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Zhang Y, Bala V, Chhonker YS, Aldhafiri W, John LN, Bjerum CM, King CL, Mitja O, Marks M, Murry DJ. A simple, high-throughput and validated LC-MS/MS method for determination of azithromycin in human plasma and its application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5443. [PMID: 35789011 PMCID: PMC9539494 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, specific and rapid liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to quantify azithromycin concentrations in human plasma. Azithromycin (AZI) is the most common outpatient prescribed antibiotic in the US and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of AZI in many bacterial infections. To support a clinical study, we developed a high throughput LC-MS/MS method to process up to 250 samples per day to quantify AZI in human plasma. Samples were prepared by solid phase extraction. Separation was achieved with an ACE C18 column (2.1 x 100 mm, 1.7 μm) equipped with a C18 guard column. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid and methanol/acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The ionization was optimized with positive electrospray source using multiple reaction monitoring transition, m/z 749.50>591.45 for AZI and m/z 754.50>596.45 for AZI-d5. Extraction recoveries were approximately 90% for AZI. The assay was linear from 0.5 to 2000 ng/mL and required only 100 μL of plasma with total analysis time of 4.5 minutes. The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of a weight-based dosing protocol for AZI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Veenu Bala
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Wafaa Aldhafiri
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Lucy N John
- National Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Catherine M Bjerum
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Oriol Mitja
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Michael Marks
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory. Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Stoian IA, Iacob BC, Dudaș CL, Barbu-Tudoran L, Bogdan D, Marian IO, Bodoki E, Oprean R. Biomimetic electrochemical sensor for the highly selective detection of azithromycin in biological samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 155:112098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Parnham MJ, Erakovic Haber V, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Perletti G, Verleden GM, Vos R. Azithromycin: mechanisms of action and their relevance for clinical applications. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:225-45. [PMID: 24631273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic which inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, quorum-sensing and reduces the formation of biofilm. Accumulating effectively in cells, particularly phagocytes, it is delivered in high concentrations to sites of infection, as reflected in rapid plasma clearance and extensive tissue distribution. Azithromycin is indicated for respiratory, urogenital, dermal and other bacterial infections, and exerts immunomodulatory effects in chronic inflammatory disorders, including diffuse panbronchiolitis, post-transplant bronchiolitis and rosacea. Modulation of host responses facilitates its long-term therapeutic benefit in cystic fibrosis, non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and non-eosinophilic asthma. Initial, stimulatory effects of azithromycin on immune and epithelial cells, involving interactions with phospholipids and Erk1/2, are followed by later modulation of transcription factors AP-1, NFκB, inflammatory cytokine and mucin release. Delayed inhibitory effects on cell function and high lysosomal accumulation accompany disruption of protein and intracellular lipid transport, regulation of surface receptor expression, of macrophage phenotype and autophagy. These later changes underlie many immunomodulatory effects of azithromycin, contributing to resolution of acute infections and reduction of exacerbations in chronic airway diseases. A sub-group of post-transplant bronchiolitis patients appears to be sensitive to azithromycin, as may be patients with severe sepsis. Other promising indications include chronic prostatitis and periodontitis, but weak activity in malaria is unlikely to prove crucial. Long-term administration of azithromycin must be balanced against the potential for increased bacterial resistance. Azithromycin has a very good record of safety, but recent reports indicate rare cases of cardiac torsades des pointes in patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology for Life Scientists, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | | | - Evangelos J Giamarellos-Bourboulis
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece; Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gianpaolo Perletti
- Biomedical Research Division, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto A., Varese, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Geert M Verleden
- Respiratory Division, Lung Transplantation Unit, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robin Vos
- Respiratory Division, Lung Transplantation Unit, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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4
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Abstract
Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics. It is derived from erythromycin, with a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and thus inhibits translation of mRNA. Azithromycin is used to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections, most often those causing middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, typhoid, bronchitis, and sinusitis. In recent years, it has been used primarily to prevent bacterial infections in infants and those with weaker immune systems. It is also effective against certain sexually transmitted infections, such as nongonococcal urethritis, chlamydia, and cervicitis. Recent studies have indicated it also to be effective against late-onset asthma, but these findings are controversial and not widely accepted. The present study gives a comprehensive profile of azithromycin, including detailed physico-chemical properties, nomenclature, formulae, methods of preparation, and methods of analysis (including compendial, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods of analysis). Developed validated stability-indicating (HPLC and biodiffusion assay methods under accelerated acidic, alkaline, and oxidative conditions, in addition to effect of different types of light, temperature, and pH. Detailed clinical applications also presented (mechanism of action, ADME profile, clinical uses and doses, side effects, and drug interactions). Each of the above stages includes appropriate figures and tables. More than 80 references were given as a proof of the above-mentioned studies.
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Raju KSR, Taneja I, Singh SP, Wahajuddin. Utility of noninvasive biomatrices in pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1354-66. [PMID: 23939915 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Blood and plasma are the biomatrices traditionally used for drug monitoring and their pharmacokinetic profiling. Blood is the circulating fluid in contact with all organs and tissues of body and thus is the most representative fluid for measuring systemic drug levels. However, venipuncture suffers from the caveat of being an invasive technique which often makes people reluctant to participate in clinical studies. Thus, there is a need for noninvasive bio-fluids that are ethically appropriate, cost-efficient and toxicologically relevant. These alternate bio-fluids may prove clinically useful as alternatives to plasma/serum in therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies, doping control in sports medicine and to monitor local adverse effects. These may be of particular interest in the case of special population groups such as neonates, children, the elderly, terminally ill patients and pregnant or lactating women, and offer the advantage of circumvention of the demand for specialized personnel for sample collection. This review describes such noninvasive bio-fluids (saliva, sweat, tears and milk) that have been considered for pharmacokinetic drug analysis, emphasizing their sample preparation, its associated difficulties and their correlation with plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanumuri Siva Rama Raju
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226021, India
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6
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Madej KA. Analysis of meconium, nails and tears for determination of medicines and drugs of abuse. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wilms E, Trumpie H, Veenendaal W, Touw D. Quantitative determination of azithromycin in plasma, blood and isolated neutrophils by liquid chromatography using pre-column derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-chloride and fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 814:37-42. [PMID: 15607705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2003] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with pre-column derivatization and fluorescence detection was optimised and validated for the quantification of azithromycin (AZM) in plasma. Clarithromycin (CLM) was used as an internal standard. Pre-column derivatization was done with 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-chloride. Recovery from blood and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNNs) isolated by a gravity separation procedure was also assessed. Analytical separation was carried out using a C18 column as stationary phase and acetonitril-phosphatebuffer as mobile phase. Peak quantification was carried out by excitation at 26 7 nm and detection at 317 nm. A lower limit of quantitation of 0.042+/-0.017 mg/l in plasma, 0.119+/-0.065 mg/l in blood and 0.072+/-0.036 in water was achieved. Linearity was assessed from 0 to 1.5mg/l in plasma and blood and from 0-9 mg/l in water. The analytical method proved to be applicable in a pharmacokinetic study of AZM in a Cystic Fibrosis patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wilms
- The Hague Central Hospital Pharmacy, Escamplaan 900, The Hague 2504 AC, The Netherlands.
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Dumortier G, Chaumeil JC. Lachrymal Determinations: Methods and Updates on Biopharmaceutical and Clinical Applications. Ophthalmic Res 2004; 36:183-94. [PMID: 15292656 DOI: 10.1159/000078776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article displays different procedures used to collect lachrymal fluid and describes some of its applications. Sampling tears represents the main difficulty to produce precise and reproducible results. The direct sampling procedure consists in collecting tears with capillary tubes and has the drawback of demanding previous stimulation that induces major dilution. The indirect method does not require preliminary stimulation but has been held responsible for altering epithelium and promoting leakage from plasma. Schirmer strips and sponges are classically required. Applications are numerous in biopharmaceutical and clinical fields. The determination of endogenous components has great potentiality as a diagnostic tool, but the use of tear as a substitute of plasma does not present clinical relevance. Levels of drugs like immunosuppressive or antibiotic agents are determined in tears to verify that pharmacological concentrations are reached and frequency of administration is deduced from kinetic fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dumortier
- Laboratoire de Galénique, UPRES EA 2498, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques (Paris 5), Paris, France.
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10
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Song Z, Wang C. Ultrasensitive assay of azithromycin in medicine and bio-Fluids based on its enhanced luminol–H2O2 chemiluminescence reaction using flow injection technique. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:5375-80. [PMID: 14642581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple flow injection chemiluminescence method with synergistic enhancement has been investigated for the rapid and sensitive determination of azithromycin. The synergistic action was significant in the chemiluminescence system of luminol-hydrogen peroxide with azithromycin as an enhancer. The enhanced chemiluminescence intensity was linear with the concentration of azithromycin over the range from 0.1 pg x mL(-1) to 1.0 ng x mL(-1) (r(2=)0.9988) with a detection limit (3sigma) of 0.04 pg x mL(-1). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL x min(-1), a complete analytical process could be performed within 0.5 min, including sampling and washing, with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. The proposed method was applied successfully in the assay of azithromycin in pharmaceutical preparations, human urine and serum without any pre-treatment procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Debremaeker D, Visky D, Chepkwony HK, Van Schepdael A, Roets E, Hoogmartens J. Analysis of unknown compounds in azithromycin bulk samples with liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:342-350. [PMID: 12569445 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A selective reversed-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS(n)) method is described for the identification of azithromycin impurities and related substances in commercial azithromycin samples. Mass spectral data are acquired on an LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface operated in positive ion mode. The LCQ provides on-line LC/MS(n) capability, making it ideally suited for identification purposes. In comparison with UV detection, this hyphenated technique provides as its main advantage efficient identification of novel substances without time-consuming isolation and purification procedures. Using this technique, six novel related substances detected in commercial azithromycin samples have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Debremaeker
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, E. Van Evenstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Khashaba PY. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of certain macrolide antibiotics in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:923-32. [PMID: 11836056 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The macrolides (erythromycin, erythromycin esters, azithromycin dihydrate, clarithromycin and roxithromycin) can be analyzed by a simple spectrofluorimetric method based on the oxidation by cerium(VI) in the presence of sulphuric acid and monitoring the fluorescence of cerium(III) formed at lambda(ex) 255 nm and lambda(em) 348 nm. All variables affecting the reaction conditions as cerium(VI), sulphuric acid concentrations, heating time, temperature and dilution solvents were carefully studied. Linear calibration graphs were obtained in the range of 42.6-1200 ng ml(-1) with a percentage relative standard deviation in the range of 0.014-0.058%. Quantitation and detection limits were calculated. The method was applied successfully for the assay of the studied drugs in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms as tablets, capsules and suspension. Recovery experiments revealed recovery of 98.3-100.8%. The effect of potential interference due to common ingredients as glucose, sucrose, lactose, citric acid, and propylene glycol was investigated. Applying standard addition method shows a recovery of 97.7-100.9% macrolide antibiotics from their corresponding dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakinaz Y Khashaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Assiut, Assiut, Egypt.
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Gandhi R, Kaul CL, Panchagnula R. Validated LC method for in-vitro analysis of azithromycin using electrochemical detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 23:1073-9. [PMID: 11095310 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
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Hanai T, Inamaoto Y, Inamoto S. Chromatography of guanidino compounds. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 747:123-38. [PMID: 11103903 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Guanidino compounds involved in the urea and guanidine cycles have been found in serum of nephritic patients, and some guanidino compounds have been suspected to be uremic toxins. The simultaneous analysis of naturally occurring metabolites is important for diagnosis of diseases. In this review, liquid chromatographic analysis of natural metabolites of guanidino compounds are described. the information about arginine as a precursor of nitric oxide are included. The reports of pharmaceutical compounds having a guanidino group, peptides containing arginine and aminoglycosides are summarized in Table 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hanai
- Health Research Foundation, Institut Pasteur 5F, Kyoto, Japan.
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Govindaraju K, Lloyd DK. Analysis of small-scale biological compartments by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 745:127-35. [PMID: 10997708 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two characteristics of capillary electrophoresis make the technique attractive for the separation of the components of microscale compartments within living organisms: small sample volume requirements and direct compatibility with biofluids. Indeed, capillary electrophoresis has been used for analysis down to a sub-cellular level. There are also potentially many applications of capillary electrophoresis to biological compartments on a super-cellular scale, which are nevertheless so small that they make analysis by conventional separations techniques difficult or impractical. The analytical challenges in small-scale bioanalysis are first to develop a suitable method for collection of sample and its introduction into the separation capillary, and secondly, to achieve the required separation. Examples reviewed here will primarily focus on the analysis of tear fluid or airway surface liquid, cases in which the amount of sample that can be collected range from around 10 microl to around 100 nl.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Govindaraju
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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