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Cupido DT, de Beer C. Screening for viral pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract from cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy at the Tygerberg Medico-legal Mortuary. Virol J 2023; 20:281. [PMID: 38031160 PMCID: PMC10688011 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden and unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) may be triggered by an external risk or exposure. Intestinal infections with enteric viruses may disrupt the gut and enhance bacterial toxins present in SUDI cases. While diarrhoeal disease deaths have decreased worldwide, approximately half a million deaths still occur in children in Sub- Saharan Africa and South Asia. Furthermore, the role of viral enteropathogens in SUDI cases have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to describe specific viral pathogens in stool samples collected from SUDI cases and age-matched, apparently healthy infants in Cape Town, South Africa. Stool samples were collected from 176 SUDI cases between June 2017 and May 2018. In addition, stool samples were collected from the nappies of 30 age-matched, apparently healthy infants as a control group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on the stool samples for viral detection. A total of 111 SUDI cases were positive for viruses, with rotavirus (38.6%; 68/176) and norovirus GI and GII (30.0%; 53/176) were prevalent in SUDI cases. Adenovirus Type F was present in only 15.9% (28/176), astrovirus in 9.7% (17/176), and sapovirus in 0.6% (1/176) of cases. In the control samples, norovirus GII was detected most frequently (36.7%; 11/30), followed by rotavirus (33.3%; 10/30), and sapovirus in 6.7% (2/30). While there was no significant association between SUDI cases and enteric viruses, the majority of viruses were significantly associated with the seasons. The study confirms the importance of rotavirus vaccination and describes the significance of norovirus infection in children, post rotavirus vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Cupido
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Corena de Beer
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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2
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Li W, Li W, Li L, Guo Y, Chen J, Shang S, Mao J. Multiplex detection of eight different viral enteropathogens in clinical samples, combining RT-PCR technology with melting curve analysis. Virol J 2022; 19:61. [PMID: 35392937 PMCID: PMC8991609 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early and accurate identification of infection viruses among children can benefit the personalized medical treatment and management, and reduce the future occurrence of serious symptoms. Thus, it is critical to develop a high-throughput multiplex real-time RT-PCR method to improve the accuracy and efficiency in routine clinical lab tests. Methods We developed a real time RT-PCR combined with melting curve analysis (RRCMC) method for simultaneous detection of rotavirus A, B, C, norovirus GI and GII, adenovirus, astrovirus and sapovirus. Results Stool samples were collected from 160 children with acute diarrhea and tested by RRCMC assay. A total of 71 patients were tested positive with norovirus, adenovirus or rotavirus. The RRCMC assay has high specificity. There is no internal cross-reaction among the 8 diarrhea viruses and no cross-reaction of other commonly intestinal pathogens and human genome. The limit detection was ranged from 1 × 102 to 1 × 105 nucleic acid copies/ml for each diarrhea virus. Conclusion The RRCMC method is a suitable rapid clinical test for infectious viruses, with the advantages of high-throughput, low cost, high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Jiangsu Bioperfectus Biotechnology Technologies Co, LTD, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqiang Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng road, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Landa E, Javaid S, Won JS, Vigandt E, Caronia J, Mir P, Thet Z. Septic Shock Secondary to Severe Gastroenteritis Resulting From Sapovirus Infection. Cureus 2022; 14:e24010. [PMID: 35547467 PMCID: PMC9090209 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapovirus causes acute gastroenteritis (AGE) which manifests as severe diarrhea and vomiting. It is most often seen in, but not limited to, children and toddlers but can occur in people of all ages. It is typically more prevalent in low to middle-income countries but has also been reported in progressive countries such as the United States. Due to the universal use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, the reported incidence of sapovirus has continued to grow as the culprit agent in both AGE outbreaks and isolated cases. Its symptoms resemble what is seen with rotavirus but with a milder clinical course. This discussion explores the dire implications of a relatively understated pathogen. Here, we present a rare case of a 20-year-old woman who presented with septic shock secondary to severe gastroenteritis as a result of sapovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Landa
- Internal Medicine, Unity Health, Searcy, USA
| | - Saad Javaid
- Internal Medicine, Wyckoff Heights Medical Center, New York City, USA
| | - Jung S Won
- Internal Medicine, Wyckoff Heights Medical Center, New York City, USA
| | - Erika Vigandt
- Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York City, USA
| | - Jonathan Caronia
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwell Health, New York City, USA
| | - Parvez Mir
- Pulmonary and Critical Care/Internal Medicine, Wyckoff Heights Medical Center, New York City, USA
| | - Zeyar Thet
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Wyckoff Heights Medical Center, New York City, USA
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4
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Razizadeh MH, Khatami A, Zarei M. Global molecular prevalence and genotype distribution of Sapovirus in children with gastrointestinal complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2302. [PMID: 34626019 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sapovirus (SaV) is an emerging cause of children gastrointestinal complications such as acute gastroenteritis (AGE). The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the global prevalence of the SaV in children and association of infection with SaVs and AGE in children based on case-control studies. Four international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences and Google Scholar) were used to retrieve English-language studies published between January 2000 and December 2020. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software was applied to estimate the overall prevalence, publication bias and heterogeneity index. The pooled prevalence of SaV infection among children with gastroenteritis was 3.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9%-3.9%] based on a random-effects meta-analysis. Genogroup I was the dominant genogroup of SaV in children with gastroenteritis [2.2% (95% CI: 1.6%-3.0%)], association analysis showed that SaV was associated with gastroenteritis [OR: 1.843 (95% CI: 1.27-2.66)]. Given the significant prevalence of the virus in children, it is necessary to pay more attention to this situation. Therefore, preventive health measures in children should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Khatami
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Diez Valcarce M, Kambhampati AK, Calderwood LE, Hall AJ, Mirza SA, Vinjé J. Global distribution of sporadic sapovirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255436. [PMID: 34411109 PMCID: PMC8376006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE), characterized by diarrhea and vomiting, is an important cause of global mortality, accounting for 9% of all deaths in children under five years of age. Since the reduction of rotavirus in countries that have included rotavirus vaccines in their national immunization programs, other viruses such as norovirus and sapovirus have emerged as more common causes of AGE. Due to widespread use of real-time RT-PCR testing, sapovirus has been increasingly reported as the etiologic agent in both AGE outbreaks and sporadic AGE cases. We aimed to assess the role of sapovirus as a cause of endemic AGE worldwide by conducting a systematic review of published studies that used molecular diagnostics to assess the prevalence of sapovirus among individuals with AGE symptoms. Of 106 articles included, the pooled sapovirus prevalence was 3.4%, with highest prevalence among children <5 years of age (4.4%) and among individuals in community settings (7.1%). Compared to studies that used conventional RT-PCR, RT-qPCR assays had a higher pooled prevalence (5.6%). Among individuals without AGE symptoms, the pooled sapovirus prevalence was 2.7%. These results highlight the relative contribution of sapovirus to cases of AGE, especially in community settings and among children <5 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Diez Valcarce
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Anita K. Kambhampati
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Calderwood
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Cherokee Nation Assurance, Arlington, VA, United States of America
| | - Aron J. Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Mirza
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Song K, Lin X, Liu Y, Ji F, Zhang L, Chen P, Zhao C, Song Y, Tao Z, Xu A. Detection of Human Sapoviruses in Sewage in China by Next Generation Sequencing. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:270-280. [PMID: 33755873 PMCID: PMC7985922 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human sapovirus (SaV) is an important causative agent of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. However, little is known about its circulation in China. To study the prevalence and diversity of human SaV genotypes circulating in eastern China, a 3-year environmental surveillance combined with next generation sequencing (NGS) technology was conducted. A total of 36 raw sewage samples were collected from January 2017 to December 2019 in Jinan and processed. Thirty-five (97.22%) samples were positive for human SaV genome in quantitative RT-PCR assay; 33 (91.67%) samples were positive in nested RT-PCR assay on partial capsid VP1 sequence and all amplicons were further analyzed separately by NGS. Among those, ten genotypes belonging to the genogroups of GI, GII, GIV, and GV were identified by NGS, including 4 major genotypes (GI.2, GI.1, GV.1 and GI.3) and 6 uncommon genotypes (GII.5, GII.1, GII.NA1, GII.3, GI.6 and GIV.1). A temporal switch of predominant genotype was observed from GI.2 to GI.1 around June 2019. Local and foreign sequences clustered together in some branches according to phylogenetic analysis, indicating frequent transmission of various lineages in different regions of the world. Environmental surveillance provides a comprehensive picture of human SaV in China. NGS-based environmental surveillance improves our knowledge on human SaV circulating in communities greatly and should be encouraged as a sensitive surveillance tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Song
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44-1 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zexin Tao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 16992 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sapovirus, a genus in the Caliciviridae family alongside norovirus, is increasingly recognized as an important cause of childhood diarrhea. Some challenges exist in our ability to better understand sapovirus infections, including the inability to grow sapovirus in cell culture, which has hindered diagnosis and studies of immunity. Another challenge is that individuals with sapovirus infection are commonly coinfected with other enteric pathogens, complicating our ability to attribute the diarrhea episode to a single pathogen. RECENT FINDINGS Development of molecular methods for sapovirus detection has increased our ability to measure disease prevalence. The prevalence of sapovirus varies between 1 and 17% of diarrhea episodes worldwide, with the highest burden in young children and older adults. Further, epidemiological studies have used novel approaches to account for the presence of coinfections with other enteric pathogens; one multisite cohort study of children under two years of age found that sapovirus had the second-highest attributable incidence among all diarrheal pathogens studied. SUMMARY Especially in settings where rotavirus vaccines have been introduced, efforts to reduce the overall burden of childhood diarrhea should focus on the reduction of sapovirus transmission and disease burden.
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Vielot NA, González F, Reyes Y, Zepeda O, Blette B, Paniagua M, Toval-Ruíz C, Diez-Valcarce M, Hudgens MG, Gutiérrez L, Blandón P, Herrera R, Cuadra EC, Bowman N, Vilchez S, Vinjé J, Becker-Dreps S, Bucardo F. Risk Factors and Clinical Profile of Sapovirus-associated Acute Gastroenteritis in Early Childhood: A Nicaraguan Birth Cohort Study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:220-226. [PMID: 33464013 PMCID: PMC7878336 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sapovirus is increasingly recognized as an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children. We identified risk factors and characterized the clinical profile of sapovirus AGE in a birth cohort in León, Nicaragua. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within a birth cohort (n = 444). Fieldworkers conducted weekly household AGE surveillance. AGE stools were tested for sapovirus by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction. For each first sapovirus episode, we selected 2 healthy age-matched controls and estimated independent risk factors of sapovirus AGE using conditional logistic regression. We compared clinical characteristics of sapovirus AGE episodes with episodes associated with other etiologies and identified co-infections with other enteric pathogens. RESULTS From June 2017 to July 2019, we identified 63 first sapovirus AGE episodes and selected 126 controls. Having contact with an individual with AGE symptoms and vaginal delivery were independent risk factors for sapovirus AGE. All cases experienced diarrhea, lasting a median 6 days; 23% experienced vomiting. Compared with children with AGE due to another etiology, sapovirus AGE was similar in severity, with less reported fever. Most cases experienced co-infections and were more likely than controls to be infected with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli or astrovirus. CONCLUSIONS Sapovirus was a commonly identified AGE etiology in this Central American setting, and symptoms were similar to AGE associated with other etiologies. The association between vaginal delivery and sapovirus is a novel finding. Gut microbiome composition might mediate this relationship, or vaginal delivery might be a proxy for other risk factors. Further investigation into more specific biological mechanisms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja A Vielot
- From the Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Omar Zepeda
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Bryan Blette
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Margarita Paniagua
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Christian Toval-Ruíz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Marta Diez-Valcarce
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Center for Global Safe Water Sanitation and Hygiene, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lester Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Patricia Blandón
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Roberto Herrera
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Edwing Centeno Cuadra
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Natalie Bowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samuel Vilchez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- From the Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua-León, León, Nicaragua
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Farkas K, Walker DI, Adriaenssens EM, McDonald JE, Hillary LS, Malham SK, Jones DL. Viral indicators for tracking domestic wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 181:115926. [PMID: 32417460 PMCID: PMC7211501 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne enteric viruses are an emerging cause of disease outbreaks and represent a major threat to global public health. Enteric viruses may originate from human wastewater and can undergo rapid transport through aquatic environments with minimal decay. Surveillance and source apportionment of enteric viruses in environmental waters is therefore essential for accurate risk management. However, individual monitoring of the >100 enteric viral strains that have been identified as aquatic contaminants is unfeasible. Instead, viral indicators are often used for quantitative assessments of wastewater contamination, viral decay and transport in water. An ideal indicator for tracking wastewater contamination should be (i) easy to detect and quantify, (ii) source-specific, (iii) resistant to wastewater treatment processes, and (iv) persistent in the aquatic environment, with similar behaviour to viral pathogens. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of 127 peer-reviewed publications, to critically evaluate the effectiveness of several viral indicators of wastewater pollution, including common enteric viruses (mastadenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and Aichi viruses), the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and gut-associated bacteriophages (Type II/III FRNA phages and phages infecting human Bacteroides species, including crAssphage). Our analysis suggests that overall, human mastadenoviruses have the greatest potential to indicate contamination by domestic wastewater due to their easy detection, culturability, and high prevalence in wastewater and in the polluted environment. Aichi virus, crAssphage and PMMoV are also widely detected in wastewater and in the environment, and may be used as molecular markers for human-derived contamination. We conclude that viral indicators are suitable for the long-term monitoring of viral contamination in freshwater and marine environments and that these should be implemented within monitoring programmes to provide a holistic assessment of microbiological water quality and wastewater-based epidemiology, improve current risk management strategies and protect global human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK.
| | - David I Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - James E McDonald
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Luke S Hillary
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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10
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Makhaola K, Moyo S, Kebaabetswe LP. Distribution and Genetic Variability of Sapoviruses in Africa. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050490. [PMID: 32349380 PMCID: PMC7291139 DOI: 10.3390/v12050490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we describe the distribution and genetic diversity of sapoviruses detected among humans, animals and the environment in African countries. Databases were searched for studies conducted in African countries and published between Jan 2005 and Mar 2019. Only studies where RT- PCR was used for initial detection were included in the systematic review. We identified 27 studies from 14 African countries with 18 focused on human sapoviruses, two on animal sapoviruses and seven on sapoviruses observed in the environment. Samples. The overall estimated pooled prevalence of human sapovirus infections among symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals was similar at 5.0% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.0–7.0) and 2.0% (95% CI: 1.0–3.0), respectively. In environmental samples sapovirus detection rates ranged from 0% to 90% while in animal studies it was 1.7% to 34.8%. Multiple causes of gastroenteritis, sensitivity of detection method used, diversity of sapovirus strains and rotavirus vaccine coverage rate are some of the factors that could have contributed to the wide range of sapovirus detection rates that were reported. The studies reported human genogroups GI, GII, and GIV, with genogroup GI being the most prevalent. Some potential novel strains were detected from animal samples. Most studies genotyped a small portion of either the capsid and/or polymerase region. However, this is a limitation as it does not allow for detection of recombinants that occur frequently in sapoviruses. More studies with harmonized genotyping protocols that cover longer ranges of the sapovirus genome are needed to provide more information on the genomic characterization of sapoviruses circulating in African countries. Further investigations on animal to human transmission for sapoviruses are needed as inter-species transmissions have been documented for other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgomotso Makhaola
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lemme P. Kebaabetswe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
- Correspondence:
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11
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Mann P, Pietsch C, Liebert UG. Genetic Diversity of Sapoviruses among Inpatients in Germany, 2008-2018. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080726. [PMID: 31394867 PMCID: PMC6723979 DOI: 10.3390/v11080726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapovirus enteric disease affects people of all ages across the globe, in both sporadic cases and outbreak settings. Sapovirus is seldom assessed in Germany and its epidemiology in the country is essentially unknown. Thus, sapovirus occurrence and genetic diversity were studied by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and partial sequencing of major viral structural protein (VP1) gene in two different sets of stool samples: (1) a selection of 342 diarrheal stools collected from inpatient children during 2008−2009, and (2) 5555 stool samples collected during 2010–2018 from inpatients of all age groups with gastrointestinal complaints. Results showed year-round circulation of sapoviruses, with peaks during cooler months. In total, 30 samples (8.8%) of the first and 112 samples of the second set of samples (2.0%) were sapovirus positive. Capsid gene sequencing was successful in 134/142 samples (94.4%) and showed circulation of all known human pathogenic genogroups. Genotype GI.1 predominated (31.8%), followed by GII.1 (16.7%), GII.3 (14.5%), GI.2 (13.8%) and GV.1 (12.3%). Additionally, minor circulation of GI.3, GI.6, GII.2, GII.4, GII.6 and GIV.1 was shown. Consequently, sapovirus diagnostics need broadly reactive RT-PCR protocols and should particularly be considered in infants and young children. Further studies from other sampling sites are essential to extend our knowledge on sapovirus epidemiology in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Mann
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Pietsch
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Uwe G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses (RVs) and noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common causes of severe acute gastroenteritis in children. It is generally accepted that RVs cause severe acute gastroenteritis in a higher proportion of cases compared with NoVs. To our knowledge, there are no systematic reviews and meta-analyses comparing the severity of NoV and RV disease. METHODS We searched MEDLINE for studies reporting data for NoV and RV medically attended disease severity in children. We included studies where all children had been tested for both NoV (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and RV (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and that reported disease severity using the Vesikari or modified Vesikari score, or provided clinical information on severity. We generated pooled estimates of the mean with 95% confidence intervals using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS We identified 266 publications, of which 31 were retained for qualitative analysis and 26 for quantitative analysis. Fourteen studies provided data on severity score for the meta-analysis. The pooled mean severity scores (95% confidence interval) among outpatients were 10 (8-12) and 11 (8-14) for NoV and RV, respectively. Among inpatients, they were 11 (9-13) for NoV and 12 (10-14) for RV. The difference was statistically significant among inpatients, but relatively small (1 point in a 20-point scale). About 20% more children with RV required rehydration when compared with children with NoV. CONCLUSIONS NoV causes moderate to severe disease similar to RV in young children. This information should be useful for future evaluations of an eventual introduction of NoV vaccines in national immunization programs.
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Diez-Valcarce M, Castro CJ, Marine RL, Halasa N, Mayta H, Saito M, Tsaknaridis L, Pan CY, Bucardo F, Becker-Dreps S, Lopez MR, Magaña LC, Ng TFF, Vinjé J. Genetic diversity of human sapovirus across the Americas. J Clin Virol 2018; 104:65-72. [PMID: 29753103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sapoviruses are responsible for sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Sapovirus typing protocols have a success rate as low as 43% and relatively few complete sapovirus genome sequences are available to improve current typing protocols. OBJECTIVE/STUDY DESIGN To increase the number of complete sapovirus genomes to better understand the molecular epidemiology of human sapovirus and to improve the success rate of current sapovirus typing methods, we used deep metagenomics shotgun sequencing to obtain the complete genomes of 68 sapovirus samples from four different countries across the Americas (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru and the US). RESULTS VP1 genotyping showed that all sapovirus sequences could be grouped in the four established genogroups (GI (n = 13), GII (n = 30), GIV (n = 23), GV (n = 2)) that infect humans. They include the near-complete genome of a GI.6 virus and a recently reported novel GII.8 virus. Sequences of the complete RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene could be grouped into three major genetic clusters or polymerase (P) types (GI.P, GII.P and GV.P) with all GIV viruses harboring a GII polymerase. One (GII.P-GII.4) of the new 68 sequences was a recombinant virus with the hotspot between the NS7 and VP1 regions. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of this expanded database of near-complete sapovirus sequences showed several mismatches in the genotyping primers, suggesting opportunities to revisit and update current sapovirus typing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel L Marine
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Holger Mayta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Department of Virology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Chao-Yang Pan
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Leon, Leon, Nicaragua
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Kumthip K, Khamrin P, Maneekarn N. Molecular epidemiology and genotype distributions of noroviruses and sapoviruses in Thailand 2000-2016: A review. J Med Virol 2018; 90:617-624. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
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Viral Gastroenteritis. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7151782 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-40181-4.00056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Bergallo M, Galliano I, Montanari P, Brusin MR, Finotti S, Paderi G, Gabiano C. Development of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for sapovirus in children under 5-years-old in Regina Margherita Hospital of Turin, Italy. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:296-302. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteritis is a common disease in children. It is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. Sapovirus (SaV) is a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis, but it causes milder illness than do rotavirus and norovirus. There is high variability in the analytical performance of quantitative PCR-based assays among clinical laboratories. This study developed a reverse transcription real-time PCR method to detect SaV in fecal specimens collected from children under 5-years-old with acute gastroenteritis. Of 137 episodes of acute gastroenteritis, 15 (10.9%) were associated with SaV genomic detection, with a median viral load of 6.6(log10) ± 7.1(log10) genomes/mg fecal specimens. There was a significant difference in detection rate between males and females (9.48% (13/15) vs. 1.46% (2/15), p = 0.0232). Among the 15 SaV-positive cases, 6 were also positive for rotavirus. Viral RNA recovery rate ranged from 46% to 77% in the manual RNAzol protocol and from 31% to 90% in the automated Maxwell protocol. We also studied whether human genomic DNA influences the sensitivity of the assay: its presence caused a decrease in PCR sensitivity. The development of a laboratory-designed real-time PCR TaqMan assay for quantitative detection of SaV and the optimization and standardization of this assay, using stools of children with acute gastroenteritis, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bergallo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, 10136 Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Galliano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, 10136 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Montanari
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, 10136 Turin, Italy
| | - Martina Rosa Brusin
- Struttura Complessa, Pediatric University Regina Margherita Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 1016 Turin, Italy
| | - Serena Finotti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, 10136 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Paderi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Medical School, 10136 Turin, Italy
| | - Clara Gabiano
- Struttura Complessa, Pediatric University Regina Margherita Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 1016 Turin, Italy
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Reymão TKA, Hernandez JDM, Costa STPD, Sousa MSD, Oliveira DDS, Silva LDD, Bandeira RDS, Lima ICGD, Soares LDS, Mascarenhas JDP, Gabbay YB. SAPOVIRUSES IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS FROM MANAUS , AMAZON REGION, BRAZIL, 2010-2011. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:81. [PMID: 27828622 PMCID: PMC5096635 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sapoviruses (SaVs) are responsible for acute gastroenteritis in humans, especially children and the elderly. In Brazil, data on SaVs infections are very limited, especially in Northern Brazil. Here, we investigated the occurrence of SaVs in samples from hospitalized children under ten years old that presented acute gastroenteritis. Positive samples were genotyped and phylogenetic analysis was performed using prototype strains sequences obtained from GenBank database. In total, 156 fecal samples were screened by RT-PCR for SaVs. A positivity rate of 3.8% (6/156) was found in children under three years of age. Four genotypes were detected: GI.I, GI.2 and GII.2?-GII.4?/GII.4, suggesting a possible inter-genotypes recombination. Most infections (83.3%) occurred between August and September. The positivity was similar to that found in other countries and genotyping demonstrated the presence of distinct genotypes. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the circulation of SaVs in Manaus, state of Amazonas, Amazon region, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maísa Silva de Sousa
- Federal University of Pará, Tropical Medicine Center, Postgraduate Program in Tropical Diseases. Belém, Pará, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Darleise de Souza Oliveira
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Virology Section. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Luciana Damascena da Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Virology Section. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Renato da Silva Bandeira
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Virology Section. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Ian Carlos Gomes de Lima
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Virology Section. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ;
| | - Luana da Silva Soares
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Virology Section. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ;
| | | | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Virology Section. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil. E-mails: ; ; ; ; ;
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Page N, Groome MJ, Murray T, Nadan S, Netshikweta R, Keddy KH, Poonsamy B, Moyes J, Walaza S, Kahn K, Kuonza L, Taylor MB, Madhi SA, Cohen C. Sapovirus prevalence in children less than five years of age hospitalised for diarrhoeal disease in South Africa, 2009-2013. J Clin Virol 2016; 78:82-8. [PMID: 27002709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although sapovirus (SaV) has been detected in 2.2-12.7% of gastroenteritis cases globally, there are limited data on SaV epidemiology. OBJECTIVES Describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and factors associated with SaV gastroenteritis in hospitalised children <5 years of age in South Africa. STUDY DESIGN Between 2009 and 2013 during prospective diarrhoeal surveillance, stool specimens were collected from four sites and screened for SaVs and associated enteric pathogens using ELISA, microscopy, conventional and real-time PCR. Epidemiological and clinical data were compared in patients with or without SaV. Odds ratios were assessed by bivariate and stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Sapoviruses were detected in 7.7% (238/3103) of children admitted to hospital and 11.4% (9/79) of deaths. Sapovirus was detected more commonly in children 19-24 months compared to<6months (aOR=2.3; p=0.018) and in males (aOR=2.0; p=0.001). Additional factors associated with SaV detection included residing with≥7 inhabitants compared to ≤3 (aOR=2.2; p=0.011) and concomitant norovirus infections (aOR=3.0; p=0.003). HIV-infected children with SaV were more likely to have bloody stools (aOR=16.8; p<0.001), low birth weight (<2.5kg; aOR=5.8; p=0.007) and live in environments without flush toilets (aOR=8.1; p=0.003) compared to HIV-uninfected children. CONCLUSIONS Sapoviruses, which are perceived to cause mild diarrhoea, were detected in hospitalised children and diarrhoeal deaths in South Africa. Determinants increasing the odds of SaV included overcrowding and concomitant infections while HIV-infected children with SaV displayed bloody stools, low birth weight and reduced access to proper sanitation. Mitigation strategies against SaV infections include improved sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Page
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa.
| | - Michelle J Groome
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tanya Murray
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Sandrama Nadan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Rembuluwani Netshikweta
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Karen H Keddy
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bhavani Poonsamy
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa
| | - Jocelyn Moyes
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lazarus Kuonza
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Maureen B Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private Bag x4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa
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Mechanism of Cell Culture Adaptation of an Enteric Calicivirus, the Porcine Sapovirus Cowden Strain. J Virol 2015; 90:1345-58. [PMID: 26581980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02197-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The porcine sapovirus (SaV) (PoSaV) Cowden strain is one of only a few culturable enteric caliciviruses. Compared to the wild-type (WT) PoSaV Cowden strain, tissue culture-adapted (TC) PoSaV has two conserved amino acid substitutions in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and six in the capsid protein (VP1). By using the reverse-genetics system, we identified that 4 amino acid substitutions in VP1 (residues 178, 289, 324, and 328), but not the substitutions in the RdRp region, were critical for the cell culture adaptation of the PoSaV Cowden strain. The other two substitutions in VP1 (residues 291 and 295) reduced virus replication in vitro. Three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis of VP1 showed that residue 178 was located near the dimer-dimer interface, which may affect VP1 assembly and oligomerization; residues 289, 291, 324, and 328 were located at protruding subdomain 2 (P2) of VP1, which may influence virus binding to cellular receptors; and residue 295 was located at the interface of two monomeric VP1 proteins, which may influence VP1 dimerization. Although reversion of the mutation at residue 291 or 295 from that of the TC strain to that of the WT reduced virus replication in vitro, it enhanced virus replication in vivo, and the revertants induced higher-level serum and mucosal antibody responses than those induced by the TC PoSaV Cowden strain. Our findings reveal the molecular basis for PoSaV adaptation to cell culture. These findings may provide new, critical information for the cell culture adaptation of other PoSaV strains and human SaVs or noroviruses. IMPORTANCE The tissue culture-adapted porcine sapovirus Cowden strain is one of only a few culturable enteric caliciviruses. We discovered that 4 amino acid substitutions in VP1 (residues 178, 289, 324, and 328) were critical for its adaptation to LLC-PK cells. Two substitutions in VP1 (residues 291 and 295) reduced virus replication in vitro but enhanced virus replication and induced higher-level serum and mucosal antibody responses in gnotobiotic pigs than those induced by the tissue culture-adapted strain. Structural modeling analysis of VP1 suggested that residue 178 may affect VP1 assembly and oligomerization; residues 289, 291, 324, and 328 may influence virus binding to cellular receptors; and residue 295 may influence VP1 dimerization. Our findings will provide new information for the cell culture adaptation of other sapoviruses and possibly noroviruses.
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Abstract
Sapoviruses cause acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals. They belong to the genus Sapovirus within the family Caliciviridae. They infect and cause disease in humans of all ages, in both sporadic cases and outbreaks. The clinical symptoms of sapovirus gastroenteritis are indistinguishable from those caused by noroviruses, so laboratory diagnosis is essential to identify the pathogen. Sapoviruses are highly diverse genetically and antigenically. Currently, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays are widely used for sapovirus detection from clinical specimens due to their high sensitivity and broad reactivity as well as the lack of sensitive assays for antigen detection or cell culture systems for the detection of infectious viruses. Sapoviruses were first discovered in 1976 by electron microscopy in diarrheic samples of humans. To date, sapoviruses have also been detected from several animals: pigs, mink, dogs, sea lions, and bats. In this review, we focus on genomic and antigenic features, molecular typing/classification, detection methods, and clinical and epidemiological profiles of human sapoviruses.
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Matussek A, Dienus O, Djeneba O, Simpore J, Nitiema L, Nordgren J. Molecular characterization and genetic susceptibility of sapovirus in children with diarrhea in Burkina Faso. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:396-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Liu X, Yamamoto D, Saito M, Imagawa T, Ablola A, Tandoc AO, Segubre-Mercado E, Lupisan SP, Okamoto M, Furuse Y, Saito M, Oshitani H. Molecular detection and characterization of sapovirus in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in the Philippines. J Clin Virol 2015; 68:83-8. [PMID: 26071343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human sapovirus (SaV) is a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis. Recently, SaV detection has been increasing worldwide due to the emerging SaV genotype I.2. However, SaV infection has not been reported in the Philippines. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of SaV in hospitalized children aged less than 5 years with acute gastroenteritis. STUDY DESIGN Stool samples were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis at three hospitals in the Philippines from June 2012 to August 2013. SaV was detected by reverse transcription real-time PCR, and the polymerase and capsid gene sequences were analyzed. Full genome sequencing and recombination analysis were performed on possible recombinant viruses. RESULTS SaV was detected in 7.0% of the tested stool samples (29/417). In 10 SaV-positive cases, other viruses were also detected, including rotavirus (n=6), norovirus (n=2), and human astrovirus (n=2). Four known SaV genotypes (GI.1 [7], GI.2 [2], GII.1 [12], and GV [2]) and one novel recombinant (n=3) were identified by polymerase and capsid gene sequence analysis. Full genome sequencing revealed that the 5' nontranslated region (NTR) and nonstructural protein region of the novel recombinant were closely related to the GII.1 Bristol/98/UK variant, whereas the structural protein region and 3' NTR were closely related to the GII.4 Kumamoto6/Mar2003/JPN variant. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS SaV was regularly detected in hospitalized children due to acute gastroenteritis during the study period. A novel recombinant, SaV GII.1/GII.4, was identified in three cases at two different study sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Dai Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kushiro city General Hospital, 1-12 Shunkodai, Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-0822, Japan
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - Toshifumi Imagawa
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Adrianne Ablola
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - Amado O Tandoc
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - Edelwisa Segubre-Mercado
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - Socorro P Lupisan
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa 1781, Philippines
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki Furuse
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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23
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Karst SM, Zhu S, Goodfellow IG. The molecular pathology of noroviruses. J Pathol 2015; 235:206-16. [PMID: 25312350 DOI: 10.1002/path.4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus infection in humans typically results in acute gastroenteritis but may also occur in many animal species. Noroviruses are recognized as one of the most common causes of acute gastroenteritis in the world, being responsible for almost 20% of all cases. Despite their prevalence and impact, our knowledge of the norovirus life cycle and the pathological processes associated with norovirus-induced disease is limited. Whilst infection of the intestine is the norm, extraintestinal spread and associated pathologies have also been described. In addition, long-term chronic infections are now recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge with respect to norovirus pathology and the underlying mechanisms that have been characterized to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Karst
- College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Bucardo F, Reyes Y, Svensson L, Nordgren J. Predominance of norovirus and sapovirus in Nicaragua after implementation of universal rotavirus vaccination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98201. [PMID: 24849288 PMCID: PMC4029982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite significant reduction of rotavirus (RV) infections following implementation of RotaTeq vaccination in Nicaragua, a large burden of patients with diarrhea persists. Methods We conducted a community- and hospital-based study of the burden of RV, norovirus (NV) and sapovirus (SV) infections as cause of sporadic acute gastroenteritis (GE) among 330 children ≤ 5 years of age between September 2009 and October 2010 in two major cities of Nicaragua with a RotaTeq coverage rate of 95%. Results We found that NV, SV and RV infections altogether accounted for 45% of cases of GE. Notably, NV was found in 24% (79/330) of the children, followed by SV (17%, 57/330) and RV (8%, 25/330). The detection rate in the hospital setting was 27%, 15% and 14% for NV, SV and RV respectively, whereas in the community setting the detection rate of RV was < 1%. Among each of the investigated viruses one particular genogroup or genotype was dominant; GII.4 (82%) for NV, GI (46%) for SV and G1P[8] (64%) in RV. These variants were also found in higher proportions in the hospital setting compared to the community setting. The GII.4.2006 Minerva strain circulating globally since 2006 was the most common among genotyped NV in this study, with the GII.4-2010 New Orleans emerging in 2010. Conclusions This study shows that NV has become the leading viral cause of gastroenteritis at hospital and community settings in Nicaragua after implementation of RV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, University of León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, University of León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Molecular epidemiology of human calicivirus infections in children with acute diarrhea in Shanghai: a retrospective comparison between inpatients and outpatients treated between 2006 and 2011. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1613-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Development of Norwalk virus-specific monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic potential for the treatment of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis. J Virol 2013; 87:9547-57. [PMID: 23785216 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01376-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunoprophylaxis or immunotherapy with norovirus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) could be a useful treatment for high-risk populations, including infants and young children, the elderly, and certain patients who are debilitated or immunocompromised. In order to obtain antinorovirus MAbs with therapeutic potential, we stimulated a strong adaptive immune response in chimpanzees to the prototype norovirus strain Norwalk virus (NV) (genogroup I.1). A combinatorial phage Fab display library derived from mRNA of the chimpanzees' bone marrow was prepared, and four distinct Fabs reactive with Norwalk recombinant virus-like particles (rVLPs) were recovered, with estimated binding affinities in the subnanomolar range. Mapping studies showed that the four Fabs recognized three different conformational epitopes in the protruding (P) domain of NV VP1, the major capsid protein. The epitope of one of the Fabs, G4, was further mapped to a specific site involving a key amino acid residue, Gly365. One additional specific Fab (F11) was recovered months later from immortalized memory B cells and partially characterized. The anti-NV Fabs were converted into full-length IgG (MAbs) with human γ1 heavy chain constant regions. The anti-NV MAbs were tested in the two available surrogate assays for Norwalk virus neutralization, which showed that the MAbs could block carbohydrate binding and inhibit hemagglutination by NV rVLP. By mixing a single MAb with live Norwalk virus prior to challenge, MAbs D8 and B7 neutralized the virus and prevented infection in a chimpanzee. Because chimpanzee immunoglobulins are virtually identical to human immunoglobulins, these chimpanzee anticapsid MAbs may have a clinical application.
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Kawada JI, Arai N, Nishimura N, Suzuki M, Ohta R, Ozaki T, Ito Y. Clinical characteristics of norovirus gastroenteritis among hospitalized children in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:756-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Diagnostic performance of serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 levels and clinical predictors in children with rotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis. Cytokine 2012; 59:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chang KO, Takahashi D, Prakash O, Kim Y. Characterization and inhibition of norovirus proteases of genogroups I and II using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. Virology 2012; 423:125-33. [PMID: 22200497 PMCID: PMC3259199 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major cause of food- or water-borne gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans. The norovirus protease that cleaves a large viral polyprotein to nonstructural proteins is essential for virus replication and an attractive target for antiviral drug development. Noroviruses show high genetic diversity with at least five genogroups, GI-GV, of which GI and GII are responsible for the majority of norovirus infections in humans. We cloned and expressed proteases of Norwalk virus (GI) and MD145 virus (GII) and characterized the enzymatic activities with fluorescence resonance energy transfer substrates. We demonstrated that the GI and GII proteases cleaved the substrates derived from the naturally occurring cleavage site in the open reading frame (ORF) 1 of G1 norovirus with similar efficiency, and that enzymatic activity of both proteases was inhibited by commercial protease inhibitors including chymostatin. The interaction of chymostatin to Norwalk virus protease was validated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, KS 66506, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. Fax: + 1 785 532 4039
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Viral Gastroenteritis. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2012. [PMCID: PMC7152319 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2702-9.00058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Park DJ, Kim JS, Park JY, Kim HS, Song W, Kim HS, Hur M, Lee KM. [Epidemiological analysis of norovirus infection between March 2007 and February 2010]. Korean J Lab Med 2011; 30:647-53. [PMID: 21157152 DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2010.30.6.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is a common cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and norovirus infection shows symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea in patients of all age groups. Mass outbreaks of norovirus infection have been recently reported in Korea. Herein, we investigated the epidemiological characteristics of acute norovirus gastroenteritis. METHODS We analyzed 11,219 fecal specimens of patients with acute gastroenteritis symptoms from the 5 participating hospitals for 3 yr (March 2007-February 2010) to determine positive rates of detection using RIDASCREEN Norovirus ELISA (R-Biopharm AG, Germany) kit by year, prevalence season, sex, age, and region. RESULTS Norovirus infection was prevalent during autumn and winter, and 13.0% specimens were positive for the infection. The positive rates of norovirus detection were 16.2%, 13.8%, and 9.9% in 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively, and they tended to decrease every year. In 2007 and 2008, the epidemicity of norovirus started from October, reached its peak in November, and lasted until January. However, in 2009, it started from December, reached its peak in January, and lasted until February. Most patients were 0-3 yr old and this patient group had the highest positive rate. There was no significant inter-regional difference among the subjects. CONCLUSIONS We performed epidemiological analysis of norovirus infection using ELISA assay. Reverse transcription-PCR indicated higher prevalence of norovirus infection as compared with that reported before 2007. Further studies are warranted to examine the changes observed in the epidemic period of 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sdiri-Loulizi K, Hassine M, Gharbi-Khelifi H, Aouni Z, Chouchane S, Sakly N, Neji-Guédiche M, Pothier P, Ambert-Balay K, Aouni M. Molecular detection of genogroup I sapovirus in Tunisian children suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Virus Genes 2011; 43:6-12. [PMID: 21461589 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of sapovirus infections in children with acute gastroenteritis in Monastir region, Tunisia, from January 2003 to April 2007. Sapovirus was characterized by sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the partial polymerase gene. From 788 fecal specimens tested, 6 (0.8%) were positive for sapovirus, of these, 4 (66.7%) were monoinfections. All sapovirus positive samples were detected in outpatient, contrary to norovirus which was significantly more frequent in hospitalized children than in outpatients (14.5 vs. 9.5%, P = 0.03). The mean age of children with sapovirus infections was 11 ± 5.56 months (range 6-19 months). Sapovirus isolates were detected in March and between September and December 2003. Fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration were not observed in patients with sapovirus infections. Analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed that all 6 Tunisian sapovirus strains clustered in the GGI/1 genotype and strains were identical in the region sequenced, sharing 90.2% nucleotide identity with the reference strain Sapporo/82/JP (U65427). This represents the first finding of sapovirus infections in North Africa and especially in Tunisia. The data indicate that, contrary to norovirus which can cause severe diarrhea and is an important etiologic agent in hospitalized cases, sapovirus causes mild gastroenteritis in Tunisian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khira Sdiri-Loulizi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Lorrot M, Bon F, El Hajje MJ, Aho S, Wolfer M, Giraudon H, Kaplon J, Marc E, Raymond J, Lebon P, Pothier P, Gendrel D. Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 30:361-8. [PMID: 21128089 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is recognised as the most important agent of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children. In a 2-year prospective survey, we investigated the epidemiology and clinical features of the viral and bacterial pathogens in children hospitalised for AGE. The study was performed in a Parisian teaching hospital from November 2001 to May 2004. Clinical data were prospectively collected to assess the gastroenteritis severity (20-point Vesikari severity score, the need for intravenous rehydration, duration of hospitalisation). Stools were systematically tested for group A rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus 40/41, sapovirus and Aichi virus and enteropathogenic bacteria. A total of 457 children (mean age 15.9 months) were enrolled. Viruses were detected in 305 cases (66.7%) and bacteria in 31 cases (6.8%). Rotaviruses were the most frequent pathogen (48.8%), followed by noroviruses (8.3%) and adenoviruses, astroviruses, Aichi viruses and sapoviruses in 3.5%, 1.5%, 0.9% and 0.4%, respectively. Cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis were significantly more severe than those of norovirus with respect to the Vesikari score, duration of hospitalisation and the need for intravenous rehydration. Rotaviruses were the most frequent and most severe cause in children hospitalised for AGE, and noroviruses also account for a large number of cases in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lorrot
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hopital Robert Debré (APHP), Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France.
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Zeng SQ, Halkosalo A, Salminen M, Szakal ED, Karvonen A, Vesikari T. Norovirus gastroenteritis in young children receiving human rotavirus vaccine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 42:540-4. [DOI: 10.3109/00365541003652556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Characterization of novel porcine sapoviruses. Arch Virol 2010; 155:839-46. [PMID: 20352267 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sapoviruses are common caliciviruses known to cause enteric diseases in humans and animals. SaVs are genetically highly heterogeneous and are presently classified in five genogroups that are further subdivided in a number of genotypes. In recent years, a number of novel animal SaV strains, mostly of swine origin, have been partially characterized and proposed to represent novel genogroups or genotypes. We previously reported the detection and partial characterization of a wide range of variable and novel SaV strains of uncertain taxonomic status in Canadian swine. We now report on further genomic characterization of two novel strains to clarify their taxonomic relationship to other swine and human SaVs. Detailed analysis of different regions of their genomes, including determination of their complete capsid sequence, did not permit clear taxonomic assignment according to current criteria. This situation appears reminiscent of that of a number of SaV strains of swine origin and calls for a classification update for this calicivirus genus. We also report the detection of swine GIII SaVs for the first time in Canada.
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Karst SM. Pathogenesis of noroviruses, emerging RNA viruses. Viruses 2010; 2:748-781. [PMID: 21994656 PMCID: PMC3185648 DOI: 10.3390/v2030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses in the family Caliciviridae are a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. They are responsible for at least 95% of viral outbreaks and over 50% of all outbreaks worldwide. Transmission of these highly infectious plus-stranded RNA viruses occurs primarily through contaminated food or water, but also through person-to-person contact and exposure to fomites. Norovirus infections are typically acute and self-limited. However, disease can be much more severe and prolonged in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Norovirus outbreaks frequently occur in semi-closed communities such as nursing homes, military settings, schools, hospitals, cruise ships, and disaster relief situations. Noroviruses are classified as Category B biodefense agents because they are highly contagious, extremely stable in the environment, resistant to common disinfectants, and associated with debilitating illness. The number of reported norovirus outbreaks has risen sharply since 2002 suggesting the emergence of more infectious strains. There has also been increased recognition that noroviruses are important causes of childhood hospitalization. Moreover, noroviruses have recently been associated with multiple clinical outcomes other than gastroenteritis. It is unclear whether these new observations are due to improved norovirus diagnostics or to the emergence of more virulent norovirus strains. Regardless, it is clear that human noroviruses cause considerable morbidity worldwide, have significant economic impact, and are clinically important emerging pathogens. Despite the impact of human norovirus-induced disease and the potential for emergence of highly virulent strains, the pathogenic features of infection are not well understood due to the lack of a cell culture system and previous lack of animal models. This review summarizes the current understanding of norovirus pathogenesis from the histological to the molecular level, including contributions from new model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Karst
- Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-318-675-8122; Fax: +1-318-675-5764
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Abstract
Noroviruses infect persons of all ages, often causing epidemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis as well as sporadic cases. The application of novel molecular methods to the diagnosis of norovirus infections is now revealing their real impact. Molecular epidemiology studies have identified the most common viral genotypes responsible for human infections. Norovirus gastroenteritis is usually mild and of short duration, although the disease can also be severe, especially in the elderly, or may become chronic, as occurred in the immunocompromised patients. Several factors have been identified regarding the differential susceptibility to norovirus infection among individuals, consisting of several histo-blood antigens (ABO, Lewis and secretor) that are involved in the binding process of noroviruses to the enterocytes. The expression of these antigens in humans is genetically encoded, and shows a high polymorphism, which combined with the genetic diversity of noroviruses, makes the virus-host relationship rather complex. The diagnosis of norovirus infections is not performed routinely in many laboratories, but those involved in epidemiological surveillance have identified norovirus strains that evolve sequentially over time, similarly to Influenza viruses.
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Frequent detection of noroviruses and sapoviruses in swine and high genetic diversity of porcine sapovirus in Japan during Fiscal Year 2008. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1215-22. [PMID: 20164276 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02130-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular biological survey on porcine norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV) was conducted in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, during fiscal year 2008. Both NoV and SaV were detected from swine fecal samples throughout the surveillance period, indicating that these viruses were circulating in this region. NoV strains detected in this study belonged to three genotypes that are known as typical swine NoVs. Although human NoVs were occasionally detected, it was unclear whether they replicated in pigs. As for SaV, genogroup VII (GVII) and other divergent genogroups were identified in addition to the dominant genogroup, GIII, which is the prototypic porcine SaV. In addition, 3 strains genetically related to human SaV were detected. Two of these 3 strains were closely related to human SaV GV. Our study showed that genetic diversification of porcine SaV is currently progressing in the swine population.
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Genetic diversity of sapovirus infections in Danish children 2005–2007. J Clin Virol 2009; 46:265-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Prevalence and clinical characteristics of norovirus gastroenteritis among hospitalized children in Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28:604-7. [PMID: 19561424 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e318197c3ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of norovirus as a cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks is well documented, but the role of norovirus in sporadic acute severe gastroenteritis is not so well established. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of norovirus gastroenteritis among hospitalized children. METHODS A prospective study was conducted in children less than 5 years old, admitted with acute gastroenteritis between January 2005 and January 2008 to the Pediatrics Department of the Universitary Hospital, Albacete, Spain. Demographic and clinical data were collected. A stool sample from each child was screened for enteropathogenic bacteria and tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for rotavirus, astrovirus, norovirus, and sapovirus and by immunochromatographic method for enteric adenoviruses. RESULTS Norovirus was the second most frequent pathogen after rotavirus, being detected in 61 (17.3%) of the 352 children enrolled, in 29 of them (8.2%) as single agent. Mixed infections involving other viruses or bacteria were present in 52.4% of norovirus positive samples, a nosocomial source of infection was demonstrated in 17.2%. Norovirus infection was more prevalent in winter and affected mainly children less than 2 years of age. Vomiting was present in 68% and fever in 48.3% of cases, 3 children had nonfebrile seizures. Compared with rotavirus enteritis, norovirus infection was slightly less severe (in terms of severity score and need of intravenous rehydration) and fever was less frequent. CONCLUSIONS Norovirus was a frequent cause of acute severe sporadic gastroenteritis in children representing the second etiologic agent after rotavirus.
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Type I and type II interferons inhibit the translation of murine norovirus proteins. J Virol 2009; 83:5683-92. [PMID: 19297466 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00231-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are responsible for more than 95% of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Both onset and resolution of disease symptoms are rapid, suggesting that components of the innate immune response are critical in norovirus control. While the study of the human noroviruses has been hampered by the lack of small animal and tissue culture systems, our recent discovery of a murine norovirus (MNV) and its in vitro propagation have allowed us to begin addressing norovirus replication strategies and immune responses to norovirus infection. We have previously demonstrated that interferon responses are critical to control MNV-1 infection in vivo and to directly inhibit viral replication in vitro. We now extend these studies to define the molecular basis for interferon-mediated inhibition. Viral replication intermediates were not detected in permissive cells pretreated with type I interferon after either infection or transfection of virion-associated RNA, demonstrating a very early block to virion production that is after virus entry and uncoating. A similar absence of viral replication intermediates was observed in infected primary macrophages and dendritic cells pretreated with type I IFN. This was not due to degradation of incoming genomes in interferon-pretreated cells since similar levels of genomes were present in untreated and pretreated cells through 6 h of infection, and these genomes retained their integrity. Surprisingly, this block to the translation of viral proteins was not dependent on the well-characterized interferon-induced antiviral molecule PKR. Similar results were observed in cells pretreated with type II interferon, except that the inhibition of viral translation was dependent on PKR. Thus, both type I and type II interferon signaling inhibit norovirus translation in permissive myeloid cells, but they display distinct dependence on PKR for this inhibition.
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Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) of genogroup II, cluster 4 (GII.4), are the most common cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. During the past 13 years, GII.4 NoVs caused four seasons of widespread activity globally, each associated with the emergence of a new strain. In this report, we characterized the most recent epidemic strain, GII.4-2006 Minerva, by comparing virus-like particle (VLP) antigenic relationships and histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding profiles with strains isolated earlier. We also investigated the seroprevalence and specificity of GII.4 antibody in the years prior to, during, and following the GII.4 pandemic of 1995 and 1996 using a large collection of acute- and convalescent-phase serum pairs (n = 298) collected from 34 outbreaks. In a surrogate neutralization assay, we measured the blockade of HBGA binding using a panel of GII.4 VLPs representing strains isolated in 1987, 1997, 2002, and 2006 and a GII.3 VLP representing a strain isolated in the mid-1990s. Serum titers required for 50% HBGA blockade were compared between populations. In general, blockade of GII.4 VLP-HBGA binding was greater with convalescent-phase outbreak sera collected near the time of origin of the VLP strain. Heterotypic genotypes did not contribute to herd immunity against GII.4 NoVs based on their inability to block GII.4 VLP binding to HBGA. However, previous exposure to GII.4 NoV followed by infection by GII.3 NoV appeared to evoke an immune response to GII.4 NoV. These results support the hypothesis that herd immunity is a driving force for GII.4 evolution in the U.S. population. The data also suggest that complex patterns of cross-protection may exist across NoV genotypes in humans.
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L’Homme Y, Sansregret R, Plante-Fortier É, Lamontagne AM, Lacroix G, Ouardani M, Deschamps J, Simard G, Simard C. Genetic diversity of porcine Norovirus and Sapovirus: Canada, 2005–2007. Arch Virol 2009; 154:581-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hwang PJ, Kwak JH, Lee TJ, Jeong SJ. Clinical features of acute noroviral gastroenteritis in children : comparison with rotaviral gastroenteritis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2009.52.4.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Joo Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Kwak
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Taek Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Su Jin Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, Sungnam, Korea
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Noroviruses: a comprehensive review. J Clin Virol 2008; 44:1-8. [PMID: 19084472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wu TC, Liu HH, Chen YJ, Tang RB, Hwang BT, Yuan HC. Comparison of clinical features of childhood norovirus and rotavirus gastroenteritis in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 2008; 71:566-70. [PMID: 19015054 DOI: 10.1016/s1726-4901(08)70170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral gastroenteritis is a common acute infectious disease in infants and young children. This study compared the incidence and clinical features of childhood norovirus (NV) and rotavirus (RV) gastroenteritis in Taiwan. METHODS Stool specimens were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis aged 6 months to 14 years who were treated at the Children's Medical Center of Taipei Veterans General Hospital between January 2004 and March 2005. The incidence, clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings of childhood NV gastroenteritis were analyzed and compared with those of patients with RV gastroenteritis. Patients with underlying diseases associated with diarrhea or those diagnosed with bacterial gastroenteritis were excluded. Stool specimens were tested for NV and RV using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). NV genogroups were determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Among the 201 patients included in this study, NV was detected in 44 (21.9%) by 1 or more tests (22 by EIA). Five of these isolates were genogroup I (11.3%), and 39 were genogroup II (88.7%). Fifty-two (25.9%) specimens had a positive EIA result for RV. Compared with NV, patients with RV gastroenteritis had a significantly higher percentage of diarrhea (94 vs. 69%, p < 0.001), fever (82 vs. 26.2%, p < 0.001), and longer hospital stay (3.81 vs. 2.93 days, p = 0.048). Laboratory studies showed significantly higher liver enzymes and C-reactive protein levels in patients with RV infection. In contrast, white blood cell counts were significantly higher in patients with NV infection. CONCLUSION Norovirus is one of the leading agents of acute gastroenteritis in children in Taiwan, and genogroup II is the predominant type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzee-Chung Wu
- Children's Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital,Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Baert L, Uyttendaele M, Van Coillie E, Debevere J. The reduction of murine norovirus 1, B. fragilis HSP40 infecting phage B40-8 and E. coli after a mild thermal pasteurization process of raspberry puree. Food Microbiol 2008; 25:871-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rachakonda G, Choudekar A, Parveen S, Bhatnagar S, Patwari A, Broor S. Genetic diversity of noroviruses and sapoviruses in children with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in New Delhi, India. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:42-8. [PMID: 18602864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) cause gastroenteritis throughout the world. Limited information is available on molecular epidemiology of caliciviruses from developing countries including India. OBJECTIVES Standardization and evaluation of a two-step multiplex RT-PCR assay for HuCVs and characterization of strains. STUDY DESIGN Two hundred and twenty-six stool samples were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) over a one and half year to study the prevalence and diversity of HuCVs in children with AGE in New Delhi, India. A multiplex two-step RT-PCR using 3 sets of external and 4 sets of internal primers from the RdRp gene was standardized for detection of NoVs and SaVs. Molecular characterization of some HuCV strains was done by sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Fifty-nine HuCVs strains were detected in 54 (24%) of the samples; 5 samples had mixed infections. Of these 59 HuCVs, 36 (61%) were norovirus (34 were GGII; 2 were GGI) and 23 (39%) were sapovirus (22 were GGI; 1 was GGII). Phylogenetic analysis of partial RdRp gene of 12 HuCV strains identified three genotypes (GGI/4, GGII/3 and a newly identified GIIb/Hilversum cluster) in NoVs and one genotype (GGI/1) in SaVs. CONCLUSION This is one of the few reports from India on detection and characterization of HuCVs by multiplex RT-PCR assay. This assay can be a useful tool for epidemiological studies of HuCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Rachakonda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Nakagomi T, Correia JB, Nakagomi O, Montenegro FMU, Cuevas LE, Cunliffe NA, Hart CA. Norovirus infection among children with acute gastroenteritis in Recife, Brazil: disease severity is comparable to rotavirus gastroenteritis. Arch Virol 2008; 153:957-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the features of norovirus infection in hospitalised children under the age of 3 and to compare the results with those of rotavirus infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS Case notes were randomly selected and retrospectively analysed for 70 norovirus- and 70 rotavirus-infected children. All of the children were treated in Vilnius University Children's Hospital in 2005. The norovirus antigen was assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the rotavirus using immunochromatography diagnostic assay. RESULTS In young children, norovirus infection manifested as vomiting (94% of all cases), diarrhoea (81%), and fever (66%). It presented as gastroenteritis with fever (47%) or without fever (30%). However, 19% of cases were without diarrhoea. During rotavirus infection, fever was present in 97% of cases and 81% of them were >38 degrees C. However, in norovirus infection, the percentages were 66% and 48%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Intensive diarrhoea (> or =7 times/day) more frequently appeared in children with rotavirus infection than with norovirus (P < 0.0001). Repeated vomiting (> or =4 times/day) has been more common for children with norovirus infection. As opposed to norovirus infection, which has 2 main syndromes (gastroenteritis with fever and without fever), rotavirus infection is dominated by just 1 clinical syndrome-gastroenteritis with fever (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Norovirus infection in young children can present as gastroenteritis with or without fever. Norovirus and rotavirus infections had statistically significant differences in the presence and the degree of fever, and the intensity of diarrhoea and vomiting, as well as frequency of different syndromes.
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