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Keyel ME, Furr KL, Kang MH, Reynolds CP. A Multi-Color Flow Cytometric Assay for Quantifying Dinutuximab Binding to Neuroblastoma Cells in Tumor, Bone Marrow, and Blood. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6223. [PMID: 37834874 PMCID: PMC10573805 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
GD2, a disialoganglioside, is present on the surface of most neuroblastomas, as well as on some other cancers, such as melanoma and osteogenic sarcoma. The anti-GD2 antibody ch14.18 (dinutuximab) has an FDA-registered indication for use as maintenance therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma with cytokines and 13-cis-retinoic acid after myeloablative therapy. Recent studies using immunohistochemistry of tumor or tumor cells in marrow have shown that some neuroblastomas are negative for GD2. Dinutuximab and other anti-GD2 antibodies are increasingly used in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy for treating relapsed neuroblastoma, so it is important to be able to identify patients with tumor cells with low GD2 expression, as such patients may experience toxicity but not benefit from the antibody therapy. As the most common clinical samples available for relapsed neuroblastoma are bone marrow aspirates, we developed a method to quantify dinutuximab binding density and the frequency of neuroblastoma cells positive for the antibody in bone marrow aspirates. Here, we describe a multi-color flow cytometry assay that employs non-GD2 antibodies to identify neuroblastoma cells in a mixed population (tumor, bone marrow, or blood) and an anti-GD2 antibody to quantify both the frequency and density of GD2 expression on neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Keyel
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (M.E.K.); (K.L.F.)
| | - Kathryn L. Furr
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (M.E.K.); (K.L.F.)
| | - Min H. Kang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - C. Patrick Reynolds
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; (M.E.K.); (K.L.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Floros KV, Chawla AT, Johnson-Berro MO, Khatri R, Stamatouli AM, Boikos SA, Dozmorov MG, Cowart LA, Faber AC. MYCN upregulates the transsulfuration pathway to suppress the ferroptotic vulnerability in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Cell Stress 2022; 6:21-29. [PMID: 35174317 PMCID: PMC8802432 DOI: 10.15698/cst2022.02.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, oxidative form of cell death that is countered mainly by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and the production of glutathione (GSH), which is formed from cysteine. The identification of the cancers that may benefit from pharmacological ferroptotic induction is just emerging. We recently demonstrated that inducing ferroptosis genetically or pharmacologically in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma (NB) is a novel and effective way to kill these cells. MYCN increases iron metabolism and subsequent hydroxyl radicals through increased expression of the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and low levels of the ferroportin receptor. To counter increased hydroxyl radicals, MYCN binds to the promoter of SLC3A2 (solute carrier family 3 member 2). SLC3A2 is a subunit of system Xc-, which is the cysteine-glutamate antiporter that exports glutamate and imports cystine. Cystine is converted to cysteine intracellularly. Here, we investigated other ways MYCN may increase cysteine levels. By performing metabolomics in a syngeneic NB cell line either expressing MYCN or GFP, we demonstrate that the transsulfuration pathway is activated by MYCN. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MYCN-amplified NB cell lines and tumors have higher levels of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), the rate-limiting enzyme in transsulfuration, which leads to higher levels of the thioether cystathionine (R-S-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-l-homocysteine). In addition, MYCN-amplified NB tumors have high levels of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), an enzyme that helps salvage methionine following polyamine metabolism. MYCN directly binds to the promoter of MTAP. We propose that MYCN orchestrates both enhanced cystine uptake and enhanced activity of the transsulfuration pathway to counteract increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) from iron-induced Fenton reactions, ultimately contributing to a ferroptosis vulnerability in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos V. Floros
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ayesha T. Chawla
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mia O. Johnson-Berro
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rishabh Khatri
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Angeliki M. Stamatouli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sosipatros A. Boikos
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mikhail G. Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - L. Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Anthony C. Faber
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Sun X, Shang J, Wu A, Xia J, Xu F. Identification of dynamic signatures associated with smoking-related squamous cell lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1614-1625. [PMID: 31829519 PMCID: PMC6991676 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for the development of lung cancer. The aim of this study was to identify early diagnosis biomarkers for lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) in COPD patients and to determine the potential pathogenetic mechanisms. The GSE12472 data set was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially co‐expressed links (DLs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both COPD and normal tissues, or in both SQCC + COPD and COPD samples were used to construct a dynamic network associated with high‐risk genes for the SQCC pathogenetic process. Enrichment analysis was performed based on Gene Ontology annotations and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. We used the gene expression data and the clinical information to identify the co‐expression modules based on weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA). In total, 205 dynamic DEGs, 5034 DLs and one pathway including CDKN1A, TP53, RB1 and MYC were found to have correlations with the pathogenetic progress. The pathogenetic mechanisms shared by both SQCC and COPD are closely related to oxidative stress, the immune response and infection. WGCNA identified 11 co‐expression modules, where magenta and black were correlated with the “time to distant metastasis.” And the “surgery due to” was closely related to the brown and blue modules. In conclusion, a pathway that includes TP53, CDKN1A, RB1 and MYC may play a vital role in driving COPD towards SQCC. Inflammatory processes and the immune response participate in COPD‐related carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingzhe Shang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Suzhou Institute of System Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Center of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Suzhou Institute of System Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Villablanca JG, Volchenboum SL, Cho H, Kang MH, Cohn SL, Anderson CP, Marachelian A, Groshen S, Tsao-Wei D, Matthay KK, Maris JM, Hasenauer CE, Czarnecki S, Lai H, Goodarzian F, Shimada H, Reynolds CP. A Phase I New Approaches to Neuroblastoma Therapy Study of Buthionine Sulfoximine and Melphalan With Autologous Stem Cells for Recurrent/Refractory High-Risk Neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1349-56. [PMID: 27092812 PMCID: PMC8992729 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloablative therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma commonly includes melphalan. Increased cellular glutathione (GSH) can mediate melphalan resistance. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH synthesis inhibitor, enhances melphalan activity against neuroblastoma cell lines, providing the rationale for a Phase 1 trial of BSO-melphalan. PROCEDURES Patients with recurrent/resistant high-risk neuroblastoma received BSO (3 gram/m(2) bolus, then 24 grams/m(2) /day infusion days -4 to -2), with escalating doses of intravenous melphalan (20-125 mg/m(2) ) days -3 and -2, and autologous stem cells day 0 using 3 + 3 dose escalation. RESULTS Among 28 patients evaluable for dose escalation, one dose-limiting toxicity occurred at 20 mg/m(2) melphalan (grade 3 aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase) and one at 80 mg/m(2) (streptococcal bacteremia, grade 4 hypotension/pulmonary/hypocalcemia) without sequelae. Among 25 patients evaluable for response, there was one partial response (PR) and two mixed responses (MRs) among eight patients with prior melphalan exposure; one PR and three MRs among 16 patients without prior melphalan; one stable disease with unknown melphalan history. Melphalan pharmacokinetics with BSO were similar to reports for melphalan alone. Melphalan Cmax for most patients was below the 10 μM concentration that showed neuroblastoma preclinical activity with BSO. CONCLUSIONS BSO (75 gram/m(2) ) with melphalan (125 mg/m(2) ) is tolerable with stem cell support and active in recurrent/refractory neuroblastoma. Further dose escalation is feasible and may increase responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith G. Villablanca
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Correspondence to: Judith G. Villablanca, Departments of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Mailstop #54, Los Angeles, CA 90027.,
| | - Samuel L. Volchenboum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hwangeui Cho
- Cancer Center and Departments of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Pediatrics, and Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Min H. Kang
- Cancer Center and Departments of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Pediatrics, and Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Susan L. Cohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Araz Marachelian
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Susan Groshen
- Department of Preventative Medicine Statistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Denice Tsao-Wei
- Department of Preventative Medicine Statistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Katherine K. Matthay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John M. Maris
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Charlotte E. Hasenauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scarlett Czarnecki
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hollie Lai
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fariba Goodarzian
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hiro Shimada
- Department of Pathology and The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charles Patrick Reynolds
- Cancer Center and Departments of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Pediatrics, and Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Lubbock, Texas
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5
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Anderson CP, Matthay KK, Perentesis JP, Neglia JP, Bailey HH, Villablanca JG, Groshen S, Hasenauer B, Maris JM, Seeger RC, Reynolds CP. Pilot study of intravenous melphalan combined with continuous infusion L-S,R-buthionine sulfoximine for children with recurrent neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1739-46. [PMID: 26153194 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate BSO-mediated glutathione (GSH) depletion in combination with L-PAM for children with recurrent or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) as a means to enhance alkylator sensitivity. PROCEDURE This pilot study (NCI #T95-0092) administered L-S,R-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) as a bolus followed by 72 hr continuous infusion of either 0.75 g/m(2)/hr (level 1) or 1.0 g/m(2)/hr (level 2) and melphalan (L-PAM) (15 mg/m(2) bolus at hour 48 of BSO infusion). GSH in blood mononuclear cells and bone marrow was measured by enzymatic assay, BSO in plasma by HPLC. RESULTS Thirty two patients received 58 courses of therapy (median 1, range 1-4 courses). Blood mononuclear cell GSH decreased (48 hr) to 47% ± 15.7%. Level 2 mean steady-state concentration (Css) for BSO = 524 ± 207 μM and peak L-PAM concentration = 3.32 ± 1.2 μM. Grade 3-4 leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were common. There were two deaths from CNS toxicity and acute tubular necrosis; one had a large, intracranial mass, both were receiving cephalosporin antibiotics. No other significant toxicities were seen. There were six responses (five partial and, one mixed) representing an 18% response rate; four/six responses occurred in patients that relapsed following myeloablative therapy and included a 98% reduction in volume (cm(3)) of a pelvic mass, and three/five patients with >3 log reduction of tumor in marrow as measured by immunocytology (sensitivity 1/10(5)). CONCLUSIONS BSO/L-PAM has activity against recurrent high-risk NB. Exclusion of cephalosporin antibiotics in future clinical trials of BSO may diminish the potential for serious renal and CNS toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarke P Anderson
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Duarte, California
| | - Katherine K Matthay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - John P Perentesis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph P Neglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Howard H Bailey
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Judith G Villablanca
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Susan Groshen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beth Hasenauer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert C Seeger
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - C Patrick Reynolds
- Cancer Center and Departments of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Pediatrics and Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
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Clark O, Park I, Di Florio A, Cichon AC, Rustin S, Jugov R, Maeshima R, Stoker AW. Oxovanadium-based inhibitors can drive redox-sensitive cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma cells and synergise strongly with buthionine sulfoximine. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:316-327. [PMID: 25444896 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a wide range of neuroblastoma-derived lines oxovanadium compounds such as bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV) are cytotoxic. This is not explained by oxidative stress or inhibition of ion channels. Genotoxicity is unlikely given that a p53 response is absent and p53-mutant lines are also sensitive. Cytotoxicity is inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine and glutathione ester, indicating that BMOV action is sensitive to cytoplasmic redox and thiol status. Significantly, combining BMOV with glutathione synthesis inhibition greatly enhances BMOV-induced cell death. This combination treatment triggers high AKT pathway activation, highlighting the potential functional importance of PTP inhibition by BMOV. AKT activation itself, however, is not required for cytotoxicity. Oxovanadium compounds may thus represent novel leads as p53-independent therapeutics for neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Clark
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Inhye Park
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alessia Di Florio
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ann-Christin Cichon
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sarah Rustin
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Roman Jugov
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ruhina Maeshima
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew W Stoker
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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2-Phenylethynesulfonamide (PES) uncovers a necrotic process regulated by oxidative stress and p53. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:301-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Goel A, Spitz DR, Weiner GJ. Manipulation of cellular redox parameters for improving therapeutic responses in B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:419-25. [PMID: 21956712 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developing novel combined-modality therapeutic approaches based on understanding of the involvement of redox biology in apoptosis of malignant cells is a promising approach for improving clinical responses in B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Therapeutic modalities that generate reactive oxygen species (i.e., radiation, photodynamic therapy, and specific chemotherapeutic drugs) have been shown to be selectively cytotoxic to malignant B-cells. In this review, we will discuss agents that induce apoptosis in B-cell tumors by oxidative stress. Subsequently, a novel biochemical rationale (based on fundamental differences in cancer vs. normal cell oxidative metabolism) for combining oxidative stressors with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, that may lead to designing of more effective treatment strategies for B-cell malignancies, will be discussed. Besides providing potential curative benefit, such novel therapies could also selectively target and inhibit the emergence of drug-resistance in tumor cells, which is a major determinant of treatment failure in many B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apollina Goel
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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9
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Furfaro AL, Macay JRZ, Marengo B, Nitti M, Parodi A, Fenoglio D, Marinari UM, Pronzato MA, Domenicotti C, Traverso N. Resistance of neuroblastoma GI-ME-N cell line to glutathione depletion involves Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:488-96. [PMID: 22142473 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell survival is known to be related to the ability to counteract oxidative stress, and glutathione (GSH) depletion has been proposed as a mechanism to sensitize cells to anticancer therapy. However, we observed that GI-ME-N cells, a neuroblastoma cell line without MYCN amplification, are able to survive even if GSH-depleted by l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO). Here, we show that in GI-ME-N cells, BSO activates Nrf2 and up-regulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Silencing of Nrf2 restrained HO-1 induction by BSO. Inhibition of HO-1 and silencing of Nrf2 or HO-1 sensitized GI-ME-N cells to BSO, leading to reactive oxygen/nitrogen species overproduction and decreasing viability. Moreover, targeting the Nrf2/HO-1 axis sensitized GI-ME-N cells to etoposide more than GSH depletion. Therefore, we have provided evidence that in GI-ME-N cells, the Nrf2/HO-1 axis plays a crucial role as a protective factor against cellular stress, and we suggest that the inhibition of Nfr2/HO-1 signaling should be considered as a central target in the clinical battle against neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Furfaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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10
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Backos DS, Franklin CC, Reigan P. The role of glutathione in brain tumor drug resistance. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 83:1005-12. [PMID: 22138445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is central to the current treatment modality for primary human brain tumors, but despite high-dose and intensive treatment regimens there has been little improvement in patient outcome. The development of tumor chemoresistance has been proposed as a major contributor to this lack of response. While there have been some improvements in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying brain tumor drug resistance over the past decade, the contribution of glutathione (GSH) and the GSH-related enzymes to drug resistance in brain tumors have been largely overlooked. GSH constitutes a major antioxidant defense system in the brain and together with the GSH-related enzymes plays an important role in protecting cells against free radical damage and dictating tumor cell response to adjuvant cancer therapies, including irradiation and chemotherapy. Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), glutathione synthetase (GS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and GSH complex export transporters (GS-X pumps) are major components of the GSH-dependent enzyme system that function in a dynamic cascade to maintain redox homeostasis. In many tumors, the GSH system is often dysregulated, resulting in a more drug resistant phenotype. This is commonly associated with GST-mediated GSH conjugation of various anticancer agents leading to the formation of less toxic GSH-drug complexes, which can be readily exported from the cell. Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of drug resistance and patient selection based on biomarker profiles will be crucial to adapt therapeutic strategies and improve outcomes for patients with primary malignant brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald S Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, 80045, United States
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11
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Cuperus R, van Kuilenburg ABP, Leen R, Bras J, Caron HN, Tytgat GAM. Promising effects of the 4HPR-BSO combination in neuroblastoma monolayers and spheroids. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1213-20. [PMID: 21741474 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the efficacy of fenretinide (4HPR)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neuroblastoma, 4HPR was combined with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, in neuroblastoma cell lines and spheroids, the latter being a three-dimensional tumor model. 4HPR exposure (2.5-10 μM, 24 h) resulted in ROS induction (114-633%) and increased GSH levels (68-120%). A GSH depletion of 80% of basal levels was observed in the presence of BSO (25-100 μM, 24 h). The 4HPR-BSO combination resulted in slightly increased ROS levels (1.1- to 1.3-fold) accompanied by an increase in cytotoxicity (110-150%) compared to 4HPR treatment alone. A correlation was observed between the ROS-inducing capacity of each cell line and the increase in cytotoxicity induced by 4HPR-BSO compared to 4HPR. No significant correlation between baseline antioxidant levels and sensitivity to 4HPR or BSO was observed. In spheroids, 4HPR-BSO induced a strong synergistic growth retardation and induction of apoptosis. Our data show that BSO increased the cytotoxic effects of 4HPR in neuroblastoma monolayers and spheroids in ROS-producing cell lines. This indicates that the 4HPR-BSO combination might be a promising new strategy in the treatment of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos Cuperus
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases and Department of Pediatrics/Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Smith DG, Magwere T, Burchill SA. Oxidative stress and therapeutic opportunities: focus on the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:229-49. [PMID: 21342042 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive by-products of energy production that can have detrimental as well as beneficial effects. Unchecked, high levels of ROS result in an imbalance of cellular redox state and oxidative stress. High levels of ROS have been detected in most cancers, where they promote tumor development and progression. Many anticancer agents work by further increasing cellular levels of ROS, to overcome the antioxidant detoxification capacity of the cancer cell and induce cell death. However, adaptation of the level of cellular antioxidants can lead to drug resistance. The challenge for the design of effective cancer therapeutics exploiting oxidative stress is to tip the cellular redox balance to induce ROS-dependent cell death but without increasing the antioxidant activity of the cancer cell or inducing toxicity in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Smith
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Fath MA, Ahmad IM, Smith CJ, Spence J, Spitz DR. Enhancement of carboplatin-mediated lung cancer cell killing by simultaneous disruption of glutathione and thioredoxin metabolism. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:6206-17. [PMID: 21844013 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer cells (relative to normal cells) show increased steady-state levels of hydroperoxides that are compensated by increased glucose and hydroperoxide metabolism. The current study determined whether inhibitors of glucose and hydroperoxide metabolism could induce chemoradiosensitization by enhancing oxidative stress in lung cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A549 and NCI-H292 human lung carcinoma cells were treated with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) combined with carboplatin + ionizing radiation (IR). Lung cancer cells were further sensitized with inhibitors of glutathione (GSH)- and thioredoxin (Trx)-dependent metabolism [buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and auranofin, respectively] in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS When 2DG was combined with carboplatin + IR, clonogenic cell killing was enhanced in A549 and NCI-H292 cells, and this combination was more effective than paclitaxel + carboplatin + IR. The thiol antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine, NAC) was capable of protecting cancer cells from 2DG + carboplatin -induced cell killing. Simultaneous treatment of cancer cells with BSO and auranofin, at doses that were not toxic as single agents, also enhanced lung cancer cell killing and sensitivity to 2DG + carboplatin. This treatment combination also increased oxidation of both GSH and Trx, which were inhibited by NAC. Mice treated with auranofin + BSO showed no alterations in circulating leukocytes or red blood cells. Xenograft lung tumor growth in mice was more effectively inhibited by treatment with auranofin + BSO + carboplatin than animals treated with carboplatin or auranofin + BSO alone. CONCLUSIONS These results show in vitro and in vivo that simultaneous inhibition of GSH and Trx metabolism can effectively inhibit lung cancer cell growth and induce chemosensitization by a mechanism that involves thiol-mediated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Fath
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Van Maerken T, Ferdinande L, Taildeman J, Lambertz I, Yigit N, Vercruysse L, Rihani A, Michaelis M, Cinatl J, Cuvelier CA, Marine JC, De Paepe A, Bracke M, Speleman F, Vandesompele J. Antitumor activity of the selective MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3 against chemoresistant neuroblastoma with wild-type p53. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:1562-74. [PMID: 19903807 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restoring p53 function by antagonizing its interaction with the negative regulator MDM2 is an appealing nongenotoxic approach to treating tumors with wild-type p53. Mutational inactivation of p53 is rare in neuroblastoma tumors at diagnosis and occurs in only a subset of multidrug-resistant neuroblastomas. METHODS The antiproliferative and cytotoxic effect of nutlin-3, a small-molecule MDM2 antagonist, was examined in chemosensitive (UKF-NB-3) and matched chemoresistant neuroblastoma cells with wild-type p53 (UKF-NB-3(r)DOX20) or with mutant p53 (UKF-NB-3(r)VCR10). Activation of the p53 pathway was assessed by expression analysis of p53 target genes, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis assays. Mice with established chemoresistant tumor xenografts were treated orally with nutlin-3 or vehicle control (n = 5-10 mice per group) and were used to evaluate effects on tumor growth, p53 pathway activity, and metastatic tumor burden. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Nutlin-3 induced a similar activation of the p53 pathway in UKF-NB-3 and UKF-NB-3(r)DOX20 cells, as evidenced by increased expression of p53 target genes, G1 cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis. No such response was observed in UKF-NB-3(r)VCR10 cells with mutant p53. Oral administration of nutlin-3 to UKF-NB-3(r)DOX20 xenograft-bearing mice led to inhibition of primary tumor growth (mean tumor volume after 3 weeks of treatment, nutlin-3- vs vehicle-treated mice: 772 vs 1661 mm3, difference = 890 mm3, 95% confidence interval = 469 to 1311 mm3, P < .001), p53 pathway activation, and reduction in the extent of metastatic disease. The growth of UKF-NB-3(r)VCR10 xenografts was unaffected by nutlin-3. CONCLUSIONS Nutlin-3 activates the p53 pathway and suppresses tumor growth in this model system of chemoresistant neuroblastoma, provided that wild-type p53 is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Van Maerken
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Wagner LM, Danks MK. New therapeutic targets for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:46-57. [PMID: 19277986 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma remains a major problem in pediatric oncology, accounting for 15% of childhood cancer deaths. Although incremental improvements in outcome have been achieved with the intensification of conventional chemotherapy agents and the addition of 13-cis-retinoic acid, only one-third of children with high-risk disease are expected to be long-term survivors when treated with current regimens. In addition, the cost of cure can be quite high, as surviving children remain at risk for additional health problems related to long-term toxicities of treatment. Further advances in therapy will require the targeting of tumor cells in a more selective and efficient way so that survival can be improved without substantially increasing toxicity. In this review we summarize ongoing clinical trials and highlight new developments in our understanding of the molecular biology of neuroblastoma, emphasizing potential targets or pathways that may be exploitable therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M Wagner
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Lewis-Wambi JS, Swaby R, Kim H, Jordan VC. Potential of l-buthionine sulfoximine to enhance the apoptotic action of estradiol to reverse acquired antihormonal resistance in metastatic breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 114:33-9. [PMID: 19167492 PMCID: PMC2869080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
L-Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) is a potent inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis and studies have shown that it is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents. Previous studies have shown that long-term antihormonal therapy leads to acquired drug resistance and that estrogen, which is normally a survival signal, is a potent apoptotic agent in these resistant cells. Interestingly, we have developed an antihormone-resistant breast cancer cell line, MCF-7:2A, which is resistant to estrogen-induced apoptosis but has elevated levels of glutathione. In the present study, we examined whether BSO is capable of sensitizing antihormone-resistant MCF-7:2A cells to estrogen-induced apoptosis. Our results showed that treatment of MCF-7:2A cells with 1nM E2 plus 100muM BSO combination for 1 week reduced the growth of these cells by almost 80-90% whereas the individual treatments had no significant effect on growth. TUNEL and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining showed that the inhibitory effect of the combination treatment was due to apoptosis. Our data indicates that glutathione participates in retarding apoptosis in antihormone-resistant human breast cancer cells and that depletion of this molecule by BSO may be critical in predisposing resistant cells to estrogen-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan S Lewis-Wambi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ramona Swaby
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Helen Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - V. Craig Jordan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Corresponding author: V. Craig Jordan, Department of Medical Sciences, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19111. Phone: 215-728-7410; Fax: 215-728-7034.
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New approaches to pharmacotherapy of tumors of the nervous system during childhood and adolescence. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:44-55. [PMID: 19318043 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumors of the nervous system are among the most common and most chemoresistant neoplasms of childhood and adolescence. Malignant tumors of the brain collectively account for 21% of all cancers and 24% of all cancer-related deaths in this age group. Neuroblastoma, a peripheral nervous system tumor, is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, and 65% of children with this tumor have only a 10 or 15% chance of living 5 years beyond the time of initial diagnosis. Novel pharmacological approaches to nervous system tumors are urgently needed. This review presents the role of and current challenges to pharmacotherapy of malignant tumors of the nervous system during childhood and adolescence and discusses novel approaches aimed at overcoming these challenges.
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Grigoryan RS, Yang B, Keshelava N, Barnhart JR, Reynolds CP. Flow cytometry analysis of single-strand DNA damage in neuroblastoma cell lines using the F7-26 monoclonal antibody. Cytometry A 2008; 71:951-60. [PMID: 17879237 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The F7-26 monoclonal antibody (Mab) has been reported to be specific for single-strand DNA damage (ssDNA) and to also identify cells in apoptosis. We carriedout studies to determine if F7-26 binding measured by flow cytometry was able to specifically identify exogenous ssDNA as opposed to DNA damage from apoptosis. Neuroblastoma cells were treated with melphalan (L-PAM), fenretinide, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC)+/-pan-caspase inhibitor BOC-d-fmk, topotecan or with 10Gy gamma radiation+/-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and fixed immediately postradiation. Cytotoxicity was measured by DIMSCAN digital imaging fluorescence assay. The degree of ssDNA damage was analyzed by flow cytometry using Mab F7-26, with DNA visualized by propidium iodide counterstaining. Flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TUNEL) assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by carboxy-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Irradiated and immediately fixed neuroblastoma cells showed increased ssDNA, but not apoptosis by TUNEL (TUNEL-negative). 4-HC or L-PAM+/-BOC-d-fmk increased ssDNA (F7-26-positive), but BOC-d-fmk prevented TUNEL staining. Fenretinide increased apoptosis by TUNEL but not ssDNA damage detected with F7-26. Enhanced ssDNA in neuroblastoma cells treated with radiation+H2O2 was associated with increased ROS. Topotecan increased both ssDNA and cytotoxicity in 4-HC-treated cells. These data demonstrate that Mab F7-26 recognized ssDNA due to exogenous DNA damage, rather than apoptosis. This assay should be useful to characterize the mechanism of action of antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Grigoryan
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, USC-CHLA Institute for Pediatric Clinical Research, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
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Keshelava N, Davicioni E, Wan Z, Ji L, Sposto R, Triche TJ, Reynolds CP. Histone deacetylase 1 gene expression and sensitization of multidrug-resistant neuroblastoma cell lines to cytotoxic agents by depsipeptide. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1107-19. [PMID: 17623797 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djm044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genes that are overexpressed in multidrug-resistant neuroblastomas relative to drug-sensitive neuroblastomas may provide targets for modulating drug resistance. METHODS We used microarrays to compare the gene expression profile of two drug-sensitive neuroblastoma cell lines with that of three multidrug-resistant neuroblastoma cell lines. RNA expression of selected overexpressed genes was quantified in 17 neuroblastoma cell lines by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used for silencing gene expression. Cytotoxicity of melphalan, carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine and cytotoxic synergy (expressed as combination index calculated by CalcuSyn software, where combination index < 1 indicates synergy and > 1 indicates antagonism) were measured in cell lines with a fluorescence-based assay of cell viability. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS A total of 94 genes were overexpressed in the multidrug-resistant cell lines relative to the drug-sensitive cell lines. Nine genes were selected for RT-PCR analysis, of which four displayed higher mRNA expression in the multidrug-resistant lines than in the drug-sensitive lines: histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1; 2.3-fold difference, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-fold to 3.5-fold, P = .025), nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor (4.2-fold difference, 95% CI = 1.7-fold to 7.6-fold, P = .0018), heat shock 27-kDa protein 1 (2.5-fold difference, 95% CI = 1.0-fold to 87.7-fold, P = .028), and TAF12 RNA polymerase II, TATA box-binding protein-associated factor, 20 kDa (2.2-fold, 95% CI = 0.9-fold to 6.0-fold, P = .051). siRNA knockdown of HDAC1 gene expression sensitized CHLA-136 neuroblastoma cells to etoposide up to fivefold relative to the parental cell line or scrambled siRNA-transfected cells (P<.001). Cytotoxicity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide was tested in combination with melphalan, carboplatin, etoposide, or vincristine in five multidrug-resistant neuroblastoma cell lines, and synergistic cytotoxicity was demonstrated at a 90% cell kill of treated cells (combination index < 0.8) in all cell lines. CONCLUSION High HDAC1 mRNA expression was associated with multidrug resistance in neuroblastoma cell lines, and inhibition of HDAC1 expression or activity enhanced the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs in multidrug-resistant neuroblastoma cell lines. Thus, HDAC1 is a potential therapeutic target in multidrug-resistant neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Keshelava
- Institute for Pediatric Clinical Research and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of South California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Frgala T, Kalous O, Proffitt RT, Reynolds CP. A fluorescence microplate cytotoxicity assay with a 4-log dynamic range that identifies synergistic drug combinations. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:886-97. [PMID: 17363483 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-04-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cytotoxicity assays in 96-well tissue culture plates allow rapid sample handling for multicondition experiments but have a limited dynamic range. Using DIMSCAN, a fluorescence digital image system for quantifying relative cell numbers in tissue culture plates, we have developed a 96-well cytotoxicity assay with a >4-log dynamic range. METHODS To overcome background fluorescence that limits detection of viable cells with fluorescein diacetate, we used 2'4'5'6'-tetrabromofluorescein (eosin Y) to quench background fluorescence in the medium and in nonviable cells to enhance the reduction of background fluorescence achieved with digital image thresholding. The sensitivity and linearity of the new assay were tested with serial dilutions of neuroblastoma and leukemia cell lines. DIMSCAN was compared with other in vitro cytotoxicity assays: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, colony formation, and trypan blue dye exclusion. RESULTS Without background fluorescence reduction, scans produced a nearly flat curve across various cell concentrations from 100 to 10(6) cells per well. Either digital image thresholding or eosin Y dramatically reduced background fluorescence, and combining them achieved a linear correlation (r > 0.9) of relative fluorescence to viable cell number over >4 logs of dynamic range, even in the presence of 4 x 10(4) nonviable cells per well. Cytotoxicity of deferoxamine for neuroblastoma cell lines measured by the DIMSCAN assay achieved dose-response curves similar to data obtained by manual trypan blue counts or colony formation in soft agar but with a wider dynamic range. Long-term cultures documented the clonogenic ability of viable cells detected by DIMSCAN over the entire dynamic range. The cytotoxicity of two drug combinations (buthionine sulfoximine + melphalan or fenretinide + safingol) was tested using both DIMSCAN and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, and the wider dynamic range of DIMSCAN facilitated detection of synergistic interactions. CONCLUSION DIMSCAN offers the ability to rapidly and efficiently conduct cytotoxicity assays in 96-well plates with a dynamic range of >4 logs. This assay enables rapid testing of anticancer drug combinations in microplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Frgala
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, USC-CHLA Institute for Pediatric Clinical Research, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, MS#57, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Maya JD, Cassels BK, Iturriaga-Vásquez P, Ferreira J, Faúndez M, Galanti N, Ferreira A, Morello A. Mode of action of natural and synthetic drugs against Trypanosoma cruzi and their interaction with the mammalian host. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 146:601-20. [PMID: 16626984 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of the biochemistry of Trypanosoma cruzi has led to the development of new drugs and the understanding of their mode of action. Some trypanocidal drugs such as nifurtimox and benznidazole act through free radical generation during their metabolism. T. cruzi is very susceptible to the cell damage induced by these metabolites because enzymes scavenging free radicals are absent or have very low activities in the parasite. Another potential target is the biosynthetic pathway of glutathione and trypanothione, the low molecular weight thiol found exclusively in trypanosomatids. These thiols scavenge free radicals and participate in the conjugation and detoxication of numerous drugs. Inhibition of this key pathway could render the parasite much more susceptible to the toxic action of drugs such as nifurtimox and benznidazole without affecting the host significantly. Other drugs such as allopurinol and purine analogs inhibit purine transport in T. cruzi, which cannot synthesize purines de novo. Nitroimidazole derivatives such as itraconazole inhibit sterol metabolism. The parasite's respiratory chain is another potential therapeutic target because of its many differences with the host enzyme complexes. The pharmacological modulation of the host's immune response against T. cruzi infection as a possible chemotherapeutic target is discussed. A large set of chemicals of plant origin and a few animal metabolites active against T. cruzi are enumerated and their likely modes of action are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego Maya
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, P.O. Box 70000, Santiago 7, Santiago, Chile
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Grupp SA, Cohn SL, Wall D, Reynolds CP. Collection, storage, and infusion of stem cells in children with high-risk neuroblastoma: saving for a rainy day. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 46:719-22. [PMID: 16429413 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this position statement issued by the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Discipline and the Neuroblastoma Disease Committee of the Children's Oncology Group (COG), we address the feasibility and advisability of collecting sufficient peripheral blood stem cells in neuroblastoma patients to both support the planned initial HDC/SCR procedure(s) as well as allow for therapies, potentially utilized after a recurrence of disease, that may require PBSC support. An additional aliquot of cells for potential subsequent therapies could be collected at the time of the initial PBSC apheresis episode, by any of extending the collection time, extending the apheresis episode by a single day, or cryopreserving a separate aliquot from collections in which large numbers of CD34+ cells are collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Grupp
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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. JDM, . AM. Inhibition of Glutathione Synthesis as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy Against Chagas’ Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2005.847.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lin J, Raoof DA, Thomas DG, Greenson JK, Giordano TJ, Robinson GS, Bourner MJ, Bauer CT, Orringer MB, Beer DG. L-type amino acid transporter-1 overexpression and melphalan sensitivity in Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Neoplasia 2004; 6:74-84. [PMID: 15068672 PMCID: PMC1508631 DOI: 10.1016/s1476-5586(04)80054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The L-type amino acid transporter-1 (LAT-1) has been associated with tumor growth. Using cDNA microarrays, overexpression of LAT-1 was found in 87.5% (7/8) of esophageal adenocarcinomas relative to 12 Barrett's samples (33% metaplasia and 66% dysplasia) and was confirmed in 100% (28/28) of Barrett's adenocarcinomas by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry revealed LAT-1 staining in 37.5% (24/64) of esophageal adenocarcinomas on tissue microarray. LAT-1 also transports the amino acid-related chemotherapeutic agent, melphalan. Two esophageal adenocarcinoma and one esophageal squamous cell line, expressing LAT-1 on Western blot analysis, were sensitive to therapeutic doses of melphalan (P <.001). Simultaneous treatment with the competitive inhibitor, BCH [2-aminobicyclo-(2,1,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid], decreased sensitivity to melphalan (P <.05). In addition, confluent esophageal squamous cultures were less sensitive to melphalan (P <.001) and had a decrease in LAT-1 protein expression. Tumors from two esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines grown in nude mice retained LAT-1 mRNA expression. These results demonstrate that LAT-1 is highly expressed in a subset of esophageal adenocarcinomas and that Barrett's adenocarcinoma cell lines expressing LAT-1 are sensitive to melphalan. LAT-1 expression is also retained in cell lines grown in nude mice providing a model to evaluate melphalan as a chemotherapeutic agent against esophageal adenocarcinomas expressing LAT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Lin
- Section of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Domenicotti C, Marengo B, Nitti M, Verzola D, Garibotto G, Cottalasso D, Poli G, Melloni E, Pronzato MA, Marinari UM. A novel role of protein kinase C-δ in cell signaling triggered by glutathione depletion. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1521-6. [PMID: 14555230 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence demonstrates that protein kinase C (PKC) belongs to a group of cell-signaling molecules that are sensitive targets for redox modifications and functional alterations that mediate oxidant-induced cellular responses. Our studies have demonstrated that diminished intracellular GSH was associated to inactivation of classic isoforms and increased activity of novel PKCs, and triggered molecular signals important for cell survival. Loss of GSH and oxidative damage are probably an early signaling event in apoptotic death, which is characterized by the activation of PKC-delta. Apoptotic process consequent to GSH depletion was inhibited by rottlerin, a PKC-delta-specific inhibitor, which exerted a negative effect on oxyradical production. Therefore, it may be concluded that PKC-delta activity is related to reactive oxygen species production and is involved in the pathway leading to apoptosis and growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Domenicotti
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, via L.B. Alberti, 2, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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Nieto Y. DNA-binding agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 21:171-209. [PMID: 15338745 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(03)21008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yago Nieto
- University of Colorado Bone Marrow, Transplant Program, Denver 80262, USA.
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Anderson CP, Reynolds CP. Synergistic cytotoxicity of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and intensive melphalan (L-PAM) for neuroblastoma cell lines established at relapse after myeloablative therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002; 30:135-40. [PMID: 12189530 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2001] [Accepted: 02/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) initially respond to aggressive, alkylator-based therapy only to die from recurrent disease that is refractory to chemotherapy, including alkylating agents. We examined the ability of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO)-mediated glutathione (GSH) depletion to modulate melphalan (L-PAM) resistance in five NB cell lines established after progressive disease following myeloablative therapy (high-dose melphalan, carboplatin, etoposide and total body irradiation) supported by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT), and in 15 NB cell lines established at diagnosis or after non-myeloablative therapy (pre-AHSCT). Four of five post-AHSCT NB cell lines and 10 of 15 pre-AHSCT NB cell lines were sensitive to single agent BSO (LC(90) <300 microM BSO), while two of five post-AHSCT lines and one of 15 pre-AHSCT lines showed high-level resistance to L-PAM (LC(90)>30 microM). Fixed ratio analysis demonstrated BSO/L-PAM synergy (combination index <1) for all five post-AHSCT and for all 15 pre-AHSCT cell lines tested. Multi-log cytotoxicity (often exceeding four logs of cell kill) was observed in post-AHSCT L-PAM-resistant cell lines (including p53 non-functional lines) only when clinically achievable concentrations of BSO were combined with myeloablative concentrations of L-PAM. We conclude that most neuroblastoma cell lines, including post-AHSCT NB cell lines that are highly resistant to myeloablative levels of L-PAM and lack p53 function, are sensitive to clinically achievable concentrations of L-PAM and BSO. However, some L-PAM-resistant NB cell lines (especially those lacking p53 function) require dose escalation of L-PAM to myeloablative concentrations in order to demonstrate significant synergistic cytotoxicity. Thus, optimal clinical application of BSO/L-PAM may require AHSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Anderson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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