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Khan AUH, Almutairi SM, Ali AK, Salcedo R, Stewart CA, Wang L, Lee SH. Expression of Nutrient Transporters on NK Cells During Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Is MyD88-Dependent. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654225. [PMID: 34093543 PMCID: PMC8177011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the predominant innate lymphocytes that provide early defense against infections. In the inflammatory milieu, NK cells modify their metabolism to support high energy demands required for their proliferation, activation, and functional plasticity. This metabolic reprogramming is usually accompanied by the upregulation of nutrient transporter expression on the cell surface, leading to increased nutrient uptake required for intense proliferation. The interleukin-1 family members of inflammatory cytokines are critical in activating NK cells during infection; however, their underlying mechanism in NK cell metabolism is not fully elucidated. Previously, we have shown that IL-18 upregulates the expression of solute carrier transmembrane proteins and thereby induces a robust metabolic boost in NK cells. Unexpectedly, we found that IL-18 signaling is dispensable during viral infection in vivo, while the upregulation of nutrient transporters is primarily MyD88-dependent. NK cells from Myd88-/- mice displayed significantly reduced surface expression of nutrient receptors and mTOR activity during MCMV infection. We also identified that IL-33, another cytokine employing MyD88 signaling, induces the expression of nutrient transporters but requires a pre-exposure to IL-12. Moreover, signaling through the NK cell activating receptor, Ly49H, can also promote the expression of nutrient transporters. Collectively, our findings revealed multiple pathways that can induce the expression of nutrient transporters on NK cells while highlighting the imperative role of MyD88 in NK cell metabolism during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ul Haq Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Saeedah Musaed Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Kassim Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rosalba Salcedo
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - C. Andrew Stewart
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The University of Ottawa Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Zajíček R, Hrbáčková H, Šuca H, Pafčuga I, Labská K, Smula M. A COMBINATION OF HERPES VIRUS INFECTION (HSV-1, HHV-6) AND MULTI-RESISTANT BACTERIAL INFECTION IN A SEVERELY BURNED PEDIATRIC PATIENT - A CASE REPORT. Acta Chir Plast 2020; 60:62-67. [PMID: 32370520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Serious burn trauma is associated with changes of the immune system, and immunosuppression induced by burn trauma can lead to reactivation of latent infections. Herpetic viruses are known for their lifelong persistence after primary infection and ability to reactivate. Their reactivation in the setting of burn trauma or primary infection can cause serious complications for a weakened burn patient. Presented is a case of a toddler who sustained second-degree scald burns over 20% of his body surface area. The injury was complicated by a multi-resistant bacterial infection in addition to reactivation of a latent HHV-6 infection concurrently with a primary HSV-1 infection. Described further are basic diagnostics, local and systemic treatment strategies, and other complications due to disseminated herpetic infections. To date, HHV-6 reactivation has not been described in conjunction with burn injury.
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Van Cleemput J, Poelaert KCK, Laval K, Impens F, Van den Broeck W, Gevaert K, Nauwynck HJ. Pollens destroy respiratory epithelial cell anchors and drive alphaherpesvirus infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4787. [PMID: 30886217 PMCID: PMC6423322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollens are well-known triggers of respiratory allergies and asthma. The pollen burden in today's ambient air is constantly increasing due to rising climate change and air pollution. How pollens interact with the respiratory mucosa remains largely unknown due to a lack of representative model systems. We here demonstrate how pollen proteases of Kentucky bluegrass, white birch and hazel selectively destroy integrity and anchorage of columnar respiratory epithelial cells, but not of basal cells, in both ex vivo respiratory mucosal explants and in vitro primary equine respiratory epithelial cells (EREC). In turn, this pollen protease-induced damage to respiratory epithelial cell anchorage resulted in increased infection by the host-specific and ancestral alphaherpesvirus equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV1). Pollen proteases of all three plant species were characterized by zymography and those of white birch were fully identified for the first time as serine proteases of the subtilase family and meiotic prophase aminopeptidase 1 using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Together, our findings demonstrate that pollen proteases selectively and irreversibly damage integrity and anchorage of columnar respiratory epithelial cells. In turn, alphaherpesviruses benefit from this partial loss-of-barrier function, resulting in increased infection of the respiratory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 119 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Katrien C K Poelaert
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathlyn Laval
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 119 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Proteomics Core, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Gasanova OV, Sarkisova EO, Chumak AA, Ovsyannikova LM, Nosach OV, Alohina LM, Gasanov VA, Kryzhanivska VV. Comparative characteristics of hepatoprotectors used for the treatment of non alcoholic steatohepatitis associated with herpesvirus infection in sufferers of the Chornobyl accident. Probl Radiac Med Radiobiol 2017; 22:339-352. [PMID: 29286519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of various groups of hepatoprotectors in the treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) sufferers of the accident at the Chornobyl NPP following the assessment of metabolic changes and control of persistent infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 104 males with NASH, who were sufferers of the Chornobyl disaster and underwent examination and treatment in the conditions of the clinics of the National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. Analysis of the course of the functional state of the liver before and after treatment with hepatoprotectors was carried out using laboratory methods of investiga tion. RESULTS Hepatoprotectors of different groups used for the treatment of patients affected by the Chornobyl accident with NASH, differed in their effect on various chains in the pathogenesis of disease. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) drugs and preparations of holy thistle normalized the functional state of the liver and disorders of fat metabolism. Treatment with essential phospholipids eliminated cytolytic syndrome with a significant decrease in alanine amino transferase (p < 0.05), but increased alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.001), beta lipoproteins (p < 0.05), triglycerides (p < 0.05), the total cholesterol level remained elevated to (7.0 ± 0.8) mmol/L. Amino acid (AA) preparations normal ized the level of aminotransferases, eliminated the symptoms of cholestasis with a significant decrease in bilirubin (p < 0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.001), positively influenced on fat and carbohydrate metabolism decreasing levels of beta lipoproteins (p < 0.05), triglycerides and glucose. Treatment with hepatoprotectors posi tively influenced on the state of antioxidant protection (AOP) - decreased before treatment in 56.5 % of patients, after treatment it reduced to 28.6 % (p < 0.05), the number of patients with elevated lipid peroxidation indices decreased from 39.1 % to 21.4 %. Titres of antibodies to persistent herpes virus infections, elevated before treat ment, under the influence of hepatoprotectors did not decrease to reference values. CONCLUSION The most effective were drugs on the basis of AA, when applied they normalized the functional state of the, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, decreased lipoperoxidation and improved AOP state. Effect of drugs AA and UDCA on the level of antibodies to herpesvirus infection requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Gasanova
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykov str, 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - E O Sarkisova
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykov str, 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - A A Chumak
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykov str, 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - L M Ovsyannikova
- Natsional Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - O V Nosach
- Natsional Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Melnykova str., 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - L M Alohina
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykov str, 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
| | - V A Gasanov
- Technical University of Ukraine «Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Peremogy avenue, 37, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine
| | - V V Kryzhanivska
- State Institution «National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy Medical Sciences of Ukraine», Melnykov str, 53, Kyiv, 04050, Ukraine
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Fiorito F, Santamaria R, Irace C, De Martino L, Iovane G. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and the viral infection. Environ Res 2017; 153:27-34. [PMID: 27883971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a widespread highly toxic environmental contaminant, suppresses immune response and leads to an increased susceptibility to infectious agents. In particular, several studies have provided evidence that TCDD decreases resistance to numerous viruses. Indeed, in vivo and in vitro investigations showed that the presence of TCDD is able to interfere with the replication of both human and animal viruses, such as influenza A viruses, coxsackie virus B3, immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex II, and bovine herpesvirus 1. Moreover, TCDD could induce an exacerbation of latent infection produced by HIV-1, CMV or Epstein-Barr virus. In this review, we first describe the general effects of TCDD exposure on mammalian cells, then we focus on its influence on the viral infections. Overall, the available data support the concept that TCDD exposure may act as an additional risk factor in promoting of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Fiorito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rita Santamaria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Cacciapaglia F, Zuccaro C, Iannone F. Varicella-zoster virus infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients in the anti-tumour necrosis factor era. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2015; 33:917-923. [PMID: 26394271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis are increasingly being treated with different drugs (both non-biologic and biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs - DMARDs) that may have immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, or immunosuppressive effects; in particular, anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents are raising major concern as regards safety issues. An increased risk of infections has been extensively reported during anti-TNF treatment, owing to the primary role of TNF in host defense and immune responses. Although in clinical practice cases of reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections during therapy with TNF inhibitors commonly occur, the knowledge on this topic deriving from randomised clinical trials is limited. In this narrative review we focus on the pathophysiology of VZV infection and the role of TNF, and report the available data about VZV outbreaks recorded on Registries of rheumatic patients treated with anti-TNF agents. Finally, we discuss screening strategies and promising preventive measures against VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cacciapaglia
- Internal Medicine Unit, Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic Ninetto Melli Hospital, San Pietro Vernotico, Italy.
| | - C Zuccaro
- Geriatric Unit, Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic, Antonio Perrino Hospital, Brindisi, Italy
| | - F Iannone
- Department Interdisciplinary of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari, Italy
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Amvrosieva TV, Bogush ZF, Poklonskaia NB. [THE ETIOLOGY OF VIRAL INFECTIONS UNDER TRANSPLANTATION OF KIDNEY AND ALGORITHM OF THEIR LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC]. Klin Lab Diagn 2015; 60:37-40. [PMID: 26466450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The article presents data of virology examination of recipients of kidney in respect of actual agents of viral infections--cytomegalovirus, Epshtein-Barr virus, viruses of human herpes simplex type I and II, virus of human herpes type VI, Varicella-zoster virus, parvovirus B19, adenoviruses and BK virus. The dynamics of development of infectious processes were analyzed for dominating viral infections during 12 months after organ transplantation. The etiologic structure of viral complications in recipients of kidney was identified. The dominating role of cytomegalovirus, Epshtein-Barr virus, BK virus infections (41.9, 30.4 and 17.5% correspondingly) was established. The algorithm of implementation of virology examination of donors and recipients with indication of evaluation of obtained data and recommendations for its application.
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Kalter SS, Heberling RL. Biohazards and simian viruses. Bibl Haematol 2015:759-69. [PMID: 169837 DOI: 10.1159/000397600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are extensively used in laboratories as experimental animals. It is necessary, however, to realize that their employment may be dangerous to man and other species of primates, if recognition of their flora and fauna, especially viral, is not considered and if appropriate controls are not followed. Several outbreaks have occurred, resulting in high mortality and morbidity of man and simian. A number of recommendations are provided which, if followed, will minimize the waste of time, money, and life.
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Leung DYM, Guttman-Yassky E. Deciphering the complexities of atopic dermatitis: shifting paradigms in treatment approaches. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:769-79. [PMID: 25282559 PMCID: PMC4186710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. It often precedes the development of food allergy and asthma. Recent insights into AD reveal abnormalities in terminal differentiation of the epidermal epithelium leading to a defective stratum corneum, which allows enhanced allergen penetration and systemic IgE sensitization. Atopic skin is also predisposed to colonization or infection by pathogenic microbes, most notably Staphylococcus aureus and herpes simplex virus. Causes of this abnormal skin barrier are complex and driven by a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. These factors likely account for the heterogeneity of AD onset and the severity and natural history of this skin disease. Recent studies suggest prevention of AD can be achieved through early interventions to protect the skin barrier. Onset of lesional AD requires effective control of local and systemic immune activation for optimal management. Early intervention might improve long-term outcomes for AD and reduce the systemic allergen sensitization that leads to associated allergic diseases in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Y M Leung
- Division of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo.
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Wang Y, Chen F, Gu B, Chen G, Chang H, Wu D. Mesenchymal stromal cells as an adjuvant treatment for severe late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Acta Haematol 2014; 133:72-7. [PMID: 25139500 DOI: 10.1159/000362530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The management of severe late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis (LO-HC) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is still challenging. Because mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess anti-inflammatory and tissue repair-promoting properties, we retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety of MSC infusions in 7 of 33 patients with severe LO-HC after allogeneic HSCT. During treatment, each patient received at least one MSC infusion of Wharton's jelly derived from the umbilical cord of a third-party donor. In 6 patients, MSC treatment was initiated within 3 days of gross hematuria onset, while the 7th patient received an infusion 40 days later. The median dose was 1.0 (0.8-1.6) × 10(6)/kg. Five of 7 patients responded to treatment. Notably, gross hematuria promptly disappeared in 3 patients after 1 infusion, with a time to remission not seen in patients without MSC infusion. Two patients showed no response even after several infusions. No acute or late complications were recorded. Our findings indicate that MSC transfusion might be a feasible and safe supplemental therapy for patients with severe LO-HC after allogeneic HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
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Byun J, Yi NJ, Lee JM, Suh SW, Yoo T, Choi Y, Ko JS, Seo JK, Kim H, Lee HW, Kim HY, Lee KW, Jung SE, Lee SC, Park KW, Suh KS. Long term outcomes of pediatric liver transplantation according to age. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:320-7. [PMID: 24616578 PMCID: PMC3945124 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.3.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) has been the key therapy for end stage liver diseases. However, LT in infancy is still understudied. From 1992 to 2010, 152 children had undergone LT in Seoul National University Hospital. Operations were performed on 43 patients aged less than 12 months (Group A) and 109 patients aged over 12 months (Group B). The mean age of the recipients was 7 months in Group A and 74 months in Group B. The patients' survival rates and post-LT complications were analyzed. The mean Pediatric End-stage Liver Disease score was higher in Group A (21.8) than in Group B (13.4) (P = 0.049). Fulminant hepatitis was less common in Group A (4.8%) than in Group B (13.8%) (P = 0.021). The post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and portal vein complication were more common in Group A (14.0%, 18.6%) than in Group B (1.8%, 3.7%) (P = 0.005). However, the 1, 5, and 10 yr patient survival rates were 93%, 93%, and 93%, in Group A and 92%, 90%, and 88% in Group B (P = 0.212). The survival outcome of pediatric LT is excellent and similar regardless of age. LTs in infancy are not riskier than those of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeik Byun
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Yi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Moo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-won Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yoo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - YoungRok Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Kee Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Woong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Jung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Cheol Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwi-Won Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Continuing medical education program in American Journal of Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13 Suppl 3:i. [PMID: 23347217 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Zawilinska B, Kopec J, Szostek S, Piatkowska-Jakubas B, Skotnicki AB, Kosz-Vnenchak M. Lymphotropic herpesvirus DNA detection in patients with active CMV infection - a possible role in the course of CMV infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:CR432-441. [PMID: 21804462 PMCID: PMC3539614 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural history of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in transplant recipients prompts researchers to look for other factors contributing to this infection. The ubiquity of lymphotropic herpesviruses (EBV, HHV-6, and HHV-7) and the possibility of their activation during immunosuppression may suggest their participation in progression of CMV infection in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). MATERIAL/METHODS The presence of CMV, EBV, HHV-6 and HHV-7 was confirmed through detection of viral DNA isolated from leukocytes. Allo-HSCT recipients (n=55) were examined repeatedly within the average period of 14±7.3 months post-transplant. RESULTS CMV DNA was detected in 24% of samples, while EBV, HHV-6 and HHV-7 were detected in 20%, 15% and 14% of samples, respectively. Based on the presence of CMV infection at particular time-points (months) after transplantation, the recipients were divided into 3 groups: Group I (N=15) with persistent infection, Group II (N=20) with transient infection, and Group III (N=20) without CMV infection. In Group I, the mean CMV load was significantly higher than in Group II, and the clinical condition of Group I patients was poorer. All these patients manifested clinical symptoms, and all had episodes of GvHD. All Group I patients developed multiple infections; EBV in 80%, HHV-6 in 47% and HHV-7 in 87% of patients. In the remaining groups, with the exception of HHV-6 in group II, the frequency of infected patients was lower. In addition, CMV presence was often preceded by another herpesvirus. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that other herpesviruses, mainly HHV-7, could predispose CMV to cause chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zawilinska
- Department of Virology, Chair of Microbiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
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Watanabe A, Yoshida S, Kasahara Y, Takachi T, Ogawa A, Asami K. Isolated central nervous system Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:871-2. [PMID: 21370426 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lv DY, Qin MQ, Wang Y, Gao LW, Xie ZD. [Incidence and relationship of human cytomegalovirus infection and human herpesvirus 6 infection in pediatric patients after hemopoietic stem cell transplantation]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2010; 24:455-457. [PMID: 21604575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the incidence of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection in pediatric patients with hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and to explore the relationship between CMV and HHV-6 infection in pediatric patients with HSCT. METHODS Pediatric patients with HSCT in hemotology center of Beijing Children's Hospital were enrolled into this study from June 2007 to October 2009. Peripheral blood were collected every week after HSCT, and Fluorescent quantitation PCR and conventional PCR were used to detect CMV DNA load in serum and HHV-6 DNA in peripheral blood respectively. Genetic typing was conducted on HHV-6. RESULTS Fifty two pediatric patients with HSCT were enrolled into this study, and six hundreds and thirty six specimens were collected totally. CMV DNA was detected in fifty two specimens from twenty cases. The median time was 56 days after HSCT. The incidence of CMV infection was 38.5% (20/52) in all HSCT patients and 47.6% (20/42) in allogene HSCT patients. The incidence of late CMV infection was 22.2% (6/27) in allogene HSCT. Three patients died of CMV infection,and two died of CMV interstitial pneumonia. HHV-6 DNA was detected in thirty three specimens from fourteen cases. The median time was 23 days after HSCT. The incidence of HHV-6 infection was 26.9% (14/52)in all HSCT patients and 31% (13/42) in allogene HSCT patients. The genotype of HHV6 was all type B. HHV-6 DNA was positive in six of twenty cases with CMV infection. The incidence of co-infection was 30% (6/20). CONCLUSIONS There was a substantial incidence of CMV and HHV6 infection after HSCT. The relationship between earlier HHV6 infection and later CMV infection in pediatric patients with HSCT need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Yi Lv
- Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
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Chakraborty N, Bhattacharyya S, De C, Mukherjee A, Bhattacharya D, Santra S, Sarkar RN, Banerjee D, Guha SK, Datta UK, Chakrabarti S. Incidence of multiple Herpesvirus infection in HIV seropositive patients, a big concern for Eastern Indian scenario. Virol J 2010; 7:147. [PMID: 20604948 PMCID: PMC2909198 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with an increased risk for human herpes viruses (HHVs) and their related diseases and they frequently cause disease deterioration and therapeutic failures. Methods for limiting the transmission of HHVs require a better understanding of the incidence and infectivity of oral HHVs in HIV-infected patients. This study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of human herpes viruses (CMV, HSV 2, EBV-1, VZV) antibodies and to evaluate their association with age, sex as well as other demographic and behavioral factors. RESULTS A study of 200 HIV positive patients from Eastern India attending the Calcutta Medical College Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, Apex Clinic, Calcutta Medical College Hospital and ART Center, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal was done. Serum samples were screened for antibodies to the respective viruses using the indirect ELISA in triplicates.CytoMegalo virus (CMV), Herpes Simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein Barr virus (EBV-1) were detected in 49%, 47%, 32.5%, and 26% respectively. CONCLUSION This study has contributed baseline data and provided insights in viral OI and HIV co-infection in Eastern India. This would undoubtedly serve as a basis for further studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Chakraborty
- Virology Department, ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, GB4, 57 Dr. SC Banerjee Road Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- Virology Department, ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, GB4, 57 Dr. SC Banerjee Road Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India
| | - Chandrav De
- Virology Department, ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, GB4, 57 Dr. SC Banerjee Road Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India
| | - Anirban Mukherjee
- Virology Department, ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, GB4, 57 Dr. SC Banerjee Road Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India
| | - Dwipayan Bhattacharya
- Microbiology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases P33 CIT Scheme-XM, Kolkata-700 010, India
| | - Shantanu Santra
- Department of Medicine, Calcutta Medical College and Hospital, 88 College Street, Kolkata-700 073, India
| | - Rathindra N Sarkar
- Department of Medicine, Calcutta Medical College and Hospital, 88 College Street, Kolkata-700 073, India
| | - Dipanjan Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, APEX Clinics, Calcutta Medical College and Hospital, 88 College Street, Kolkata 700 073, India
| | - Shubhasish K Guha
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, 108 C.R Avenue, Kolkata- 700 073, India
| | - Utpal K Datta
- Department of Medicine, Calcutta Medical College and Hospital, 88 College Street, Kolkata-700 073, India
| | - Sekhar Chakrabarti
- Virology Department, ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, GB4, 57 Dr. SC Banerjee Road Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India
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Kappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P, Polman C, Hohlfeld R, Calabresi P, Selmaj K, Agoropoulou C, Leyk M, Zhang-Auberson L, Burtin P. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:387-401. [PMID: 20089952 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0909494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1883] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral fingolimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate-receptor modulator that prevents the egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes, significantly improved relapse rates and end points measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as compared with either placebo or intramuscular interferon beta-1a, in phase 2 and 3 studies of multiple sclerosis. METHODS In our 24-month, double-blind, randomized study, we enrolled patients who had relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, were 18 to 55 years of age, had a score of 0 to 5.5 on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (which ranges from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater disability), and had had one or more relapses in the previous year or two or more in the previous 2 years. Patients received oral fingolimod at a dose of 0.5 mg or 1.25 mg daily or placebo. End points included the annualized relapse rate (the primary end point) and the time to disability progression (a secondary end point). RESULTS A total of 1033 of the 1272 patients (81.2%) completed the study. The annualized relapse rate was 0.18 with 0.5 mg of fingolimod, 0.16 with 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and 0.40 with placebo (P<0.001 for either dose vs. placebo). Fingolimod at doses of 0.5 mg and 1.25 mg significantly reduced the risk of disability progression over the 24-month period (hazard ratio, 0.70 and 0.68, respectively; P=0.02 vs. placebo, for both comparisons). The cumulative probability of disability progression (confirmed after 3 months) was 17.7% with 0.5 mg of fingolimod, 16.6% with 1.25 mg of fingolimod, and 24.1% with placebo. Both fingolimod doses were superior to placebo with regard to MRI-related measures (number of new or enlarged lesions on T(2)-weighted images, gadolinium-enhancing lesions, and brain-volume loss; P<0.001 for all comparisons at 24 months). Causes of study discontinuation and adverse events related to fingolimod included bradycardia and atrioventricular conduction block at the time of fingolimod initiation, macular edema, elevated liver-enzyme levels, and mild hypertension. CONCLUSIONS As compared with placebo, both doses of oral fingolimod improved the relapse rate, the risk of disability progression, and end points on MRI. These benefits will need to be weighed against possible long-term risks. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00289978.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Kappos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Price P, Witt C, de Santis D, French MA. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor genotype may distinguish immunodeficient HIV-infected patients resistant to immune restoration diseases associated with herpes virus infections. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:359-61. [PMID: 17592337 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31805b82a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Tanenbaum ND, Alla SB, Brennan DC. Herpesviruses and polyomaviruses in renal transplantation. MINERVA UROL NEFROL 2007; 59:353-65. [PMID: 17912230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among transplant patients despite recent advances in early detection and treatment. Herpesviruses and polyomaviruses are the most relevant viruses post-transplant as they establish latency in immunocompetent individuals and frequently reactivate in the immunosuppressed transplant recipient. Although we have made significant strides in the early diagnosis and treatment of viral infections in renal transplant recipients over the past five years, many questions remain. Optimization of screening and prophylactic/preemptive protocols, as well as standardization of viral diagnostic testing are still needed. Understanding how viruses modify the host's immune responses, and conversely how variations between hosts' ability to mount an immune response against viruses are important areas of research that might allow for more individualization of immunosuppressive regimens. Other exciting areas of ongoing study include the associations between various HLA loci/mismatches and viral replication/infection, the mechanisms by which certain viruses (i.e., Epstein-Barr virus, human herpes virus 8) are oncogenic, and the development of new therapeutic strategies such as adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells to restore immunity and control viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Tanenbaum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Frampton AR, Stolz DB, Uchida H, Goins WF, Cohen JB, Glorioso JC. Equine herpesvirus 1 enters cells by two different pathways, and infection requires the activation of the cellular kinase ROCK1. J Virol 2007; 81:10879-89. [PMID: 17670830 PMCID: PMC2045510 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00504-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), a member of the Alphaherpesviridae, displays a broad host range in vitro, allowing for detailed study of the mechanisms of productive infection, including attachment and entry, in various cell culture systems. Previously, we showed that EHV-1 infects Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells even though these cells do not express a known alphaherpesvirus entry receptor. In this report, we show by electron microscopy and an infectious recovery assay that entry into CHO-K1 cells occurs via an endocytic or phagocytic mechanism, while entry into equine dermal (ED) or rabbit kidney (RK13) cells occurs by direct fusion at the cell surface. In both cases (endocytic/phagocytic or direct fusion), entry leads to productive infection. Using drugs that inhibit clathrin-dependent or caveola-dependent endocytosis, we showed that EHV-1 entry into CHO-K1 cells does not require clathrin or caveolae. We also show that EHV-1 infection requires the activation of cell signaling molecules. In particular, we demonstrate that activation of the serine/threonine Rho kinase ROCK1 is critical for infection. Inhibition of this kinase by drugs or overexpression of a negative regulator of ROCK1 significantly blocked EHV-1 infection. These results show that EHV-1 can enter disparate cell types by at least two distinct mechanisms and that productive infection is dependent upon the activation of ROCK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Frampton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1246 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Punjabi AS, Carroll PA, Chen L, Lagunoff M. Persistent activation of STAT3 by latent Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of endothelial cells. J Virol 2006; 81:2449-58. [PMID: 17151100 PMCID: PMC1865938 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01769-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the infectious cause of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and plasmablastic multicentric Castleman's disease. STAT3 has been shown to be important for the maintenance of primary effusion lymphoma cells in culture and is chronically activated in many tumor cell lines. However, little is known about the role of KSHV in the activation of STAT3 or the role of STAT3 in KS tumors. We demonstrate that STAT3 is activated by KSHV infection of endothelial cells, the KS tumor cell type, in a biphasic fashion. Viral binding and entry activate STAT3 in the first 2 h after infection, but this activation dissipates by 4 h postinfection. By 12 h after KSHV infection, concomitant with the expression of latent genes, STAT3 is once again activated, and this activation persists for as long as latent infection is maintained. Activated STAT3 translocates to the nucleus, where it can bind to STAT3-specific DNA elements and can activate STAT3-dependent promoter activity. Conditioned medium from KSHV-infected endothelial cells is able to transiently activate STAT3, indicating the involvement of a secreted factor and that a latency-associated factor in KSHV-infected cells is necessary for sustained activation. KSHV upregulates gp130 receptor expression, and both gp130 and JAK2 are required for the activation of STAT3. However, neither human nor viral interleukin-6 is required for STAT3 activation. Persistent activation of the oncogenic signal transducer, STAT3, by KSHV may play a critical role in the viral pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma, as well as in primary effusion lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almira S Punjabi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Mercadal S, Martinez A, Nomdedeu B, Rozman M, Gaya A, Salamero O, Campo E. Herpes simplex and Epstein-Barr virus lymphadenitis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine. Eur J Haematol 2006; 77:442-4. [PMID: 17044837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple herpes virus co-infection is a very rare complication in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We describe a patient with a CLL who developed an herpes virus lymphadenitis. Inmunohistochemical study was positive for HSV-1, HSV-2, and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). The coinfection of EBV with a profile of expresion of viral latent genes type III, is usually seen in inmunodepressed patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a multiple human herpes virus infection mimicking Richter syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Acyclovir/administration & dosage
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- Herpesviridae Infections/drug therapy
- Herpesviridae Infections/etiology
- Herpesviridae Infections/genetics
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/virology
- Lymphadenitis/drug therapy
- Lymphadenitis/etiology
- Lymphadenitis/genetics
- Lymphadenitis/virology
- Vidarabine/administration & dosage
- Vidarabine/adverse effects
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mercadal
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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Buckles EL, Lowenstine LJ, Funke C, Vittore RK, Wong HN, St Leger JA, Greig DJ, Duerr RS, Gulland FMD, Stott JL. Otarine Herpesvirus-1, not papillomavirus, is associated with endemic tumours in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). J Comp Pathol 2006; 135:183-9. [PMID: 17034810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if Otarine Herpesvirus-1 (OtHV-1) is associated with the presence of urogenital carcinomas in California sea lions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with primers specific for OtHV-1 was used to compare the prevalence of OtHV-1 infection in 15 sea lions affected by urogenital carcinoma with that of age-matched and juvenile tumour-free animals, and animals with tumours of non-urogenital origin. The herpesvirus was more prevalent (100%) and more widespread in the 15 animals with urogenital carcinoma than in 25 control animals, and was most often found in the urogenital tissue (vagina and prostate) and in the draining lymph nodes. Moreover, OtHV-1 DNA was not found in any juvenile animal, or in the neoplastic tissues of animals with non-urogenital tumours. Papillomavirus-specific PCR analysis of urogenital carcinoma tissues detected papillomavirus sequences in only one carcinomatous tissue. Further studies are needed to determine if OtHV-1 contributes to oncogenesis in the California sea lion; these data show, however, that OtHV-1 is associated with urogenital carcinomas, is preferentially present in urogenital tissues, and may be sexually transmitted. Papillomaviruses, which are known to contribute to urogenital tumours in other species, did not appear to be associated with the sea lion carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Buckles
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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García-Astudillo LA, Leyva-Cobián F. Human herpesvirus-8 infection and Kaposi's sarcoma after liver and kidney transplantation in different geographical areas of Spain. Transpl Immunol 2006; 17:65-9. [PMID: 17157220 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since data on human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in Spain is not available, our purpose was to determine the prevalence of HHV-8 infection and the risk of developing Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) among organ transplant recipients in different geographical areas of Spain. The study population consisted of 1019 liver and kidney transplant recipients recruited in four transplant units in Spain. Only post-transplant serum samples were available for all participants. IgG anti-HHV-8 latent and lytic antigens were detected by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. In available samples, HHV-8 DNA genome was detected by using a nested polymerase chain reaction in sera, blood mononuclear cells and KS tissues. The prevalence of HHV-8 infection after transplantation was calculated. To determine risk factors for infection, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated. Of the 788 kidney transplants, 5 (0.6%) were HHV-8-positive shortly after transplantation. Of the 231 liver transplant individuals, 8 (3.4%) developed IgG anti-HHV-8 antibodies after transplantation. Thus, incidence of HHV-8 infection is significantly higher among liver transplant recipients in comparison with that in the control population (OR=6, 95% CI=1.2-28.5, p<0.05). In this series, HHV-8 prevalence in liver transplant recipients was higher in the northern (6.6-6.9%) than in the central (2.9%) or the southeastern (1.4%) areas of Spain. Four renal transplant recipients (0.5%) and five of the liver transplant recipients (2.16%) developed KS after transplantation. Time of KS diagnosis after transplant is significantly higher in kidney transplant patients (33.7 months) than in liver transplant recipients (10.4 months), indicating that the latter have a higher risk of developing KS.
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most recently discovered human herpesvirus. It is the aetiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a tumour frequently affecting AIDS patients not receiving treatment. KSHV is also a likely cause of two lymphoproliferative diseases: multicentric Castleman's disease and primary effusion lymphoma. The study of KSHV offers exciting challenges for understanding the mechanisms of virus pathogenesis, including those involved in establishing infection and dissemination in the host. To facilitate these processes, approximately one-quarter of KSHV genes encode cellular homologues or unique proteins that have immunomodulatory roles in cytokine production, apoptosis, cell signalling and the immunological synapse. The activities of these molecules are considered in the present review and the positions of their genes are mapped from a complete KSHV genome sequence derived from a KS biopsy. The understanding gained enables the significance of different components of the immune response in protection against KSHV infection to be evaluated. It also helps to unravel the complexities of cellular and immunological pathways and offers the potential for exploiting viral immunomodulators and derivatives in disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rahim Rezaee
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | - David J Blackbourn
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Geiser V, Zhou J, Jones C. Bovine herpesvirus 1 immediate-early protein (bICP0) interacts with the histone acetyltransferase p300, which stimulates productive infection and gC promoter activity. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1843-1851. [PMID: 16760386 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate-early protein, bICP0, ofBovine herpesvirus 1(BHV-1) transactivates viral promoters and stimulates productive infection. bICP0 is expressed constitutively during productive infection, as its gene contains an immediate-early and an early promoter. Like other ICP0 homologues encoded by members of the subfamilyAlphaherpesvirinae, bICP0 contains a zinc RING finger located near its N terminus. Mutations that disrupt the bICP0 zinc RING finger impair its ability to activate transcription, stimulate productive infection, inhibit interferon-dependent transcription in certain cell types and regulate subnuclear localization. bICP0 also interacts with a cellular chromatin-remodelling enzyme, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), and can relieve HDAC1-mediated transcriptional repression, suggesting that bICP0 inhibits silencing of the viral genome. In this study, it was shown that bICP0 interacted with the histone acetyltransferase p300 during productive infection and in transiently transfected cells. In addition, p300 enhanced BHV-1 productive infection and transactivated a late viral promoter (gC). In contrast, a CH3-domain deletion mutant of p300, which is a dominant-negative mutant, did not activate the gC promoter. bICP0 and p300 cooperated to activate the gC promoter, suggesting that there is a synergistic effect on promoter activation. As p300 can activate certain antiviral signalling pathways (for example, interferon), it was hypothesized that interactions between p300 and bICP0 may dampen the antiviral response following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yange Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
| | - Yunquan Jiang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
| | - Vicki Geiser
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
| | - Joe Zhou
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
| | - Clinton Jones
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
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Angeloni A, Masala MV, Montesu MA, Santarelli R, Satta R, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Valdivieso P, Faggioni A, Cottoni F. Environmental Factors Influence the Rate of Human Herpesvirus Type 8 Infection in a Population with High Incidence of Classic Kaposi Sarcoma. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:e66-8. [PMID: 16511749 DOI: 10.1086/500397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High prevalence of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) infection has been reported on the island of Sardinia. Among emigrants from Sardinia, rates of HHV-8 infection are lower than they are in Sardinia and are similar to those observed in the local population. Thus, environmental factors seem to play a relevant role in affecting the prevalence of HHV-8 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Angeloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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30
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Kuribayashi K, Matsunaga T, Iyama S, Takada K, Sato T, Murase K, Fujimi A, Takimoto R, Kawanishi J, Niitsu Y. Human herpesvirus-6 hepatitis associated with cyclosporine-A encephalitis after bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Intern Med 2006; 45:475-8. [PMID: 16679705 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 31-year-old man referred to our hospital for treatment of his chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in the first chronic phase by bone marrow transplantation. We pretreated him with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was carried out. On day 31, the engraftment was confirmed and on day 52, acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) was observed. On day 189, he lost consciousness due to cyclosporine A-induced leukoencephalopathy and 375 mg cyclosporine A was changed to 100 mg prednisolone. On day 199, liver dysfunction (AST 410 IU/L, ALT 557 IU/L, gammaGTP 385 IU/L, ALP 363 IU/L, D-Bil 0.3 mg/dl) developed and a liver biopsy was performed. PCR analysis of DNA from the liver biopsy specimen was positive for HHV-6 and immunostaining using anti-HHV-6 and anti-HHV-6b antibodies showed positive staining in the cytosol of hepatocytes. No other viruses were found to induce hepatitis. From these results, he was diagnosed as having HHV-6 hepatitis and it was successfully treated with gancyclovir (GCV) administration.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/adverse effects
- Brain/pathology
- Cyclosporine/adverse effects
- Cyclosporine/therapeutic use
- Encephalitis/chemically induced
- Encephalitis/diagnosis
- Graft vs Host Disease/drug therapy
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/diagnosis
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/etiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology
- Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis
- Herpesviridae Infections/etiology
- Herpesvirus 6, Human
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Liver/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
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Affiliation(s)
- Kageaki Kuribayashi
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo
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31
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Gentile G. Recent developments in new and old viral infections. Rev Clin Exp Hematol 2005; 9:E3. [PMID: 16864117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, concerns regarding viral infections and hematologic malignancies were primarily focused on the transplantation of an allogeneic graft. In the last years, the use of immunomodulatory agents such as monoclonal antibodies (e.g. anti CD20, anti CD52) directed against lymphocyte antigens in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies (e.g. lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia) has added a great potential to impact on the incidence, severity and timing of viral infections. Patients may acquire viral infections through several mechanisms including transfusion, community exposure or via the donor origin in the case of stem cell transplant. Endogenous reactivation of latent viruses is also commonly observed. Viral replication may lead directly to viral diseases or induce indirect effects such as increased incidence of opportunistic infections and decreased patient survival. Traditionally, herpesviruses have been and are still today the most important viruses in patients with hematologic malignancies. Nowadays, several emerging viral infections have been highlighted as being of concern in this patients' population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology University La Sapienza, Rome.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Doran
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Genome Resource Unit, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, United Kingdom
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33
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Mora AL, Woods CR, Garcia A, Xu J, Rojas M, Speck SH, Roman J, Brigham KL, Stecenko AA. Lung infection with gamma-herpesvirus induces progressive pulmonary fibrosis in Th2-biased mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L711-21. [PMID: 15734789 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00007.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, fibrotic lung disease of unknown etiology. A viral pathogenesis in IPF has been suggested since >95% of IPF patients have evidence of chronic pulmonary infection with one or more herpesviruses. To determine whether pulmonary infection with herpesvirus can cause lung fibrosis, we infected mice with the murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (MHV68). Because IPF patients have a T helper type 2 (Th2) pulmonary phenotype, we used IFN-gammaR-/-, a strain of mice biased to develop Th2 responses. Chronic MHV68 infection of IFN-gammaR-/- mice resulted in progressive deposition of interstitial collagen as shown by light and electron microscopy. A significant decrease in tidal volume paralleled the collagen deposition. Five features typically seen in IPF, increased transforming growth factor-beta expression, myofibroblast transformation, production of Th2 cytokines, hyperplasia of type II cells, and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7, were also present in chronically infected IFN-gammaR-/- mice. There also was altered synthesis of surfactant proteins, which is seen in some patients with familial IPF. MHV68 viral protein was found in type II alveolar epithelial cells, especially in lung areas with extensive alveolar remodeling. In summary, chronic herpesvirus pulmonary infection in IFN-gammaR-/- mice causes progressive pulmonary fibrosis and many of the pathological features seen in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Mora
- Center for Translational Research of the Lung, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Dept. of Medicine, Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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34
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Abstract
Until the 1980s, little attention had been accorded to endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a neoplasm noted in several parts of Southern Europe and the African continent but with relatively slow progression, except in children and young adults. Furthermore, therapeutic approaches based on surgery, radiation and topical treatment were of limited efficacy, mostly used to overcome the disabling and stigmatizing effects of the disease. With the emergence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and the profound impact of KS on AIDS-related mortality, the pathogenesis of KS has been better studied, and the realisation that a virus (KS-associated Herpesvirus or Human Herpesvirus 8, or KSHV/HHV-8), combined with immunosuppression and cytokine-induced growth, was responsible for the development of this disease has led to novel therapeutic approaches. These are unfortunately still highly toxic, require careful monitoring, and are expensive, thus limiting their use in most parts of Africa. However, the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which has led to a considerable decline in KS incidence in populations of industrialized countries, constitutes the best hope for the control of this stigmatizing and lethal disease in Africa. Trials comparing different regimens of antiretroviral drugs in combination with systemic chemotherapeutic agents are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sissolak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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35
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Mitani N, Aihara M, Yamakawa Y, Yamada M, Itoh N, Mizuki N, Ikezawa Z. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome due to cyanamide associated with multiple reactivation of human herpesviruses. J Med Virol 2005; 75:430-4. [PMID: 15648066 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS), characterized by serious adverse systemic reactions in addition to skin rash, has unknown pathogenesis. Its association with human herpesvirus (HHV), mainly HHV-6, has been reported recently. A 46-year-old Japanese man is described in whom a generalized eruption developed about 1 month after taking cyanamide, a drug for alcoholism. This was associated with the following manifestations: high fever, lymphadenopathy, facial edema, marked leukocytosis with eosinophilia and atypical lymphocytes, lymphocytopenia, liver and renal dysfunction, and low IgG level. He was treated with 8 mg betamethasone daily and his condition improved, but he needed low-dose corticosteroid for almost 1 year because of several episodes of recurrence. HHV-6, HHV-7, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific IgG titers showed more than a four-fold rise sequentially. Significant numbers of copies of HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA were detected in the peripheral white blood cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HHV-6 and CMV DNA were detected in the serum by nested PCR. A patch test for cyanamide was positive. The diagnosis of DIHS due to cyanamide, which has never been reported as a causal drug of DIHS, accompanied by reactivation of not only HHV-6, but also HHV-7, CMV, and HSV, was made. Disturbance of the immune system was suggested by the persistent low level of IgG, and consecutive viral reactivation may have participated in the prolonged course in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Mitani
- Department of Dermatology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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36
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Grossman WJ, Radhi M, Schauer D, Gerday E, Grose C, Goldman FD. Development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in triplets infected with HHV-8. Blood 2005; 106:1203-6. [PMID: 15840696 PMCID: PMC1895204 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-0950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare disorder of immune dysregulation, characterized by end-organ damage from lymphocytic infiltration and macrophage activation. All known mutations associated with the HLH occur in genes critical in the perforin-granzyme pathway. Herein, we report HLH occurring in 2 female triplet infants who also had associated human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) infections. The subjects had identical novel compound-heterozygous mutations in the Perforin alleles, resulting in undetectable perforin expression and NK-cell cytotoxicity. Both infants also had evidence of infection with HHV-8. These reports are, to our knowledge, the first cases of HLH in triplets and the first reported cases of HHV-8 infection associated with HLH in non-renal transplant and non-HIV-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Grossman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Blood, and Marrow Transplant, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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37
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Abstract
Complications of liver transplantation are not limited to acute and chronic rejection, and recurrence of original disease, but include surgical complications, most commonly hepatic artery occlusion, infections, and development of de novo malignancies. In the early posttransplantation period, procurement/preservation injury, non-immunologic injury to the graft during harvesting and implantation, is manifested by centrilobular hepatocyte pallor and cholestasis but rarely leads to significant graft dysfunction. Ischemic complications, such as hepatic artery thrombosis, are more serious complications and may lead to early graft loss or biliary stricture. Infectious complications generally occur in the mid-to-late period after transplantation; cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains a common pathogen. Human herpes 6 virus infection has been implicated in allograft dysfunction, but is usually seen in the setting of co-infection with CMV. De novo malignancies are emerging as a significant cause of mortality after liver transplantation; risk is cumulative, and increases with time posttransplantation. Development of such malignancies in the setting of solid organ transplantation is multifactorial, and is related to individual and regional predispositions to malignancy, pre-transplantation disease states, recipient viral status, and use and intensity of immunosuppression regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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38
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Abstract
The human gamma-herpesviruses, EBV and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, infect >90% of the population worldwide, and latent infection is associated with numerous malignancies. Rational vaccination and therapeutic strategies require an understanding of virus-host interactions during the initial asymptomatic infection. Primary EBV infection is associated with virus replication at epithelial sites and entry into the circulating B lymphocyte pool. The virus exploits the life cycle of the B cell and latency is maintained long term in resting memory B cells. In this study, using a murine gamma-herpesvirus model, we demonstrate an early dominance of latent virus at the site of infection, with lung B cells harboring virus almost immediately after infection. These data reinforce the central role of the B cell not only in the later phase of infection, but early in the initial infection. Early inhibition of lytic replication does not impact the progression of the latent infection, and latency is established in lymphoid tissues following infection with a replication-deficient mutant virus. These data demonstrate that lytic viral replication is not a requirement for gamma-herpesvirus latency in vivo and suggest that viral latency can be disseminated by cellular proliferation. These observations emphasize that prophylactic vaccination strategies must target latent gamma-herpesvirus at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingmei Jia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, AIDS Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dental Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - John Moore
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983
| | | | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, AIDS Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dental Research Institute, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Marcia A. Blackman
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Trudeau Institute, 154 Algonquin Avenue, Saranac Lake, NY 12983.
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39
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Tam C, Seymour JF, Brown M, Campbell P, Scarlett J, Underhill C, Ritchie D, Bond R, Grigg AP. Early and late infectious consequences of adding rituximab to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in patients with indolent lymphoid malignancies. Haematologica 2005; 90:700-2. [PMID: 15921393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether the addition of rituximab to fludarabine and cyclosphosphamide (FC) increases early or late infection risk remains poorly defined. This retrospective analysis of 160 patients treated with FC+/-rituximab found no evidence of increased infection among patients receiving FC+rituximab, providing some evidence of safety for the continued exploration of this regimen.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cohort Studies
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Cyclophosphamide/adverse effects
- Disease Susceptibility
- Female
- Herpesviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Herpesviridae Infections/etiology
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host
- Infections/epidemiology
- Infections/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/complications
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/etiology
- Risk
- Rituximab
- Vidarabine/administration & dosage
- Vidarabine/adverse effects
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
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40
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Abstract
CD13/aminopeptidase N is a membrane-bound metalloproteinase implicated in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and pathogenesis. Anti-CD13 antibodies can neutralize HCMV infectivity, and HCMV viremia after bone marrow transplantation induces anti-CD13 autoantibodies which correlate with development of chronic graft vs. host disease. We examined whether murine CD13/APN was similarly implicated in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) disease. MCMV infection did induce anti-CD13 antibodies in mice in a strain-specific manner. ICR and 129S mice developed high titers of anti-CD13 antibodies and anti-MCMV antibodies after MCMV infection, whereas CBA and CBAxC57BL/6 f1 hybrid mice produced antibodies against MCMV only. Unlike HCMV, no evidence was found for a correlation between host cell CD13/APN expression and infection, or for the presence of CD13/APN on MCMV particles, although APN inhibitors decreased MCMV plaque formation. Reproduction of CD13/APN autoantibody production in the murine system should make it possible to determine if these antibodies contribute to CMV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Kasman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB-201, PO Box 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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41
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Abstract
The well-described herpesvirus entry receptors HveA (TNFRSF14), HveB (nectin 2), and HveC (nectin 1) have been shown to mediate the entry of alphaherpesviruses. Our findings showed that the alphaherpesvirus equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) efficiently entered and replicated in CHO-K1 cells that lack the entry receptors HveA, HveB, and HveC, demonstrating that EHV-1 utilizes a unique entry receptor. As with other alphaherpesviruses, efficient EHV-1 entry was dependent on glycoprotein D and cell surface glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Frampton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1246 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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42
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Abstract
Open reading frame 11 (ORF11) is a conserved gammaherpesvirus gene that remains undefined. We identified the product of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) ORF11, p43, as a virion component with a predominantly perinuclear distribution in infected cells. MHV-68 lacking p43 grew normally in vitro but showed reduced lytic replication in vivo and a delay in seeding to the spleen. Subsequent latency amplification was normal. Thus, MHV-68 ORF11 encoded a virion component that was important for in vivo lytic replication but dispensable for the establishment of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Boname
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
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43
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Abstract
Infectious risk remains an important consideration in the clinical application of xenotransplantation. Vascularized xenografts create unique immunological niches in which bidirectional transmission of pathogens between donor and recipient may occur. Enhanced replication of many pathogens is stimulated by the immune responses induced by transplantation and by the immune suppression used to prevent graft rejection. Herpesviruses are the prototype viruses that are activated during immunosuppression. Quantitative diagnostic molecular assays have been developed for the known herpesviruses causing infection in pigs. Recent data suggest that some herpesviral infections, such as porcine cytomegalovirus, may be excluded from swine used as source animals by careful breeding, while others will require novel strategies for control. This review focuses on porcine and baboon herpesviruses in pig-to-non-human primate solid organ xenotransplantation including direct effects (tissue damage), indirect effects (coagulopathy, rejection), and possible approaches to these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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44
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Wojcicki JM, Newton R, Urban M, Stein L, Hale M, Patel M, Ruff P, Sur R, Bourboulia D, Sitas F. Low socioeconomic status and risk for infection with human herpesvirus 8 among HIV-1 negative, South African black cancer patients. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 132:1191-7. [PMID: 15635980 PMCID: PMC2870214 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268804002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Between January 1994 and October 1997, we interviewed 2576 black in-patients with newly diagnosed cancer in Johannesburg and Soweto, South Africa. Blood was tested for HIV-1 and HHV-8 antibodies and the study was restricted to 2191 HIV-1 antibody-negative patients. We examined the relationship between infection with HHV-8 and sociodemographic and behavioural factors using unconditional logistic regression models. Of the 2191 HIV-1 negative patients who did not have Kaposi's sarcoma, 854 (39.1%) were positive for antibodies against the latent nuclear antigen of HHV-8 encoded by orf73 in a immunofluorescence assay. Infection with HHV-8 was independently associated with increasing age (P trend = 0.02). For females, independent risk factors also included working in a paid domestic capacity (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.09-2.44, P = 0.02), defining occupational status as economically non-active unemployed (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.06-2.72, P = 0.03), having a state pension or being on a disability grant (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.05-2.11, P = 0.02), using oral contraceptives (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.03-1.99, P = 0.03) and having a delayed age at menarche (P trend = 0.04). The relationship between these variables and HHV-8 antibody status requires further, prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wojcicki
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco 94105, USA.
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45
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Horster S, Jung C, Zietz C, Cohen CD, Siebeck M, Goebel FD. AIDS, multicentric Castleman's disease, and plasmablastic leukemia: report of a long-term survival. Infection 2005; 32:296-8. [PMID: 15624895 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-004-3148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmablastic leukemia (PL) as a complication of human herpes virus 8 (HHV8)-associated Castleman's disease is marked by a rapid and fatal outcome. In patients with AIDS, survival of 7 to 14 days after diagnosis has been reported. Prompt splenectomy and chemotherapy might lead to a significant survival benefit. Here we report a case of long-term survival in a patient with AIDS and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) complicated by PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Horster
- Medical Policlinic, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
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46
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Susloparov MA, Susloparov IM, Makhova NM, Omigov VV, Litasova EE, Legan MV, Slaĭkovskaia LE, Mironenko SP, Cherniavskiĭ AM, Luk'ianchikova NL. [The study of markers of herpes virus infections in myocardial ischemia]. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 2005:36-40. [PMID: 16334225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A group of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), who underwent surgical aorta-coronary vascular shunting, was examined in this investigation. Low titers of HSV-1 specific IgG were detected in all patients, the obtained values being consistent with similar data obtained in healthy subjects of the same age. Negative PCR of HSV-I DNA in blood and biopsy results were obtained. None of the patients demonstrated typical clinical pattern of infectious disease caused by herpes simplex virus. These data are evidence of the absence of the HSV-1 correlation with coronary atherosclerosis in patients with the IHD diagnosis. The significance of HCMV specific IgG titers and HCMV DNA detected in blood plasma in 87.7% cases is probably attributed to existence of connection of HCMV infection markers revealing in patient' blood with IHD diagnosis and coronary atherosclerosis. Besides, the HCMV DNA presence in biopsy taken from myocardium or vascular wall with lesion is revealed in 100% cases. The cytomegalovirus markers in tissue lesions with the help of specific antiserums marked to HSMV recombinant proteins are also revealed in 100% cases. This fact indicates the connection between pathological atherosclerotical process in IHD and cytomegalovirus infection.
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47
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Verma S, Nuovo GJ, Porcu P, Baiocchi RA, Crowson AN, Magro CM. Epstein-Barr virus- and human herpesvirus 8-associated primary cutaneous plasmablastic lymphoma in the setting of renal transplantation. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 32:35-9. [PMID: 15660653 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a recently recognized entity most often reported in the oral cavity, mainly in the setting of underlying human immunodeficiency viral infection whereby a role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and more recently human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) has been described. Although EBV has been implicated in a variety of lymphoproliferative lesions, until recently HHV8 has only been associated with primary effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman's disease, and Kaposi's sarcoma. We describe a case of PBL occurring in the setting of renal transplantation. METHODS We encountered a case of PBL occurring in the setting of renal transplantation. We characterized the tumor by routine immunohistochemistry and evaluated for the presence of immunoglobulin light chain restriction and EBV RNA by in situ hybridization. We assessed for the presence of HHV8 RNA by reverse transcriptase in situ hybridization. RESULTS The tumor showed a histomorphology compatible with a PBL. In addition, there was strong RNA expression in the neoplastic cells for EBER-1, EBER-2, and HHV8. CONCLUSION This case suggests a possible role of both viruses in the pathogenesis of PBL in sites other than the oral cavity and expands the spectrum of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease to include PBL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Female
- Herpesviridae Infections/complications
- Herpesviridae Infections/etiology
- Herpesviridae Infections/pathology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization
- Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/etiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Verma
- College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, OH 43210-1218, USA
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48
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Pierrotti LC, Etzel A, Sumita LM, Braga PE, Eluf-Neto J, de Souza VAUF, Segurado AAC. Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) Infection in HIV/AIDS Patients From Santos, Brazil: Seroprevalence and Associated Factors. Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32:57-63. [PMID: 15614122 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000148300.33428.6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
GOAL The goal of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection among HIV-infected individuals from Brazil and the associated risk factors. STUDY A cross-sectional survey was carried out with 497 HIV/AIDS outpatients attending the local AIDS Reference Center in Santos (southeastern Brazil) between February 1997 and January 1998 had serum samples screened for anti-HHV-8 antibodies. Patients were considered seropositive whenever reactivity was observed in at least 1 of 3 tests (immunofluorescence assays for latent nuclear and lytic antigens and orf65 recombinant antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). RESULTS Overall HHV-8 seroprevalence was 13.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.9-17.6). HHV-8 coinfection was significantly more frequent in men (18.7%; 95% CI, 14.1-23.4) than in women (7.8%; 95% CI, 4.2-11.3) (P < 0.001). According to the mode of HIV acquisition among males, seroprevalence of HHV-8 infection was significantly higher in men who have sex with men when compared with the other groups (32.4% vs. 10.0%, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression revealed HHV-8 infection among men to be independently associated with sexual orientation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 5.5 for homosexuals; AOR, 2.8 for bisexuals). No significant risk factor for HHV-8 infection could be demonstrated for HIV-infected women in this cohort, CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence that men who have sex with men are at higher risk of HHV-8 infection and shows that the epidemiologic pattern of this infection among HIV/AIDS patients from Santos, Brazil, is similar to that described in other countries with a low incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Camera Pierrotti
- Laboratory of Virology (LIM-52)-Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Tropical Medicine Institute (IMT), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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49
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Serraino D, Piselli P, Scuderi M, Gabbrielli F, Venettoni S, Grossi P, Nanni Costa A, Ippolito G. Screening for Human Herpesvirus 8 Antibodies in Italian Organ Transplantation Centers. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:203-5. [PMID: 15614716 DOI: 10.1086/426688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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50
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Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses can establish lifelong latent infections in lymphoid cells of their hosts despite active antiviral immunity. Identification of the immune mechanisms which regulate gammaherpesvirus latent infection is therefore essential for understanding how gammaherpesviruses persist for the lifetime of their host. Recently, an individual with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection was found to have mutations in perforin, and studies using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68) as a small-animal model for gammaherpesvirus infection have similarly revealed a critical role for perforin in regulating latent infection. These results suggest involvement of the perforin/granzyme granule exocytosis pathway in immune regulation of gammaherpesvirus latent infection. In this study, we examined gammaHV68 infection of knockout mice to identify specific molecules within the perforin/granzyme pathway which are essential for regulating gammaherpesvirus latent infection. We show that granzymes A and B and the granzyme B substrate, caspase 3, are important for regulating gammaHV68 latent infection. Interestingly, we show for the first time that orphan granzymes encoded in the granzyme B gene cluster are also critical for regulating viral infection. The requirement for specific granzymes differs for early versus late forms of latent infection. These data indicate that different granzymes play important and distinct roles in regulating latent gammaherpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Loh
- Dept. of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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