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Huang CE, Chen YY, Chang JJ, Kuan FC, Lee KD, Lu CH, Lung J, Shen CH, Chen CC. Thrombopoietic cytokines in patients with hepatitis C virus-associated immune thrombocytopenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:54-60. [PMID: 27396368 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2016.1204493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Complex and multiple mechanisms are involved in the etiology of Hepatitis C virus-associated immune thrombocytopenia (HCV-ITP). Many hematopoietic growth factors affect the thrombopoiesis. The aim of this study was to clarify the interaction of the thrombopoietic factors in patients with HCV-ITP. METHODS We selected 33 patients with HCV-ITP and 17 normal individuals. We compare serum interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, IL-11, thrombopoietin (Tpo), stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and spleen size between these two groups. RESULTS Our study shows that Tpo, IL-6, and TNFα significantly increased in patients with HCV-ITP compared to the normal population (Tpo:122.577 vs. 40.602; IL-6: 2.175 vs. 0.943; TNFα: 2.460 vs. 1.322). IL-11 was significantly lower in the HCV-ITP group (10.829 vs. 15.042). HCV-ITP patients had a higher spleen index (21.121 vs 13.498, P = 0.003). According to regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis, only IL-11 had a significantly positive correlation with platelet count, while TNFα showed a negative correlation. DISCUSSIONS Tpo and IL-6 increased in patients with HCV-ITP, suggesting a positive feedback of low platelet count. TNFα-associated immune response is suspected to have an impact on low platelet count. IL-11 is assumed to directly affect thrombopoiesis. CONCLUSIONS This study is the most comprehensive study to evaluate the interaction between platelet count and the important thrombopoetic factors in patients with HCV-ITP. The thrombopoietic factors clearly play an important role in HCV-ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cih-En Huang
- a Division of Hematology and Oncology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chia-yi , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yang Chen
- a Division of Hematology and Oncology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chia-yi , Taiwan
| | - Jung-Jung Chang
- b Division of Cardiology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chia-yi , Taiwan
| | - Feng-Che Kuan
- a Division of Hematology and Oncology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chia-yi , Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Der Lee
- a Division of Hematology and Oncology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chia-yi , Taiwan.,c College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsien Lu
- a Division of Hematology and Oncology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chia-yi , Taiwan.,d Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan
| | - Jrhau Lung
- e Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chia-yi , Taiwan
| | - Chien-Heng Shen
- f Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chia-yi , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- a Division of Hematology and Oncology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chia-yi , Taiwan.,c College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Tao-Yuan , Taiwan
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Dou J, Lou Y, Wu J, Lu Y, Jin Y. Thrombocytopenia in patients with hepatitis B virus-related chronic hepatitis: evaluation of the immature platelet fraction. Platelets 2013; 25:399-404. [PMID: 24047408 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2013.832742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The immature platelet fraction (IPF) measures the number of reticulated platelets in peripheral blood, and can be used to help determine if thrombocytopenia is secondary to low-platelet production or increased platelet turnover. The aim of this study was to determine whether abnormalities in the IPF were associated with thrombocytopenia in patients with hepatitis B virus-related chronic hepatitis (CHB). One hundred fifty-six patients with chronic hepatitis B, including 80 thrombocytopenia, 76 without thrombocytopenia, and 48 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The IPF percentages (IPF%) were measured using a XE-2100 multiparameter automatic hematology analyzer. We demonstrated that in the thrombocytopenic group, the IPF% was significantly increased compared with that in healthy controls and the non-thrombocytopenic group (both p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that IPF%, splenomegaly, and the model for end-stage liver disease score were independent predictors for thrombocytopenia (both p < 0.001). High IPF% during the course of thrombocytopenia suggests that platelet destruction/sequestration due to hypersplenism is a major factor contributing to thrombocytopenia in patients with CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiuFeng Dou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Zhejiang 310003 , China
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3
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Bleibel W, Caldwell SH, Curry MP, Northup PG. Peripheral platelet count correlates with liver atrophy and predicts long-term mortality on the liver transplant waiting list. Transpl Int 2013; 26:435-42. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen H. Caldwell
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; University of Virginia; Charlottesville; VA; USA
| | - Michael P. Curry
- Liver Center; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Boston; MA; USA
| | - Patrick G. Northup
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; University of Virginia; Charlottesville; VA; USA
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Eyraud D, Granger B, Ionescu C, Fratéa S, Darnat S, Vaillant JC, Siksik JM, Hannoun L, Coriat P. Thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, and portal blood flow in patients who have undergone liver transplantation for cirrhosis. Liver Transpl 2012; 18:340-6. [PMID: 22006447 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The platelet count (PC), the spleen size (SS), and the portal blood flow (PBF) have been independently studied in the perioperative period after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for cirrhosis, but these parameters have not been described and analyzed in combination. We analyzed PC data and Doppler sonography measurements of SS and PBF from 125 adult patients before OLT and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after transplantation. A linear mixed model with fixed subject random intercepts was used. PCs increased significantly from 101.5 ± 68.5 × 10(9) /L before OLT to 162.4 ± 86 × 10(9) /L 1 month after OLT and remained stable for 1 year after the operation. PBF increased significantly from 619 ± 239 mL/minute before OLT to 1379 ± 491 mL/minute after OLT and remained stable during the first year. SS slowly decreased after OLT, but the decrease became significant only 9 months after the operation (13.8 ± 4.2 cm before OLT versus 11.7 ± 3.7 cm at 9 months, P < 0.05). The cirrhosis etiology did not influence the evolution of the parameters. With or without replication or interferon treatment before OLT, the hepatitis C group viruses did not influence PCs postoperatively. The evolution of SS was correlated to the evolution of PCs in the year after transplantation. In conclusion, PCs and PBF increase rapidly after OLT, whereas SS slowly decreases. The cirrhosis etiology does not influence the evolution of PCs. Thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly are 2 results of portal hypertension, but the rapid normalization of PBF does not completely or rapidly reverse these 2 phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eyraud
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Public Hospital System of Paris, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France.
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5
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Kalambokis GN, Mouzaki A, Rodi M, Tsianos EV. Rifaximin improves thrombocytopenia in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis in association with reduction of endotoxaemia. Liver Int 2012; 32:467-75. [PMID: 22098272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia is a major haematological disorder of cirrhosis with unclear pathogenesis. Endotoxaemia resulting from intestinal bacterial overgrowth could reduce platelet counts directly or through cytokine release. AIMS To correlate endotoxaemia with platelet counts and study the effects of intestinal decontamination with rifaximin on thrombocytopenia in relation to changes in endotoxin and cytokine concentrations in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. METHODS Platelet counts, plasma endotoxin levels and serum interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured in 23 thrombocytopenic cirrhotic patients (platelet count<150 000/μl) before and after 4-week treatment with rifaximin 1200 mg/d (n = 13) or no treatment (n = 10) and at baseline in 10 cirrhotic patients without thrombocytopenia; spleen size was measured at baseline in all patients. RESULTS Endotoxin and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with thrombocytopenia than in those without thrombocytopenia (2.76 ± 0.69 vs. 0.64 ± 0.09 EU/ml; P < 0.001 and 24.26 ± 3.38 vs. 2.66 ± 0.74 pg/ml; P = 0.001 respectively). Platelet counts were inversely correlated with endotoxin levels (r = -0.589; P = 0.003), Child-Pugh score (r = -0.625; P = 0.001), IL-6 levels (r = -0.464; P = 0.02) and spleen size (r = -0.455; P = 0.02) in patients with thrombocytopenia. Following rifaximin, platelet counts increased significantly (83 100 ± 9700 vs. 99 600 ± 11 200/μl; P = 0.006) in line with significant reductions in endotoxin (1.28 ± 0.41 vs. 2.54 ± 0.86 EU/ml; P = 0.005), IL-1 (3.1 ± 0.5 vs. 4.4 ± 1.2 pg/ml; P = 0.04), IL-6 (12.8 ± 2.5 vs. 21.1 ± 4.2 pg/ml; P = 0.01) and TNF-α (3.6 ± 1.3 vs. 5.8 ± 1.7; P = 0.02) levels. Platelet count changes were correlated with the changes in endotoxin (r = 0.573; P = 0.04), TNF-α (r = 0.554; P = 0.05) and IL-6 (r = 0.495; P = 0.07) levels. CONCLUSIONS Rifaximin improves cirrhosis-related thrombocytopenia and this could be related with the reduction of endotoxaemia.
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Pradella P, Bonetto S, Turchetto S, Uxa L, Comar C, Zorat F, De Angelis V, Pozzato G. Platelet production and destruction in liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2011; 54:894-900. [PMID: 21145808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Thrombocytopenia is common in liver cirrhosis (LC) but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The purpose of our work was to evaluate platelet kinetics in LC with different etiologies by examining platelet production and destruction. METHODS Ninety-one consecutive LC patients (36 HCV, 49 alcoholics, 15 HBV) were enrolled. As controls, 25 subjects with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 10 subjects with aplastic anemia, and 40 healthy blood donors were studied. Plasma thrombopoietin (TPO) was measured by ELISA. Reticulated platelets (RP) were determined using the Thiazole Orange method. Plasma glycocalicin (GC) was measured using monoclonal antibodies. Platelet associated and serum antiplatelet antibodies were detected by flow cytometry. B-cell monoclonality in PBMC was assessed by immunoglobulin fingerprinting. RESULTS Serum TPO was significantly lower in LC (29.9±18.1 pg/ml) compared to controls (82.3±47.6 pg/ml). The GC levels were higher in LC (any etiology) than in healthy cases. Conversely, the absolute levels of RP were lower in LC (any etiology) than in healthy controls. The platelet-associated and serum anti-platelet antibodies were higher in HCV+ LC compared to healthy subjects (p<0.0064), alcoholic LC (p<0.018), and HBV+ LC (p<0.0001). B-cell monoclonality was found in 27% of the HCV+LC, while it was not found in HBV+ or alcoholic LC. CONCLUSIONS Patients with LC present decreased plasma TPO, accelerated platelet turnover, and reduced platelet production. This indicates that LC thrombocytopenia is a multifactorial condition involving both increased platelet clearance and impaired thrombopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pradella
- Blood Bank Service, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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7
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Stanca C, Fiel M, Aledort L, Cohen E, del Rio Martin J, Schiano T. Factors Associated With Persistent Thrombocytopenia after Liver Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1769-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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8
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Abnormal hematological indices in cirrhosis. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2009; 23:441-5. [PMID: 19543577 DOI: 10.1155/2009/591317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in hematological indices are frequently encountered in cirrhosis. Multiple causes contribute to the occurrence of hematological abnormalities. Recent studies suggest that the presence of hematological cytopenias is associated with a poor prognosis in cirrhosis. The present article reviews the pathogenesis, incidence, prevalence, clinical significance and treatment of abnormal hematological indices in cirrhosis.
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9
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Chang JH, Choi JY, Woo HY, Kwon JH, You CR, Bae SH, Yoon SK, Choi MG, Chung IS, Kim DG. Severe thrombocytopenia before liver transplantation is associated with delayed recovery of thrombocytopenia regardless of donor type. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:5723-9. [PMID: 18837091 PMCID: PMC2748209 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To compare the recovery of thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly during long-term follow-up after liver transplantation in patients receiving a living donor transplant or a cadaveric donor transplant.
METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 216 consecutive liver transplant patients who survived for > 6 mo after transplantation; 169 received a liver transplant from a living donor and 47 from a cadaveric donor. The platelet counts or spleen volumes were examined before transplant, 1, 6, and 12 mo after transplant, and then annually until 5 years after transplant.
RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 49 mo (range, 21-66). Platelet counts increased continuously for 5 years after orthotopic liver transplant. The restoration of platelet counts after transplant was significantly slower in patients with severe pretransplant thrombocytopenia (< 50 000/μL) until 4 years after transplant (P = 0.005). Donor type did not significantly affect the recovery of platelet count and spleen volume in either patient group. In multivariate analysis, pretransplant severe thrombocytopenia (< 50 000/μL) was an independent factor associated with sustained thrombocytopenia (P < 0.001, odds ratio 6.314; confidence interval, 2.828-14.095). Thrombocytopenia reappeared after transplant in seven patients with portal flow disturbance near the anastomosis site.
CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that severe thrombocytopenia before transplant is closely associated with delayed recovery of platelet count after transplant and donor type did not affect the recovery of thrombocytopenia. The reappearance of thrombocytopenia after transplant should be considered a possible indicator of flow disturbance in the portal vein.
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10
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Witters P, Freson K, Verslype C, Peerlinck K, Hoylaerts M, Nevens F, Van Geet C, Cassiman D. Review article: blood platelet number and function in chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27:1017-29. [PMID: 18331464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver plays a central role in coagulation and fibrinolysis but is also closely intertwined with the function and number of blood platelets. AIM To describe and integrate all literature concerning blood platelets and liver disease by performing a thorough literature research. METHODS A thorough literature research on 'blood platelets' and 'liver disease' was performed. RESULTS Thrombocytopenia is a marked feature of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Traditionally, this thrombocytopenia was attributed to passive platelet sequestration in the spleen. More recent insights suggest an increased platelet breakdown and to a lesser extent decreased platelet production plays a more important role. Besides the reduction in number, other studies suggest functional platelet defects. This platelet dysfunction is probably both intrinsic to the platelets and secondary to soluble plasma factors. It reflects not only a decrease in aggregability, but also an activation of the intrinsic inhibitory pathways. The net effect, finally, is a decreased platelet function in the various types of chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis. Finally, recent data suggest that platelets are not only affected by but can also contribute to the liver disease process, as for instance, in viral hepatitis and cholestatic liver disease. CONCLUSION Platelet research in liver disease is a growing area of investigation and could provide new pathophysiological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Witters
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Multiple cytokines affect the cellular processes that occur during the transition of a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) to a platelet. Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the physiological regulator of thrombopoiesis. Although a number of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-3, and IL-6) were first evaluated for their ability to lessen the degree of thrombocytopenia occurring during a variety of clinical scenarios, their clinical development was abandoned due to their limited effectiveness or excessive toxicity. Clinical results with TPO and a truncated pegylated form of TPO, megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), were more promising, but the repeated use of MGDF resulted in the development of neutralizing antibodies. This adverse event halted the further clinical development of not only MGDF but also TPO. IL-11 also affects various stages of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis and its use has been shown to shorten the duration of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, which led to its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A growing number of new non-immunogenic peptides and non-peptide TPO agonists recently have entered clinical trials. These small molecules appear to be effective therapies and have acceptable toxicity, but additional clinical evaluation will be required prior to their approval for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan O Ciurea
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the maintenance of normal hemostatic function. Because liver disease alters pathways of coagulation and anticoagulation, patients who have advanced disease can experience severe bleeding or thrombotic complications. Complications of advanced liver disease may also contribute to bleeding or thrombosis. This article reviews and discusses the management of the most common coagulation problems encountered in patients who have end-stage liver disease, which are thrombocytopenia and impaired humoral coagulation as measured by prolongation of the prothrombin time and international normalized ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Trotter
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, B-154 Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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13
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Abstract
In patients with liver disease, thrombocytopenia is a clinical feature that may represent an obstacle to invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, chemotherapy, and anti-viral treatment. Stimulation of the bone marrow is the most promising therapeutic intervention for thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic liver disease. The description of thrombopoietin and its (de)regulation in patients with chronic liver disease have disclosed new treatment opportunities. Indeed, pharmacologic treatment options for thrombocytopenia can be divided into treatments targeted at the thrombopoietin receptor (synthetic thrombopoietins and thrombopoietin-mimetic agents), and use of cytokines with general thrombopoietic potential. Unfortunately, use of synthetic thrombopoietin was hampered by the development of neutralizing antibodies, and thrombopoietin mimetic agents have not yet entered clinical studies. Interleukin-11 proved to be useful in increasing platelet count in patients with chronic liver disease, although its use is limited by side-effects. Erythropoietin has shown promising results in improving thrombocytopenia in cirrhotic patients. In patients with chronic liver disease, safe and well-tolerated treatments aimed at improving thrombocytopenia are still lacking. Larger studies are needed to evaluate and better characterize the thrombopoietic potential of erythropoietin. Human studies with thrombopoietin-mimetic agents are eagerly awaited in order to assess both effectiveness and safety of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Giannini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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14
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Cockrell EM, Gorman J, Hord JD. Endogenous interleukin-11 (IL-11) levels in newly diagnosed children with acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA). Cytokine 2004; 28:55-8. [PMID: 15381181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired hematopoietic growth factor production is a hypothetical contributing factor to the development of acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The serum levels of most hematopoietic cytokines in SAA patients are elevated. OBJECTIVE To measure interleukin-11 levels in newly diagnosed SAA children and attempt to correlate levels with disease severity and response to therapy. DESIGN/METHODS Following enrollment into a clinical study but prior to treatment, serum samples were obtained from 11 newly diagnosed children with acquired SAA. These samples were collected between May 2000 and September 2002. IL-11 levels were quantified utilizing an ELISA technique. RESULTS Ten of the 11 patients had low or normal levels of IL-11 (<85 pg/mL) and one had an elevated level of 409 pg/mL (normal range 15-200 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS The production of IL-11 does not increase in response to thrombocytopenia in most children with SAA. The significance of this laboratory observation is not clear at this time. Further studies are warranted to determine what, if any, role this plays in the development of this disorder and if the administration of recombinant human IL-11 might be beneficial in the treatment of acquired SAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Cockrell
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, One Perkins Square, Akron, OH 44308, USA
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15
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Giannini E, Borro P, Botta F, Fumagalli A, Malfatti F, Podestà E, Romagnoli P, Testa E, Chiarbonello B, Polegato S, Mamone M, Testa R. Serum thrombopoietin levels are linked to liver function in untreated patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 2002; 37:572-7. [PMID: 12399221 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia can be found in patients with chronic hepatitis related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Both hypersplenism and decreased liver production of thrombopoietin (TPO) have been hypothesized as mechanisms responsible for thrombocytopenia. AIMS To assess the presence of relationships among platelet count, spleen size, TPO serum levels, liver histology, and liver function in a group of patients with HCV-related chronic hepatitis. METHODS Platelet count, TPO serum levels, and spleen size were assessed in 25 untreated HCV positive chronic hepatitis patients undergoing liver biopsy. These parameters were correlated to liver histology and liver function as evaluated by means of [(13)C]aminopyrine breath test (ABT). RESULTS Both platelet counts (146 +/- 48 vs. 202 +/- 56 x 10(9)/1, P < 0.03) and TPO serum levels (103 +/- 24 vs. 158 +/- 7 1 pg/ml, P < 0.02) were lower among patients with high fibrosis scores as compared to patients with low fibrosis scores. Patients with thrombocytopenia as well as patients with high fibrosis scores had lower ABT results as compared to patients with normal platelet counts and patients with no or mild fibrosis, respectively. TPO serum levels were correlated to platelet count (r(s) = 0.493, P = 0.016), and negatively correlated to fibrosis stage (r(s) = -0.545, P = 0.008). Lastly, low TPO serum levels were associated to a decrease in liver function. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that in patients with chronic hepatitis related to HCV infection serum TPO levels are correlated to liver functional impairment and to the degree of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Giannini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV no 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Ton Lisman
- Thrombosis and Haemostasis Laboratory, Department of Haematology G.03.647, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Kaushansky K, Drachman JG. The molecular and cellular biology of thrombopoietin: the primary regulator of platelet production. Oncogene 2002; 21:3359-67. [PMID: 12032774 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The term thrombopoietin (TPO) was first coined in 1958 and used to describe the humoral substance responsible for causing the platelet count to rise in response to thrombocytopenic stimuli. Despite much progress during the 1980s in the purification and characterization of the humoral regulators of lymphocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte and granulocyte production, the successful search to purify and molecularly clone thrombopoietin did not begin until the oncogene v-mpl was discovered in 1990. Since that time the proto-oncogene c-mpl was identified and, based on homology arguments, believed to encode a hematopoietic cytokine receptor, a hypothesis later proven when the cytoplasmic domain was linked to the ligand binding domain of the IL-4 receptor and shown to support the IL-4 induced growth of hematopoietic cells (Skoda et al., 1993). Finally, two different strategies using c-mpl lead to the identification of a novel ligand for the receptor in 1994 (de Sauvage et al., 1994; Lok et al., 1994; Bartley et al., 1994), a protein that displays all the biologic properties of TPO. This review attempts to distill what has been learned of the molecular and cellular biology of TPO and its receptor during the past several years, and links this information to several new insights into human disease and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kaushansky
- Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, WA 98195, USA.
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18
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Göker H, Egesel T, Karakuş S, Haznedaroglu IC, Apraş S, Büyükaşic Y, Sayinalp N, Ozcebe OI, Dundar S, Kirazli S, Bayraktar Y. Plasma thrombopoietin in patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein. Int J Hematol 2002; 75:91-4. [PMID: 11843299 DOI: 10.1007/bf02981986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (TPO), the primary regulator of thrombopoiesis, is produced mainly in the liver. Previous studies investigating blood TPO in chronic liver diseases revealed conflicting results. It has been suggested that hepatic TPO production is regulated by the portal blood supply to the liver. However, the role of TPO in the pathobiological basis of idiopathic portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV) has not been elucidated. The objective of this study is to assess plasma TPO concentrations in patients with CTPV. Eleven patients (4 men and 7 women, aged 38+/-12 years) with CTPV were studied. Sixteen healthy adults served as the control group (8 men and 8 women, aged 34+/-12 years). Median plasma TPO concentration was 326 pg/mL (range, 15-1402 pg/mL) in the patients with CTPV and 62.65 pg/mL (range, 38.5-102 pg/mL) in the control group (P = .003). In this study, we found significantly higher TPO concentrations in the plasma of patients with CTPV. The higher concentrations could be a result of the altered portal hemodynamics due to thrombosis. Moreover, TPO release by activated platelets might lead to the subsequent propagation of thrombosis in PVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Göker
- Hacettepe University Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Belgaumi AF, Hudson MM. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting with severe hepatic dysfunction. MEDICAL AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 2001; 37:142-4. [PMID: 11496355 DOI: 10.1002/mpo.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A F Belgaumi
- Department of Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC 64, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Del Vecchio A, Sola MC, Theriaque DW, Hutson AD, Kao KJ, Wright D, Garcia MG, Pollock BH, Christensen RD. Platelet transfusions in the neonatal intensive care unit:factors predicting which patients will require multiple transfusions. Transfusion 2001; 41:803-8. [PMID: 11399824 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2001.41060803.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that recombinant thrombopoietin (rTPO) will increase platelet production in thrombocytopenic neonates. However, the target populations of neonates most likely to benefit should be defined. Studies suggest that rTPO will not elevate the platelet count until 5 days after the start of treatment. Therefore, the neonates who might benefit from rTPO are those who will require multiple platelet transfusions for more than 5 days. This study was designed to find means of prospectively identifying these patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A historic cohort study of all patients in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the University of Florida who received platelet transfusions from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 1998, was conducted. RESULTS Of the 1389 patients admitted to the NICU during the study period, 131 (9.4%) received platelet transfusions. Seventeen were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and were excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 114 patients, 55 (48%) received one transfusion and 59 (52%) received more than one transfusion (21 had >4). None of the demographic factors examined predicted multiple platelet transfusions. However, two clinical conditions did; liver disease and renal insufficiency. Neonates who received one platelet transfusion had a relative risk of death 10.4 times that in neonates who received none (p = 0.0001). Neonates who received >4 platelet transfusions had a risk of death 29.9 times that in those who received no transfusions (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION NICU patients with liver disease or renal insufficiency who receive one platelet transfusion are likely to receive additional transfusions. Therefore, these patients constitute a possible study population for a Phase I/II rTPO trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Vecchio
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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