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Kim J, Yum S, Kang C, Kang SJ. Gene-gene interactions in gastrointestinal cancer susceptibility. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67612-67625. [PMID: 27588484 PMCID: PMC5341900 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer arises from complex, multi-layer interactions between diverse genetic and environmental factors. Genetic studies have identified multiple loci associated with tumor susceptibility. However, little is known about how germline polymorphisms interact with one another and with somatic mutations within a tumor to mediate acquisition of cancer traits. Here, we survey recent studies showing gene-gene interactions, also known as epistases, affecting genetic susceptibility in colorectal, gastric and esophageal cancers. We also catalog epistasis types and cancer hallmarks with respect to the interacting genes. A total of 22 gene variation pairs displayed all levels of statistical epistasis, including synergistic, redundant, suppressive and co-suppressive interactions. Five genes primarily involved in base excision repair formed a linear topology in the interaction network, MUTYH-OGG1-XRCC1-PARP1-MMP2, and three genes in mTOR cell-proliferation pathway formed another linear network, PRKAG2-RPS6KB1-PIK3CA. Discrete pairwise epistasis was also found in nucleotide excision repair, detoxification, proliferation, TP53, TGF-β and other pathways. We propose that three modes of biological interaction underlie the molecular mechanisms for statistical epistasis. The direct binding, linear pathway and convergence modes can exhibit any level of statistical epistasis in susceptibility to gastrointestinal cancers, and this is likely true for other complex diseases as well. This review highlights the link between cancer hallmarks and susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jineun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seoyun Yum
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Changwon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Suk-Jo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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Ribeiro RX, Nascimento CILL, Silva AMTC. GENOTYPE ASSOCIATION GSTM1 NULL AND GASTRIC CANCER: EVIDENCE-BASED META-ANALYSIS. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2017; 54:101-108. [PMID: 28327825 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201700000-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and the sixth among women, except for non-melanoma skin tumors, in Brazil. Epidemiological evidences reveal the multifactorial etiology of this cancer, highlighting risk factors such as: infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, advanced age, smoking, chronic alcohol abuse, eating habits and genetic polymorphisms. Considering the context of genetic polymorphisms, there is the absence of the GSTM1 gene. The lack of GSTM1 function to detoxify xenobiotics and promote defense against oxidative stress leads to increased DNA damage, promoting gastric carcinogenesis. This process is multifactorial and the development of gastric cancer results from a complex interaction of these variables. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association of GSTM1 null polymorphism in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted from 70 articles collected in SciELO and PubMed databases, between September 2015 and July 2016. In order to evaluate a possible association, we used the odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%). To assess the heterogeneity of the studies was used the chi-square test. Statistical analysis was performed using the BioEstat® 5.3. RESULTS This study included 70 studies of case-control, including 28,549 individuals, which were assessed for the null polymorphism of the GSTM1 gene, and of which 11,208 (39.26%) were cases and 17,341 (60.74%) were controls. The final analysis showed that the presence of the GSTM1 gene acts as a protective factor against the development of gastric cancer (OR=0.788; 95%CI 0.725-0.857; P<0.0001). Positive statistical association was found in Asia (OR=0.736; 95%CI 0.670-0.809; P<0.0001) and Eurasia (OR=0.671; 95%CI 0.456-0.988; P=0.05). However, statistically significant data was not obtained in Europe (OR=1.033; 95%CI 0.873-1.222; P=0.705) and America (OR=0.866; 95%CI 0.549-1.364; P=0.534). Therefore, the results can not be deduced around the world. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis concluded that the presence of the GSTM1 gene is a protector for the emergence of gastric cancer, especially in Asian countries, but this result was not found in Europe and America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rívian Xavier Ribeiro
- Departamento de Medicina, Escola de Ciências Médicas, Farmacêuticas e Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC-GO), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Cícera Isabella Leão Leite Nascimento
- Departamento de Medicina, Escola de Ciências Médicas, Farmacêuticas e Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC-GO), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Antonio Márcio Teodoro Cordeiro Silva
- Departamento de Medicina, Escola de Ciências Médicas, Farmacêuticas e Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC-GO), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Ghatak S, Yadav RP, Lalrohlui F, Chakraborty P, Ghosh S, Ghosh S, Das M, Pautu JL, Zohmingthanga J, Senthil Kumar N. Xenobiotic Pathway Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Gastric Cancer in High Risk Mizo-Mongoloid Population, Northeast India. Helicobacter 2016; 21:523-535. [PMID: 27006283 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of gastric cancer associated with individual or combined glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) polymorphism and their interaction with environmental factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genotyping by PCR was carried out for 80 cases and controls each for GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphism and mapped for gene-environment association studies. The samples were subjected to pathogen detection and GSTP1 expression for analyzing their association with different genotypes. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to compute the influence of both genetic and environmental factors for gastric cancer. MDR analysis was performed to assess the risk of gastric cancer by studying the gene-gene and gene-environment effect on the basis of GST genotyping and GSTP1 gene expression. RESULTS Infection with Helicobacter pylori and CagA+ strains was more frequent in patients with GSTM1/T1 null genotype. Intake of high fermented fat and smoked meat was found to be significantly associated with gastric cancer. The G/G, A/G (rs1695), and T/T (rs1138272) were found to be significantly associated with low expression of GSTP1 gene in cancer tissue. CONCLUSION Presence of H. pylori with CagA genotype showed significant individual effect with GSTT1 polymorphism as well as strong synergistic effect in gastric cancer risk. Majority of the gastric cancer samples showed significant negative expression in G/G, A/G (rs1695), and T/T (rs1138272) genotypes. This study shows that GST gene polymorphism was significantly relevant for determining the individual susceptibility to gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghatak
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Freda Lalrohlui
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Payel Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Soumee Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudakshina Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Madhusudan Das
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Lao X, Peng Q, Lu Y, Li S, Qin X, Chen Z, Chen J. Glutathione S-transferase gene GSTM1, gene-gene interaction, and gastric cancer susceptibility: evidence from an updated meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:127. [PMID: 25477765 PMCID: PMC4255933 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The null genotype of GSTM1 have been implicated in gastric cancer risk, but numerous individual studies showed mixed, or even conflicting results. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed. Results We identified 54 individual studies involving 9,322 cases and 15,118 controls through computer-based searches of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. It was found that the null genotype of GSTM1 was associated with an increased gastric cancer risk (OR = 1.207, 95% CI: 1.106-1.317, P < 0.001), under the random-effects model (I2 : 49.9%, PQ <0.001). From stratification analyses for ethnicity, alcohol drinking, Helicobacter pylori infection, an effect modification of gastric cancer risk was found in the subgroups of ethnicity, smoking status, Helicobacter pylori infection, whereas null result was found in the subgroups of alcohol drinking. We also undertook gene-gene interaction analysis between GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes for gastric cancer risk, and the results indicated that the dual null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 might elevate the risk of gastric cancer (OR = 1.505, 95% CI: 1.165-1.944, P = 002). Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that the null genotype of GSTM1 may be a important genetic risk factor for gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Lao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Qiliu Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Xue Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health at Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Junqiang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
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Meng X, Liu Y, Liu B. Glutathione S-transferase M1 null genotype meta-analysis on gastric cancer risk. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:122. [PMID: 24948179 PMCID: PMC4079641 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have proved to be involved in the detoxifying several carcinogens and may play an important role in carcinogenesis of cancer. Previous studies on the association between Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) polymorphism and gastric cancer (GC) risk reported inconclusive results. To get a precise result, we conducted this present meta-analysis through pooling all eligible studies. Methods A comprehensive databases of Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) were searched for case–control studies investigating the association between GSTM1 null genotype and GC risk. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to assess this possible association. A χ2-based Q-test was used to examine the heterogeneity assumption. Begg’s and Egger’s test were used to examine the potential publication bias. The leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine whether our assumptions or decisions have a major effect on the results of present work. Statistical analyses were performed with the software program STATA 12.0. Results A total of 47 eligible case–control studies were identified, including 6,678 cases and 12,912 controls. Our analyses suggested that GSTM1 null genotype was significantly associated with increased risk of GC (OR = 1.186, 95% CI = 1.057-1.329, Pheterogenetiy = 0.000, P = 0.004). Significant association was also found in Asians (OR = 1.269, 95% CI = 1.106-1.455, Pheterogenetiy = 0.002, P = 0.001). However, GSTM1 null genotype was not contributed to GC risk in Caucasians (OR = 1.115, 95% CI = 0.937-1.326, Pheterogenetiy = 0.000, P = 0.222). In the subgroup analysis stratified by sources of controls, significant association was detected in hospital-based studies (OR = 1.355, 95% CI = 1.179-1.557, Pheterogenetiy = 0.001, P = 0.000), while there was no significant association detected in population-based studies (OR = 1.017, 95% CI = 0.862-1.200, Pheterogenetiy = 0.000, P = 0.840). Conclusion This meta-analysis showed the evidence that GSTM1 null genotype contributed to the development of GC. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1644180505119533.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated to the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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Yoon J, Hyun MH, Yang JP, Park MJ, Park S. Ethnic differences in the association of the glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) null genotype and risk of gastric carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3867-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Meta-analysis of the association of glutathione S-transferase T1 null/presence gene polymorphism with the risk of gastric carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 41:639-49. [PMID: 24352702 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A possible association of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) null/presence gene polymorphism and an increased risk of developing gastric carcinoma is still unclear and hotly debated. This investigation was performed to assess the association of the GSTT1 null/presence gene polymorphism with the risk of gastric carcinoma via a meta-analysis to increase sample size and statistical significance. PubMed, Cochrane Library and CBM-disc (China Biological Medicine Database) were searched on March 1, 2013, association reports were identified, and eligible studies were recruited and synthesized. Fifty-two reports were found to be suitable for this meta-analysis for the association of the GSTT1 null genotype with gastric carcinoma risk. The results showed that there was a significantly increased gastric carcinoma risk when the GSTT1 null genotype was present in the overall population (OR 1.21, 95 % CI 1.11-1.32, P < 0.0001), Caucasians (OR 1.25, 95 % CI 1.05-1.48, P = 0.01), East-Asians (OR 1.18, 95 % CI 1.06-1.31, P = 0.003), and Chinese (OR 1.24, 95 % CI 1.07-1.44, P = 0.005). However, no statistically relevant association could be established for the Indian ethnic group (OR 1.33, 95 % CI 0.94-1.90, P = 0.11). In conclusion, the GSTT1 null genotype is associated with an increased gastric carcinoma risk in the overall population, Caucasians, East-Asians, and Chinese.
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Meta-analysis: glutathione S-transferase T1 null allele is associated with gastric cancer risk. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:239-45. [PMID: 23975364 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Allelic variant within genes encoding glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) has been suggested to be a possible risk factor of gastric cancer, but previous studies provide controversial results. This study aimed to assess the effects of GSTT1 polymorphism on gastric cancer by means of meta-analysis. We included published studies on the relationship between GSTT1 null allele and gastric cancer risk after searching electronic databases. A meta-analysis was conducted by calculating the pooled odds ratios (OR) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Forty-two studies with a total of 8,203 gastric cancer cases and 13,866 controls were included into this meta-analysis. When all 42 studies were pooled into this meta-analysis, there was a significant association between the GSTT1 null allele and gastric cancer risk (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.14-1.36, P < 0.00001). Sensitivity analysis by excluding individual studies showed that there was no effect on the pooled OR with 95% CI. After excluding studies with low quality, there was still a significant association between the GSTT1 null allele and gastric cancer risk (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.13-1.36, P < 0.00001). In the subgroup analysis, there was a significant association between the GSTT1 null allele and gastric cancer risk in both Europeans and Asians. There was no risk of publication bias in this meta-analysis. Our results suggest that GSTT1 null allele is associated with increased risk of gastric cancer.
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Xu W, He H, Li X, Cui H. Quantitative assessment of the influence of glutathione S-transferase T1 null variant on gastric cancer risk. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:849-58. [PMID: 23979980 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) catalyzes reactions between glutathione and lipophilic compounds with electrophilic centers, leading to neutralization of toxic compounds, xenobiotics, and products of oxidative stress. In the past decade, a number of case-control studies have been carried out to investigate the relationship between the GSTT1 null polymorphism and gastric cancer (GC), but the results have been inconclusive. To investigate this inconsistency, we performed a meta-analysis of 46 studies involving a total of 9012 GC cases and 14,215 controls for null variant of the GSTT1 gene to evaluate the effect of GSTT1 on genetic susceptibility for GC. Potential sources of heterogeneity including ethnicity, source of control, and sample size were also assessed. Overall, significantly increased GC risk was associated with GSTT1 null polymorphism with OR of 1.20 (95% CI, 1.10-1.32; P < 0.05). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased risks were found in East Asians and Indians, while no significant associations were found among Caucasian, and Middle Eastern and African populations. By pooling data from 19 studies that considered combinations of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes, a statistically significant increased risk for GC (OR = 2.04, 95% CI, 1.49-2.64; P < 0.05) was detected for individuals with dual deletion in both genes compared with positive genotypes. In addition, we found that cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking may modified the association of GSTT1 null genotypes with the risk of GC. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that GSTT1 null polymorphism is associated with elevated GC risk, but these associations vary in different ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 1158 East Gongyuan road, Shanghai, 201700, People's Republic of China
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Bao LD, Niu JX, Song H, Wang Y, Ma RL, Ren XH, Wu XL. Association between the GSTP1 codon 105 polymorphism and gastric cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:3687-93. [PMID: 23098455 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current meta-analysis was performed to address a more accurate estimation of the association between glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) codon 105 polymorphism and risk of gastric cancer (GC), which has been widely reported with conflicting results. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify all the relevant studies. Fixed or random effect models were selected based on the heterogeneity test. Publication bias was estimated using Begg's funnel plots and Egger's regression test. RESULTS A total of 20 studies containing 2,821 GC cases and 6,240 controls were finally included in the analyses. Overall, no significant association between GSTP1 polymorphism and GC risk was observed in worldwide populations. However, subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity showed that GSTP1 polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of GC in Asians (G vs. A, OR = 1.273, 95%CI=1.011-1.605; GG vs. AA, OR=2.103, 95%CI=1.197- 3.387; GG vs. AA+AG, OR =2.103, 95%CI=1.186-3.414). In contrast, no significant association was found in Caucasians in any genetic models, except for with AG vs. AA (OR=0.791, 95%CI=0.669-0.936). Furthermore, the GSTP1 polymorphism was found to be significantly associated with GC in patients with H. pylori infection and in those with a cardiac GC. Subgroup analysis stratified by Lauren's classification and smoking status showed no significant association with any genetic model. No studies were found to significantly influence the pooled effects in each genetic mode, and no potential publication bias was detected. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggested that the GSTP1 polymorphism might be associated with increased risk of GC in Asians, while GSTP1 heterozygote genotype seemed to be associated with reduced risk of GC. Since potential confounders could not be ruled out completely, further studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Dao Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, China
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Ma W, Zhuang L, Han B, Tang B. Association between glutathione S-transferase T1 null genotype and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 48 studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60833. [PMID: 23585855 PMCID: PMC3621870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have proved to be involved in the detoxifying several carcinogens and may play an important role in carcinogenesis of cancer. Previous studies on the association between Glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) polymorphism and gastric cancer risk reported inconclusive results. To clarify the possible association, we conducted a meta-analysis of eligible studies. METHODS We searched in the Pubmed, Embase, and Wangfang Medicine databases for studies assessing the association between GSTT1 null genotype and gastric cancer risk. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was calculated to assess the strength of the association. A total of 48 studies with a total of 24,440 individuals were ultimately eligible for meta-analysis. RESULTS Overall, GSTT1 null genotype was significantly associated with increased risk of gastric cancer (Random-effect OR = 1.23, 95%CI 1.13-1.35, P OR <0.001, I(2) = 45.5%). Significant association was also found in Caucasians, East Asians, and Indians (P Caucasians = 0.010; P East Asians = 0.003; P Indians = 0.017). After adjusting for other confounding variables, GSTT1 null genotype was also significantly associated with increased risk of gastric cancer (Random-effect OR = 1.43, 95%CI 1.20-1.71, P OR <0.001, I(2) = 48.1%). CONCLUSION The meta-analysis provides strong evidence for the significant association between GSTT1 null genotype and increased risk of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Le Zhuang
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Han
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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García-González MA, Quintero E, Bujanda L, Nicolás D, Benito R, Strunk M, Santolaria S, Sopeña F, Badía M, Hijona E, Pérez-Aísa MA, Méndez-Sánchez IM, Thomson C, Carrera P, Piazuelo E, Jiménez P, Espinel J, Campo R, Manzano M, Geijo F, Pellisé M, González-Huix F, Espinós J, Titó L, Zaballa M, Pazo R, Lanas A. Relevance of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms to gastric cancer susceptibility and phenotype. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:771-7. [PMID: 22952149 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are phase II metabolizing enzymes that play a key role in protecting against cancer by detoxifying numerous potentially cytotoxic/genotoxic compounds. The genes encoding the human GST isoenzymes GSTM(mu)1, GSTT(theta)1 and GSTP(pi)1 harbour polymorphisms, which have been considered important modifiers of the individual risk for environmentally induced cancers such as gastric cancer (GC). However, results are inconsistent among studies from different geographic areas and ethnic groups. Our goal was to perform a nationwide, case-control study in Spain to evaluate the relevance of several functional GST gene polymorphisms and environmental factors to GC risk and phenotype. DNA from 557 GC patients and 557 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HC) was typed for two deletions in the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes and two SNPs in the GSTP1 gene (rs1695 and rs1138272) using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Logistic regression analysis identified Helicobacter pylori infection with CagA strains [odds ratio (OR): 2.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.78-3.15], smoking habit (OR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.48-2.97) and family history of GC (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 2.02-5.16) as independent risk factors for GC. No differences in the frequencies of GSTM1 or GSTT1 null genotypes were observed between cases and controls (GSTM1: 50.8% vs. 48%; GSTT1: 21.5% vs. 21%). Moreover, simultaneous carriage of both, the GSTM1 and the GSTT1 null genotypes, was almost identical in both groups (10.7% in GC vs. 10.6% in HC). In addition, no significant differences in GSTP1 Ile105Val (rs1695) and GSTP1 Val114Ala (rs1138272) genotype distribution were observed between GC patients and controls. Subgroup analysis for age, gender, Helicobacter pylori status, smoking habits, family history of GC, anatomic location and histological subtype revealed no significant association between GST variants and GC risk. Our results show that the GST polymorphisms evaluated in this study are not relevant when determining the individual susceptibility to GC or phenotype in a South-European population.
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Badía Martínez M, García-González MA. [Low penetrance gene polymorphisms involved in Helicobacter pylori-immune response. Relevance on gastric cancer risk]. Med Clin (Barc) 2011; 137:555-60. [PMID: 21208631 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2010.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a complex pathology which represents a worldwide health burden due to its high prevalence and poor prognosis. Therefore, prevention and early detection are considered the best options for controlling the disease. Current research is based on the study of genetic variants that confer a higher risk and their interactions with environmental exposure. A deeper knowledge of factors involved on gastric cancer development may allow identification of those individuals at elevated risk and will provide useful predictive information for subgroups of patients who need surveillance or early treatment strategies. In the present paper we review in a comprehensive manner, the most recent published studies on the contribution of gene polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection to gastric cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Badía Martínez
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, España
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Yadav D, Chandra R, Saxena R, Agarwal D, Agarwal M, Ghosh T, Agrawal D. Glutathione-S-transferase M1 and T1 genes and gastric cancer: a case control study in North Indian population. Gene 2011; 487:166-9. [PMID: 21839153 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difference in the capacity of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes might be an important factor in genetic susceptibility to cancer. METHODS A case control study involving forty one gastric cancer patients and one hundred and thirty controls was carried out to determine the frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes. The frequency of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype was observed by carrying out multiplex PCR. RESULTS There was no difference in the frequencies of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null and the combined GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype between patients and control. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that GSTM1 and GSTT1 status may not influence the risk of developing gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Yadav
- Cardiovascular Toxicology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow
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The association between GSTM1 polymorphism and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:685-91. [PMID: 21553222 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Relationship of gastric cancer with the GSTM1 polymorphism was reported with inconsistent results. The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the association between GSTM1 polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility. Relevant studies were identified from PubMed and references of retrieved articles. A meta-analysis was performed, which included 38 studies with 6,605 gastric cancer cases and 11,311 controls. The combined result based on all studies showed there was a significant link between GSTM1 null genotype and gastric cancer (OR=1.20, 95%CI: 1.08-1.34). When stratifying for the race, the phenomenon was found that gastric cancer case had a significantly higher frequency of GSTM1 null genotype than control in Asians (OR=1.27, 95%CI: 1.10-1.47). However, there was not enough evidence to show there was a significant difference in GSTM1 null genotype distribution between gastric cancer case and control in Caucasians (OR=1.13, 95%CI: 0.96-1.32). This meta-analysis indicated that GSTM1 null genotype might be associated with increased gastric cancer risk in Asians. However, this meta-analysis did not provide an evidence of confirming association between GSTM1 polymorphism and gastric cancer in Caucasians.
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Qiu LX, Wang K, Lv FF, Chen ZY, Liu X, Zheng CL, Li WH, Zhu XD, Guo WJ, Li J. GSTM1 null allele is a risk factor for gastric cancer development in Asians. Cytokine 2011; 55:122-5. [PMID: 21474334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), which plays an important role in detoxification pathways to protect against damage caused by reactive metabolites of chemicals, has been considered as potential gastric cancer susceptibility genes. However, the published data on the association between GSTM1 present/null polymorphism and gastric cancer risk are still inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis was performed. Totally, 44 studies including 5440 cases and 11607 controls were involved in the analysis. When all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis, obviously increased gastric cancer risk was found in null genotype carriers (OR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.08-1.33). When stratified by ethnicity, obviously evaluated risk was found in Asians (OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.11-1.54) but not reached to statistically significance in Caucasians (OR=1.11, 95% CI: 0.96-1.28). In the subgroup analysis by hospital-based studies or population-based studies, statistically significantly elevated risk was found in hospital-based studies (OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.07-1.67) but not reached to statistically significance in population-based studies (OR=1.11, 95% CI: 0.99-1.25). In summary, this meta-analysis result indicates that the GSTM1 null genotype is a low-penetrant risk factor for gastric cancer development in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
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Gawron AJ, Fought AJ, Lissowska J, Ye W, Zhang X, Chow WH, Freeman LEB, Hou L. Polymorphisms in chemokine and receptor genes and gastric cancer risk and survival in a high risk Polish population. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:333-40. [PMID: 21091093 PMCID: PMC3035749 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.537679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine if genetic variations in chemokine receptor and ligand genes are associated with gastric cancer risk and survival. METHODS The study included 298 cases and 417 controls from a population-based study of gastric cancer conducted in Warsaw, Poland in 1994-1996. We investigated seven single nucleotide polymorphisms in a chemokine ligand (CXCL12) and chemokine receptor (CCR2, CCR5, CX3CR1) genes and one frameshift deletion (CCR5) in blood leukocyte DNA in relation to gastric cancer risk and survival. Genotyping was conducted at the NCI Core Genotyping Facility. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Survival analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Gastric cancer risk was not associated with single chemokine polymorphisms. A CCR5 haplotype that contained the common alleles of IVS1+151 G>T (rs2734648), IVS2+80 C>T (rs1800024) and minor allele of IVS1+246 A>G (rs1799987) was associated with a borderline significantly increased risk (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0?2.2). For gastric cancer cases, there was a greater risk of death for carriers of the minor alleles of CCR2 Ex2+241 G>A (rs1799864) (HR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1) and CCR5 IVS2+80 C>T (rs1800024) (HR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1). Carriers of the CCR5 minor allele of IVS1+151 G>T (rs2734648) had a decreased risk of death compared to homozygote carriers of the common allele (HR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.6-1.0). CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support an association between gastric cancer risk and single chemokine genetic variation. The observed associations between cancer risk and a CCR5 haplotype and between survival and polymorphisms in CCR2 and CCR5 need replication in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Gawron
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela J. Fought
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, The M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Malik MA, Upadhyay R, Mittal RD, Zargar SA, Mittal B. Association of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes genetic polymorphisms with esophageal cancer in Kashmir Valley and influence of environmental factors. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:734-42. [PMID: 20661821 DOI: 10.1080/01635581003605904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Kashmir Valley has an elevated incidence rate of esophageal cancer (EC). Several environmental and genetic factors have been suspected for development of EC. A case-control study was performed in 135 EC patients and 195 healthy controls to analyze association of polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase (GST) mu (GSTM1), GST theta (GSTT1), GST pi (GSTP1), GSTM3, Cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, and CYP2E1 genes with susceptibility to EC as well as their interaction with environmental factors such as smoking and high consumption of salted tea in Kashmir valley. All subjects were genotyped through polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. Data was statistically analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression model. Results showed that GSTP1313 val/val and CYP2E1c1c2 genotypes imparted risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma [EADC; odds ratio (OR) = 3.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30-8.05; OR = 4.20, 95% CI = 1.65-10.70], respectively. GSTM3AB genotype/B allele was found to be associated with low risk for EC. Tobacco smoking through hukka (water pipe) and consumption of salted tea itself were high risk factors for developing EC (OR = 21.44, 95% CI = 11.63-39.54; OR = 14.86, 95% CI = 8.41-26.24), and the risks were modulated through the interaction of GSTM3AB, GSTP1val/val genotypes. In conclusion, GSTP1val/val and CYP2E1c1c2 genotypes/c2 allele increased the risk of ESCC and EADC, respectively, in the Kashmiri population; whereas GSTM3AB genotype imparted lower risk for both ESCC and EADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad Malik
- Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareilly Road, Lucknow, India
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Yadav DS, Devi TR, Ihsan R, Mishra AK, Kaushal M, Chauhan PS, Bagadi SAR, Sharma J, Zamoawia E, Verma Y, Nandkumar A, Saxena S, Kapur S. Polymorphisms of glutathione-S-transferase genes and the risk of aerodigestive tract cancers in the Northeast Indian population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:715-23. [PMID: 20854097 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread use of tobacco and betel quid consumption and a high incidence of tobacco-associated aerodigestive tract cancers have been reported in different ethnic groups from several regions of Northeast (NE) India. This study was done to explore the possibility of phase II metabolic enzymes being responsible for the high prevalence of cancers in this region of India. METHODS Samples from 370 cases with oral, gastric, and lung cancers and 270 controls were analyzed for polymorphism of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism-based methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking and betel quid chewing were found to be high risk factors for oral and lung cancers but not for gastric cancer, whereas tobacco chewing was found to be a risk factor for oral cancer but not for gastric or lung cancer. The variant genotypes of GSTP1 were not associated with any of the aerodigestive tract cancers. GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes appeared to play a protective role for lung cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.47, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.24-0.93, p = 0.03) and (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.28-0.96, p = 0.04), but they were not associated with oral and gastric cancers. However, when data was analyzed in different geographic regions the GSTT1 null genotype was found to be a significant risk factor for oral (OR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.01-6.61, p = 0.05) as well as gastric cancer (OR = 3.08, 95% CI 1.32-7.19, p = 0.009) in samples obtained from the Assam region of NE India. This is the first study on the association of GST polymorphisms and aerodigestive tract cancers in the high-risk region of NE India.
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Chen B, Zhou Y, Yang P, Wu XT. Glutathione S-transferase M1 Gene Polymorphism and Gastric Cancer Risk: An Updated Analysis. Arch Med Res 2010; 41:558-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Hou L, Wang H, Sartori S, Gawron A, Lissowska J, Bollati V, Tarantini L, Zhang FF, Zatonski W, Chow WH, Baccarelli A. Blood leukocyte DNA hypomethylation and gastric cancer risk in a high-risk Polish population. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1866-74. [PMID: 20099281 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Global hypomethylation has been shown to increase genome instability potentially leading to increased cancer risk. We determined whether global methylation in blood leukocyte DNA was associated with gastric cancer in a population-based study on 302 gastric cancer cases and 421 age- and sex-matched controls in Warsaw, Poland, between 1994 and 1996. Using PCR-pyrosequencing, we analyzed methylation levels of Alu and LINE-1, 2 CG-rich repetitive elements, to measure global methylation levels. Gastric cancer risk was highest among those with lowest level of methylation in either Alu (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 0.9-1.9) or LINE-1 (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.9-2.0) relative to those with the highest levels, although the trends were not statistically significant. For Alu, the association was stronger among those aged 70 or older (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.3-5.5, p for interaction = 0.02). We did not observe meaningful differences in the associations by other risk factors and polymorphisms examined. For LINE-1, the association tended to be stronger among individuals with a family history of cancer (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.4-7.0, p for interaction = 0.01), current alcohol drinkers (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.0-3.6, p for interaction = 0.05), current smokers (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1-4.6, p for interaction = 0.02), those who rarely or never consumed fruit (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.2-8.1, p for interaction = 0.03), CC carriers for the MTRR Ex5+123C>T polymorphism (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2-4.4, p for interaction = 0.01) and TT carriers for the MTRR Ex15+572T>C polymorphism (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0-2.8, p for interaction = 0.06). The association was not different by sex, Helicobacter pylori infection, intake of folate, vitamin B6 and total protein and the remaining polymorphisms examined. Our results indicate that interactions between blood leukocyte DNA hypomethylation and host characteristics may determine gastric cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Chen B, Cao L, Zhou Y, Yang P, Wan HW, Jia GQ, Liu L, Wu XT. Glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) gene polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1831-8. [PMID: 19960261 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-1000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies investigating the association between genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and gastric cancer risk have reported conflicting results. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to provide more precise evidence. METHODS We searched the databases Medline, PubMed, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure up to July 30, 2009. Thirty-six studies with 4,357 gastric cancer cases and 9,796 controls were selected. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated based on fixed- and random-effects models. RESULTS The combined results based on all studies showed there was a significant link between GSTT1 null genotype and gastric cancer risk (OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.01-1.28). In subgroup analysis stratified on the basis of ethnic group, we also observed positive association between GSTT1 polymorphism and gastric cancer risk among Caucasians (non-Europeans + non-Americans), but not among East Asians. When stratifying by control source, the overall ORs for population- and hospital-based studies were 1.09 (95%CI = 0.94-1.28) and 1.17 (95%CI = 1.03-1.34), respectively. Subjects with both GSTM1 and GSTT1 negative genotypes had increased gastric cancer risk compared with those who had nonnull genotypes of both GST genes. Subgroup analyses for Helicobacter pylori infection and smoking habit did not reveal any significant association between GSTT1 polymorphism and gastric cancer development. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that GSTT1 gene polymorphism may be not associated with increased gastric cancer risk among Europeans, Americans, and East Asians. More large-scale studies based on the same racial group are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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23
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Glutathione S-transferase M1 null genotype associated with gastric cancer among Asians. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1824-30. [PMID: 19763824 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play multiple roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer. Studies investigating the association between Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) null genotype and gastric cancer risk report conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively summarize the evidence for such a relationship. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 35 studies, which included 4,505 gastric cancer cases and 9,062 controls. The combined results based on all studies showed that the GSTM1 null genotype was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (OR = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02, 1.29). When stratifying for race, results were similar among Asians (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.44) except Caucasians (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.88, 1.24). When stratifying by the location, stage, Lauren's classification, histological differentiation, lymph node metastasis, smoking, and Helicobacter pylori infection of gastric cancer, we observed that patients with diffuse classification had a significantly higher frequency null genotype (OR = 4.80, 95% CI = 1.65,13.94) than those with intestinal classification among Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that the GSTM1 null genotype may be associated with gastric cancer among Asians.
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Di Pietro G, Magno LAV, Rios-Santos F. Glutathione S-transferases: an overview in cancer research. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:153-70. [PMID: 20078251 DOI: 10.1517/17425250903427980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have advanced beyond the classic view of their role in metabolism and are encouraging scientists to assess new approaches to cancer risk characterization and chemotherapy resistance and are opening up exciting possibilities in drug discovery. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW In this review, the most recent knowledge about the impact of GST genetic polymorphisms in human's cancer susceptibility, ethnic differences in the effects of risk factors and the rise of the GSTs as important targets for drug development are presented. In this context, the ethnic distribution of GST alleles in different populations, which is an important concept that is being incorporated in epidemiologic studies of cancer risk and environmental exposure, was also evaluated. We present up-to-date information about the new generation of GST-activated cytotoxic prodrugs based on GST overexpression in tumor-acquired drug resistance and the newest results of clinical trials. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A critical approach of the major advances in research of GST, underlining the new advances of GST genes polymorphisms in cancer susceptibility and target for therapeutic intervention. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although polygenic factors are involved in increased risk of cancer, the interindividual GST variability plays a central role in reduce cells exposure to carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Di Pietro
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular (LAFEM), Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil.
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A comprehensive analysis of common genetic variation in MUC1, MUC5AC, MUC6 genes and risk of stomach cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:313-21. [PMID: 19924550 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MUC1, MUC5AC, and MUC6 are main constituents of the mucus barrier in the stomach, which protects the underlying epithelium from acid, proteases, mechanical trauma, and pathogenic microorganisms. Accumulating evidence implicates potential roles of MUC1, MUC5AC, and MUC6 genetic variation in the development of stomach cancer. METHODS We evaluated the relationship between common genetic variations in these genes and stomach cancer risk, using an LD-based tagSNP approach in a population-based case-control study conducted in Warsaw, Poland, during 1994-1996. We genotyped 6, 8, and 14 tagSNPs in MUC1, MUC5AC, and MUC6 genes, respectively, among 273 cases newly diagnosed with stomach cancer and 377 controls. RESULTS Each of the six tagSNPs tested across the MUC1 region showed statistically significant associations with an increased risk of stomach cancer. Carriers of the haplotype ACTAA rare alleles of rs4971052, rs4276913, rs4971088, rs4971092, and rs4072037 had a nearly doubled risk (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.49-2.48) compared to the referent haplotype GTAAG. Out of the eight tagSNPs across MUC5AC region, only minor allele of rs868903 was significantly associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.22-2.63). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data provide evidence that some common variations in MUC1 and MUC5AC genes contribute to an elevated risk of stomach cancer. Further studies are needed to confirm these novel findings.
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Hou L, Savage SA, Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez G, Hoxha M, Dioni L, Pegoraro V, Dong LM, Zatonski W, Lissowska J, Chow WH, Baccarelli A. Telomere length in peripheral leukocyte DNA and gastric cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3103-9. [PMID: 19861514 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere length reflects lifetime cumulative oxidative stress from environmental exposures, such as cigarette smoking and chronic inflammation. Shortened telomere length is thought to cause genomic instability and has been associated with several cancers. We examined the association of telomere length in peripheral leukocyte DNA with gastric cancer risk as well as potential confounding factors and risk modifiers for telomere length-related risk. In a population-based study of gastric cancer conducted in a high-risk population in Warsaw, Poland, between 1994 and 1996, we measured relative telomere length in 300 cases and 416 age- and gender-matched controls using quantitative real-time PCR. Among controls, telomeres were significantly shorter in association with aging (P < 0.001), increasing pack-years of cigarette smoking (P = 0.02), decreasing fruit intake (P = 0.04), and Helicobacter pylori positivity (P = 0.03). Gastric cancer cases had significantly shorter telomere length (mean +/- SD relative telomere length, 1.25 +/- 0.34) than controls (1.34 +/- 0.35; P = 0.0008). Gastric cancer risk doubled [odds ratio (OR), 2.04; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.33-3.13] among subjects in the shortest compared with the highest quartile of telomere length (P(trend) < 0.001). Telomere length-associated risks were higher among individuals with the lowest risk profile, those H. pylori-negative (OR, 5.45; 95% CI, 2.10-14.1), nonsmokers (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.71-5.51), and individuals with high intake of fruits (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.46-4.05) or vegetables (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.51-3.81). Our results suggest that telomere length in peripheral leukocyte DNA was associated with H. pylori positivity, cigarette smoking, and dietary fruit intake. Shortened telomeres increased gastric cancer risk in this high-risk Polish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, and The Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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Tatemichi M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S. Association between polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase Mu3 and IgG titer levels in serum against Helicobacter pylori. J Hum Genet 2009; 54:557-63. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Malik MA, Upadhyay R, Mittal RD, Zargar SA, Modi DR, Mittal B. Role of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme gene polymorphisms and interactions with environmental factors in susceptibility to gastric cancer in Kashmir Valley. J Gastrointest Cancer 2009; 40:26-32. [PMID: 19521675 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-009-9072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kashmir Valley has elevated incidence rate of gastric cancer (GC) and several environmental, host genetic factors have been suspected for it. Xenobiotic carcinogen exposure and interindividual differences in its cellular metabolism may modulate susceptibility to GC. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to investigate the role of genetic variants of xenobiotic-metabolizing genes with susceptibility to GC in Kashmir Valley. METHODS A case-control study was performed in 303 subjects (108 GC and 195 healthy controls) to analyze the association of polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, GSTM3, CYP1A1, and CYP2E1 genes in susceptibility to GC in Kashmir Valley. All subjects were genotyped through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS GSTM1null and CYP2E1c1c2 genotypes imparted risk for GC (odds ratio [OR] = 1.98, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.22-3.21, P = 0.006 and OR = 2.56, 95%CI = 1.25-5.25, P = 0.010, respectively). GSTM3AB genotype/B allele was found to be associated with low risk for GC. Smokers and high salted tea consumers themselves were at higher risk for GC (OR = 8.98, 95%CI = 5.16-15.62, P = 0.0001 and OR = 14.78, 95%CI = 8.02-27.23, P = 0.0001, respectively). Cancer risk was further enhanced in smokers with the GSTM1null genotype. CONCLUSION The results suggest that GSTM1null, GSTM3AB, and CYP2E1c1c2 genotypes modulate the risk of GC whereas GSTM1null genotypes enhance the risk of GC for smokers in the Kashmir population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor A Malik
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareilly Road, Lucknow, 226014, India
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Freedman ND, Ahn J, Hou L, Lissowska J, Zatonski W, Yeager M, Chanock SJ, Chow WH, Abnet CC. Polymorphisms in estrogen- and androgen-metabolizing genes and the risk of gastric cancer. Carcinogenesis 2008; 30:71-7. [PMID: 19015200 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens and estrogens may play a role in gastric cancer etiology. To investigate the association of gastric cancer with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six genes (COMT, CYP1B1, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, HSD17B1 and SHBG) involved in estrogen and androgen synthesis and metabolism, 58 haplotype-tagging SNPs were genotyped in 295 gastric cancer cases and 415 controls from a population-based study in Poland. We assessed differences in haplotype frequency between cases and controls using a global score test and calculated multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for individual haplotypes using logistic regression. We found associations in one linkage disequilibrium (LD) block containing the 3' untranslated region of COMT (rs9332377, rs165728, rs165849 and rs1110478), global score test (df = 4, P = 0.033). Relative to the most frequent GATA haplotype, the GATG haplotype was associated with statistically significant increased gastric cancer risk (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.06-2.12; false discovery rate (FDR) value = 0.459) and the AACA haplotype with borderline increased risk (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.00-1.85; FDR = 0.50). We also found associations for the LD block containing part of the SHBG coding region (rs6258, rs6259, rs2955617, rs1641544 and rs1641537). The CACCC haplotype was associated with statistically significant lower gastric cancer risk relative to the referent CGACC haplotype (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.34-0.90; FDR = 0.459), but the overall score test was statistically non-significant. No other statistically significant associations were observed. In summary, we found possible associations between gastric cancer and polymorphisms in COMT, involved in estrogen inactivation, and SHBG, a modulator of hormone bioavailability. These findings should be interpreted cautiously until replicated in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Knight TR, Choudhuri S, Klaassen CD. Constitutive mRNA expression of various glutathione S-transferase isoforms in different tissues of mice. Toxicol Sci 2007; 100:513-24. [PMID: 17890767 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (Gst) enzymes are instrumental in protecting cellular macromolecules against electrophiles and products of oxidative stress. Of interest primarily to pharmacologists and toxicologists is the ability of these enzymes to metabolize cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, insecticides, herbicides, and carcinogens. Thus, constitutive expression of Gsts might determine a tissue's ability to handle certain forms of chemical stress. In the present study, the constitutive mRNA expression of 19 different Gst enzymes was investigated in 14 different tissues in mice. The information obtained from the present study could be distilled into a few generalized principles: in all tissues examined, multiple isoforms of Gst were constitutively expressed; several isoforms, such as Gstk1, Gstm1, Gstm4, Gstm6, and Gstt1, were expressed in most of the tissues studied; at least five Gst isoforms were highly expressed in the gonads, about three in heart, and at least one in brain (Gstm5). Gender differences in the expression of various Gst isoforms were pronounced. With a few exceptions, most of the Gst isoforms expressed in kidney showed higher expression in females than males; the same trend was observed for heart and gonads. At least eight Gst isoforms showed very high expression in stomach. This was a unique finding in the current study because drug-metabolizing enzymes that are highly expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract tend to have the highest expression in small intestine with low or no expression in the stomach. In summary, most Gst isoforms are most highly expressed in the GI tract and liver, which strongly suggests an important role of many Gst isoforms in detoxification of ingested xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Raphael Knight
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Wideroff L, Vaughan TL, Farin FM, Gammon MD, Risch H, Stanford JL, Chow WH. GST, NAT1, CYP1A1 polymorphisms and risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 31:233-6. [PMID: 17646057 PMCID: PMC2268246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in glutathione-S-transferase (GST), N-acetyltransferase (NAT) 1, and CYP1A1 genes have been suggested as susceptibility factors for esophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas, but have not been consistently linked to elevated risks. In a population-based case-control study, we examined risks in relation to polymorphisms of the following genes: GSTP1; GSTM1; GSTT1; NAT1; and CYP1A1. METHODS Histologically confirmed incident cases, ages 30-79, were identified in three US locations. Population controls from the same catchment areas were frequency matched to expected age and sex distributions of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinomas. DNA was extracted from buffy coat for PCR-based assays, with interpretable genotyping results obtained from 209 controls, 67 esophageal adenocarcinomas, 60 gastric cardia adenocarcinomas, and 56 noncardia gastric adenocarcinomas. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated among whites, adjusting for age, sex, and study center. RESULTS In all histologic subgroups, ORs were somewhat elevated for the GSTP1 Val/Val genotype (versus Ile/Ile), although 95% CIs included 1.00. The respective ORs for esophageal, cardia, and other gastric adenocarcinomas were 1.73 (0.75-4.02), 1.46 (0.57-3.73), and 1.22 (0.48-3.09). No consistent patterns of elevated risk were associated with the null GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotypes, one or two copies of NAT110 or 11 alleles, or CYP1A1 Val/Val or Ile/Val genotypes (versus Ile/Ile). CONCLUSIONS Additional research in larger samples is needed to further assess polymorphisms and their interactions with epidemiologic risk factors, particularly for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has been increasing markedly in incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Wideroff
- Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, EPN 4005, 6130 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7344, Bethesda, MD 20892-7344, USA.
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Agudo A, Sala N, Pera G, Capellá G, Berenguer A, García N, Palli D, Boeing H, Del Giudice G, Saieva C, Carneiro F, Berrino F, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Panico S, Berglund G, Simán H, Stenling R, Hallmans G, Martínez C, Bilbao R, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Quirós JR, Allen N, Key T, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Linseisen J, Nagel G, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Boshuizen HC, Peeters PH, Numans ME, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Trichopoulou A, Lund E, Offerhaus J, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Norat T, Riboli E, González CA. Polymorphisms in metabolic genes related to tobacco smoke and the risk of gastric cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:2427-34. [PMID: 17164366 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolizing enzymes, which often display genetic polymorphisms, are involved in the activation of compounds present in tobacco smoke that may be relevant to gastric carcinogenesis. We report the results of a study looking at the association between risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and polymorphisms in genes CYP1A1, CYP1A2, EPHX1, and GSTT1. A nested case-control study was carried out within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, developed in 10 European countries. The study includes 243 newly diagnosed cases of histologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma and 946 controls matched by center, age, sex, and date of blood collection. Genotypes were determined in nuclear DNA from WBCs. We found an increased risk of gastric cancer for homozygotes for C (histidine) variant in Y113H of EPHX1 (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-3.07) compared with subjects with TC/TT. There was also a significant increased risk for smokers carrying at least one variant allele A in Ex7+129C>A (m4) of CYP1A1 and never smokers with null GSTT1 and allele A in the locus -3859G>A of CYP1A2. Most of these genes are involved in the activation and detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, suggesting a potential role of these compounds in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Epidemiology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Av. Gran Via s/n km 2.7, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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Saadat M. Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and susceptibility to gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:505-9. [PMID: 16734729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) polymorphism and gastric cancer risk has been both confirmed and refuted in a number of published studies. Most of these studies were based on small sample sizes. We carried out a meta-analysis of the research published up to August 2005 to obtain more precise estimates of gastric cancer risk associated with GSTT1 polymorphism. In the present study, 16 case-control studies (with a total of 6717 subjects) were eligible for meta-analysis. There was no evidence of heterogeneity between the studies. The GSTT1 null genotype conferred a 1.06-fold increased risk of gastric cancer, which was not significant (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94-1.19). However, in the analysis of ethnic groups, we observed distinct differences associated with GSTT1 status. Restricting analyses to ethnic groups, the pooled odd ratios for the GSTT1 genotype were 1.27 in Caucasians (95% CI: 1.03-1.57) and 0.98 in Asians (95% CI: 0.86-1.13). Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and GSTT1 are involved in detoxification of a variety of compounds, some that overlap between enzymes and some that are highly specific. To investigate whether the profile of glutathione S-transferase genotypes was associated with risk of gastric cancer, further analyses combining the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes were also carried out. There was a significant trend in risk associated with zero, one and two putative high-risk genotypes (chi2 = 9.326, d.f. = 1, P = 0.0023). Those who had null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 had an increased gastric cancer risk compared with those who had both active genes (odds ratio = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.42-3.10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
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Boccia S, La Torre G, Gianfagna F, Mannocci A, Ricciardi G. Glutathione S-transferase T1 status and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the literature. Mutagenesis 2006; 21:115-23. [PMID: 16517545 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gel005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To clarify the risk of gastric cancer associated with glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) status, a meta-analysis of published studies was performed. Eligible studies included all reports investigating an association between GSTT1 status and gastric cancer published before October 31, 2005. A qualitative scoring of papers was applied to evaluate the quality of the published data. The principal outcome measure was the odds ratio (OR) for the risk of gastric cancer associated with GSTT1 deletion status using a random effects model. Eighteen case-control studies detailing a possible association between the GSTT1 null genotype and gastric cancer were selected. Combining data from these studies, totalling 2508 cases and 4634 controls, a non-statistically significant OR for gastric cancer risk associated with GSTT1 deficiency emerged [OR = 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97-1.21; I(2) = 0%]. When only high-quality scored studies were considered, a statistically significant increased risk appeared (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04-1.45; I(2) = 0%), as well as considering only Caucasians (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.03-1.56; I(2) = 0%). By pooling data from seven studies (319 cases and 656 controls) that considered combinations of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes, a statistically significant increased risk for gastric cancer (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.42-2.67; I(2) = 0%) was detected for individuals with deletion mutations in both genes compared with wild-types. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that the GSTT1 null genotype may slightly increase the risk of gastric cancer and that interaction between unfavourable GST genotypes may exist. Greater attention should, therefore, be paid to the design of future studies; the investigation of interactions among multiple genotypes and environmental exposures are justified to clarify GSTT1 null status influence on gastric cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Boccia
- Institute of Hygiene, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, L.go F.Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy.
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Martin RCG, Lan Q, Hughes K, Doll MA, Martini BD, Lissowska J, Zatonski W, Rothman N, Hein DW. No apparent association between genetic polymorphisms (-102 C>T) and (-9 T>C) in the human manganese superoxide dismutase gene and gastric cancer(1). J Surg Res 2005; 124:92-7. [PMID: 15734485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plays a critical role in the detoxification of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, constituting a major cellular defense mechanism against agents that induce oxidative stress. A genetic polymorphism in the mitochondrial targeting sequence of this gene has been associated with increased cancer risk. This one base pair transition (-9 T>C) leads to a Val to Ala amino acid change in the mitochondrial targeting sequence. In addition, the MnSOD promoter contains an activator protein-2 (AP-2) binding site that modifies transcription of MnSOD. Mutations have been identified in the proximal region of the promoter in human tumor cell lines. One of these mutations (-102 C>T) has been shown to change the binding pattern of AP-2, leading to a reduction in transcriptional activity. The aim of our study was to investigate possible associations of the (-9 T>C) and (-102 C>T) polymorphisms with gastric cancer in a population-based case-control study conducted in Warsaw, Poland. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA was obtained from a population based case-control study of stomach cancer conducted in Warsaw, Poland, between 1994 and 1996. The MnSOD -9 T>C genotype was determined by PCR-RFLP assay. The MnSOD -102 C>T genotype was determined using a TaqMan allele discrimination assay. RESULTS The frequency of the -102 C>T polymorphism was 41% (38/91) in gastric cancer cases and 38% (50/130) in the controls (odds ratio [OR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6-2.1). The frequency of the -9 T>C polymorphism was 44% (202/464) in cases and 56% (262/464) in controls (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.9-1.37). The lack of association was observed in both non-smokers (OR 1.5; 95% CI 0.7-2.34) and smokers (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.7-1.7). Furthermore, the association was not significant when smokers were segregated by extent of smoking history. CONCLUSION The association of the manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphisms at -102 C>T and the -9 T>C were not found to be associated with gastric cancer in a Polish case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C G Martin
- Department of Surgery, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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La Torre G, Boccia S, Ricciardi G. Glutathione S-transferase M1 status and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Lett 2005; 217:53-60. [PMID: 15596296 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Revised: 08/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to gastric cancer may be in part attributable to inter-individual variability in metabolic activation or detoxification of carcinogens, and in this context the polymorphic GSTM1 gene has been extensively studied. Seventeen reports detailing a possible association between GSTM1 deletion and gastric cancer have been published so far. In order to examine the risk of gastric cancer associated with GSTM1 null genotype, a meta-analysis of published case-control studies was undertaken using a random effect model. Two studies were excluded because some data were missing in the results. The principal outcome measure was the odds ratio for the risk of gastric cancer. Pooling all the 15 studies identified, the overall odds ratio of gastric cancer risk associated with GSTM1 deficiency was 1.24 (95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.54). Furthermore, by pooling four studies detailing the possible interaction between GSTM1 status smoking habits and gastric cancer risk, an overall estimate of odds ratio of 2.93 (95% confidence interval, 1.56-5.47) for ever smokers with GSTM1 deficiency compared to non-smokers with GSTM1 normal genotype has emerged. These results suggest that GSTM1 status probably has no effect on the risk of gastric cancer per se, but may modulate tobacco-related carcinogenesis of gastric cancer. Greater attention should therefore be paid to the design of future studies: only well designed population-based control studies considering all the possible confounding risk factors and based on a sample size commensurate with the detection of small genotypic risk may allow a more definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe La Torre
- Institute of Hygiene, Catholic University Medical School, L.go F.Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy.
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37
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Palli D, Saieva C, Gemma S, Masala G, Gomez-Miguel MJ, Luzzi I, D'Errico M, Matullo G, Ozzola G, Manetti R, Nesi G, Sera F, Zanna I, Dogliotti E, Testai E. GSTT1 andGSTM1 gene polymorphisms and gastric cancer in a high-risk italian population. Int J Cancer 2005; 115:284-9. [PMID: 15688399 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) are a family of phase II enzymes involved in the detoxification of potential carcinogens and provided of a strong antioxidant function by neutralizing electrophiles and free radicals. The GSTM1 and GSTT1 isoenzymes exhibit deletion polymorphisms, resulting in a lack of activity, and the null genotypes have been associated with increased cancer risk at several sites, including the stomach, although with contrasting results. We carried out a case-control study to evaluate whether these polymorphisms modulate the risk of developing gastric cancer (GC). Genotypes for GSTM1 and GSTT1 were obtained from a series of 175 histologically confirmed GC patients and a large series of 546 healthy controls randomly sampled from the general population of Tuscany, an area at high GC risk. No difference in the frequency of GSTM1 null genotype was observed between cases and controls, whereas the GSTT1 null genotype was more frequent among cases (p = 0.04). Multivariate single-gene analyses adjusted for possible confounders showed that the GSTT1 null genotype, but not the GSTM1 null genotype, was associated with an increased GC risk. Combined-genotype analyses showed a significantly increased GC risk only for the double null (GSTM1-GSTT1) genotype (OR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.14-4.53). A statistically significant positive interaction between the 2 null genotypes was observed (p = 0.02). Our findings suggest that only subjects lacking both GSTM1 and GSTT1 activity are at increased GC risk. This study provides further support to the hypothesis that the risk of developing GC is influenced by inter-individual variation in both carcinogen detoxification and antioxidant capacity. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Center (CSPO), Scientific Institute of Tuscany, Florence, Italy.
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Autrup H. Gene-Environment Interaction in Environmental Carcinogens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-306-48513-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kiffmeyer WR, Langer E, Davies SM, Envall J, Robison LL, Ross JA. Genetic polymorphisms in the Hmong population. Cancer 2004; 100:411-7. [PMID: 14716779 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hmong, an isolated, agrarian people from southern China, migrated to the mountainous regions of what are today Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Minnesota has the second largest Hmong population in the United States. The authors compared frequencies of common genetic polymorphisms believed to influence risk of malignancy to determine whether frequencies in the Hmong are different from those in other Asian populations and in white Minnesotans. METHODS Genotyping for glutathione S-transferase micro1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase theta1 (GSTT1), myeloperoxidase (MPO) (C(-)463T), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) (C609T), 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) (C677T), MTHFR (A1298C), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) (A66G), X-ray repair cross complementing 1 (XRCC1) 194 (Arg194Trp), XRCC1 280 (Arg280His), and XRCC1 399 (Arg399Gln) alleles was performed by TaqMan analysis using DNA isolated from newborn heel-stick spots provided by the Minnesota Department of Health. RESULTS The Hmong had significantly higher frequencies of the NQO1 T allele and the XRCC1 Trp polymorphism (Arg194Trp) and had significantly lower frequencies of the G allele in MTRR (A66G) and the T allele in MTHFR (C677T) compared with white Minnesotans. The Hmong also were significantly more likely to lack the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes compared with whites (82% vs. 54% and 61% vs. 18%, respectively). Genotype frequencies were similar for MTHFR (A1298C), MPO (C(-)463T), and XRCC1 (Arg280His, Arg399Gln). Genotype frequencies at these loci also were compared with those reported for other Asian populations and showed notable differences between the Hmong and Chinese/Taiwanese, Korean, and Japanese populations. CONCLUSIONS The genetic differences identified have implications for both cancer etiology and prognosis in this unique population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Kiffmeyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Zhang YC, Deng CS, Zhou Y, Zhu YQ. Association of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms with Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1306-1309. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i9.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the association of genetic polymPphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 (GSTM1, GSTT1) with clinicopathological features of gastric adenocarcinoma(GAC) and Helicobacter pylPi (Hp) infection.
METHODS All subjects were unrelated Han people in Hubei Province of China. Using multiplex PCR, we studied the genetic polymPphisms of the GSTM1, GSTT1 genes. Hp infection was determined by IgG antibodies to Hp in stPed serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosobant assay and 14C urea breath test.
RESULTS The null genotype fP GSTM1 was mPe significantly common in GACs when compared with controls (x2=5.40, P <0.05), and mPe common in early stage of GACs when compared with controls too (x2=4.74, P <0.05). All the differences of the frequency of GSTM1 null genotype between advanced stage GACs P intestinal type carcinomas P diffuse type carcinomas and controls did not reach statistical significance. The null genotype fP GSTT1 was significantly mPe common among intestinal type GACs when compared with controls (x2=4.09, P <0.05), but all the differences of the frequency of GSTT1 null genotype between early stage GACs P advanced stage GACs P diffuse type carcinomas and controls did not reach statistical significance. The subjects carrying both of the null genotypes fP GSTM1 and GSTT1 had mPe than 3.38-fold risk fP developing GAC compared with the subjects carrying both of the nonull genotypes fP GSTM1 and GSTT1 (adjusted odds ratio, P=3.38,95 % confidence interval, CI=1.58-7.51). The null genotype fP GSTM1 was mPe significantly common among those patients with Hp positive GAC compared with Hp positive controls (x2=6.68, P <0.01).
CONCLUSION The null genotype fP GSTM1 has an increased risk of GAC, and most tumPs are in early stage GACs. The null genotype fP GSTT1 is significantly related to the intestinal type GAC,but not significantly related to the tumP stage. Subjects carrying both of the null genotypes fP GSTM1 and GSTT1 have increased risks fP GAC, GSTM1 gene polymPphisms and Hp infection may interact with each other in the initialization of GAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Cai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - You-Qing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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Gao CM, Takezaki T, Wu JZ, Li ZY, Liu YT, Li SP, Ding JH, Su P, Hu X, Xu TL, Sugimura H, Tajima K. Glutathione-S-transferases M1 (GSTM1) and GSTT1 genotype, smoking, consumption of alcohol and tea and risk of esophageal and stomach cancers: a case-control study of a high-incidence area in Jiangsu Province, China. Cancer Lett 2002; 188:95-102. [PMID: 12406553 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate interactions between lifestyle factors and glutathione-S-transferases M1 (GSTM1) and GSTT1 genotypes with reference to development of esophageal and stomach cancers, we conducted a case-control study of 141 cases of esophageal cancer, 153 cases of stomach cancer and 223 population-based controls in Huaian City of Jiangsu Province, China. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The GSTM1 null genotype was associated with an increased odds ratio for esophageal cancer (2.17, 95% confidence interval=1.35-3.50), but not for stomach cancer. A combined effect was also observed between smoking and the GSTM1 null genotype with regard to esophageal risk. Tea drinking was a protective factor for both cancers, its effect being independent of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes. These findings suggest the GSTM1 polymorphism is involved in the susceptibility to esophageal cancer development, and tea consumption reduces the risk of esophageal and stomach cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ming Gao
- Division of Epidemiology, Jiangsu Province Institute of Cancer Research, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing 210009, China
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Haufroid V, Jakubowski M, Janasik B, Ligocka D, Buchet JP, Bergamaschi E, Manini P, Mutti A, Ghittori S, Arand M, Hangen N, Oesch F, Hirvonen A, Lison D. Interest of genotyping and phenotyping of drug-metabolizing enzymes for the interpretation of biological monitoring of exposure to styrene. PHARMACOGENETICS 2002; 12:691-702. [PMID: 12464798 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200212000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the field of occupational and/or environmental toxicology, the measurement of specific metabolites in urine may serve to assess exposure to the parent compounds (biological monitoring of exposure). Styrene is one of the chemicals for which biological monitoring programs have been validated and implemented in environmental and occupational medicine. However, inter-individual differences in the urinary excretion exist both for the main end-products (mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid) and for its specific mercapturic acids (phenylhydroxyethylmercapturic acids, PHEMA). This limits to a certain extent the use of these metabolites for an accurate assessment of styrene exposure. In a group of 26 volunteers selected with relevant genotypes, and exposed to styrene vapours (50 mg/m3, 8 h) in an inhalation chamber, we evaluated whether genotyping or phenotyping relevant drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP2E1, EPHX1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) may help to explain the observed inter-individual variability in the urinary metabolite excretion. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were used for genotyping and as reporter cells for the phenotyping of CYP2E1 and EPHX1. The GSTM1 genotype was clearly the most significant parameter explaining the variance in urinary PHEMA excretion (6-fold lower in GSTM1 null subjects; P < 0.0001) so that systematic GSTM1 genotyping should be recommended routinely for a correct interpretation of PHEMA urinary levels. Variant alleles CYP2E1*6 (7632T>A) and His113EPHX1 were associated with a significant reduction of, respectively, the expression (P = 0.047) and activity (P = 0.022) of the enzyme in peripheral blood lymphocytes. In combination with GSTM1 genotyping, the phenotyping approach also contributed to improve the interpretation of urinary results, as illustrated by the combined effect of CYP2E1 expression and GSTM1 allelic status that explained 77% of the variance in PHEMA excretion and allows the recommendation of mercapturates as specific and reliable biomarkers of exposure to styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Haufroid
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to review and evaluate, in a comprehensive manner, the most recent published evidence on the contribution of genetic susceptibility to gastric cancer risk in humans. We have identified all studies available in MEDLINE published up to October 2001. Only studies carried out in humans and comparing gastric cancer cases with at least 1 standard control group were included in the analysis. We were able to find 31 articles based on 25 case-control studies carried out in Caucasian, Asian and African populations. Most of the studies assess the effect of genes involved in detoxifying pathways (n = 12) and inflammatory responses (n = 7). The most widely studied is the GSTM1 null polymorphism. Only a very few studies have evaluated the risk of gastric cancer associated with genes acting on mucosa protection, oxidative damage and DNA repair. The most consistent results are the increased gastric cancer risk associated with IL1B and NAT1 variants, which may account for up to 48% of attributable risk of gastric cancer. Only polymorphisms at HLA-DQ, TNF and CYP2E genes may confer some protective effect against gastric cancer. The most important limitations that preclude definitive conclusions are (i) the lack of appropriate control of potential sources of bias (only 5 population-based studies have been published so far); (ii) the low number of cases analyzed (14 studies included fewer than 99 cases); and (iii) the low number of studies (n = 3) offering concomitant analysis of genetic susceptibility and exposure to relevant cofactors (Helicobacter pylori infection, diet and smoking). We conclude that the scientific data on the role of genetic factors in gastric cancer risk are promising. The lack of association reported so far should be considered with caution due to significant limitations in study design. Cohort studies taking into account simultaneously the different genetic and environmental factors potentially involved in gastric tumorigenesis are needed to ascertain not only the relative contribution of these factors to tumor development but also the contribution of their putative interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A González
- Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
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