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Othman RA, Suh M, Fischer G, Azordegan N, Riediger N, Le K, Jassal DS, Moghadasian MH. A comparison of the effects of fish oil and flaxseed oil on cardiac allograft chronic rejection in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H1452-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01280.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both fish and flaxseed oils are major sources of different n-3 fatty acids. Beneficial effects of fish oil on posttransplantation complications have been reported. The current study aimed to compare the effects of flaxseed and fish oils in a rat cardiac allograft model. Male Fischer and Lewis rats were used as donors and recipients, respectively, to generate a heterotopic cardiac allograft model. Animals were randomly assigned into three groups and fed a diet supplemented with 1) 5% (wt/wt) safflower oil (control, n = 7), 2) 5% (wt/wt) flaxseed oil ( n = 8), or 3) 2% (wt/wt) fish oil ( n = 7), and an intraperitoneal injection of cyclosporine A (CsA; 1.5 mg·kg−1·day−1) over 12 wk. Body weight, blood pressure, plasma levels of lipids, CsA, select cytokines, as well as graft function and chronic rejection features were assessed. Body weight and blood CsA levels were similar among the groups. Relative to controls, both treated groups had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and plasma levels of macrophage chemotactic protein-1. Treatment with fish oil significantly ( P < 0.05) lowered plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in the flaxseed oil-treated group compared with the other two groups. Both flaxseed oil and fish oil may provide similar biochemical, hemodynamic, and inflammatory benefits after heart transplantation; however, neither of the oils was able to statistically significantly impact chronic rejection or histological evidence of apparent cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in this model.
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Yilmaz HR, Songur A, Ozyurt B, Zararsiz I, Sarsilmaz M. The effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by gavage on some metabolic enzymes of rat liver. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 71:131-5. [PMID: 15207530 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this experimental study, the effect of fish n-3 fatty acids was studied on the some important enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in rat liver. Wistar albino rats of experimental group (n= 9) were supplemented fish omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) as 0.4 g/kg bw. by gavage for 30 days in addition to their normal diet. Isotonic solution was given to the control group (n= 8) by the same way. At 30th day, the rats were killed by decapitation under ether anesthesia, autopsied and liver was removed. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the activities of above-mentioned enzymes in the liver. The n-3 PUFA caused increases in the activities of HK, G6PD, LDH, and MDH in comparison with control. These increases were statistically significant (P < 0.01) except 6PGD activity. As a result, n-3 PUFA may regulate the metabolic function of liver effectively by increasing HK, G6PD, 6PGD, LDH, and MDH enzyme activities of rat liver when added in enough amounts to the regular diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ramazan Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
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Lombardi VR, Cagiao A, Fernández-Novoa L, Álvarez XA, Corzo MD, Zas R, Sampedro C, Cacabelos R. Short term food supplementation effects of a fish derived extract on the immunological status of pregnant rats and their sucking pups. Nutr Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(01)00361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Brown SA, Brown CA, Crowell WA, Barsanti JA, Kang CW, Allen T, Cowell C, Finco DR. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in early renal insufficiency in dogs. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 2000; 135:275-86. [PMID: 10711867 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2000.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) alters the course of experimental kidney disease in dogs. In particular, supplementation with omega-6 PUFAs hastens the decline of kidney function, and omega-3 PUFAs are renoprotective. We investigated the early stages of renal insufficiency to determine whether PUFA supplementation altered the magnitude of hypercholesterolemia or glomerular hemodynamics. Two months after 11/12 nephrectomy, dogs were randomly divided into three groups of 6 animals each. Each group of dogs was then fed a low-fat basal diet supplemented with one of three sources of lipid to achieve a final concentration of 15% added fat. Fat sources were rich in omega-3 PUFAs (menhaden fish oil, group FO), omega-6 PUFAs (safflower oil, group SO), or saturated fatty acids (beef tallow, group C). Early in renal insufficiency, before significant kidney damage, group FO had a lower (P<.05) serum cholesterol concentration and tended to have a lower urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) excretion than group C. In contrast, group SO had a higher mean glomerular capillary pressure (P<.05) and more glomerular enlargement (P<.05) and tended to have higher eicosanoid excretion rates than group C. These differences in lipid metabolism, glomerular hypertension and hypertrophy, and urinary eicosanoid metabolism could explain, in part, the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFAs and the detrimental effects of omega-6 PUFAs when administered on a long-term basis in this model of renal insufficiency.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cholesterol/blood
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/toxicity
- Dinoprostone/urine
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/toxicity
- Female
- Hypercholesterolemia/diet therapy
- Hypercholesterolemia/etiology
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/diet therapy
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology
- Male
- Renal Circulation
- Thromboxane A2/urine
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Brown
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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The effects of dietary evening primrose, black currant, borage and fungal oils on plasma, hepatic and vascular tissue fatty acid composition in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Nutr Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(98)00128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Engler MM, Engler MB. Dietary borage oil alters plasma, hepatic and vascular tissue fatty acid composition in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1998; 59:11-5. [PMID: 9758202 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(98)90046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary borage oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) has been shown to lower blood pressure in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). A potential mechanism for this effect may be attributed to changes in metabolism of GLA to dihomogamma-linolenic (DGLA) and arachidonic acids (AA). We investigated the effects of dietary borage oil on fatty acid composition in the plasma, liver and vascular tissue in WKY and SHR. The diet significantly increased the levels of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. GLA and DGLA levels in the plasma, liver, aorta and renal artery tissues increased in SHR (P < 0.001) and WKY (P < 0.001). AA levels were also increased in both plasma and liver of SHR (P < 0.05) and WKY (P < 0.05) fed the borage oil enriched diet. The results demonstrate that dietary borage oil produces marked changes in the metabolism of GLA which may contribute to its blood pressure lowering effect in WKY and SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Engler
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Physiology Nursing, 94143-0610, USA. marguerite_engler_at_s/
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Brown SA, Brown CA, Crowell WA, Barsanti JA, Allen T, Cowell C, Finco DR. Beneficial effects of chronic administration of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs with renal insufficiency. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1998; 131:447-55. [PMID: 9605110 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) alters the course of experimental renal disease in rats. However, chronic renal disease in other laboratory animals and in human beings frequently responds differently to experimental manipulations. We investigated the effects of variations in dietary PUFA composition on the chronic course of induced renal disease in dogs. Two months after 15/16 nephrectomy, dogs were randomly divided into three groups of seven animals each. For the next 20 months, each group of dogs was fed a low-fat basal diet supplemented with one of three sources of lipid to achieve a final concentration of 15% added fat. Fat sources provided omega-3 PUFA (menhaden fish oil, group FO), omega-6 PUFA (safflower oil, group SO), or saturated fatty acids (beef tallow, group BT). Throughout the dietary trial, the magnitude of proteinuria and the plasma concentrations of creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride were lower in group FO. The mean overall glomerular filtration rate was 0.89+/-0.18 ml/min per kilogram of body weight in group SO, a value that was significantly less (p < 0.05) than the corresponding values for groups BT and FO (1.21+/-0.18 and 1.43+/-0.20 ml/min/kg, respectively). Renal interstitial fibrosis also was significantly elevated in group SO. The extents of mesangial matrix expansion, glomerulosclerosis, and renal interstitial cellular infiltrate were similar in groups BT and SO, but lower (p < 0.05) in group FO. We conclude that supplementation with omega-6 PUFA enhanced renal injury; supplementation with omega-3 PUFA was renoprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Brown
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Miyasaka CK, de Souza JA, Torres RP, Filho JM, Lajolo FM, Curi R. Effect of the administration of fish oil by gavage on activities of antioxidant enzymes of rat lymphoid organs. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1998; 30:759-62. [PMID: 9559331 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of administration of fish oil by gavage on catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of the lymphoid organs and liver was compared with those of soybean oil and cocoa butter. 2. Fish oil did not affect the activities of SOD and CAT but reduced that of GSH-Px in the spleen. In contrast, cocoa butter reduced the CAT activity in the thymus and liver, and soybean oil decreased CAT activity in the thymus. 3. The content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of the lymphoid organs was not modified but was increased in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Miyasaka
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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De Souza JA, De Oliveria HR, Miyasaka CK, Gacek F, Torres RP, Mancini Filho J, Curi R. Changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes of the lymphoid organs of 21-day pregnant rats due to administration of fish oil by gavage. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1997; 29:551-5. [PMID: 9352301 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of fish oil administration by gavage (0.4% body weight) on activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and on content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) of the lymphoid organs [thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN)] and liver was investigated in 21-day pregnant rats. The results were compared with those obtained by administration of soybean oil, cocoa butter and coconut oil. 2. Oil administration did not have any significant effect on antioxidant enzyme activities of the liver, whereas marked changes were found in the lymphoid organs. The MLN presented the most pronounced changes: SOD and catalase activities were increased by the four oils; GSH-Px activity was raised by soybean and fish oils; coconut oil reduced the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes in this organ. 3. Fish oil given by gavage does affect the antioxidant capacity of the lymphoid organs; however, similar effect was also observed for cocoa butter and soybean oil. These changes in the antioxidant enzyme activities were able to prevent the lipid peroxidation process in the lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A De Souza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Miyasaka CK, Azevedo RB, Curi R, Mancini Filho J, Lajolo FM. Administration of fish oil by gavage increases the activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase in rat lymphoid organs. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 27:991-4. [PMID: 8909980 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(96)00041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of administration of fish oil by gavage on key enzyme activities of glucose metabolism of the thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes was investigated. 2. The activities of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase in the lymphoid organs were markedly raised due to a daily administration of fish oil by gavage (0.4% of body weight). 3. These findings indicate that the therapeutic utilization of fish oil does affect the metabolism of the lymphoid organs, and possibly immune function; however, the mechanism involved remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Miyasaka
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Scholey JW, Mills DE. Dietary fatty acids and the glomerular hemodynamic response to cyclosporine in borderline hypertensive rats. Kidney Int 1995; 47:611-7. [PMID: 7723248 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported that cyclosporine A (CsA) decreases glomerular filtration rate in the borderline hypertensive rat (BHR), but that the glomerular filtration rate is normal when the rats are maintained on a diet supplemented with evening primrose (EP) oil. The current studies were designed to determine the glomerular hemodynamic changes responsible for this effect. A first group (PLAC-SAFF) received a diet supplemented with safflower oil (SAFF) (10% of calories) and placebo (PLAC). A second group (CsA-SAFF) received a diet supplemented with SAFF and CsA (10 mg/kg/day). A third group (CsA-EP) also received CsA, but the diet was supplemented with EP oil (10% of calories). Routine micropuncture studies were performed after five to nine weeks of treatment. Single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) was lower in CsA-SAFF than in PLAC-SAFF (36 +/- 2 vs. 46 +/- 1 nl/min, p < 0.05). Maintenance of SNGFR in CsA-EP compared to CsA-SAFF (48 +/- 2 nl/min vs. 36 +/- 2 nl/min, P < 0.05) was due to higher values for single nephron plasma flow rate (156 +/- 16 vs. 118 +/- 9off/min, P < 0.05), and higher values for the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (0.091 +/- 0.013 vs. 0.054 +/- 0.010 nl/s/mm Hg, P < 0.05). Since dietary fatty acids can affect prostaglandin (PG) production, we measured PGE production in isolated glomeruli. Mean values for basal production rates of PGE were greater in rats maintained on EP than in rats maintained on SAFF (3958 +/- 105 vs. 3378 +/- 146 pg PGE/mg glomerular protein, P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Scholey
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mills DE, de Antueno R, Scholey J. Interaction of dietary fatty acids and cyclosporine A in the borderline hypertensive rat: tissue fatty acids. Lipids 1994; 29:27-32. [PMID: 8139392 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined (i) the effects of cyclosporine A (CS) on tissue lipid composition and (ii) the effect of changes in dietary n-6 fatty acids on tissue responses to CS. Fatty acid composition of liver, kidney, heart and brain were determined after 4 wk of treatment with CS (10 mg/kg.d p.o.) in male borderline hypertensive rats (BHR, n = 4/group), whose diet was supplemented with either safflower oil or evening primrose oil (EPO). Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylinositol, triglyceride and cholesteryl ester fatty acids were measured in kidney, heart, brain and liver. The same parameters were also measured in safflower-fed BHR (n = 4) receiving placebo. The effects of CS on liver microsomal delta 9, delta 6 and delta 5 desaturases in vitro were also followed. CS affected the fatty acid composition of all tissues examined, with the greatest changes seen in the renal phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylinositol fractions. All CS-induced changes that occurred in the liver, brain and renal fatty acids were reversed by EPO. CS elevated delta 9 desaturase but had no effect on delta 6 and delta 5 desaturase. In light of (i) the observation that EPO normalizes renal function and blood pressure in CS-treated BHR, and (ii) the importance of the kidney in blood pressure regulation, the data suggest that the beneficial effects of EPO on CS toxicity may involve changes in renal phospholipid fatty acid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Mills
- Department of Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Wright S. Improving the risk-benefit ratio of cyclosporin. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993; 18:486. [PMID: 8252780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1993.tb02260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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