and rapid GE in 2 % (3/140) of T2DM patients. Univariate analysis showed significant positive association between delayed GE and duration of DM, body mass index (BMI), HbA1c, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, autonomic dysfunction and coronary artery disease (p < 0.05 for all). However, there was no significant correlation of age, sex, symptoms suggestive of gastroparesis and nephropathy with delayed GE. Hypoglycemic episodes were significantly more frequent in those with delayed GE (p < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed only BMI and HbA1c to be significant independent predictors of delayed GE.

CONCLUSION

Presence and severity of symptoms of gastroparesis did not predict delayed GE. Delayed GE, irrespective of symptoms, was associated with microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications and increased risk of hypoglycemic episodes. HbA_1c and BMI were independent predictors of delayed GE.

Diabetes-induced mechanophysiological changes in the esophagus

Esophageal disorders are common in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. DM induces mechanostructural remodeling in the esophagus of humans and animal models. The remodeling is related to esophageal sensorimotor abnormalities and to symptoms frequently encountered by DM patients. For example, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder associated with DM. This review addresses diabetic remodeling of esophageal properties and function in light of the Esophagiome, a scientifically based modeling effort to describe the physiological dynamics of the normal, intact esophagus built upon interdisciplinary approaches with applications for esophageal disease. Unraveling the structural, biomechanical, and sensory remodeling of the esophagus in DM must be based on a multidisciplinary approach that can bridge the knowledge from a variety of scientific disciplines. The first focus of this review is DM-induced morphodynamic and biomechanical remodeling in the esophagus. Second, we review the sensorimotor dysfunction in DM and how it relates to esophageal remodeling. Finally, we discuss the clinical consequences of DM-induced esophageal remodeling, especially in relation to GERD. The ultimate aim is to increase the understanding of DM-induced remodeling of esophageal structure and sensorimotor function in order to assist clinicians to better understand the esophageal disorders induced by DM and to develop better treatments for those patients.

Review of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the diabetic patient

This article reviews the known pathophysiological mechanisms of comorbid gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the diabetic patient, discusses therapeutic options in care, and provides an approach to its evaluation and management. We searched for review articles published in the past 10 years through a PubMed search using the filters diabetes mellitus, GERD, pathophysiology, and management. The search only yielded a handful of articles, so we independently included relevant studies from these review articles along with related citations as suggested by PubMed. We found diabetic patients are more prone to developing GERD and may present with atypical manifestations. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate the connection between these two diseases. Studies involving treatment options for comorbid disease suggest conflicting drug-drug interactions. Currently, there are no published guidelines specifically for the evaluation and management of GERD in the diabetic patient. Although there are several proposed mechanisms for the higher prevalence of GERD in the diabetic patient, this complex interrelationship requires further research. Understanding the pathophysiology will help direct diagnostic evaluation. In our review, we propose a management algorithm for GERD in the diabetic patient.

Upper gastrointestinal motility and symptoms in individuals with diabetes, prediabetes and normal glucose tolerance

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Type 2 diabetes has been associated with upper gastrointestinal motility dysfunction, but the relationship with diabetes duration and glucose control is less well understood. Gastric emptying, oesophageal motility and gastrointestinal symptoms were examined in volunteers with diabetes, prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose [IFG] or impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

METHODS

The study included 41 patients with type 2 diabetes, 17 individuals with IFG/IGT and 31 individuals with NGT. A gastric emptying breath test and high-resolution oesophageal manometry were performed. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed using questionnaires.

RESULTS

Gastric emptying was delayed in individuals with IFG/IGT (p < 0.05) but was normal in the diabetic group. Amongst the diabetic patients, gastric emptying rate was fastest in those with longer diabetes duration and the highest HbA1c levels (p < 0.001). Oesophageal motility variables were similar between the groups. However, the lower oesophagus resting pressure was reduced in patients with longer diabetes duration (p = 0.01). Abdominal pain/discomfort was more frequent amongst patients with diabetes (p = 0.04) but was unrelated to gastric emptying. Significant associations between various oesophageal motility variables and gastrointestinal symptoms were observed.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

Gastric emptying and oesophageal motility are not generally altered in patients with type 2 diabetes. In more advanced disease stages, however, gastric emptying and oesophageal motility may be disturbed, probably as a consequence of autonomic neuropathy. Delayed gastric emptying in IFG/IGT individuals might be secondary to acute hyperglycaemia. Determination of gastric emptying and oesophageal manometry should be considered for the diagnostic workup of patients with diabetes and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and bacterial pneumonia in patients with Parkinson disease

BACKGROUND

To evaluate the association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with pneumonia development in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

METHODS

The study cohort consisted of patients aged 50 years or older who were initially diagnosed with PD and had hypertension. We assessed the patients' exposure statuses and accumulated doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. We then evaluated the risk of pneumonia development in the patients who were exposed to these drugs and those who were not.

RESULTS

We examined 2,310 patients. During the observation period, 608 patients developed pneumonia. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were associated with a lower risk of pneumonia. This association was dose-dependent.

CONCLUSION

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use was associated with a dose-dependent reduction in the risk of pneumonia in patients with PD and hypertension.

Microangiopathy is common in submucosal vessels of the colon in patients with diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVES

The pathophysiology behind gastrointestinal dysmotility in diabetes mellitus is unknown. Both esophageal dysmotility and gastroparesis have been shown to be associated with retinopathy, suggesting that microangiopathy is important in the common etiology. The aim of the present study was to examine whether patients with diabetes exhibit microangiopathy in the colon, and if present, to correlate microangiopathy with the clinical picture.

METHODS

Consecutive patients subjected to colon surgery were identified in the southernmost districts of Skåne between January 2011 and May 2013. Medical records were scrutinized, and patients with a history of diabetes were noted. Gender, age, type of diabetes, treatment, complications, and other concomitant diseases were registered. Histopathologic re-evaluation of surgical biopsies with morphometric analyses of submucosal vessels in the colon was performed. Morphometric examination and clinical data were compared with non-diabetic patients.

RESULTS

Of 1135 identified patients during the time period studied, 95 patients with diabetes were recognized and included. Fifty-three non-diabetic, randomly chosen patients served as controls. The mean age was 71.8 ± 10.2 and 71.4 ± 9.5 years in diabetic and non-diabetic patients, respectively. Microangiopathy was found in 68.4% of diabetic patients and in 7.5% of non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001). The wall-to-lumen ratio was 0.31 (0.23-0.46) in patients with diabetes compared with 0.16 (0.12-0.21) in non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001). No clinical association with microangiopathy could be verified.

CONCLUSION

Microangiopathy in the colon is more common in diabetic than in non-diabetic patients. The clinical significance of microangopathy has yet to be clarified.

[Chronic motility disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the elderly. Pharmaceutical, endoscopic and operative therapy]

Primary motility disorders of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract result from an impairment of the motor function of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum by malfunction of the enteric nervous system or degeneration of the gastrointestinal muscle layer. Other forms of upper GI motility disorders occur secondary to underlying systemic diseases. The exact pathophysiology of the disturbances within the enteric nervous system of the upper GI tract is not yet clearly understood. For motility disorders resulting from systemic diseases the lack of knowledge with respect to the underlying pathomechanism is even greater. The term functional dyspepsia summarizes some symptoms of the upper abdomen, suggesting a disorder of upper GI motility or perception; however, this link to disturbed physiology has never been convincingly demonstrated. This overview describes therapeutic options for motility disorders of the upper GI tract regarding medicinal, endoscopic and surgical targets. The efficacy of medicinal therapy of upper GI motility disorders is low due to the lack of understanding of the pathophysiology. Therefore, endoscopic and other interventional therapies have to be applied also in the elderly patient group. The restrictions for metoclopramide published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in July 2013 have limited the armentarium of medicinal therapy of chronic motility disorders of the upper GI tract.

Effects of various food ingredients on gall bladder emptying

Background/objectives:

The emptying of the gall bladder in response to feeding is pivotal for the digestion of fat, but the role of various food ingredients in contracting the gall bladder postprandially is not well understood. We hypothesized that different food ingredients, when consumed, will have a different effect on stimulating gall bladder emptying. To investigate this we designed two randomized, investigator-blind, cross-over studies in healthy subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure gall bladder volumes serially and non-invasively.

Subjects/methods:

Study 1: exploratory study evaluating the effects of 10 different food ingredients on gall bladder emptying in eight healthy subjects. The choice of ingredients varied from common items like coffee, tea and milk to actives like curcumin and potato protease inhibitor. Study 2: mechanistic study investigating the cholecystokinin (CCK) dose response to the best performer ingredient from Study 1 in 21 healthy subjects four ways.

Results:

The largest gall bladder volume change in Study 1 was observed with fat, which therefore became the dose-response ingredient in Study 2, where the maximum % gall bladder volume change correlated well with CCK.

Conclusions:

These serial test-retest studies showed that the fasted gall bladder volume varied remarkably between individuals and that individual day-to-day variability had wide coefficients of variation. Improved knowledge of how to stimulate bile release using food ingredients will be useful to improve in vitro–in vivo correlation of bioavailability testing of hydrophobic drugs. It could improve performance of cholesterol-lowering plant stanol and sterol products and possibly aid understanding of some cholesterol gallstone disease.

Prevalence of symptoms suggestive of gastroparesis in a cohort of patients with diabetes mellitus

AIMS

To estimate the prevalence of symptoms suggestive of gastroparesis and their association to clinical and demographic data in a large population of patients with diabetes mellitus and in the general population in Israel.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey of type 2 diabetic patients treated in community settings was performed. All patients and controls completed a demographic questionnaire as well as the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI). Data regarding disease duration, medications, complications, recent blood glucose and HbA1C levels, were also collected.

RESULTS

A total of 382 patients and 88 healthy volunteers were included. Patients and controls were aged 63.07 ± 10.63 and 58.69 ± 10.73 years respectively with a BMI of 30.45 ± 8.15 and 25.64 ± 4.25 kg/m(2) respectively. Compared to controls, more patients with diabetes complained of nausea (24.8% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.0001), post-prandial fullness (44.6% vs. 26.1%, p = 0.001), bloating (48.8% vs. 36.4%, p = 0.035) and stomach or belly visibly larger after a meal (53% vs. 29.5%, p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, symptoms were associated with female sex, BMI, blood glucose, HbA1C, metformin treatment and disease duration.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of symptoms suggestive of gastroparesis among patients with diabetes mellitus in Israel is high and is independently associated with female sex and metformin therapy.

Effect of diabetes mellitus on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs

The effects of diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs have been well described in experimental animal models; however, only minimal data exist for humans and the current knowledge regarding the effects of diabetes on these properties remains unclear. Nevertheless, it has been observed that the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs are changed in subjects with diabetes. It has been reported that diabetes may affect the pharmacokinetics of various drugs by affecting (i) absorption, due to changes in subcutaneous adipose blood flow, muscle blood flow and gastric emptying; (ii) distribution, due to non-enzymatic glycation of albumin; (iii) biotransformation, due to regulation of enzymes/transporters involved in drug biotransformation; and (iv) excretion, due to nephropathy. Previously published data also suggest that diabetes-mediated changes in the pharmacokinetics of a particular drug cannot be translated to others. Although clinical studies exploring the effect of diabetes on pharmacodynamics are still very limited, there is evidence that disease-mediated effects are not limited only to pharmacokinetics but also alter pharmacodynamics. However, for many drugs it remains unclear whether these influences reflect diabetes-mediated changes in pharmacokinetics rather than pharmacodynamics. In addition, even though diabetes-mediated pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics might be anticipated, it is important to study the effect on each drug and not generalize from observed data. The available data indicate that there is a significant variability in drug response in diabetic subjects. The discrepancies between individual clinical studies as well as between ex vivo and clinical studies are probably due to (i) the restricted and focused population of subjects in clinical studies; (ii) failure to consider type, severity and duration of the disease; (iii) histopathological characteristics generally being missing; and (iv) other factors such as varying medication use, dietary protein intake, age, sex and obesity. The obesity epidemic in the developed world has also inadvertently influenced the directions of pharmacological research. This review attempts to map new information gained since Gwilt published his paper in Clinical Pharmacokinetics in 1991. Although a large body of research has been conducted and significant progress has been made, we still have to conclude that the available information regarding the effect of diabetes on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics remains unclear and further clinical studies are required before we can understand the clinical significance of the effect. An understanding of diabetes-mediated changes as well as of the source of the variability should lead to the improvement of the medical management and clinical outcomes in patients with this widespread disease.

Esophageal body motility in people with diabetes: comparison with non-diabetic healthy individuals

AIMS

The aim of this study was to compare esophageal motor characteristics between diabetics and healthy individuals.

METHODS

Esophageal manometry was performed in 34 type 2 diabetics and 32 healthy individuals. Waves were evaluated in the 3 thirds of the esophagus (P1=upper, P2=middle, and P3=distal).

RESULTS

In diabetics vs. controls, wave distribution was as follows: peristaltic waves, 83.5 ± 22.2% vs. 96.3 ± 4.4%, p<0.002; simultaneous waves, 3.26 ± 5.8% vs. 0.53 ± 1.3%, p<0.01; no transmitted waves, 10.62 ± 20.7% vs. 2.75 ± 3.0%, p<0.002; and retrograde waves, 2.68 ± 4.0% vs. 0.31 ± 1.1%, p<0.03. Wave amplitude was similar between groups. Average upstroke (mmHg/s) in diabetics vs. non-diabetics was P2, 33.8 ± 13.9 vs. 40.2 ± 17.7, p<0.03; and P3, 29.8 ± 15.3 vs. 41.3 ± 14.0, p<0.002.

CONCLUSIONS

(1) Simultaneous waves, no transmitted waves, and retrograde esophageal waves were significantly more frequent in diabetics. (2) Average upstroke was significantly lower within the middle and distal esophagus of diabetic individuals. (3) Wave amplitude was similar in both groups.

[Swallowing disorders, pneumonia and respiratory tract infectious disease in the elderly]

Swallowing disorders (or dysphagia) are common in the elderly and their prevalence is often underestimated. They may result in serious complications including dehydration, malnutrition, airway obstruction, aspiration pneumonia (infectious process) or pneumonitis (chemical injury caused by the inhalation of sterile gastric contents). Moreover the repercussions of dysphagia are not only physical but also emotional and social, leading to depression, altered quality of life, and social isolation. While some changes in swallowing may be a natural result of aging, dysphagia in the elderly is mainly due to central nervous system diseases such as stroke, parkinsonism, dementia, medications, local oral and oesophageal factors. To be effective, management requires a multidisciplinary team approach and a careful assessment of the patient's oropharyngeal anatomy and physiology, medical and nutritional status, cognition, language and behaviour. Clinical evaluation can be completed by a videofluoroscopic study which enables observation of bolus movement and movements of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx throughout the swallow. The treatment depends on the underlying cause, extent of dysphagia and prognosis. Various categories of treatment are available, including compensatory strategies (postural changes and dietary modification), direct or indirect therapy techniques (swallow manoeuvres, medication and surgical procedures).

Delayed radionucleotide gastric emptying studies predict morbidity in diabetics with symptoms of gastroparesis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of gastric emptying studies on the morbidity associated with diabetic gastroparesis.

METHODS

This was a parallel cohort study of 3 groups. Group A (n = 94) contained diabetic patients (type 1 and type 2) with classic symptoms of gastroparesis (including early satiety, postprandial fullness, bloating, abdominal swelling, nausea, vomiting, and retching) and delay in radionucleotide gastric emptying study. Group B (n = 94) contained diabetic subjects with classic symptoms of gastroparesis but negative scintigraphy. Group C (n = 94) contained diabetic subjects without symptoms of gastroparesis. Data were gathered on the number of days hospitalized and hospitalizations, office visits, emergency department visits, death rate, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, medications, and past medical history.

RESULTS

Group A had significantly more hospital days per 1000 patient days (25.5) than both group B (5.1; P < .01) and group C (2.3; P < .01). Group A also had significantly more hospitalizations, office visits, and emergency department visits than both group B and group C. Deaths and mean glycosylated hemoglobin levels did not differ between the groups. Patients in group A were more likely to have cardiovascular disease (19.2% vs 6.4%, A vs C; P < .05), hypertension (63% vs 43%, A vs C; P = .005), and retinopathy (33% vs 11.7%, A vs C; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

A delayed radionucleotide gastric emptying study predicts negative health outcomes in diabetic patients with symptoms of gastroparesis. We identified a correlation between diabetic gastroparesis and cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and retinopathy that may indicate an underlying vascular etiology.

Predictors of gastric myoelectrical activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have clearly demonstrated the delayed gastric emptying of solid meals in diabetics, whereas their gastric myoelectrical activity, which primarily determines gastric motility, has not yet been fully confirmed.

GOALS

This study aimed to clarify the characteristics and potential predictors of gastric myoelectrical activity in type 2 diabetics.

STUDY

Twenty-eight diabetics and 18 healthy controls participated. Duodenal biopsy sample was used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to evaluate cholecystokinin and motilin mRNA contents. Electrogastrography was performed before and after the test meal, and was assessed in terms of dominant frequency; dominant frequency instability coefficient; and the percentage of bradygastria, normogastria, and tachygastria.

RESULTS

Over the entire recording period, dominant frequency was significantly lower, and dominant frequency instability coefficient and the percentage of bradygastria were significantly higher in diabetics than in controls. In diabetics, the multiple regression analysis demonstrated that dominant frequency instability coefficient and the percentage of tachygastria in the fasting period were dependent on fasting plasma glucose level and HbA1c, respectively. Moreover, dominant frequency over the entire period and the postprandial percentage of bradygastria were significantly associated with body mass index; the fasting percentage of bradygastria and postprandial dominant frequency instability coefficient were associated with fasting serum leptin level; the postprandial percentage of bradygastria was also associated with cholecystokinin mRNA content.

CONCLUSIONS

Gastric myoelectrical activity in type 2 diabetics is impaired on dominant frequency, dominant frequency instability coefficient, and the percentage of bradygastria and predicted by body mass index, fasting serum leptin level, and cholecystokinin mRNA content besides the glycemic status.

Pathophysiology and management of gastroparesis

Gastroparesis is characterized by upper gastrointestinal symptoms associated with delayed gastric emptying, without mechanical obstruction. However, symptoms do not correlate well with the magnitude of delay in gastric emptying. Diabetes mellitus and surgery are the most common causes, although more than 30% of cases are idiopathic. Coordination of insulin action with nutrient delivery is important in diabetics, as postprandial blood glucose levels and gastric emptying are interdependent, and gastroparesis probably represents a major cause of poor glycemic control. Scintigraphy is the gold standard for measuring gastric emptying. Current treatment mainly involves the use of prokinetic drugs. Pyloric botulinum toxin injection and gastric electrical stimulation require more evidence from controlled studies before their use can be recommended. Surgical options remain inadequately studied.

Esophageal function worsens with long duration of diabetes

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the duration of diabetes and esophageal dysfunction.

METHODS

We examined 66 patients with type 2 diabetes. Duration of diabetes was determined by asking patients and from their medical records. The patients were divided into three groups according to the duration of their diabetes: group A, 1-4 years, n=26; group B, 5-9 years, n=20; and group C, 10+ years, n=20. Ambulatory esophageal 24-h pH and motility were monitored, and gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal motility disorders were estimated in detail.

RESULTS

When the duration of diabetes was long, the percentage of time with pH<4 tended to increase. The amplitude of esophageal peristaltic waves and the frequency of effective peristalsis were reduced when the duration of diabetes was long. A significant correlation was observed between the duration of diabetes and the frequency of effective peristalsis. The number of esophageal peristaltic waves per minute and the percentage of multipeaked peristaltic waves increased significantly in group B, and decreased when the duration of diabetes became longer.

CONCLUSIONS

Gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal motility disorders worsened with long duration of diabetes. These esophageal dysfunctions should be considered in patients with long-standing diabetes.

Prevalence and determinants of delayed gastric emptying in hospitalised Type 2 diabetic patients

AIM

To determine the prevalence of delayed gastric emptying (GE) in older patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

One hundred and forty seven patients with Type 2 diabetes, of whom 140 had been hospitalised, mean age 62.3 +/- 8.0 years, HbA1c 9.1% +/- 1.9%, treated with either oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin were studied. GE of a solid meal (scintigraphy), autonomic nerve function, upper gastrointestinal symptoms, acute and chronic glycemic control were evaluated. Gastric emptying results were compared to a control range of hospitalised patients who did not have diabetes.

RESULTS

Gastric emptying was delayed (T50 > 85 min) in 17.7% patients. Mean gastric emptying was slower in females (T50 72.1 +/- 72.1 min vs 56.9 +/- 68.1 min, P = 0.02) and in those reporting nausea (112.3 +/- 67.3 vs 62.7 +/- 70.0 min, P < 0.01) and early satiety (114.0 +/- 135.2 vs 61.1 +/- 62.6 min, P = 0.02). There was no correlation between GE with age, body weight, duration of diabetes, neuropathy, current glycemia or the total score for upper gastrointestinal symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Prolonged GE occurs in about 20% of hospitalised elderly patients with Type 2 diabetes when compared to hospitalised patients who do not have diabetes. Female gender, nausea and early satiety are associated with higher probability of delayed GE.

Gastroparesis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

The worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a substantial economic and social burden. Although gastroparesis associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been recognized for years, only recently have studies shown that patients with T2DM also have high rates of gastroparesis. Individuals with T2DM constitute 90% to 95% of the diabetic population. Unique characteristics that distinguish this population are obesity, insulin resistance, and associated comorbidities. These features highlight the importance of investigating gastric emptying in individuals with T2DM and upper gastrointestinal symptoms. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature pertaining to diabetes and the effect of diabetes on gastric neuromuscular function, with a focus on T2DM. An understanding of gastric motility in T2DM is important to diagnose gastroparesis, to treat upper gastrointestinal symptoms, and to restore normal gastric motility, which may lead, in turn, to improved glucose control.

Botulinum toxin treatment for oropharyngeal dysphagia associated with diabetic neuropathy

OBJECTIVE

No specific treatment for oropharyngeal dysphagia related to diabetic neuropathy has been described to date. Chemical myotomy of the cricopharyngeus (CP) muscle by botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) has been effective in reducing or abolishing dysphagia associated with upper esophageal sphincter (UES) hyperactivity of different etiologies. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of BoNT/A injections into the CP muscle in diabetic patients with severe oropharyngeal dysphagia associated with diabetic autonomic and/or somatic peripheral neuropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Twelve type 2 diabetic patients with severe dysphagia for both solid and liquid foods associated with autonomic and/or peripheral somatic neuropathy were investigated. Swallowing function was evaluated by clinical examination, videofluoroscopy, and simultaneous needle electromyography (EMG) of the CP and pharyngeal inferior constrictor (IC) muscles. Clinical evaluation using a four-level dysphagia severity score was performed every other day for the 1st week and thereafter every other week until week 24. Videofluoroscopy and EMG follow-up were carried out at week 1, 4, 12, 16, 18, and 24 after BoNT/A injection. BoNT/A was injected percutaneously into the CP muscle under EMG control.

RESULTS

BoNT/A induced the complete recovery of dysphagia in 10 patients and had a significant (P = 0.0001, ANOVA) improvement in 2 patients within 4 +/- 1.1 days (range 3-7). Clinical improvement was confirmed by videofluoroscopy and EMG.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest a potential benefit from BoNT/A treatment in dysphagia associated with diabetic neuropathy. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm this observation.

Oesophageal motility disorders in type 1 diabetes mellitus and their relation to cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy

The relationship between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CVAN) and oesophageal dysfunction in diabetes mellitus has not been well established because reports are contradictory. The aim of this study was to assess oesophageal function and its correlation with CVAN in type 1 diabetic patients without oesophageal symptoms. Forty-six type 1 diabetic patients without oesophageal symptoms (DG) and 34 healthy volunteers (CG) were studied. Both groups underwent CVAN tests and oesophageal manometry and pH-metry. Differences between groups regarding results of cardiovascular autonomic tests and oesophageal studies were statistically analysed. Compared with the CG, the DG group showed insufficient lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) relaxation and a higher percentage of simultaneous waves (P < 0.01). Patients with CVAN (n = 22) showed a higher prevalence of pathological simultaneous contractions (>10%), and the prevalence of simultaneous waves related to the degree of autonomic neuropathy was: 9% of patients without CVAN, 7% of those suspected to have it and 50% of patients with CVAN (P < 0.001). Factors associated with the presence of pathological simultaneous waves (>10%) were the presence of CVAN and duration of diabetes (P < 0.05, logistic regression analysis). Increase in simultaneous waves and impaired relaxation of LOS are more frequent in diabetic patients with CVAN.

Relationships between hypoglycaemia and gastric emptying abnormalities in insulin-treated diabetic patients

We hypothesize that hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients may result from gastric emptying abnormalities causing insulin and food absorption mismatching. We tested gastric emptying in insulin-treated diabetic patients with unexplained hypoglycaemia and without dyspepsia and in diabetic patients without hypoglycaemia, prospectively. Thirty-one diabetic patients with unexplained hypoglycaemic events within 2 h of insulin injection and 18 insulin-treated diabetic patients without hypoglycaemic events underwent gastric emptying breath tests, glycaemic control and autonomic nerve function. Gastric emptying tests were abnormal in 26 (83.9%) and in four (22.2%) patients with and without hypoglycaemia, respectively (P < 0.001). Gastric emptying was significantly slower in hypoglycaemic diabetic patients (t1/2 139.9 +/- 74.1 vs 77.8 +/- 23.3 and t(lag) 95.8 +/- 80.3 vs 32.84 +/- 16.95 min, P < 0.001 for both comparisons; t-tests). A significant association between hypoglycaemic patients and abnormal values of t1/2 and t(lag) was found (P < 0.001). Gastric emptying abnormalities were more frequent in hypoglycaemic patients. We suggest gastric emptying tests for diabetic patients with unexplained hypoglycaemic events.

Upper gastrointestinal sensory-motor dysfunction in diabetes mellitus

Gastrointestinal (GI) sensory-motor abnormalities are common in patients with diabetes mellitus and may involve any part of the GI tract. Abnormalities are frequently sub-clinical, and fortunately only rarely do severe and life-threatening problems occur. The pathogenesis of abnormal upper GI sensory-motor function in diabetes is incompletely understood and is most likely multi-factorial of origin. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy as well as acute suboptimal control of diabetes has been shown to impair GI motor and sensory function. Morphological and biomechanical remodeling of the GI wall develops during the duration of diabetes, and may contribute to motor and sensory dysfunction. In this review sensory and motility disorders of the upper GI tract in diabetes is discussed; and the morphological changes and biomechanical remodeling related to the sensory-motor dysfunction is also addressed.

Gallbladder contraction, gastric emptying and antral motility: Single visit assessment of upper GI function in untreated celiac disease using echo-planar MRI

PURPOSE

To assess gallbladder contraction, gastric emptying, and antral motility in untreated celiac patients and healthy controls using a single MRI examination.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Gallbladder emptying, gastric emptying, and antral motility were measured in 15 celiac patients and 15 age/sex-matched healthy controls following a 323-kcal test meal using EPI techniques. Postprandial dyspepsia scores were recorded on a questionnaire.

RESULTS

Fasting gallbladder volume (P=0.01) and the volume of bile ejected postprandially (P=0.014) were increased in celiacs. Gastric emptying tended to be slower in celiacs (P=0.142). Three celiac patients with severe postprandial dyspepsia and total villous atrophy had pathologically delayed gastric emptying and increased fasting gallbladder volume. Antral contractions were absent in five out of 14 patients (36%) five minutes after the meal, but in none of 10 volunteers in whom the antrum could be visualized (P=0.128).

CONCLUSION

This study shows that using MRI, multiple parameters related to upper gastrointestinal function in celiac disease can be measured in a single noninvasive study, whereas previously three separate visits would have been required. Celiacs have increased fasting gallbladder volumes and tend to have slower gastric emptying.

Is the questionnaire for the assessment of gastroesophageal reflux useful for diabetic patients?

OBJECTIVE

It has been suggested that the questionnaire reported by Carlsson et al. has high sensitivity in diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and is considered to be one of the most useful diagnostic tools for GERD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of the questionnaire to identify gastroesophageal reflux (GER) diagnosed by 24-h pH monitoring in diabetic patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fifty-three patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the present study. GER was monitored by means of an antimony electrode. Patients completed the questionnaires immediately before undergoing pH monitoring.

RESULTS

Diabetic patients were found to have few symptoms, and the average score on the questionnaire was extremely low. No significant difference in scores on the questionnaire was observed between patients with and those without GER.

CONCLUSIONS

The questionnaire was shown not to be useful for diagnosing GER as a complication in diabetic patients. We, therefore, should not diagnose GER as a complication in diabetes mellitus on the basis of the questionnaire.

The pathogenesis of gastrointestinal bacterial overgrowth

The normal indigenous intestinal microflora consists of about 10(15) bacteria that under physiological conditions reside mainly in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Bacterial overgrowth implies abnormal bacterial colonization of the upper gut, resulting from failure of specific defense mechanisms restricting colonization under physiological conditions. At present two types of bacterial overgrowth with defined pathogenesis can be distinguished: (1) gastric overgrowth with upper respiratory tract microflora resulting from selective failure of the gastric acid barrier, and (2) gastrointestinal overgrowth with Gram-negative bacilli (enteric bacteria) resulting from failure of intestinal clearance. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis of the oxyntic mucosa is the main cause of acquired failure of the gastric acid barrier, which is common among the healthy elderly. Intestinal clearance may fail as the result of impaired intestinal peristalsis or anatomical abnormalities that alter luminal flow. Impaired peristalsis is associated with conditions interfering with intestinal neuromuscular function including myopathic, neuropathic, autoimmune, infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, endocrine, and neoplastic diseases. Anatomical abnormalities are mainly the result of gastrointestinal surgery, intestinal diverticula or fistula. Combined failure of intestinal clearance and the gastric acid barrier results in more severe colonization with Gram-negative bacilli. Gram-negative bacilli are uncommon in the upper gut of otherwise healthy individuals with gastric hypochlorhydria, being acquired (H. pylori) or drug-induced. Significant bacterial overgrowth with Gram-negative bacilli is a rational in the search for an explanation to optimize clinical management. The clinical significance of colonization with upper respiratory tract microflora remains unclear. Translocation of live bacteria, their metabolic products, or antigens from a small bowel colonized by Gram-negative bacilli play a role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in hepatic disease and in certain types of sepsis, indicating that further studies can point to new patient populations with potential benefit from medical treatment.

Prevention and partial reversal of diabetes-induced changes in enteric nerves of the rat ileum by combined treatment with alpha-lipoic acid and evening primrose oil

Treatment with alpha-lipoic acid (LA) or evening primrose oil (EPO), individually, fails to prevent diabetes-induced changes in enteric nerves. Since synergy between these treatments has been reported, the aim was to investigate the effectiveness of combined LA/EPO treatment. LA and EPO were administered in the diet (approximately 80 and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively) to control and diabetic (induced by streptozotocin, 65 mg/kg, i.p.) rats. For prevention, treatment started after 1 week and lasted 7 weeks. For reversal, treatment lasted 4 weeks and was initiated after 8 weeks. Nerves supplying the ileum containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and noradrenaline (NA) were examined immunohistochemically or biochemically. Diabetes caused a significant increase in VIP-containing cell bodies (p<0.001), decrease in NA content (p<0.01) and loss of CGRP-immunoreactivity. LA/EPO treatment totally prevented diabetes-induced changes in VIP (p<0.001) and CGRP and partially reversed (p<0.05) these changes once they had been allowed to develop. In contrast, treatment had no effect on diabetes-induced changes in NA-containing nerves. Therefore, LA and EPO are only effective at treating diabetes-induced changes in some enteric nerves when administered in combination. However, diabetes-induced changes in NA-containing nerves are resistant to treatment.