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Poland GA, Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG. Vaccinomics and personalized vaccinology: is science leading us toward a new path of directed vaccine development and discovery? PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002344. [PMID: 22241978 PMCID: PMC3248557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As is apparent in many fields of science and medicine, the new biology, and particularly new high-throughput genetic sequencing and transcriptomic and epigenetic technologies, are radically altering our understanding and views of science. In this article, we make the case that while mostly ignored thus far in the vaccine field, these changes will revolutionize vaccinology from development to manufacture to administration. Such advances will address a current major barrier in vaccinology-that of empiric vaccine discovery and development, and the subsequent low yield of viable vaccine candidates, particularly for hyper-variable viruses. While our laboratory's data and thinking (and hence also for this paper) has been directed toward viruses and viral vaccines, generalization to other pathogens and disease entities (i.e., anti-cancer vaccines) may be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.
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Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA. Vaccinomics: current findings, challenges and novel approaches for vaccine development. AAPS J 2011; 13:438-44. [PMID: 21671143 PMCID: PMC3160164 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in a field of vaccinology that we have named vaccinomics. The overall idea behind vaccinomics is to identify genetic and other mechanisms and pathways that determine immune responses, and thereby provide new candidate vaccine approaches. Considerable data show that host genetic polymorphisms act as important determinants of innate and adaptive immunity to vaccines. This review highlights examples of the role of immunogenetics and immunogenomics in understanding immune responses to vaccination, which are highly variable across the population. The influence of HLA genes, non-HLA, and innate genes in inter-individual variations in immune responses to viral vaccines are examined using population-based gene/SNP association studies. The ability to understand relationships between immune response gene variants and vaccine-specific immunity may assist in designing new vaccines. At the same time, application of state-of-the-art next-generation sequencing technology (and bioinformatics) is desired to provide new genetic information and its relationship to the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G. Ovsyannikova
- />Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA
- />Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Rochester, Minnesota USA
- />Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- />Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA
- />Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Rochester, Minnesota USA
- />Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA
- />Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota USA
- />Mayo Clinic, 611C Guggenheim Building, 200 First Street, SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 USA
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Haralambieva IH, Jacobson RM. Vaccinomics and a new paradigm for the development of preventive vaccines against viral infections. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:625-36. [PMID: 21732819 PMCID: PMC3166201 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this article we define vaccinomics as the integration of immunogenetics and immunogenomics with systems biology and immune profiling. Vaccinomics is based on the use of cutting edge, high-dimensional (so called "omics") assays and novel bioinformatics approaches to the development of next-generation vaccines and the expansion of our capabilities in individualized medicine. Vaccinomics will allow us to move beyond the empiric "isolate, inactivate, and inject" approach characterizing past vaccine development efforts, and toward a more detailed molecular and systemic understanding of the carefully choreographed series of biological processes involved in developing viral vaccine-induced "immunity." This enhanced understanding will then be applied to overcome the obstacles to the creation of effective vaccines to protect against pathogens, particularly hypervariable viruses, with the greatest current impact on public health. Here we provide an overview of how vaccinomics will inform vaccine science, the development of new vaccines and/or clinically relevant biomarkers or surrogates of protection, vaccine response heterogeneity, and our understanding of immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Haralambieva IH, Poland GA. Vaccinomics, predictive vaccinology and the future of vaccine development. Future Microbiol 2011; 5:1757-60. [PMID: 21155658 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM. Application of pharmacogenomics to vaccines. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:837-52. [PMID: 19450131 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics provides a promising science base for vaccine research and development. A broad range of phenotype/genotype data combined with high-throughput genetic sequencing and bioinformatics are increasingly being integrated into this emerging field of vaccinomics. This paper discusses the hypothesis of the 'immune response gene network' and genetic (and bioinformatic) strategies to study associations between immune response gene polymorphisms and variations in humoral and cellular immune responses to prophylactic viral vaccines, such as measles-mumps-rubella, influenza, HIV, hepatitis B and smallpox. Immunogenetic studies reveal promising new vaccine targets by providing a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gene polymorphisms may influence innate and adaptive immune responses to vaccines, including vaccine failure and vaccine-associated adverse events. Additional benefits from vaccinomic studies include the development of personalized vaccines, the development of novel vaccines and the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Abstract
Seasonal influenza causes significant morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. Vaccines against influenza, though both safe and effective, are imperfect. Notably, these vaccines result in significant immune response variability across the population. The mechanism for this variability, in part, appears to lie in the polymorphisms of key immune response genes. Despite the importance of this variability, little in the way of genetic polymorphisms and its association with vaccine immune response to viral vaccines has been performed. Herein, we review and synthesize what is known about the immune response pathway and influenza viral immunity and then present original data from our laboratory on the immunogenetic relationships between HLA, cytokine and cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms and the variations in humoral immune response to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine. Finally, we propose that a better understanding of vaccine immunogenetics offers insight towards the development of better influenza vaccines.
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM. Personalized vaccines: the emerging field of vaccinomics. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 8:1659-67. [PMID: 18847302 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.11.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The next 'golden age' in vaccinology will be ushered in by the new science of vaccinomics. In turn, this will inform and allow the development of personalized vaccines, based on our increasing understanding of immune response phenotype: genotype information. Rapid advances in developing such data are already occurring for hepatitis B, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, anthrax and smallpox vaccines. In addition, newly available data suggest that some vaccine-related adverse events may also be genetically determined and, therefore, predictable. This paper reviews the basis and logic of personalized vaccines, and describes recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Program in TranslationalImmunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM. Vaccine immunogenetics: bedside to bench to population. Vaccine 2008; 26:6183-8. [PMID: 18598732 PMCID: PMC2614670 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenetic basis for variations in immune response to vaccines in humans remains largely unknown. Many factors can contribute to the heterogeneity of vaccine-induced immune responses, including polymorphisms of immune response genes. It is important to identify those genes involved directly or indirectly in the generation of the immune response to vaccines. Our previous work with measles reveals the impact of immune response gene polymorphisms on measles vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses. We demonstrate associations between genetic variations (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) in HLA class I and class II genes, cytokine, cell surface receptor, and toll-like receptor genes and variations in immune responses to measles vaccine. Such information may provide further understanding of genetic restrictions that influence the generation of protective immune responses to vaccines, and eventually the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, The Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Smith DI. Heterogeneity in vaccine immune response: the role of immunogenetics and the emerging field of vaccinomics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:653-64. [PMID: 17971814 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the fields of immunology, genetics, molecular biology, bioinformatics, and the Human Genome Project have allowed for the emergence of the field of vaccinomics. Vaccinomics encompasses the fields of immunogenetics and immunogenomics as applied to understanding the mechanisms of heterogeneity in immune responses to vaccines. In this study, we examine the role of HLA genes, cytokine genes, and cell surface receptor genes as examples of how genetic polymorphism leads to individual and population variations in immune responses to vaccines. In turn, this data, in concert with new high-throughput technology, inform the immune-response network theory to vaccine response. Such information can be used in the directed and rational development of new vaccines, and this new golden age of vaccinology has been termed "predictive vaccinology", which will predict the likelihood of a vaccine response or an adverse response to a vaccine, the number of doses needed and even whether a vaccine is likely to be of benefit (i.e., is the individual at risk for the outcome for which the vaccine is being administered?).
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group and the Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Poland GA. HLA supertypes and immune responses to measles–mumps–rubella viral vaccine: Findings and implications for vaccine design. Vaccine 2007; 25:3090-100. [PMID: 17280755 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the outcome of the immune response to measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination depends on multiple factors, elucidation of specific host genetic markers, such as HLA supertypes based on a shared sequence motif in the peptide-binding pockets of HLA molecules, is essential. We studied the association between measures of humoral and cellular immune responses and HLA supertypes among 346 children previously immunized with two doses of MMR. We found that HLA supertypes, such as A3, B7, B44, B58, B62, and DR may play a role in modulating immune responses to the measles and mumps components of MMR vaccine. This information may be of significant value in the engineering of potential epitope-based vaccines that are recognized by T cells restricted by human HLA supertype alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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