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Çetin Altındal D, James EN, Kaplan DL, Gümüşderelioğlu M. Melatonin-induced osteogenesis with methanol-annealed silk materials. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911519847489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, a hormone produced in the pineal gland, has been investigated for bone repair, remodeling, osteoporosis, as well as osseointegration of the implants. In this study, different concentrations of melatonin (0–2000-µM) were embedded into silk films annealed by methanol or water. Then, their capacity to differentiate human mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts was investigated for bone tissue regeneration. While methanol-annealed silk films have ~55% crystallinity, room-temperature water-annealed silk films have ~30% crystallinity by depending upon their different β-sheet contents. Melatonin-loaded silk films exhibited an initial burst release followed by a continuous release for up to 5 days, and the β-sheet content of silk films did not affect the release behavior of melatonin, an amphiphilic molecule. Moreover, human mesenchymal stem cells exhibited an increase in osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin, and runt-related transcription factor 2 expressions on the melatonin-loaded methanol-annealed silk films in both proliferation and osteogenic media. The bioactivity of the melatonin-modified silk films was further confirmed by the enhanced mineralization compared to silk films alone. This study demonstrated the feasibility of developing melatonin-loaded silk materials and the positive effect of releasing melatonin at micromolar concentrations on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells cultured especially in osteogenic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Çetin Altındal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Eric N James
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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Man GCW, Wai MGC, Wang WWJ, Jun WWW, Yim APY, Yee YAP, Wong JH, Ho WJ, Ng TB, Bun NT, Lam TP, Ping LT, Lee SKM, Man LSK, Ng BKW, Wah NBK, Wang CC, Chiu WC, Qiu Y, Yong Q, Cheng CY, Yiu CJC. A review of pinealectomy-induced melatonin-deficient animal models for the study of etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16484-99. [PMID: 25238413 PMCID: PMC4200812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common orthopedic disorder of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Melatonin and melatonin pathway dysfunction has been widely suspected to play an important role in the pathogenesis. Many different types of animal models have been developed to induce experimental scoliosis mimicking the pathoanatomical features of idiopathic scoliosis in human. The scoliosis deformity was believed to be induced by pinealectomy and mediated through the resulting melatonin-deficiency. However, the lack of upright mechanical spinal loading and inherent rotational instability of the curvature render the similarity of these models to the human counterparts questionable. Different concerns have been raised challenging the scientific validity and limitations of each model. The objectives of this review follow the logical need to re-examine and compare the relevance and appropriateness of each of the animal models that have been used for studying the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in human in the past 15 to 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Man Gene Chi Wai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wang William Wei Jun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | | | - Yim Annie Po Yee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wong Jack Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Ng Tzi Bun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Lam Tsz Ping
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Lee Simon Kwong Man
- Lee Hysan Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Ng Bobby Kin Wah
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Wang Chi Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Qiu Yong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | | | - Cheng Jack Chun Yiu
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Hong Kong, China.
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Microcomputed tomographic evaluation of vertebral microarchitecture in pinealectomized scoliosis chickens. J Pediatr Orthop B 2011; 20:382-8. [PMID: 21792070 DOI: 10.1097/bpb.0b013e3283474c6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pinealectomy was used to induce scoliosis in Broiler chickens, and the bone microarchitecture of the concave and convex sides in pinealectomized scoliosis chickens was assessed by microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). Few studies have assessed the vertebrae bone microarchitecture of the concave and convex sides in scoliosis although the curvature of the coronal plane is the main deformity in scoliosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the bone microarchitecture of the concave and convex sides in pinealectomized scoliosis chickens by the technique of micro-CT. The etiology and the pathogenesis of the idiopathic scoliosis remain unclear. Limited information is available on the microarchitecture of vertebrae bone of the concave and convex sides of scoliosis, especially in the earlier stage in scoliosis development. One hundred female Broiler chickens were divided into three groups as follows: the control group (n=20), the sham operation group (n=20), and the pinealectomy group (n=60). Then the pinealectomy group was divided into three groups according to the time of killing the chickens: 1-week after the operation (group P-1 w, n=20), 2 weeks after the operation (group P-2 w, n=20), and 3 weeks after the operation (group P-3 w, n=20), respectively. Posteroanterior radiographs of the spine were taken to detect spinal curvature. Using micro-CT, the bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular separation of the concave and convex sides of the apex vertebrae in the scoliotic chickens were determined. Independent t-tests were used to assess differences of bone parameter of the concave and convex sides in each pinealectomized group. The incidences of scoliosis in the pinealectomized Broiler chickens were 84.2% (group P-1 w), 88.9% (group P-2 w), and 89.5% (group P-3 w), respectively. In groups P-1 w and P-2 w, there were no differences between the concave and convex trabecular bone microarchitectures. In group 3 w, the BV/TV, Tb.Th, and Tb.N of the concave side were significantly greater than those of the convex side. In the earlier stage of pinealectomized scoliosis chickens, there are no histological evidence of a metabolic abnormality. The greater BV/TV, Tb.Th, and Tb.N of the concave side in group P-3 w may be consistent with Wolff's law and are the secondary response to the scoliotic deformity.
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Liu L, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Reiter RJ. Melatonin delays cell proliferation by inducing G1 and G2 /M phase arrest in a human osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:222-31. [PMID: 21108658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A recent prospective study indicated that melatonin supplements may reduce the progression of idiopathic scoliosis, the most common deformity of the spine. This form of scoliosis occurs during rapid skeletal growth. To date, however, there is no direct evidence regarding an antiproliferative effect of melatonin at the level of osteoblasts. Herein, we investigated whether melatonin inhibits cell proliferation in a normal human fetal osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19. MTT staining showed that at 1 mm concentrations, melatonin significantly inhibited osteoblast proliferation in time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry demonstrated that melatonin significantly increased the fraction of cells in G(0) /G(1) phase of the cell cycle, while simultaneously reducing the proportion in the G(2) /M phase rather than the S phase. Western blot and real-time PCR analyses further confirmed that melatonin's inhibitory effect was possibly because of downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, related to the G(1) phase, and of cyclin B1 and CDK1, related to the G(2) /M phase. There was no downregulation of cyclin E, CDK2, and cyclin A, which are related to G(1) /S transition and S phase. In addition, the trypan blue dye exclusion assay showed that cell viability was not changed by melatonin relative to control cells. These findings provide evidence that melatonin may significantly delay osteoblast proliferation in a time-dependent manner and this inhibition involves the downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, related to the G(1) phase, and of cyclin B1 and CDK1, related to the G(2) /M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital, China
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Evaluation of GPR50, hMel-1B, and ROR-alpha melatonin-related receptors and the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 2010; 30:539-43. [PMID: 20733416 PMCID: PMC2928583 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0b013e3181e7902c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spinal deformity in children. Studies have shown low melatonin levels resulting from pinealectomy in chickens and mice result in the development scoliosis, whereas supplementation with melatonin after the pinealectomy prevented it. The mere characterization of low melatonin levels is not sufficient to explain the development of idiopathic scoliosis in primates and humans, but we hypothesize that a mutation in melatonin-related receptors may be involved with the development of scoliosis. METHODS The coding, splice-site, and promoter regions of 3 melatonin-related receptors (hMel-1B, RORalpha, and GPR50) were evaluated by DNA sequencing for variants associated with the phenotype of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. An initial screening of 50 scoliosis patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis was compared with 50 controls by DNA sequencing of the 3 receptors. Additional cases and controls were evaluated when genetic variants were observed (for a total of 885 individuals). RESULTS No significant differences were found in the hMel-1B and RORalpha receptors. We found 2 cSNPs in GPR50 (rs561077 and rs13440581) in the initial 50 patients. To evaluate the significance of these cSNPs, an additional 356 patients and 429 controls were analyzed. When the combined groups were analyzed, no significant associations were observed. CONCLUSIONS Despite the observed relationship between melatonin and scoliosis, there is no significant association between mutations found in any known melatonin-related receptors with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The strong evidence of a melatonin-related cause for the development of idiopathic scoliosis still encourages research into undiscovered melatonin-related receptors, melatonin-related hormones, and the catalytic enzymes for the serotonin-melatonin pathway. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This investigation is a genetic testing of the remaining currently known melatonin-related receptors that have not been analyzed earlier for association with AIS. Given the support in the literature of a relationship between melatonin and AIS, we have shown no mutations in any of the known melatonin-related receptor in patients with AIS.
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Sánchez-Barceló EJ, Mediavilla MD, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Scientific basis for the potential use of melatonin in bone diseases: osteoporosis and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Osteoporos 2010; 2010:830231. [PMID: 20981336 PMCID: PMC2957228 DOI: 10.4061/2010/830231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to analyze the data supporting the possible role of melatonin on bone metabolism and its repercussion in the etiology and treatment of bone pathologies such as the osteoporosis and the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Melatonin may prevent bone degradation and promote bone formation through mechanisms involving both melatonin receptor-mediated and receptor-independent actions. The three principal mechanisms of melatonin effects on bone function could be: (a) the promotion of the osteoblast differentiation and activity; (b) an increase in the osteoprotegerin expression by osteoblasts, thereby preventing the differentiation of osteoclasts; (c) scavenging of free radicals generated by osteoclast activity and responsible for bone resorption. A variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, although with some controversial results, point toward a possible role of melatonin deficits in the etiology of osteoporosis and AIS and open a new field related to the possible therapeutic use of melatonin in these bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Sánchez-Barceló
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain,*E. J. Sánchez-Barceló:
| | - M. D. Mediavilla
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - D. X. Tan
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - R. J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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[Molecular and genetic aspects of idiopathic scoliosis. Blood test for idiopathic scoliosis]. DER ORTHOPADE 2009; 38:114-6, 118-21. [PMID: 19212754 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-008-1362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal deformities, and particularly scoliosis, are the most frequent forms of orthopedic deformities in children and adolescents. About 1-6% of the population has scoliosis. This disorder leads to severe spinal deformities and predominantly affects adolescent girls.Although the multifactorial origin of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is broadly recognized, the genetic causes of AIS are still largely unknown. Our previous studies suggested a generalized dysfunction of melatonin transduction (the hormone that is primarily produced in the brain and epiphysis). In the meantime we have demonstrated that such a defect of signal transduction is caused by chemical alterations, which inactivate the function of the inhibitory G protein-coupled melatonin receptors. This discovery has led to the development of the first blood test to detect children without symptoms who are at risk of developing scoliosis. Since a single function (cellular reaction to melatonin) is determined, the unique advantage of this test is that it can be performed without knowledge of mutations in defective genes that could provoke the onset of AIS.
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Fagan AB, Kennaway DJ, Oakley AP. Pinealectomy in the chicken: a good model of scoliosis? EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2009; 18:1154-9. [PMID: 19340465 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-009-0927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of spinal deformity in the pinealectomized chicken has led researchers to postulate a disturbance of melatonin activity as a potential cause of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). More recently, structural differences between curves seen in this model and those seen in scoliosis have been highlighted suggesting the deformities observed are not as similar as first thought. We examined melatonin levels, and the radiological and histological characteristics of scoliosis after pinealectomy in chickens. They underwent pinealectomy (P) at 2 days of age, sham surgery (S) or served as controls (C). Mean melatonin levels were 32.9 pmol/L (P), 175 pmol/L (S) and 227.3 pmol/L (C). Scoliosis developed in 75% of chickens after pinealectomy and 38% after a sham procedure. Nineteen percent of unoperated controls also developed scoliosis. A lower melatonin level was associated with the development of scoliosis (p < or = 0.001), but exceptions were seen with levels up to 265 pmol/L observed in one case. Most of the curves occurring spontaneously and after sham surgery and almost half after pinealectomy were short angular curves: distinct from those resembling idiopathic scoliosis. These occur over one or two segments and are characterized by marked apical wedging, frequently associated with subluxation or dislocation. The intervertebral joint in the chicken is more like a synovial joint histologically than an intervertebral disc. This study highlights important differences between the chicken and the human, and between their respective spinal deformities. Caution is advised when drawing conclusions regarding the pathogenesis of AIS from this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Fagan
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Review of the literature on the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). OBJECTIVE To discuss the different theories that have appeared on this subject. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The pathogenesis of AIS, a condition exclusive to humans, has been the subject of many studies. Over the years, practically every structure of the body has been mentioned in the pathogenesis of AIS; however, the cause of this spinal deformity remains little understood. The pathogenesis of this condition is termed multifactorial. METHODS PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched focused on parameters concerning the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The search was limited to the English language. RESULTS No single causative factor for the development of idiopathic scoliosis has been identified, it is thus termed multifactorial. AIS is a complex genetic disorder. The fully erect posture, which is unique to humans, seems to be a prerequisite for the development of AIS. CONCLUSION Although any or all of the mentioned factors in this review may play a certain role in the initiation and progression of AIS at a certain stage, the presented material suggests that in the observed deformation, genetics, and the unique mechanics of the fully upright human spine play a decisive role.
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Day GA, McPhee IB, Tuffley J, Tomlinson F, Chaseling R, Kellie S, Torode I, Sherwood M, Cutbush K, Geddes AJ, Brankoff B. Idiopathic scoliosis and pineal lesions in Australian children. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2007; 15:327-33. [PMID: 18162681 DOI: 10.1177/230949900701500318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether treatment of pineal lesions in children is associated with development of idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS 38 boys and 10 girls with pineal lesions were identified. Their mean age at presentation was 10 years. The pineal pathology varied from cysts and epidermoid to teratoma, germinoma, pineocytoma, and glioblastoma. Treatment ranged from biopsy/extirpation to radiotherapy. RESULTS 12 patients died. No scoliosis was found in any females or any of the deceased. Two boys had scoliosis: one had a 12-degree right upper thoracic curve with 32-degree kyphosis and the other had a 60-degree right thoracolumbar idiopathic curve, requiring a 2-stage arthrodesis. CONCLUSION Pineal ablation is not related to the development of idiopathic scoliosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Day
- University of Queensland, Australia.
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Lafortune P, Aubin CÉ, Boulanger H, Villemure I, Bagnall KM, Moreau A. Biomechanical simulations of the scoliotic deformation process in the pinealectomized chicken: a preliminary study. SCOLIOSIS 2007; 2:16. [PMID: 17996083 PMCID: PMC2200637 DOI: 10.1186/1748-7161-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basic mechanisms whereby mechanical factors modulate the metabolism of the growing spine remain poorly understood, especially the role of growth adaptation in spinal disorders like in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This paper presents a finite element model (FEM) that was developed to simulate early stages of scoliotic deformities progression using a pinealectomized chicken as animal model. METHODS The FEM includes basic growth and growth modulation created by the muscle force imbalance. The experimental data were used to adapt a FEM previously developed to simulate the scoliosis deformation process in human. The simulations of the spine deformation process are compared with the results of an experimental study including a group of pinealectomized chickens. RESULTS The comparison of the simulation results of the spine deformation process (Cobb angle of 37 degrees ) is in agreement with experimental scoliotic deformities of two representative cases (Cobb angle of 41 degrees and 30 degrees ). For the vertebral wedging, a good agreement is also observed between the calculated (28 degrees ) and the observed (25 degrees - 30 degrees ) values. CONCLUSION The proposed biomechanical model presents a novel approach to realistically simulate the scoliotic deformation process in pinealectomized chickens and investigate different parameters influencing the progression of scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lafortune
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carl-Éric Aubin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugo Boulanger
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Villemure
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Keith M Bagnall
- Division of Anatomy/Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alain Moreau
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Qiu Y, Wu L, Wang B, Yu Y, Zhu Z. Asymmetric expression of melatonin receptor mRNA in bilateral paravertebral muscles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007; 32:667-72. [PMID: 17413472 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000257536.34431.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Comparison of melatonin receptor mRNA expression in bilateral paravertebral muscles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). OBJECTIVES.: To investigate the change of melatonin receptor mRNA expression in bilateral paravertebral muscles in AIS, congenital scoliosis (CS), and control in order to analyze its association to the pathogenesis of AIS. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Muscle imbalance and asymmetry of stretch receptors in the paravertebral muscles of patients with AIS were supposed to have a large role to play in the development and production of the deformity. Melatonin is a focus of studies of the mechanism underlying the development of scoliosis, and there is no research on the expression of melatonin receptors in the paravertebral muscles of patients with AIS. METHODS Twenty cases with average age of 15.1 +/- 2.2 years and average Cobb angle of 56.2 degrees +/- 16.1 degrees, including 10 cases with Cobb angle >50 degrees and 10 cases with Cobb angle < or =50 degrees, were included in AIS group. The apical vertebrae were from T6 to T11. Twelve cases with an average age of 11.6 +/- 3.2 years and average Cobb angle of 59.2 degrees +/- 33.3 degrees were included in CS group. The apical vertebrae were from T7 to T12. Ten cases without scoliosis were in the control group. The mRNA expression of melatonin receptor subtype MT1 and MT2 was detected by the RT-PCR method. RESULTS The MT2 mRNA expression on the concave side of the paravertebral muscle was higher than that on the convex side in AIS and CS groups (P < 0.05), but the MT1 mRNA expression showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). In the AIS group, the ratio of MT2 mRNA expression on the concave side compared with the convex side in cases with Cobb angle >50 degrees and cases with Cobb angle < or =50 degrees showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The MT1 and MT2 mRNA expression showed no significant difference in control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The melatonin receptor expression in bilateral paravertebral muscles in AIS is asymmetric, which may be a secondary change. The bilateral asymmetry in force exerted on the scoliotic spine may be the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiu
- Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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Witt-Enderby PA, Radio NM, Doctor JS, Davis VL. Therapeutic treatments potentially mediated by melatonin receptors: potential clinical uses in the prevention of osteoporosis, cancer and as an adjuvant therapy. J Pineal Res 2006; 41:297-305. [PMID: 17014686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2006.00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin's therapeutic potential is grossly underestimated because its functional roles are diverse and its mechanism(s) of action are complex and varied. Melatonin produces cellular effects via a variety of mechanisms in a receptor independent and dependent manner. In addition, melatonin is a chronobiotic agent secreted from the pineal gland during the hours of darkness. This diurnal release of melatonin impacts the sensitivity of melatonin receptors throughout a 24-hr period. This changing sensitivity probably contributes to the narrow therapeutic window for use of melatonin in treating sleep disorders, that is, at the light-to-dark (dusk) or dark-to-light (dawn) transition states. In addition to the cyclic changes in melatonin receptors, many genes cycle over the 24-hr period, independent or dependent upon the light/dark cycle. Interestingly, many of these genes support a role for melatonin in modulating metabolic and cardiovascular physiology as well as bone metabolism and immune function and detoxification of chemical agents and cancer reduction. Melatonin also enhances the actions of a variety of drugs or hormones; however, the role of melatonin receptors in modulating these processes is not known. The goal of this review is to summarize the evidence related to the utility of melatonin as a therapeutic agent by focusing on its other potential uses besides sleep disorders. In particular, its use in cancer prevention, osteoporosis and, as an adjuvant to other therapies are discussed. Also, the role that melatonin and, particularly, its receptors play in these processes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Witt-Enderby
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Kallemeier PM, Buttermann GR, Beaubien BP, Chen X, Polga DJ, Lew WD, Wood KB. Validation, reliability, and complications of a tethering scoliosis model in the rabbit. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2006; 15:449-56. [PMID: 16270202 PMCID: PMC3489308 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-005-1032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to refine a small animal model of scoliosis, and to quantify the deformities throughout its growth period. Subcutaneous scapula-to-contralateral pelvis tethering surgery was selected due to its minimally invasive nature and potential applicability for a large animal model. The procedure was performed in 7-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. Group A animals (n=9) underwent the tethering procedure with a suture that spontaneously released. Group B animals (n=17) had the identical procedure with a robust tether and pelvic fixation, which was maintained for 2 months during growth. All animals developed immediate post-operative scoliosis with a Cobb angle of 23 degrees (range, 6-39 degrees) in group A and 59 degrees (range, 24-90 degrees) in group B animals. During the 2 month post-tethering, group A animals lost their tether and scoliosis resolved, whereas all animals in group B maintained their tether until scheduled release at which time the mean scoliosis was 62 degrees. Immediately after tether release, group B scoliosis decreased to a mean 53 degrees. Over the following 4 months of adolescent growth, the scoliosis decreased to a mean of 43 degrees at skeletal maturity; the decrease usually occurred in animals with less than 45 degrees curves at tether release. Radiographs revealed apical vertebral wedging (mean 19 degrees ) in all group B animals. Sagittal spinal alignment was also assessed, and for group B animals, the scoliotic segment developed mild to moderate kyphosis (mean 28 degrees) and torsional deformity, but the kyphosis resolved by 4 months after tether-release. Complications specific to this technique included a high rate of transient scapulothoracic dissociation and cases of cor pulmonale. In conclusion, this tethering technique in immature rabbits consistently produced scoliosis with vertebral wedging when the tether was intact through the first 2 months of the protocol. The transient exaggeration of kyphosis suggests that the production of scoliosis is not necessarily dependent on lordosis in this model. Because this technique does not violate thoracic or spinal tissues, it may be useful in the investigation of secondary physiologic effects of mechanically-induced scoliosis, and may be scalable to larger animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn R. Buttermann
- Midwest Spine Institute, 1950 Curve Crest Blvd, Stillwater, MN 55082 USA
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Brian P. Beaubien
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Xinqian Chen
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - David J. Polga
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - William D. Lew
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Kirkham B. Wood
- Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN USA
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Yoshihara H, Kawakami N, Matsuyama Y, Inoh H, Imagama S, Ishiguro N. A histomorphologic study of scoliosis in pinealectomized chickens. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005; 30:2244-51. [PMID: 16227885 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000182095.00577.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Pinealectomy was used to induce scoliosis in Broiler chickens, and a histologic investigation of the pinealectomized chickens was performed. OBJECTIVES To investigate the incidence of scoliosis in pinealectomized Broiler chickens and to determine histologic changes in vertebrae in the pinealectomized chickens before the occurrence of a secondary vertebral wedging deformity due to scoliosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA White Leghorn chickens have previously been used as an experimental model of scoliosis, but the occurrence of scoliosis in these chickens following pinealectomy has varied in different reports and is not always high. It is accepted that the development of scoliosis has a close association with growth, but the etiology and mechanism of the disease remain unknown. Histologic findings in vertebrae after the occurrence of scoliosis include those caused by secondary changes due to mechanical compression, and no histologic data for the period before the occurrence of scoliosis are available. METHODS Study 1. A total of 100 female "Broiler" chickens were pinealectomized, and the frequency with which scoliosis occurred was investigated. Study 2. Sixty female Broiler chickens were divided into three groups: the control group (Group C, n = 20), the sham operation group (Group S, n = 20), and the pinealectomy group (Group P, n = 20). Each group was then subdivided into two groups according to the time of death: 3 days after the operation (Group 3-C, 3-S, 3-P, n = 10), and 6 days after the operation (Group 6-C, 6-S, 6-P, n = 10). Decalcified thin sagittal sections were made using a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain. Histologic examinations of the growth plate, trabecular structure, and osteoclast number were performed. RESULTS The incidence of scoliosis in the pinealectomized Broiler chickens was 93.6%. Nine of the 10 chickens in Group 6-P showed scoliosis deformity, while the presence of scoliosis was unclear in chickens in Group 3-P. The osteoclast number increased significantly in Group 3-P, compared with Groups 3-C and 3-S, and the trabecular thickness was greater in Group 3-P than in Groups 3-C and 3-S. There was no significant change in the growth plate or in other aspects of the trabecular structure, except for trabecular thickness, in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the incidence of scoliosis using pinealectomized Broiler chickens is sufficient to study histologic changes of the vertebral body before onset of scoliosis. We found that the osteoclast number and trabecular thickness increased in pinealectomized chickens after 3 days after surgery, just before scoliosis began to develop, and that no change in the growth plate occurred. This suggests that there is no association between changes in the growth plate and the development of scoliosis. However, the change in osteoclast number may have an association with the development of scoliosis, through changes in bone modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatake Yoshihara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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16
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Cheung KMC, Wang T, Poon AMS, Carl A, Tranmer B, Hu Y, Luk KDK, Leong JCY. The effect of pinealectomy on scoliosis development in young nonhuman primates. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005; 30:2009-13. [PMID: 16166887 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000179087.38730.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective study on pinealectomy in primates. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether pinealectomy in a bipedal nonhuman primate model will result in the development of scoliosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Pinealectomy in newborn chickens consistently resulted in scoliosis development. Published data suggest that the surgical removal of the pineal, loss of melatonin secretion, and a bipedal posture are important elements in the development of scoliosis in lower animal models. METHOD There were 18 rhesus monkeys between 8 and 11 months old that underwent pineal excision. All monkeys were kept in a regulated 12-hour light-dark cycle. Monthly radiographs assessed scoliosis development. Completeness of pineal excision was assessed by measurement of a major metabolite of melatonin in the urine, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assessed. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 28 months (range 10-41). Seven monkeys died prematurely, and 11 survived to date; the data from those that died could still be used, although follow-up was shortened. At the latest follow-up or death, scoliosis did not develop in any of the monkeys. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin measurements revealed 3 patterns. Group 1 consisted of 10 monkeys, which showed definite evidence of complete pineal excision. Group 2 consisted of an uncertain group of 2 monkeys in which the nighttime melatonin level is slightly high. Group 3 consisted of 6 monkeys that had incomplete pineal excision or ectopic melatonin production. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of pinealectomy in nonhuman primates. Of the 18 monkeys, 10 had a loss of melatonin secretion, for a mean of 29 months after surgery. Because none of the monkeys had scoliosis develop, this study strongly suggests that the possible etiologic factors producing idiopathic scoliosis in lower animals are different from primates, and findings in lower animals cannot necessarily be extrapolated to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M C Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This study examines the gross anatomic changes in the chicken spine after pinealectomy and was undertaken because initial observation suggested that the pattern of curve development appears to be different from that reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE To characterize the spinal deformity in chickens after pinealectomy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The most common curve pattern seen after pinealectomy in chickens is said to be thoracic curves with structural changes and rotation. This is based largely on radiographic observations and forms the basis of the claim that chicken and human adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are similar. METHOD Thirty-five chickens were divided into 2 groups, a pinealectomy group (n = 25) and a control group with no surgery performed (n = 10). The spines were harvested at 3 months of age and examined visually, by radiographs and computed tomography scans. RESULTS Thirteen out of 25 (52%) of the pinealectomized chickens developed scoliosis. In contrast to previous studies, all the curves were located at the thoracolumbar junction with the apex at either T7 or L1. Structural changes including apical vertebral wedging, lordosis (mean of 14.3 degrees ), and rotation (mean of 14 degrees ) were seen in all cases. Pelvic wing deformity was seen in all cases and significantly contributed to the posterior rotational hump. CONCLUSION The primary curve in these chickens is at the thoracolumbar junction. Previous reports of curve pattern based on radiographic findings would not have identified these as the thoracolumbar junction is obscured by the bony pelvis and heavy musculature. The finding of pelvic wing deformity has not been previously reported, and raises the question as to whether these curves are secondary to asymmetric muscle pull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M C Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Morcuende JA, Minhas R, Dolan L, Stevens J, Beck J, Wang K, Weinstein SL, Sheffield V. Allelic variants of human melatonin 1A receptor in patients with familial adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003; 28:2025-8; discussion 2029. [PMID: 12973153 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000083235.74593.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A genetic study of patients with familial adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the evidence for linkage on chromosome 4q and determine whether mutations in the gene coding for melatonin receptor are present. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common spine deformity arising during childhood, but its cause remains unknown. The fact that adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is often seen in several members of the same family strongly suggests a genetic factor. Recent work by Wise et al provides evidence for linkage of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at several different chromosome sites, including 4q. In addition, there is some evidence that adolescent idiopathic scoliosis may be related to a disturbance in melatonin metabolism, and the human melatonin-1A receptor is known to be located on chromosome 4q. METHODS Probands having clinically relevant idiopathic scoliosis (Cobb angle >30 degrees) and their relatives were identified. Radiographic confirmation was required for a positive diagnosis. Linkage analysis was performed with 15 microsatellite markers of chromosome 4q spaced at approximately 10-cM resolution and 5 microsatellite markers surrounding the site for human melatonin receptor. The gene for human melatonin receptor was screened for mutations in the coding region using genomic DNA samples by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis. Amplimers showing a band shift were reamplified and sequenced bidirectionally. RESULTS There was no evidence for linkage at chromosome 4q in this study population. Twenty-nine individuals demonstrated aberrant single-strand conformation polymorphism band patterns, and sequence evaluation demonstrated six genetic polymorphisms for the gene for human melatonin receptor. These genetic variations were found in both affected and nonaffected individuals, and there was no correlation between gene variants and the phenotype for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated no evidence of linkage to chromosome 4q and no mutations in the coding region of the gene for human melatonin receptor. The identification of variants in the human melatonin receptor could provide a useful tool for testing the gene in the predisposition to various other melatonin-related disorders and for clarifying the role of melatonin in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Morcuende
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Cardinali DP, Ladizesky MG, Boggio V, Cutrera RA, Mautalen C. Melatonin effects on bone: experimental facts and clinical perspectives. J Pineal Res 2003; 34:81-7. [PMID: 12562498 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2003.00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone formation proceeds through a remodeling process that runs continuously, involving the resorption of old bone by osteoclasts, and the subsequent formation of new bone by osteoblasts. This is controlled by growth factors and cytokines produced in bone marrow microenvironment and by the action of systemic hormones, like parathyroid hormone, estradiol or growth hormone (GH). One candidate for hormonal modulation of osteoblast and osteoclast formation is melatonin. Because circulating melatonin declines with age, its possible involvement in post-menopausal and senescence osteoporosis is considered. This review article discusses early studies on melatonin-bone relationships and recent data that suggest a direct effect of melatonin on bone. Melatonin could act as an autacoid in bone cells as it is present in high quantities in bone marrow, where precursors of bone cells are located. Melatonin dose-dependently augmented proteins that are incorporated into the bone matrix, like procollagen type I c-peptide. Osteoprotegerin, an osteoblastic protein that inhibits the differentiation of osteoclasts is also augmented by melatonin in vitro. Another possible target cell for melatonin is the osteoclast, which degrades bone partly by generating free radicals. Melatonin through its free radical scavenger and antioxidant properties may impair osteoclast activity and bone resorption. At least in one study melatonin was both inhibitory to osteoclastic and osteoblastic cells. Therefore, the documented bone-protecting effect of melatonin in ovariectomized rats can depend in part on the free radical scavenging properties of melatonin. Additionally, melatonin may impair development of osteopenia associated with senescence by improving non-rapid eye movement sleep and restoring GH secretion. Whether melatonin can be used as a novel mode of therapy for augmenting bone mass in diseases deserves to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cardinali
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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