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Muto T, Imaizumi S, Kamoi K. Viral Conjunctivitis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030676. [PMID: 36992385 PMCID: PMC10057170 DOI: 10.3390/v15030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral conjunctivitis spreads easily. Therefore, to control the spread, it is crucial to quickly diagnose illnesses, strictly implement hand washing laws, and sanitize surfaces. Swelling of the lid margin and ciliary injection are subjective symptoms, and eye discharge is frequently serofibrinous. Preauricular lymph node swelling can occasionally occur. Approximately 80% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may become a big global concern and may cause a pandemic. Diagnosis of herpes simplex viral conjunctivitis is crucial for using corticosteroid eye solution as a treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis. Although specific treatments are not always accessible, early diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis may help to alleviate short-term symptoms and avoid long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuaya Muto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya 343-8555, Japan
- Imaizumi Eye Hospital, Koriyama 963-8877, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Koju Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Congenital Infection and Congenital Cataract in Tanzania: A Case Control Study. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cataract is the commonest cause of childhood blindness in sub Saharan Africa (SSA). The significance of congenital rubella and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the etiology is not known. Objectives: We aimed to investigate prevalence of both viruses in cases of congenital cataract and controls. Methods: Lens tissue was collected (from cases), blood and saliva from cases and controls. Using ELISA, we tested blood samples for rubella and cytomegalovirus IgM. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was also used for detection of the viruses. Results: Cytomegalovirus was detected using qPCR in 72.9% saliva specimens of cases compared to 38.5% of controls (P = 0.0001). Cytomegalovirus IgM was also detected in 10.8% blood specimens of cases and only 1.5% control (P = 0.01). Rubella IgM was detected in 13.8% blood specimens of cases and only 3.1% controls (P = 0.01). In lens aspirates of cases, 12.7% were HCMV positive and 11.1% were rubella positive by qPCR. Cases had lower birth weights (mean = 2.8 kg) than controls (mean = 3.2 kg), independent of viral status (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Although most of the children in the study presented too late to be sure that infection was congenital, our study strongly suggests that HCMV and rubella infection appear important causes of congenital cataract in Tanzania hence virology testing of infantile cataract cases may be useful in assessing effectiveness of immunization programs as they are established throughout SSA.
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Varu DM, Rhee MK, Akpek EK, Amescua G, Farid M, Garcia-Ferrer FJ, Lin A, Musch DC, Mah FS, Dunn SP. Conjunctivitis Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:P94-P169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Lu B, Yang Y. Detection of TORCH pathogens in children with congenital cataracts. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1159-1164. [PMID: 27446337 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between infection rates with TORCH pathogens including toxoplasma, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) I and II and congenital cataracts. In total, the data from 69 children with congenital cataract treated at the Children's Hospital of the Zhejiang University School of Medicine between May 2006 and September 2013 were examined, including the complete serum test results for immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM that target TORCH pathogenic antibodies. These results were compared with the antibody levels of 5,914 children in a control group. Using SPSS 19.0 software, variance equation Levene tests, mean equation t tests, and completely randomized design of four tables χ2 tests were applied. The HSV II IgG positivity rates significantly differed between the cataract and control groups. These results suggested that HSV may be one of the pathogenic viruses that leads to congenital cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yabo Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Mammas IN, Greenough A, Theodoridou M, Kramvis A, Christaki I, Koutsaftiki C, Koutsaki M, Portaliou DM, Kostagianni G, Panagopoulou P, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA. Current views and advances on Paediatric Virology: An update for paediatric trainees. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:6-14. [PMID: 26889211 PMCID: PMC4726865 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric Virology is a bold new scientific field, which combines Paediatrics with Virology, Epidemiology, Molecular Medicine, Evidence-based Medicine, Clinical Governance, Quality Improvement, Pharmacology and Immunology. The Workshop on Paediatric Virology, which took place on Saturday October 10, 2015 in Athens, Greece, provided an overview of recent views and advances on viral infections occurring in neonates and children. It was included in the official programme of the 20th World Congress on Advances in Oncology and the 18th International Symposium on Molecular Medicine, which attracted over 500 delegates from the five continents. During the Workshop, the topics covered included the challenges of vaccine implementation against human papillomaviruses in countries under financial crisis, strategies for eradicating poliomyelitis and its 60th vaccine anniversary, as well as the debate on the association between autism and vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella. Among the non-vaccine related topics, emphasis was given to viral infections in prematurely born infants and their long-term outcomes, new paediatric intensive care management options for bronchiolitis related to respiratory syncytial virus, the clinical implications of hepatitis B virus and cytomegalovirus genotyping, the Ebola virus threat and preparedness in Paediatric Emergency Departments, oral, oropharynx, laryngeal, nasal and ocular viral infections and Merkel cell polyomavirus as a novel emerging virus of infancy and childhood. In this review, we provide selected presentations and reports discussed at the Workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis N Mammas
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Anne Greenough
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Maria Theodoridou
- First Department of Paediatrics, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Iliana Christaki
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Chryssie Koutsaftiki
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), 'Penteli' Children's Hospital, Penteli 15236, Greece
| | - Maria Koutsaki
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitra M Portaliou
- Institute of Vision and Optics (BEMMO-IVO), University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Georgia Kostagianni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 'Thriassio' General Hospital, Elefsina 19200, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Panagopoulou
- 4th Department of Paediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 'Papageorgiou' General Hospital, Thessaloniki 56403, Greece
| | - George Sourvinos
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Department of Clinical Virology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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Chern KC, Meisler DM. Less Common Viral Corneal Infections. Cornea 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06387-6.00088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza Jap
- Division of Ophthalmology, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, Singapore
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Kim SH, Yun YJ, Kim JY. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Chickenpox. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2008. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyuk Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National Univercity, Deajeon, Korea
| | - Young Jun Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National Univercity, Deajeon, Korea
| | - Jung Yeul Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National Univercity, Deajeon, Korea
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Shinohara T, White H, Mulhern ML, Maisel H. Cataract: Window for systemic disorders. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:669-77. [PMID: 17337126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cataract is the leading cause of visual handicap throughout the world, and almost all elderly individuals develop lens opacities. Epidemiological studies have shown that nuclear cataracts in young adults are associated with higher mortality. Many cataractogenic stressors induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which in turn induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR can damage or kill a wide range of cell types and may be involved in many human diseases. We hypothesize that a cataract can be considered a window that can indicate the presence of systemic disorders. This is important because cataract is easily detected during a routine ocular examination. The slightest opacity in any region of the lenses, especially in younger patients, may be a sign of systemic disorders. Earlier detection of systemic disorders can save the lives of patients. If our hypothesis is correct, then elimination of known ER/cataractogenic stressors from individuals with cataracts should be the one of the first steps for treatments of the systemic disorders. We discuss the potential risk factors and beneficial effects of removal of such risk factors in patients with early cataracts. All patients with cataract should be referred for comprehensive medical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Shinohara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985840 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5840, United States.
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Fernández de Castro LE, Sarraf OA, Hawthorne KM, Solomon KD, Vroman DT. Ocular Manifestations After Primary Varicella Infection. Cornea 2006; 25:866-7. [PMID: 17068470 DOI: 10.1097/01.ico.0000224651.19837.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of ocular manifestations after a primary varicella infection. METHODS Review of the literature and a case report of a 10-year-old male patient with history of blurry vision and an enlarged pupil 2 months after a varicella infection. Examination revealed uveitis, interstitial keratitis, and internal ophthalmoplegia. RESULTS The uveitis resolved with topical steroids; the interstitial keratitis resolved with a faint scar, and the internal ophthalmoplegia persisted. CONCLUSION This case report describes a patient with uncommon ocular manifestations after primary varicella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Fernández de Castro
- Magill Research Center for Vision Correction, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Baquero Latorre H, Neira Safi F, González Vargas T. [Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Serratia marcescens in the course of early neonatal sepsis]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2006; 64:291-2. [PMID: 16527107 DOI: 10.1157/13085527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Shinohara T, Ikesugi K, Mulhern ML. Cataracts: role of the unfolded protein response. Med Hypotheses 2005; 66:365-70. [PMID: 16229964 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many cataracts are caused by unfolded protein aggregates in highly oxidized lenses, but the underlying mechanisms of their formation are poorly understood. A literature search has shown that many cataractogenic stressors are also endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressors, which induce the unfolded protein response (UPR) in a wide range of cell types. Since the lumen of the ER is highly oxidized, ER stressors might generate unfolded protein aggregates, which activate the UPR leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lens epithelial cells (LECs). ROS decrease the amount of free glutathione from whole lenses and elicit a more oxidized environment, where unfolded protein aggregates are formed and grown to large protein aggregate particles to scatter light. Recently, we have shown that ER stressors, homocysteine, tunicamycin, Ca(2+) ionophore (A23187), and glucose deprivation induce the UPR in LECs. Here we hypothesize the cataractogenic stressors induce ER stress, initiate the UPR and ROS production in LECs with or without apoptosis and eventually resulted in cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Shinohara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985840 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5840, USA.
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Ross A, McLean TW, Farber R, Weaver RG, Chauvenet A, Givner LB, Shetty AK. Retinitis following varicella in a vaccinated child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005; 45:191-4. [PMID: 15880424 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Serious ocular disease following varicella (chickenpox) is rare in children. In addition, retinitis in children with hematologic malignancies may present a difficult diagnostic challenge because infectious retinitis may mimic leukemic involvement of the eye. We report a 7-year-old patient with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission who presented with visual complaints 2 weeks after developing chickenpox. Ophthalmologic evaluation revealed acute retinitis in the right eye. Prolonged therapy with acyclovir resulted in near complete recovery. Early diagnosis of VZV retinopathy and aggressive antiviral treatment is critical to prevent acute and long-term ocular sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmela Husar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zagreb University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Persaud D, Moss WJ, Muñoz JL. Serious eye infections in children. Pediatr Ann 1993; 22:379-83; quiz 384-5. [PMID: 8414691 DOI: 10.3928/0090-4481-19930601-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Persaud
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, NY 10016
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Yoser SL, Forster DJ, Rao NA. Systemic viral infections and their retinal and choroidal manifestations. Surv Ophthalmol 1993; 37:313-52. [PMID: 8387231 DOI: 10.1016/0039-6257(93)90064-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are one of the most common causes of infections involving the posterior segment of the eye. Such infections can occur either on a congenital or an acquired basis, and may affect primarily the retina or the choroid. Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) and rubella infections may result in retinitis. CMV retinitis is also the most common cause of acquired viral retinitis, primarily because of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Other types of viral retinitis, such as those caused by herpes simplex or herpes zoster, can occur in immunocompromised or immunocompetent individuals. Retinitis or choroiditis caused by viruses such as measles, influenza, Epstein-Barr virus, and Rift Valley fever virus, typically occurs subsequent to an acute viral systemic illness. The systemic and ocular manifestations, as well as the histopathology, laboratory tests, differential diagnoses, and treatment regimens for each of the individual viruses are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Yoser
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles
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Generalized experimental herpes developing in guinea pigs after retrobulbar infection. Bull Exp Biol Med 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00840050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Conjunctivitis is a common, usually mild, self-limited problem. Pathogens vary at different ages. Conjunctivitis occurs alone or as a manifestation of a systemic infection or a systemic disease. Diagnosis can usually be established by the combination of clinical and laboratory findings. Topical, systemic or combination therapy is used, depending on the agent and extent of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fisher
- Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelpha, Pennsylvania
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