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Thiruvengadam NR, Kochman ML. Emerging Therapies to Prevent Post-ERCP Pancreatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2020; 22:59. [PMID: 33188441 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-020-00796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to evaluate emerging, novel therapies for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. RECENT FINDINGS Rectal indomethacin reduces the risk of pancreatitis in low- and average-risk patients, who comprise the majority of patients undergoing ERCP. An 8-h protocol of aggressive lactated Ringer's reduces the risk of pancreatitis in average-risk patients. Sublingual nitrate may provide additional benefit to rectal NSAIDs in preventing PEP. A tacrolimus trough > 2.5 ng/mL was recently shown to be associated with a lower risk of PEP in liver transplant patients undergoing ERCP. Routine usage of rectal indomethacin in all patients undergoing ERCP reduces the risk of PEP. Pancreatic-duct stents reduce the risk of PEP in high-risk patients. There is emerging data that aggressive hydration with lactated Ringer's and nitrates may further reduce PEP. Tacrolimus is a promising potential agent to prevent PEP but needs further clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil R Thiruvengadam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-357, Box 0538, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0538, USA. .,Gastroenterology Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Michael L Kochman
- Gastroenterology Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Endoscopic Innovation, Research and Training, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Park Y, Ku L, Lim JW, Kim H. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits zymogen activation by suppressing vacuolar ATPase activation in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells. GENES AND NUTRITION 2020; 15:6. [PMID: 32293245 PMCID: PMC7092610 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-020-00664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The premature activation of digestive enzyme zymogens within pancreatic acinar cells is an important early feature of acute pancreatitis. Supraphysiological concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK) cause intrapancreatic zymogen activation and acute pancreatitis. Stimulation of vacuolar ATPase (vATPase) activity is required for zymogen activation in pancreatic acinar cells. Parkin, a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, promotes vATPase ubiquitination and degradation, which inhibits vATPase activity. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, exerts anti-inflammatory effects. It is reported to bind to G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) and GPR40. DHA induces the degradation of certain proteins by activating ubiquitin-proteasome system in various cells. This study aimed to investigate whether DHA induces Parkin and inhibits vATPase activity, resulting in zymogen inactivation in pancreatic acinar AR42J cells stimulated with cerulein, a CCK analog. RESULTS Cerulein induced the translocation of the cytosolic V1 domain (E subunit) of vATPase to the membrane, which indicated vATPase activation, and zymogen activation in AR42J cells. DHA suppressed the association of the vATPase with membranes, and zymogen activation (increased trypsin activity and amylase release) induced by cerulein. Pretreatment with a GPR120 antagonist AH-7614, a GPR40 antagonist DC260126, or an ubiquitination inhibitor PYR-41 reduced the effect of DHA on cerulein-induced zymogen activation. Treatment with PYR-41 reversed the DHA-induced decrease in vATPase activation in cerulein-treated cells. Furthermore, DHA increased the level of Parkin in membranes of cerulein-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS DHA upregulates Parkin which inhibits vATPase-mediated zymogen activation, via GPR120 and GPR40, in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeeun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Leeyeon Ku
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Joo Weon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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Murthy P, Singhi AD, Ross MA, Loughran P, Paragomi P, Papachristou GI, Whitcomb DC, Zureikat AH, Lotze MT, Zeh Iii HJ, Boone BA. Enhanced Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Acute Pancreatitis Contributes to Disease Severity and Is Reduced by Chloroquine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 30733719 PMCID: PMC6353831 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are generated when activated neutrophils, driven by PAD4, release their DNA, histones, HMGB1, and other intracellular granule components. NETs play a role in acute pancreatitis, worsening pancreatic inflammation, and promoting pancreatic duct obstruction. The autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) inhibits NET formation; therefore, we investigated the impact of CQ mediated NET inhibition in murine models of pancreatitis and human correlative studies. Methods: L-arginine and choline deficient ethionine supplemented (CDE) diet models of acute pancreatitis were studied in wild type and PAD4−/− mice, incapable of forming NETs. Isolated neutrophils were stimulated to induce NET formation and visualized with fluorescence microscopy. CQ treatment (0.5 mg/ml PO) was initiated after induction of pancreatitis. Biomarkers of NET formation, including cell-free DNA, citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), and MPO-DNA conjugates were measured in murine serum and correlative human patient serum samples. Results: We first confirmed the role of NETs in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis by demonstrating that PAD4−/− mice had decreased pancreatitis severity and improved survival compared to wild-type controls. Furthermore, patients with severe acute pancreatitis had elevated levels of cell-free DNA and MPO-DNA conjugates, consistent with NET formation. Neutrophils from mice with pancreatitis were more prone to NET formation and CQ decreased this propensity to form NETs. CQ significantly reduced serum cell-free DNA and citrullinated histone H3 in murine models of pancreatitis, increasing survival in both models. Conclusions: Inhibition of NETs with CQ decreases the severity of acute pancreatitis and improves survival. Translating these findings into clinical trials of acute pancreatitis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Murthy
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark A Ross
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patricia Loughran
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pedram Paragomi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Georgios I Papachristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David C Whitcomb
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Amer H Zureikat
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Herbert J Zeh Iii
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Brian A Boone
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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4
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Lerch MM, Gorelick FS. Models of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1180-93. [PMID: 23622127 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of acute and chronic pancreatitis have been created to examine mechanisms of pathogenesis, test therapeutic interventions, and study the influence of inflammation on the development of pancreatic cancer. In vitro models can be used to study early stage, short-term processes that involve acinar cell responses. Rodent models reproducibly develop mild or severe disease. One of the most commonly used pancreatitis models is created by administration of supraphysiologic concentrations of caerulein, an ortholog of cholecystokinin. Induction of chronic pancreatitis with factors thought to have a role in human disease, such as combinations of lipopolysaccharide and chronic ethanol feeding, might be relevant to human disease. Models of autoimmune chronic pancreatitis have also been developed. Most models, particularly of chronic pancreatitis, require further characterization to determine which features of human disease they include.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, Greifswald, Germany.
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Reed AM, Husain SZ, Thrower E, Alexandre M, Shah A, Gorelick FS, Nathanson MH. Low extracellular pH induces damage in the pancreatic acinar cell by enhancing calcium signaling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:1919-26. [PMID: 21084290 PMCID: PMC3023488 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.158329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Low extracellular pH (pHe) occurs in a number of clinical conditions and sensitizes to the development of pancreatitis. The mechanisms responsible for this sensitization are unknown. Because abnormal Ca(2+) signaling underlies many of the early steps in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, we evaluated the effect of decreasing pHe from 7.4 to 7.0 on Ca(2+) signals in the acinar cell. Low pHe significantly increased the amplitude of cerulein-induced Ca(2+) signals. The enhancement in amplitude was localized to the basolateral region of the acinar cell and was reduced by pretreatment with ryanodine receptor (RYR) inhibitors. Because basolateral RYRs also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, we evaluated the effects of RYR inhibitors on pancreatitis responses in acidic conditions. RYR inhibitors significantly reduced the sensitizing effects of low pHe on zymogen activation and cellular injury. These findings suggest that enhanced RYR-mediated Ca(2+) signaling in the basolateral region of the acinar cell is responsible for the injurious effects of low pHe on the exocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika M Reed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06515, USA.
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Kolodecik T, Gorelick F, Thrower E. GENETIC AND PHARMACOLOGIC MANIPULATION OF VACUOLAR ATPASE; EFFECTS ON ZYMOGEN ACTIVATION IN PANCREATIC ACINI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2009:1-11. [PMID: 21572923 DOI: 10.2147/oaap.s7252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Premature activation of inactive digestive enzymes (or zymogens) within the pancreatic acinar cell is an initiating event in acute pancreatitis (AP). We have found that this response depends on the assembly and activation of an ATP-dependent proton pump, the vacuolar ATPase (vATPase). Previously, we have shown that the classic vATPase inhibitors concanamycin and bafilomycin can inhibit zymogen activation induced experimentally by high doses of the cholecystokinin orthologue, cerulein (CER) in isolated acinar cells. Recent studies have questioned the specificity of these inhibitors. In the current study we examine the role of the vATPase in pancreatitis using the newly developed novel vATPase inhibitors lobatomide-B and salicylihalamide-A as well as a genetic approach using siRNA. Both lobatomide-B and salicylihalamide-A inhibited CER stimulated zymogen (trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen) activation but had no effect on amylase secretion. Lobatomide-B (0.1μM) was more potent, reducing activation to baseline levels. Treatment of cells with siRNA specific for the vATPase E-subunit (V1E) significantly decreased V1E expression. V1E siRNA also significantly decreased chymotrypsinogen activation, but not amylase secretion. These studies confirm a role for the vATPase in zymogen activation and demonstrate that the novel and specific inhibitors lobatomide-B and salicylihalamide-A reduce early pancreatitis responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kolodecik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06520
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Behrendorff N, Shukla A, Schwiening C, Thorn P. Local dynamic changes in confined extracellular environments within organs. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36:1010-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bhoomagoud M, Jung T, Atladottir J, Kolodecik TR, Shugrue C, Chaudhuri A, Thrower EC, Gorelick FS. Reducing extracellular pH sensitizes the acinar cell to secretagogue-induced pancreatitis responses in rats. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1083-92. [PMID: 19454288 PMCID: PMC2736307 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Protease activation within the pancreatic acinar cell is a key early event in acute pancreatitis and may require low pH intracellular compartments. Clinical studies suggest that acidosis may affect the risk for developing pancreatitis. We hypothesized that exposure to an acid load might sensitize the acinar cell to secretagogue-induced pancreatitis. METHODS Secretagogues (cerulein, carbachol, and bombesin) can induce protease activation in acinar cells at high (100 nmol/L, 1 mmol/L, and 10 micromol/L, respectively) but not at physiologically relevant concentrations. The effects of decreasing extracellular pH (pHe) in early secretagogue-induced pancreatitis (zymogen activation and injury) were examined in rats (1) in vitro with isolated acini and (2) in vivo with an acid challenge. RESULTS In acini, lowering pHe from 7.6 to 6.8 enhanced secretagogue-induced zymogen activation and injury, but did not affect secretion. For cerulein, this sensitization was seen over a range of concentrations (0.01-100.00 nmol/L). However, reduced pHe alone had no effect on zymogen activation, amylase secretion, or cell injury. We have reported that zymogen activation is mediated by the vacuolar ATPase (vATPase), a proton transporter. vATPase inhibition, using concanamycin (100 nmol/L), blocked the low pHe effects on zymogen activation. An acute acid load given in vivo enhanced cerulein-induced (50 microg/kg) trypsinogen activation and pancreatic edema. CONCLUSION These studies suggest that acid challenge sensitizes the pancreatic acinar cell to secretagogue-induced zymogen activation and injury and may increase the risk for the development and severity of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Bhoomagoud
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Thomas Jung
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jorunn Atladottir
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Thomas R Kolodecik
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christine Shugrue
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anamika Chaudhuri
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Edwin C Thrower
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Fred S Gorelick
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Sakaguchi Y, Inaba M, Kusafuka K, Okazaki K, Ikehara S. Establishment of animal models for three types of pancreatitis and analyses of regeneration mechanisms. Pancreas 2006; 33:371-81. [PMID: 17079942 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000236734.39241.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the mechanisms underlying the onset and progress of pancreatitis, 3 animal models (chronic, acute, and severe pancreatitis) were established by double ligature of the pancreatic duct, injection with cerulein, or injection with cerulein + double ligature of the pancreatic duct. METHODS We prepared a control and 3 experimental groups: group 1 (untreated control), group 2 (a chronic pancreatitis model; the pancreatic tail was exposed through a midline incision, and the pancreatic duct from this part was double-ligated), group 3 (an acute pancreatitis model; cerulein was intraperitoneally injected 7 times on day 0), and group 4 (a severe pancreatitis model; the double ligature of the pancreatic duct plus injection of cerulein). RESULTS Kinetic observations of survival rate, relative pancreatic weight, and the macroscopical and microscopical diagnoses and observations of the changes in endocrine function clearly show that these 3 murine models of pancreatitis can serve as human models for chronic, acute, and severe pancreatitis. Furthermore, pancreas duodenum homeobox 1, cytokeratin 19, and Ki67 are expressed at the site of injury in the pancreas, resulting from the injection with cerulein and/or double ligature of the pancreatic ducts and indicating that there remains a tissue-regenerative capacity. CONCLUSIONS These 3 mouse models could serve as human models for chronic, acute, and severe pancreatitis. Furthermore, cells of the epithelial lineage might participate in tissue regeneration in chronic, acute, and severe pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaku Sakaguchi
- First Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Gorelick FS, Shugrue CA, Kolodecik TR, Thrower EC. Vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase and pancreatic acinar cell function. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21 Suppl 3:S18-21. [PMID: 16958663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathologic activation of proteases within the pancreatic acinar cell is a key initiating event in acute pancreatitis. Past studies have suggested that the generation of a low-pH environment is critical to this process. Vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase (vATPase) is a multiprotein complex that transports protons across cellular membranes. Activation of the vATPase requires assembly of the soluble (V(1)) subunits on the membrane subunits (V(0)). It is found that conditions that cause protease activation in the acinar cell also cause assembly of V(1) on V(0). Further, inhibitors of vATPase block this protease activation. Ethanol and butanol sensitize the acinar cell to cholecystokinin-induced zymogen activation; vATPase inhibitors also blocked this activation. Activation of the vATPase may be central to the pathologic activation of proteases in the acinar cell and may also modulate the sensitizing effects of alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred S Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Connecticut VA Healthcare, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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Matsukura A, Otani T, Takamoto T, Usui H, Goto Y, Makuuchi M. Intracellular activation of trypsinogen in rat pancreatic acini after supramaximal secretagogue stimulation: cysteine protease and serine protease activity. Pancreas 2006; 32:197-204. [PMID: 16552341 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000202958.25859.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to explore the mechanism by which trypsinogen becomes activated during acute pancreatitis. METHODS Given the ability of cholecystokinin (CCK) to induce pancreatitis in vivo, the effects of high-dose CCK on preparations of isolated pancreatic acini were examined using immunofluorescence techniques for the detection of trypsinogen activation. Acini were pretreated with weak base or serine or cysteine protease inhibitors before CCK hyperstimulation. RESULTS CCK was found to stimulate the generation of trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP), a marker for trypsinogen processing. The generation of TAP was inhibited by pretreatment with a weak base, chloroquine (40 micromol/L). TAP generation was also inhibited by pretreatment with serine protease inhibitor FUT-175 (1 micromol/L) but not cysteine protease inhibitor E64 (0.1 mmol/L) or E64-d (0.1 mmol/L). Although treatment with a high dose of E64-d (1 mmol/L) reduced activation, it also caused cell injury. CONCLUSIONS High-dose CCK stimulated the intracellular activation of trypsinogen within isolated pancreatic acini. This event appears to require an acidic subcellular compartment and serine protease activity. The role for thiol proteases in this model remains unclear.
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Sherwood MW, Prior IA, Voronina SG, Barrow SL, Woodsmith JD, Gerasimenko OV, Petersen OH, Tepikin AV. Changes in the morphology of the acinar cells of the rat pancreas in the oedematous and necrotic types of experimental acute pancreatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 104:5674-9. [PMID: 17363470 PMCID: PMC1838486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700951104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited experimental models of the oedematous and necrotic types of acute pancreatitis provide some understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease. Wistar rats were treated with cerulein at 10 mg/kg of body weight or with L-arginine at 1.5 or 3 g/kg of body weight in order to induce the oedematous or necrotic type of acute pancreatitis. After the induction period we examined samples of pancreata with light and electron microscopes. Morphological examination showed profound changes in the histology of the pancreas and its acinar cells and subcellular structures, especially in the group of rats which received a higher dose of L-arginine, amounting to 3 g/kg body weight. These included parenchymal haemorrhage and widespread acinar cell necrotic changes. 4-OH-TEMPO successfully prevented morphological deterioration as well as amylase release, suggesting that the severity of the two types of disease strongly depends on the intensity of the oxidative stress. Our results lend support to the assumption that reactive oxygen species play an axial role in the pathogenesis of both types of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Sherwood
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Prior
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Svetlana G. Voronina
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie L. Barrow
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Woodsmith
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg V. Gerasimenko
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Ole H. Petersen
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Alexei V. Tepikin
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
- *To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Waterford SD, Kolodecik TR, Thrower EC, Gorelick FS. Vacuolar ATPase regulates zymogen activation in pancreatic acini. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:5430-4. [PMID: 15582989 PMCID: PMC2846595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413513200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramaximal concentrations of cholecystokinin or its analogue caerulein have been shown to stimulate the proteolytic activation of zymogens within the pancreatic acinar cell and initiate acute pancreatitis. Previous studies suggest that a low pH compartment might be required for activation. To test this hypothesis, the effects of agents that modulate intracellular pH on caerulein-induced trypsin and chymotrypsin activation were studied. Pretreatment of pancreatic acini with the proto-ionophore monensin (10 microM) and the weak base chloroquine (40 microM) inhibited activation. Pre-incubation with the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) inhibitors bafilomycin A(1) and concanamycin A also decreased activation in a concentration-dependent manner with 50% inhibition at approximately 50 and 25 nM, respectively. Caerulein stimulation caused a time- and concentration-dependent translocation of soluble V-ATPase V(1) subunits to a membrane fraction, a marker of V-ATPase activation. Carbachol also stimulated translocation at supramaximal concentrations. Elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) by thapsigargin was sufficient to induce translocation. Thus, stimulation of V-ATPase activity appears to be required for agonist-induced zymogen activation in the pancreatic acinar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Waterford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Thomas R. Kolodecik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Edwin C. Thrower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Cell Biology, Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Veterans Administration Medical Center, 950 Campbell Ave., Bldg. 27, West Haven, CT 06516. Tel.: 203-932-5711 (ext. 3679); Fax: 203-937-3852;
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Seyama Y, Otani T, Matsukura A, Makuuchi M. The pH modulator chloroquine blocks trypsinogen activation peptide generation in cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Pancreas 2003; 26:15-7. [PMID: 12499911 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200301000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS We examined the effects of a weak base, chloroquine, on the trypsinogen processing in cerulein-induced pancreatitis. METHODOLOGY Immunofluorescence studies were performed using newly generated affinity-purified antibodies to the trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP). RESULTS The present study showed that chloroquine pretreatment blocked intracellular TAP generation in cerulein-induced pancreatitis. CONCLUSION These results indicate that intracellular trypsinogen activation, which plays an important role in acute pancreatitis, requires a low-pH compartment, as well as serine protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuji Seyama
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Gukovskaya AS, Vaquero E, Zaninovic V, Gorelick FS, Lusis AJ, Brennan ML, Holland S, Pandol SJ. Neutrophils and NADPH oxidase mediate intrapancreatic trypsin activation in murine experimental acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:974-84. [PMID: 11910350 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.32409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intrapancreatic activation of digestive enzymes is a key event in the parenchymal cell injury of pancreatitis. We hypothesized that neutrophils recruited to the pancreas during pancreatitis may contribute to such activation. METHODS To cause experimental pancreatitis, rats and mice were treated with high doses of cerulein. Activation of the digestive enzyme, trypsin, was measured in pancreatic homogenates using a fluorogenic assay and localized immunocytochemically with antibody to trypsin-activation peptide (TAP). RESULTS Compared with controls, rats depleted of neutrophils with antineutrophil serum exhibited a marked attenuation in intrapancreatic trypsin activation and acinar cell TAP labeling induced by high-dose cerulein. To examine the mechanism, mice deficient in either nicontinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, or myeloperoxidase (MPO) were studied for trypsin activation. Mice deficient in NADPH oxidase exhibited attenuation of the cerulein-induced trypsin activation, but those deficient in MPO did not. Using measurements of Western blot analysis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and immunocytochemistry, we demonstrated the NADPH oxidase activity is in neutrophils and not pancreatic acinar tissue. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate a novel role for neutrophils infiltrating the pancreas in pathologic activation of digestive enzymes in acute pancreatitis and indicate that this effect is mediated by products of NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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