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Fullick E, Bidewell CA, Duff JP, Holmes JP, Howie F, Robinson C, Goodman G, Beckmann KM, Philbey AW, Daunt F. Mass mortality of seabirds in GB. Vet Rec 2022. [PMID: 35119735 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Fullick
- APHA Thirsk, North Yorkshire, YO7 1PZ
| | | | | | | | - F Howie
- SRUC Veterinary Services, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ
| | - C Robinson
- SRUC Veterinary Services, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ
| | | | | | - A W Philbey
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH26 9RG
| | - F Daunt
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB
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Siemienowicz KJ, Filis P, Shaw S, Douglas A, Thomas J, Mulroy S, Howie F, Fowler PA, Duncan WC, Rae MT. Fetal androgen exposure is a determinant of adult male metabolic health. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20195. [PMID: 31882954 PMCID: PMC6934666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen signalling is a critical driver of male development. Fetal steroid signalling can be dysregulated by a range of environmental insults and clinical conditions. We hypothesised that poor adult male health was partially attributable to aberrant androgen exposure during development. Testosterone was directly administered to developing male ovine fetuses to model excess prenatal androgenic overexposure associated with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Such in utero androgen excess recreated the dyslipidaemia and hormonal profile observed in sons of PCOS patients. 1,084 of 15,134 and 408 of 2,766 quantifiable genes and proteins respectively, were altered in the liver during adolescence, attributable to fetal androgen excess. Furthermore, prenatal androgen excess predisposed to adolescent development of an intrahepatic cholestasis-like condition with attendant hypercholesterolaemia and an emergent pro-fibrotic, pro-oxidative stress gene and protein expression profile evident in both liver and circulation. We conclude that prenatal androgen excess is a previously unrecognised determinant of lifelong male metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiotis Filis
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sophie Shaw
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Jennifer Thomas
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Sally Mulroy
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Forbes Howie
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - W Colin Duncan
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Mick T Rae
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK.
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Gifford RM, Howie F, Wilson K, Johnston N, Todisco T, Crane M, Greeves JP, Skorupskaite K, Woods DR, Reynolds RM, Anderson RA. Confirmation of ovulation from urinary progesterone analysis: assessment of two automated assay platforms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17621. [PMID: 30514870 PMCID: PMC6279762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Rudge GM, Sheldon MP, Jenkinson DJ, Howie F. PP46 Alcohol specific hospital admission in under-age drinkers and neighbourhood alcohol retail environment: a geospatial analysis set in a population in central England. Br J Soc Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206256.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Norman JE, Yuan M, Anderson L, Howie F, Harold G, Young A, Jordan F, McInnes I, Harnett MM. Effect of prolonged in vivo administration of progesterone in pregnancy on myometrial gene expression, peripheral blood leukocyte activation, and circulating steroid hormone levels. Reprod Sci 2012; 18:435-46. [PMID: 21558462 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110395404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of progesterone on gene expression and function of both myometrium and circulating leukocytes. METHODS We recruited women participating in a randomized clinical trial of progesterone to prevent preterm delivery. These participants had a twin pregnancy and were managed in 1 of 2 tertiary referral centers. Participants were treated with progesterone (90 mg vaginally) or placebo from 24 to 34 weeks of pregnancy. The outcome measures were myometrial and leukocyte gene expression and expression of cell surface markers in circulating leukocytes, all quantified ex vivo. RESULTS Prolonged in vivo administration of progesterone inhibited myometrial expression of connexins 26 and 43, endothelial nitric acid synthase (eNOS), and the prostaglandin receptor EP2 ex vivo. Administration of progesterone also increased numbers of circulating neutrophils while decreasing lymphocyte proportions and decreasing neutrophil CD11b expression. CONCLUSION The observed effects of prolonged in vivo administration of progesterone will minimize the ability of the uterus to contract as a synctium and the ability of peripheral blood leukocytes to migrate into the myometrium during parturition. We suggest that these are putative mechanisms by which progesterone might prevent preterm birth in women at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Norman
- Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Lockman KA, Baren JP, Pemberton CJ, Baghdadi H, Burgess KE, Plevris-Papaioannou N, Lee P, Howie F, Beckett G, Pryde A, Jaap AJ, Hayes PC, Filippi C, Plevris JN. Oxidative stress rather than triglyceride accumulation is a determinant of mitochondrial dysfunction in in vitro models of hepatic cellular steatosis. Liver Int 2012; 32:1079-92. [PMID: 22429485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS There is still debate about the relationship between fat accumulation and mitochondrial function in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. It is a critical question as only a small proportion of individuals with steatosis progress to steatohepatitis. In this study, we focused on defining (i) the effects of triglyceride accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on mitochondrial function (ii) the contributions of triglyceride, ROS and subsequent mitochondrial impairment on the metabolism of energy substrates. METHODS Human hepatoblastoma C3A cells, were treated with various combinations of oleate, octanoate, lactate (L), pyruvate (P) and ammonia (N) acutely or for 72 h, before measurements of triglyceride concentration, cell respiration, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle metabolite analysis and electron microscopy. RESULTS Acutely, LPON treatment enhanced mitochondrial respiration and ROS formation. After 72 h, despite the similarities in triglyceride accumulation, LPON treatment, but not oleate, dramatically affected mitochondrial function as evidenced by decreased respiration, increased mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS formation with concomitant enhanced ketogenesis. By comparison, respiration and ROS formation remained unperturbed with oleate. Importantly, this was accompanied by an increased gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. The addition of the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine prevented mitochondrial dysfunction and reversed metabolic changes seen with LPON, strongly suggesting ROS involvement in mediating mitochondrial impairment. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that ROS formation, rather than cellular steatosis per se, impairs mitochondrial function. Thus, reduction in cellular steatosis may not always be the desired outcome without concomitant improvement in mitochondrial function and/or reducing of ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalida A Lockman
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Edinburgh and Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Al-Dujaili EAS, Baghdadi HHS, Howie F, Mason JI. Validation and application of a highly specific and sensitive ELISA for the estimation of cortisone in saliva, urine and in vitro cell-culture media by using a novel antibody. Steroids 2012; 77:703-9. [PMID: 22429925 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged that local tissue concentrations of cortisol and cortisone are modulated by site-specific actions of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) isoenzymes 1 and 2. Cortisone, the inactive metabolite of cortisol is produced by 11βHSD type 2. To assess 11β-HSD types 1 and 2 activities, the cortisol/cortisone ratio has to be accurately determined. Immunoassays to measure cortisone levels are not widely available and tend to lack specificity. The aim of this project was to develop a highly specific and sensitive ELISA method for the estimation of free cortisone levels in urine, saliva and in vitro media samples without chromatographic separation. Antibodies against cortisone were raised in rabbits using cortisone-3-CMO-KLH as immunogen. HRP-goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugate was used as enzyme tracer. Cross-reactivities of the untreated cortisone antiserum with major interfering steroids were minimal except for cortisol (3.15%). However, following an immune-affinity purification of the antibodies using CNBr-activated sepharose-cortisol-3-CMO-BSA, cross-reactivity of the purified cortisone antibody with cortisol was reduced to 0.27%. The minimum detection limit of cortisone ELISA was 28 pg/mL (77.7 pM). The validity of the cortisone ELISA was confirmed by the excellent correlation obtained before and after an HPLC fractionation step (Y=1.09X-0.21, R2=0.98). Intra-assay and inter-assay imprecision were 5.5-11.7% and 8.7-12.8% CV, respectively. Using this assay, salivary cortisone levels showed a circadian rhythm in men and women (11.2±7.3 nM at 08.00 h and 5.1±3.6 nM at 18.00 h), and the levels were reduced following liquorice ingestion. In media of adrenocortical H295 cell line incubations, basal cortisone levels were 4.24±0.22 nM that increased to 8.6±1.2 nM post forskolin treatment. Urinary free cortisone excretion levels in healthy subjects were 56.66±36.9 nmol/day. In human volunteers following ingestion of green coffee bean extract for 2 weeks, urinary free cortisol excretion reduced significantly from 66.67±22.3 to 42.66±17.5 nmol/day (p=0.02) and the cortisol/cortisone ratio from 2.04±1.33 to 1.49±1.13, p=0.05. In conclusion, a simple and highly specific and sensitive ELISA has been developed and applied to estimate cortisone levels in biological fluids and culture media.
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Bell CR, Scott PR, Sargison ND, Wilson DJ, Morrison L, Howie F, Willoughby K, Penny CD. Idiopathic bovine neonatal pancytopenia in a Scottish beef herd. Vet Rec 2010; 167:938-40. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Bell
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - P. R. Scott
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - N. D. Sargison
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - D. J. Wilson
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - L. Morrison
- Veterinary Pathology Unit; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - F. Howie
- SAC Consulting: Veterinary Services; Allan Watt Building, Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QE
| | - K. Willoughby
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - C. D. Penny
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Voigt
- Scottish Agricultural College (SAC) Consulting: Veterinary Services, Drummondhill; Stratherrick Road Inverness IV2 4JZ
| | - J. Benavides
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - A. Rafferty
- Strathspey Veterinary Centre; Forest Road Grantown on Spey Morayshire PH26 3JJ
| | - F. Howie
- SAC Consulting: Veterinary Services; Allan Watt Building, Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QE
| | - D. Buxton
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
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Newsome PN, Henderson NC, Nelson LJ, Dabos C, Filippi C, Bellamy C, Howie F, Clutton RE, King T, Lee A, Hayes PC, Plevris JN. Development of an invasively monitored porcine model of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:34. [PMID: 20353598 PMCID: PMC2856523 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of effective therapies for acute liver failure (ALF) is limited by our knowledge of the pathophysiology of this condition, and the lack of suitable large animal models of acetaminophen toxicity. Our aim was to develop a reproducible invasively-monitored porcine model of acetaminophen-induced ALF. METHOD 35kg pigs were maintained under general anaesthesia and invasively monitored. Control pigs received a saline infusion, whereas ALF pigs received acetaminophen intravenously for 12 hours to maintain blood concentrations between 200-300 mg/l. Animals surviving 28 hours were euthanased. RESULTS Cytochrome p450 levels in phenobarbital pre-treated animals were significantly higher than non pre-treated animals (300 vs 100 pmol/mg protein). Control pigs (n = 4) survived 28-hour anaesthesia without incident. Of nine pigs that received acetaminophen, four survived 20 hours and two survived 28 hours. Injured animals developed hypotension (mean arterial pressure; 40.8 +/- 5.9 vs 59 +/- 2.0 mmHg), increased cardiac output (7.26 +/- 1.86 vs 3.30 +/- 0.40 l/min) and decreased systemic vascular resistance (8.48 +/- 2.75 vs 16.2 +/- 1.76 mPa/s/m3). Dyspnoea developed as liver injury progressed and the increased pulmonary vascular resistance (636 +/- 95 vs 301 +/- 26.9 mPa/s/m3) observed may reflect the development of respiratory distress syndrome.Liver damage was confirmed by deterioration in pH (7.23 +/- 0.05 vs 7.45 +/- 0.02) and prothrombin time (36 +/- 2 vs 8.9 +/- 0.3 seconds) compared with controls. Factor V and VII levels were reduced to 9.3 and 15.5% of starting values in injured animals. A marked increase in serum AST (471.5 +/- 210 vs 42 +/- 8.14) coincided with a marked reduction in serum albumin (11.5 +/- 1.71 vs 25 +/- 1 g/dL) in injured animals. Animals displayed evidence of renal impairment; mean creatinine levels 280.2 +/- 36.5 vs 131.6 +/- 9.33 mumol/l. Liver histology revealed evidence of severe centrilobular necrosis with coagulative necrosis. Marked renal tubular necrosis was also seen. Methaemoglobin levels did not rise >5%. Intracranial hypertension was not seen (ICP monitoring), but there was biochemical evidence of encephalopathy by the reduction of Fischer's ratio from 5.6 +/- 1.1 to 0.45 +/- 0.06. CONCLUSION We have developed a reproducible large animal model of acetaminophen-induced liver failure, which allows in-depth investigation of the pathophysiological basis of this condition. Furthermore, this represents an important large animal model for testing artificial liver support systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Newsome
- Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Costas Dabos
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Celine Filippi
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Chris Bellamy
- Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Forbes Howie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Tim King
- Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | | | - Peter C Hayes
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - John N Plevris
- Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
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Foster G, Barley J, Howie F, Falsen E, Moore E, Twomey DF, Wragg P, Whatmore AM, Stubberfield E. Streptococcus pluranimalium
in bovine reproductive disease. Vet Rec 2008; 163:638. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.21.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Foster
- SAC Veterinary Science Division; Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road Inverness IV2 4JZ
| | - J. Barley
- SAC Veterinary Science Division; Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road Inverness IV2 4JZ
| | - F. Howie
- SAC Veterinary Science Division; Bush Estate Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0QE
| | - E. Falsen
- Culture Collection University Göteborg; Department of Clinical Bacteriology; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Göteborg; 413 46 Göteborg Sweden
| | - E. Moore
- Culture Collection University Göteborg; Department of Clinical Bacteriology; Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Göteborg; 413 46 Göteborg Sweden
| | - D. F. Twomey
- VLA - Starcross; Staplake Mount Starcross Exeter EX6 8PE
| | - P. Wragg
- VLA - Thirsk; West House, Station Road Thirsk North Yorkshire YO7 1PZ
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Sargison ND, Howie F, Mearns R, Penny CD, Foster G. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli
as a perennial cause of abortion in a closed flock of Suffolk ewes. Vet Rec 2007; 160:875-6. [PMID: 17586793 DOI: 10.1136/vr.160.25.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N D Sargison
- Large Animal Practice, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
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Campbell L, Howie F, Arthur JR, Nicol F, Beckett G. Selenium and sulforaphane modify the expression of selenoenzymes in the human endothelial cell line EAhy926 and protect cells from oxidative damage. Nutrition 2007; 23:138-44. [PMID: 17150329 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the ability of sulforaphane and selenium to modify the expression of thioredoxin reductase (TR-1) and the glutathione peroxidases (GPX-1 and GPX-4) in EAhy926 cells. The effectiveness of these agents to protect cells against peroxidative damage was also assessed. METHODS EAhy926 cells were supplemented with 40 nM of selenite and/or sulforaphane (10 microM) for 72 h and the expression of TR-1, GPX-1, and GPX-4 was assessed. Parallel cultures of selenium- and sulforaphane-treated cells were exposed to tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH; 0-500 microM) for 20 h, and cell integrity was determined by the percentage of lactate dehydrogenase retained by the cellular layer. RESULTS Selenite treatment increased the concentration of TR-1 (1.6 +/- 0.17 fold, P < 0.05), GPX-1 activity (8.2 +/- 1.08 fold, P < 0.001), and GPX-4 activity (3.1 +/- 0.25 fold, P < 0.001). Sulforaphane induced TR-1 expression in selenium-deficient cells (1.83 +/- 0.11 fold, P < 0.001) and selenium-supplemented cells (2.90 +/- 0.17 fold, P < 0.001) but had no inductive effect on GPX-1 or GPX-4. The combination of selenite and sulforaphane produced an increase in TR-1 expression that was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than that achieved when each agent was added alone. Selenium and sulforaphane acted in a synergistic manner to protect cells from damage caused by t-BuOOH. The susceptibility of cells to damage by t-BuOOH increased in this order: control > sulforaphane > selenite > selenite + sulforaphane (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION In endothelial cells, sulforaphane increases TR-1 but not GPX-1 and GPX-4 and in doing so confers protection against oxidative damage induced by lipid hydroperoxides. The results highlight the potential important role of TR-1 over the GPXs in protecting endothelial cells from oxidative cell damage. We also suggest that our results indicate a potential beneficial role for sulforaphane in protecting the vascular endothelium from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Campbell
- Clinical Biochemistry, University of Edinburgh, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To use a molecular typing method (opa-typing) to characterise gonococcal isolates obtained from men who have sex with men (MSM) attending a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic in Edinburgh during 2001. To compare the results of opa-typing with A/S (auxotype/serovar) phenotyping, and with epidemiological information obtained by contact tracing. METHODS Isolates were opa-typed by a PCR-RFLP method where the restriction fragments resulting from digestion with three separate restriction enzymes were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isolates were considered to have the same opa-type if the band patterns were identical or if they differed by one band between the three digestions. RESULTS 40 opa-types were detected from a collection of 73 gonococcal isolates from 61 patients. 26 opa-types were unique, being found in one individual each, 14 different opa-types were found in more than one patient. Opa-typing was found to have a discrimination index (DI) of 0.96, compared to a DI of 0.87 for A/S phenotyping, indicating that opa-typing is better at discriminating between unrelated isolates. Opa-typing confirmed three epidemiological links established by contact tracing, and uncovered a further 13 clusters of isolates. CONCLUSIONS Opa-typing is a more discriminative method than A/S phenotyping when determining relatedness in gonococcal isolates. The ability of opa-typing to identify sexual networks not disclosed by contact tracing and conventional phenotyping make it a useful method for studying the spread of gonorrhoea with the potential to contribute to the control of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Howie
- Scottish Neisseria gonorrhoeae Reference Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, Scotland, UK
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Froebel K, Howard W, Schafer JR, Howie F, Whitworth J, Kaleebu P, Brown AL, Riley E. Activation by malaria antigens renders mononuclear cells susceptible to HIV infection and re-activates replication of endogenous HIV in cells from HIV-infected adults. Parasite Immunol 2004; 26:213-7. [PMID: 15491470 DOI: 10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have tested the hypothesis that activation of T cells by exposure to malaria antigens facilitates both de novo HIV infection and viral reactivation and replication. PBMC from malaria-naive HIV-uninfected European donors could be productively infected with HIV following in vitro stimulation with a lysate of Plasmodium falciparum schizonts and PBMC from malaria-naive and malaria-exposed (semi-immune) HIV-positive adults were induced to produce higher levels of virus after stimulation with the same malaria extract. These findings suggest that effective malaria control measures might con-tribute to reducing the spread of HIV and extending the life span of HIV-infected individuals living in malaria endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Froebel
- Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
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Foster G, MacMillan AP, Godfroid J, Howie F, Ross HM, Cloeckaert A, Reid RJ, Brew S, Patterson IAP. A review of Brucella sp. infection of sea mammals with particular emphasis on isolates from Scotland. Vet Microbiol 2002; 90:563-80. [PMID: 12414172 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Brucellae recovered from sea mammals were first reported in 1994. In the years since both culture and serological analysis have demonstrated that the infection occurs in a wide range of species of marine mammals inhabiting a vast amount of the world's oceans. Molecular studies have demonstrated that the isolates differ from those found amongst terrestrial animals and also distinguish between strains which have seals and cetaceans as their preferred hosts. At the phenotypic level seal and cetacean strains can also be differed with respect to their CO(2) requirement, primary growth on Farrells medium and metabolic activity on galactose. Two new species B. cetaceae and B. pinnipediae have been proposed as a result. This paper provides a review of Brucella in sea mammals and updates findings from the study of sea mammals from around the coast of Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Foster
- SAC Veterinary Science Division, Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road, Inverness IV2 4JZ, UK.
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17
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Penny CD, Howie F, Nettleton PF, Sargison ND, Schock A. Upper respiratory disease and encephalitis in neonatal beef calves caused by bovine herpesvirus type 1. Vet Rec 2002; 151:89-91. [PMID: 12164227 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.3.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/virology
- Disease Outbreaks/veterinary
- Encephalitis, Viral/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, Viral/pathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/veterinary
- Herpesviridae Infections/etiology
- Herpesviridae Infections/physiopathology
- Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/immunology
- Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Scotland/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Penny
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian
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18
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Abstract
A 10-month-old golden retriever was presented for investigation of reduced appetite, occasional vomiting and general dullness. Abdominal radiography demonstrated a large mid-abdominal soft tissue mass. Exploratory laparotomy identified a uterine mass, which was removed surgically. Histopathology confirmed uterine adenocarcinoma. Adjunctive chemotherapy with epirubicin was performed. The dog remained clinically normal without evidence of metastatic disease 24 months after surgery. Canine uterine adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare tumour and, as far as the authors are aware, this is the youngest reported case to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Cave
- Division of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- N. D. Sargison
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - K. Dun
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - C. D. Penny
- Large Animal Practice; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - F. Howie
- SAC Veterinary Science Division; Bush Estate; Penicuik Midlothian EH26 OQE
| | - J. R. Thomson
- SAC Veterinary Science Division; Bush Estate; Penicuik Midlothian EH26 OQE
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20
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Sargison ND, Howie F, Thomson JR, Dun K, Penny CD. Ovine placentitis and abortion associated with a verotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli. Vet Rec 2001; 149:711-2. [PMID: 11787784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N D Sargison
- Large Animal Practice, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian
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21
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Middleton J, Reeves E, Lilford R, Howie F, Hyde C, Elbourne D, Oakley A, Gough D. Collaboration with the Campbell Collaboration. BMJ 2001. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.323.7323.1252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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Middleton J, Reeves E, Lifford R, Howie F, Hyde C. Collaboration with the Campbell collaboration. The Campbell principles are applied in West Midlands through public health research forum. BMJ 2001; 323:1252-3. [PMID: 11758523 PMCID: PMC1121709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Lilford
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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24
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Miller WR, Howie F, Mason I. [Aromatase and breast cancer]. Vopr Onkol 2001; 47:182-6. [PMID: 11383454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase activity may be detected using in vitro and in vivo techniques in most breast cancers and mammary adipose tissue. This activity makes a variable contribution to endogenous estrogens within the breast and in many cases represents the major source of these hormones. Such local biosynthesis may maintain the growth of some hormone-dependent tumors. The factors which regulate aromatase activity within the breast are not defined but are likely to include growth factors and cytokines which may be produced by breast tissues so that autocrine and paracrine loops may exist. Estrogen biosynthesis within the breast, like other peripheral systems, appears sensitive to classical aromatase inhibitors and the new generation of drugs are capable of profoundly blocking the activity and markedly reducing endogenous estrogen levels; in turn these endocrine effects are translated in dramatic anti-tumor influences in hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Miller
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Great Britain
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25
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of national guidelines and local protocols in improving hospital care (process and outcome) for women with menorrhagia and for women with urinary incontinence. DESIGN 2 x 2 balanced incomplete block controlled before and after study. SETTING Gynaecology units in four district general hospitals across Scotland. INTERVENTION National guidelines were adapted locally to protocols, which were disseminated at specific local educational meetings and implemented by placing a copy of the appropriate protocol in women's hospital casenotes prior to consultation. POPULATION Four hundred and ninety-seven women with menorrhagia and 449 women with urinary Incontinence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Process of care within six key areas of clinical practice: initial hospital assessment; appropriate use of hospital investigations; inappropriate use of hospital investigations; appropriate first line treatments; appropriate pre-surgery assessment; and use of surgical treatments. Outcome of care using condition-specific outcome measures and four domains of SF-36 at zero, six and twelve months following intervention. RESULTS There were significant improvements with the introduction of guidelines and protocols in two (initial hospital assessment and appropriate pre-surgery assessment) of the six key areas of clinical practice assessed. In the other areas there were no significant improvements or deteriorations observed. There was no evidence of effect of guidelines and protocols on the condition-specific outcome measures or on the four domains of the SF-36. CONCLUSIONS There were only very modest benefits observed from the introduction of guidelines and protocols on the hospital management of the two conditions. The reasons for this lack of impact of the guidelines is unclear. Experience of this study raises important methodological issues for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chadha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Northern Territory Clinical School of Flinders University, Darwin, Australia
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26
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Abstract
An outbreak of polioencephalomalacia affected 16 of 46 Swaledale lambs and five of 25 Scottish blackface lambs 15 to 32 days after they were introduced to an ad libitum concentrate ration containing 0.43 per cent sulphur. The clinical signs were acute and included depression central blindness and head-pressing, but no hyperaesthesia, nystagmus, dorsiflexion of the neck or opisthotonos were observed. Treatment of the affected lambs with vitamin B1, dexamethasone and antibiotics was associated with a prolonged recovery period, though no further cases were identified after vitamin B1 had been given parenterally to all the lambs at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Low
- Scottish Agricultural College Veterinary Services (Edinburgh), Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian
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27
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Griffiths IR, Kyriakides E, Smith S, Howie F, Deary AW. Immunocytochemical and lectin histochemical study of neuronal lesions in autonomic ganglia of horses with grass sickness. Equine Vet J 1993; 25:446-52. [PMID: 8223378 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Equine grass sickness (EGS) is a primary dysautonomia characterised pathologically by lesions in autonomic ganglia, enteric plexi and specific nuclei in the CNS. Immunocytochemistry and lectin histochemistry of the autonomic ganglia were used to determine whether abnormalities can be detected in specific proteins or cellular organelles. EGS ganglia contained a mixture of morphologically normal and abnormal neurons, the former appearing identical to cells from control animals. Affected cells showed marked disturbances in neurofilament (NF) proteins and beta-tubulin, major components of the cytoskeleton; in most neurons immunoreactivity was reduced or absent while the distribution was altered in the remainder. Staining for neuron-specific enolase, a pan-neuronal marker, was severely reduced or absent, as was reactivity for the catecholaminergic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. However, affected neurons showed a marked increase in dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), another enzyme associated with noradrenaline synthesis. Wheat germ agglutinin and Griffonia simplicifolia B4 lectin histochemistry was used to label membranes of the Golgi apparatus, which stained as discrete curvilinear perinuclear profiles. All affected neurons showed abnormalities with either complete loss of reaction or amorphous centrally located lectin staining. The results indicate perturbation in a wide variety of cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins. In the majority of instances there is a decrease in stainable protein; the increase in D beta H may indicate a failure to be transported down the axon with resultant accumulation in the perikaryon. Loss of a recognisable Golgi structure appears to be an early event in the neuropathology of EGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Griffiths
- Applied Neurobiology Group, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden, UK
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