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Li Y, Wu Q, Wang Y, Bu H, Bao J. Porcine Hepatocytes: Isolation and Liver Tissue Engineering for Xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2020; 2110:267-287. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0255-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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Dabos KJ, Nelson LJ, Hewage CH, Parkinson JA, Howie AF, Sadler IH, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Comparison of Bioenergetic Activity of Primary Porcine Hepatocytes Cultured in Four Different Media. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:213-29. [PMID: 15191159 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783984007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes have extensively been used in biochemical, pharmacological, and physiological research. Recently, primary porcine hepatocytes have been regarded as the cells of choice for bioartificial liver support systems. The optimum culture medium for hepatocytes to be used in such devices has yet to be defined. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of four culture media in driving energy metabolism of primary porcine hepatocytes. The media selected were William's E medium, medium 1640, medium 199, and hepatocyte medium. Cells (3 × 1010; viability 87 ± 6%) were isolated from weanling piglets and seeded on 90-mm plates in the above media supplemented with antibiotics and hormones at a density of 8 × 106 viable cells per plate. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy we looked at indices of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, and ureagenesis on days 2, 4, and 6 of the experiments (n = 9). We also studied urea and albumin synthesis and total P450 content. The examined metabolic pathways of the hepatocytes were maintained by all media, although there were statistically significant differences between them. All media performed well in glycolysis, ureagenesis, and albumin synthesis. William's E medium and medium 199 outperformed the rest in gluconeogenesis. Medium 199 was best in ketogenesis. Overall, medium 199 was the best at driving energy metabolism from its constituent substrates and we think that it preferentially should be used in the culture of primary porcine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos J Dabos
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Hepatology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, Scotland, UK.
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T-2 toxin induces the expression of porcine CYP3A22 via the upregulation of the transcription factor, NF-Y. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nelson LJ, Treskes P, Howie AF, Walker SW, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Profiling the impact of medium formulation on morphology and functionality of primary hepatocytes in vitro. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2735. [PMID: 24061220 PMCID: PMC3781401 DOI: 10.1038/srep02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of fully-defined in vitro hepatic culture systems requires testing of functional and morphological variables to obtain the optimal trophic support, particularly for cell therapeutics including bioartificial liver systems (BALs). Using serum-free fully-defined culture medium formulations, we measured synthetic, detoxification and metabolic variables of primary porcine hepatocytes (PPHs)--integrated these datasets using a defined scoring system and correlated this hepatocyte biological activity index (HBAI) with morphological parameters. Hepatic-specific functions exceeded those of both primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and HepaRG cells, whilst retaining biotransformation potential and in vivo-like ultrastructural morphology, suggesting PPHs as a potential surrogate for PHHs in various biotech applications. The HBAI permits assessment of global functional capacity allowing the rational choice of optimal trophic support for a defined operational task (including BALs, hepatocellular transplantation, and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) drug metabolism studies), mitigates risk associated with sub-optimal culture systems, and reduces time and cost of research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J. Nelson
- Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Philipp Treskes
- Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - A. Forbes Howie
- Dept of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon W. Walker
- Dept of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter C. Hayes
- Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - John N. Plevris
- Hepatology Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
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Sorci-Thomas MG, Zabalawi M, Bharadwaj MS, Wilhelm AJ, Owen JS, Asztalos BF, Bhat S, Thomas MJ. Dysfunctional HDL containing L159R ApoA-I leads to exacerbation of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:502-12. [PMID: 21944998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mutation L159R apoA-I or apoA-I(L159R) (FIN) is a single amino acid substitution within the sixth helical repeat of apoA-I. It is associated with a dominant negative phenotype, displaying hypoalphaproteinemia and an increased risk for atherosclerosis in humans. Mice lacking both mouse apoA-I and LDL receptor (LDL(-/-), apoA-I(-/-)) (double knockout or DKO) were crossed>9 generations with mice transgenic for human FIN to obtain L159R apoA-I, LDLr(-/-), ApoA-I(-/-) (FIN-DKO) mice. A similar cross was also performed with human wild-type (WT) apoA-I (WT-DKO). In addition, FIN-DKO and WT-DKO were crossed to obtain WT/FIN-DKO mice. To determine the effects of the apoA-I mutations on atherosclerosis, groups of each genotype were fed either chow or an atherogenic diet for 12weeks. Interestingly, the production of dysfunctional HDL-like particles occurred in DKO and FIN-DKO mice. These particles were distinct with respect to size, and their enrichment in apoE and cholesterol esters. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that particles found in the plasma of FIN-DKO mice migrated as large α(3)-HDL. Atherosclerosis analysis showed that FIN-DKO mice developed the greatest extent of aortic cholesterol accumulation compared to all other genotypes, including DKO mice which lack any apoA-I. Taken together these data suggest that the presence of large apoE enriched HDL particles containing apoA-I L159R lack the normal cholesterol efflux promoting properties of HDL, rendering them dysfunctional and pro-atherogenic. In conclusion, large HDL-like particles containing apoE and apoA-I(L159R) contribute rather than protect against atherosclerosis, possibly through defective efflux properties and their potential for aggregation at their site of interaction in the aorta. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Newsome PN, Henderson NC, Nelson LJ, Dabos C, Filippi C, Bellamy C, Howie F, Clutton RE, King T, Lee A, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Development of an invasively monitored porcine model of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:34. [PMID: 20353598 PMCID: PMC2856523 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of effective therapies for acute liver failure (ALF) is limited by our knowledge of the pathophysiology of this condition, and the lack of suitable large animal models of acetaminophen toxicity. Our aim was to develop a reproducible invasively-monitored porcine model of acetaminophen-induced ALF. METHOD 35kg pigs were maintained under general anaesthesia and invasively monitored. Control pigs received a saline infusion, whereas ALF pigs received acetaminophen intravenously for 12 hours to maintain blood concentrations between 200-300 mg/l. Animals surviving 28 hours were euthanased. RESULTS Cytochrome p450 levels in phenobarbital pre-treated animals were significantly higher than non pre-treated animals (300 vs 100 pmol/mg protein). Control pigs (n = 4) survived 28-hour anaesthesia without incident. Of nine pigs that received acetaminophen, four survived 20 hours and two survived 28 hours. Injured animals developed hypotension (mean arterial pressure; 40.8 +/- 5.9 vs 59 +/- 2.0 mmHg), increased cardiac output (7.26 +/- 1.86 vs 3.30 +/- 0.40 l/min) and decreased systemic vascular resistance (8.48 +/- 2.75 vs 16.2 +/- 1.76 mPa/s/m3). Dyspnoea developed as liver injury progressed and the increased pulmonary vascular resistance (636 +/- 95 vs 301 +/- 26.9 mPa/s/m3) observed may reflect the development of respiratory distress syndrome.Liver damage was confirmed by deterioration in pH (7.23 +/- 0.05 vs 7.45 +/- 0.02) and prothrombin time (36 +/- 2 vs 8.9 +/- 0.3 seconds) compared with controls. Factor V and VII levels were reduced to 9.3 and 15.5% of starting values in injured animals. A marked increase in serum AST (471.5 +/- 210 vs 42 +/- 8.14) coincided with a marked reduction in serum albumin (11.5 +/- 1.71 vs 25 +/- 1 g/dL) in injured animals. Animals displayed evidence of renal impairment; mean creatinine levels 280.2 +/- 36.5 vs 131.6 +/- 9.33 mumol/l. Liver histology revealed evidence of severe centrilobular necrosis with coagulative necrosis. Marked renal tubular necrosis was also seen. Methaemoglobin levels did not rise >5%. Intracranial hypertension was not seen (ICP monitoring), but there was biochemical evidence of encephalopathy by the reduction of Fischer's ratio from 5.6 +/- 1.1 to 0.45 +/- 0.06. CONCLUSION We have developed a reproducible large animal model of acetaminophen-induced liver failure, which allows in-depth investigation of the pathophysiological basis of this condition. Furthermore, this represents an important large animal model for testing artificial liver support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Newsome
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Costas Dabos
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Celine Filippi
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Chris Bellamy
- Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Forbes Howie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Tim King
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | | | - Peter C Hayes
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - John N Plevris
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
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Filippi C, Keatch SA, Rangar D, Nelson LJ, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Improvement of C3A cell metabolism for usage in bioartificial liver support systems. J Hepatol 2004; 41:599-605. [PMID: 15464240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The use of cell lines in bioartificial liver support systems (BALSS) to treat fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is hindered by their reduced metabolic functions, which could be further decreased by the patient's serum/plasma. Hence, the aim of this study was to (i) test the effect of the FHF serum on C3A cell metabolism; (ii) precondition the cells to improve their metabolic capacity. METHODS C3A cells were preconditioned in a medium developed at the University of Edinburgh (UoE) or a 10% FHF serum medium. Metabolism capacity was assessed on days 3, 7 and 10 and compared with primary porcine hepatocytes. Preconditioned-cell metabolism was reassessed after (i) passage and (ii) incubation with 10% FHF serum. RESULTS UoE-preconditioned cells showed time-dependent increase in gluconeogenesis (500%), ureogenesis (200%), galactose elimination (240%) albumin synthesis (250%). These results were in the same order of magnitude as the ones obtained with primary porcine hepatocytes and were further enhanced by cell passage. UoE-preconditioning prevented the decrease of metabolism induced by acute incubation with FHF serum on control C3A cells. Preconditioning with FHF serum did not improve cell metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Cell preconditioning with UoE-medium increases metabolic capacity and would greatly improve BALSS efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Filippi
- Department of Hepatology, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB Scotland, UK.
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Frühauf NR, Oldhafer KJ, Westermann S, Sotiropoulos GC, Kaiser GM. Acute hepatic failure in swine: hepatectomy versus vascular occlusion. J INVEST SURG 2004; 17:163-71. [PMID: 15204960 DOI: 10.1080/08941930490446955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The two most promising surgical animal models of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) for investigation of the safety and efficacy of new treatment modalities were analyzed in a porcine study. Animals underwent total hepatectomy or devascularization of hepatic artery and portal vein followed by portocaval (PC) shunting. Survival time, technical feasibility, safety, and reproducibility of the models were investigated. Devascularization seems to be most useful for studying the development and treatment of FHF caused by ischemia and its side effects. Total hepatectomy is superior for investigation of the anhepatic status and treatment of FHF by bioartifical liver support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils R Frühauf
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
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Dabos KJ, Parkinson JA, Nelson LJ, Sadler IH, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. The effect of hypothermia on primary porcine hepatocyte metabolism monitored by (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15:283-93. [PMID: 12610324 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200303000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to use (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a tool to assess metabolic functions of hepatocytes and to monitor major metabolic pathways of these cells during culture following hypothermic preservation. METHODS After isolation, 2 x 10(7) primary porcine hepatocytes were preserved at 4 degrees C in supplemented Leibovitz L-15 medium for 48 h. Viability was assessed at isolation, 24 and 48 h. At isolation and at 48 h cells were plated and cultured with serum free supplemented Williams E medium. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to assess indices of glucose metabolism, ammonia clearance indices and ketone bodies precursors at 48 h post-plating. Peak integration was applied with sodium 3-(trimethylsilyl-2,2,3,3-2H4)-1-propionate as an internal standard to obtain quantitative results. RESULTS Results were obtained from six isolations. Viability was 78.1 +/- 1.2% at isolation, 69 +/- 3.4% at 24 h and 58.9 +/- 3.8% at 48 h of hypothermia. Plating efficiency was 87 +/- 4% for freshly isolated cells and 33.6 +/- 7.6% for hypothermically preserved cells. Glucose consumption was comparable in both groups. Hypothermically preserved cells consumed more threonine, produced more pyruvate and alanine but less lactate. They also produced less acetate and consumed less tyrosine. Glutamate and glutamine concentrations were similar under both conditions. CONCLUSION 1H NMR spectroscopy is a valid method for assessing metabolic pathways of cultured primary porcine hepatocytes. Although hypothermically preserved cells had a reduced plating efficiency, they were still metabolically active. Thus, hypothermia can be used as a temporary preservation technique for primary porcine hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos J Dabos
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Dabos KJ, Parkinson JA, Hewage C, Nelson LJ, Sadler IH, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. 1H NMR spectroscopy as a tool to evaluate key metabolic functions of primary porcine hepatocytes after cryopreservation. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2002; 15:241-250. [PMID: 11968140 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Proton NMR spectroscopy of biological fluids has produced interesting results lately. We used the technique to investigate the effects of cryopreservation on primary porcine hepatocytes as successful cryopreservation of primary porcine hepatocytes is of importance to the development of bioartificial liver support systems. After isolation 10(8) hepatocytes were cryopreserved for 1 week in Williams E/10% DMSO, either by quick freezing (-5 to -30 degrees C/min), slow freezing (-0.3 to -3 degrees C/min) or stepwise freezing protocols on cell suspensions and confluent cell plates. Plating efficiency was assessed by percentage LDH release. Metabolic functions of cryopreserved hepatocytes at 24 h post-thawing were compared with those of fresh hepatocyte cultures at 48 h. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the culture medium post-incubation, using the presaturation technique, assessed the following: glucose metabolism, transamination and glutamine synthesis and succinate synthesis. Freshly isolated cells had a viability of 82 +/- 4.3% and a plating efficiency of 87 +/- 3.8%. All cryopreservation protocols resulted in significantly reduced viability and plating efficiency. No significant differences were observed between different cryopreservation media or protocols. When comparing cryopreserved with freshly isolated cells, we observed that metabolism of acetyl-CoA precursors was significantly impaired in cryopreserved cells. Lactate and pyruvate production was also significantly less, although glucose consumption was similar. No differences were observed in gluconeogenic amino acid metabolism, transamination and urea synthesis. 1H NMR spectroscopy can be used to provide information about metabolic activity and functions of cultured primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos J Dabos
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Dabos KJ, Nelson LJ, Bradnock TJ, Parkinson JA, Sadler IH, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. The simulated microgravity environment maintains key metabolic functions and promotes aggregation of primary porcine hepatocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1526:119-30. [PMID: 11325533 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The high aspect ratio vessel allows the culture of primary porcine hepatocytes in an environment of low shear stress and simulated microgravity. Primary porcine hepatocytes have been difficult to maintain in culture long term while preserving their metabolic functions. This study was carried out in order to characterise key metabolic functions of cell aggregates formed by primary porcine hepatocytes cultured in a high aspect ratio vessel for a predetermined period of 21 days. 10(8) porcine hepatocytes were loaded into the high aspect ratio vessel and continuously rotated during the experiments. 0.7 ml of the culture medium was sampled on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 21. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the culture medium, using the presaturation technique, assessed the following: glucose metabolism, glutamine synthesis and ketogenesis. There was glucose breakdown anaerobically during the first 10 days as manifested by lactate production and pyruvate and threonine consumption. After day 10 there was significantly smaller lactate production (day 1 vs day 10 P < 0.01), and significantly smaller pyruvate (day 1 vs day 14 P < 0.03) and threonine consumption (day 1 vs day 10 P < 0.002), indicative of an aerobic metabolic pattern. Significantly more glutamate was produced after day 10 (day 1 vs day 10 P < 0.031), and more glutamine was consumed after day 14. There was a steadily diminishing production of acetate which reached a minimum on day 14 (day 2 vs day 14 P < 0.00014). After an initial 10 day period of acclimatisation cell aggregates formed in the high aspect ratio vessel switched from the anaerobic pattern of metabolism to the more efficient aerobic pattern, which was exhibited until the experiments were terminated. The high aspect ratio vessel is suitable for long-term culture of porcine hepatocytes and it is worthwhile carrying out scale-up feasibility studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Dabos
- Liver Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Tsiaoussis J, Newsome PN, Nelson LJ, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Which hepatocyte will it be? Hepatocyte choice for bioartificial liver support systems. Liver Transpl 2001; 7:2-10. [PMID: 11150414 DOI: 10.1053/jlts.2001.20845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver failure, notwithstanding advances in medical management, remains a cause of considerable morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Although bioartificial liver (BAL) support systems offer the potential of significant therapeutic benefit for such patients, many issues relating to their use are still to be resolved. In this review, these issues are examined in terms of the functions required, the cells of choice in such a system, and the most appropriate environment to optimize the function of such cells. The major functions identified to date for a BAL are ammonia detoxification and biotransformation of toxic compounds, although this somewhat belies the complexity of the functions required. Two practical choices for cell type within such a system are xenogenic hepatocytes and immortalized human hepatocyte lines. Both these choices have drawbacks, such as the transmission of zoonoses and malignant infiltration, respectively. Finally, improvements in culture conditions, such as supplemented media, biodegradable scaffolds, and coculture, offer the possibility of prolonging the differentiated function of hepatocytes in a BAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tsiaoussis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
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