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Noh D, Jo H, Shin H, Lee SK, Choi S, Lee K. Feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia in two cats: Serial ultrasonographic and computed tomography findings. VET MED-CZECH 2024; 69:177-183. [PMID: 38841129 PMCID: PMC11148708 DOI: 10.17221/2/2024-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A 6-month-old Ragdoll and 9-year-old Russian Blue cat presented with vomiting. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a pyloric antrum mass with wall layering loss and regional lymphadenopathy in the Ragdoll kitten. The Russian Blue cat only presented with muscularis layer thickening throughout the jejunum; however, despite medications, it later progressed to a mass with wall layering loss on the serial ultrasound. Both cats underwent surgery, and feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia (FGESF) was histologically confirmed. FGESF should be considered for gastrointestinal masses demonstrating wall layering loss and lymphadenopathy, even in kittens, and intestinal muscularis layer thickening that is refractory to medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daji Noh
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- 24 Africa Animal Medical Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeeun Jo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunguk Shin
- 24 Africa Animal Medical Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kwon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kija Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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2
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Xin R. Inflammatory Gene Panel Guiding the Study of Genetics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2024:10.1007/s40291-024-00709-x. [PMID: 38635139 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-024-00709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex disease that develops through a sequence of molecular events that are still poorly defined. This process is driven by a multitude of context-dependent genes that play different roles based on their environment. The complexity and multi-faceted nature of these genes make it difficult to study the genetic basis of IBD. The goal of this article is to review the key genes in the pathophysiology of IBD and highlight new technology that can be used in further research. This paper examines Nanostring RNA probe technology, which uses tissue analyzed without the use of enzymes, transcription, or amplification. Nanostring offers several panels of genes to test, including an inflammation panel of 234 genes. This article analyzes this panel and reviews the literature for each gene's effect in IBD for use as a framework to review the pathophysiology of the disease. The panel was narrowed to 26 genes with significant evidence of mechanistic potential in IBD, which were then categorized into specific areas of pathogenesis. These include gut barrier breakdown, inappropriate recognition of commensal bacteria, immune cell activation, proinflammatory cytokine release, and subsequent impairment of the anti-inflammatory response. The eventual goal of this paper is the creation of a customized panel of IBD genes that can be used to better understand the genetic mechanism of IBD and aid in the development of future therapies in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Xin
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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3
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Wang W, Li K, Bai D, Wu J, Xiao W. Pterostilbene: a potential therapeutic agent for fibrotic diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:975-989. [PMID: 38429613 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a prevailing pathology in chronic diseases and accounts for 45% of deaths in developed countries. This condition is primarily identified by the transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and the overproduction of extracellular matrix (ECM) by myofibroblasts. Pterostilbene (PTS) is a natural analogue of resveratrol and is most commonly found in blueberries. Research has shown that PTS exerts a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. As a result, PTS has the potential to prevent and cure numerous diseases. Emerging evidence has indicated that PTS can alleviate myocardial fibrosis, renal fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, and colon fibrosis via the inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrogenesis effects in vivo and in vitro, and the potential mechanisms are linked to various pathways, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/small mother against decapentaplegic proteins (Smads) signalling, the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven Pitx2c/mir-15b pathway, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling, Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein-1 (Keap-1)/NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) cascade, the NLR family pyridine structure domain 3 (NLRP3) pathway, the Janus kinase-2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, and the Src/STAT3 pathway. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the antifibrotic effects of PTS both in vivo and in vitro and the pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of PTS and provide insights into and strategies for exploring promising agents for the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Wang
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ke Li
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dandan Bai
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiabin Wu
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
- Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Yangpu District, 650 Qingyuan Ring Road, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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4
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Biel C, Faber KN, Bank RA, Olinga P. Matrix metalloproteinases in intestinal fibrosis. J Crohns Colitis 2024; 18:462-478. [PMID: 37878770 PMCID: PMC10906956 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], in particular Crohn's disease [CD]. Unfortunately, at present intestinal fibrosis is not yet preventable, and cannot be treated by interventions other than surgical removal. Intestinal fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix [ECM], which is caused by activated fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Accumulation of ECM results from an imbalanced production and degradation of ECM. ECM degradation is mainly performed by matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs], enzymes that are counteracted by tissue inhibitors of MMPs [TIMPs]. In IBD patients, MMP activity [together with other protease activities] is increased. At the same time, CD patients have a generally lower MMP activity compared to ulcerative colitis patients, who usually do not develop intestinal strictures or fibrosis. The exact regulation and role[s] of these MMPs in fibrosis are far from understood. Here, we review the current literature about ECM remodelling by MMPs in intestinal fibrosis and their potential role as biomarkers for disease progression or druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Biel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Bank
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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Nakamoto T, Matsumoto K, Yasuda H, Mori Y, Kato S. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is involved in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced acute and chronic colitis-associated fibrosis progression in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:18-29. [PMID: 38081680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease, a chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal disease, frequently causes intestinal fibrosis. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2), a non-selective cation channel, is activated by reactive oxygen species. This study investigated the role of TRPM2 in acute colitis and chronic colitis-associated fibrosis progression. Acute colitis and chronic colitis-associated fibrosis were induced in TRPM2-deficient (TRPM2KO) and wild-type (WT) mice through single and repeated intrarectal injections of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from WT and TRPM2KO mice were stimulated using H2O2. In WT mice, a single TNBS injection induced acute colitis with upregulated inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and Th1/Th17-related cytokines, while repeated TNBS injections induced chronic colitis-associated fibrosis with upregulation of fibrogenic factors and Th2-related cytokines. Acute colitis and chronic colitis-associated fibrosis with cytokines/chemokine upregulation and fibrogenic factors were considerably suppressed in TRPM2KO mice. Treating BMDMs with H2O2 increased cytokine/chemokine expression and JNK, ERK, and p38 phosphorylation; however, these responses were significantly less in TRPM2KO than in WT mice. These findings suggest that TRPM2 contributes to acute colitis progression via Th1/Th17-mediated immune responses. Furthermore, TRPM2 may be directly involved in colitis-associated fibrosis induction, likely due to the regulation of Th2/TGF-β1-mediated fibrogenesis in addition to a consequence of acute colitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nakamoto
- Division of Pathological Science, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Matsumoto
- Division of Pathological Science, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pathological Science, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kato
- Division of Pathological Science, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Gorreja F, Bendix M, Rush STA, Maasfeh L, Savolainen O, Dige A, Agnholt J, Öhman L, Magnusson MK. Fecal Supernatants from Patients with Crohn's Disease Induce Inflammatory Alterations in M2 Macrophages and Fibroblasts. Cells 2023; 13:60. [PMID: 38201264 PMCID: PMC10777926 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages and fibroblasts act as microenvironmental sentinels mediating inflammation and disease progression in Crohn's disease (CD). We aimed to establish the effects of fecal supernatants (FSs) from patients with CD on macrophage and fibroblast phenotype and function. FS were obtained by ultracentrifugation, and the metabolites were analyzed. Monocyte-derived M2 macrophages and fibroblasts were conditioned with FS, and secreted proteins, surface proteins and gene expression were analyzed. M2 macrophage efferocytosis was evaluated. Patients with CD (n = 15) had a skewed fecal metabolite profile compared to healthy subjects (HS, n = 10). FS from CD patients (CD-FS) induced an anti-inflammatory response in M2 macrophages with higher expression of IL-10, IL1RA and CD206 as compared to healthy FS (HS-FS) while the efferocytotic capacity was unaltered. CD-FS did not affect extracellular matrix production from fibroblasts, but increased expression of the pro-inflammatory proteins IL-6 and MCP-1. Conditioned media from M2 macrophages treated with CD-FS modulated gene expression in fibroblasts for TGFβ superfamily members and reduced IL-4 expression compared to HS-FS. We show that M2 macrophages and fibroblasts react abnormally to the fecal microenvironment of CD patients, resulting in altered protein expression related to inflammation but not fibrosis. This implies that the gut microbiota and its metabolites have an important role in the generation and/or perpetuation of inflammation in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Gorreja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.G.); (S.T.A.R.); (L.M.); (L.Ö.)
| | - Mia Bendix
- Medical Department, Randers Regional Hospital, 8930 Randers, Denmark;
| | - Stephen T. A. Rush
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.G.); (S.T.A.R.); (L.M.); (L.Ö.)
| | - Lujain Maasfeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.G.); (S.T.A.R.); (L.M.); (L.Ö.)
| | - Otto Savolainen
- Chalmers Mass Spectrometry Infrastructure, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Anders Dige
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.D.); (J.A.)
| | - Jorgen Agnholt
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.D.); (J.A.)
| | - Lena Öhman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.G.); (S.T.A.R.); (L.M.); (L.Ö.)
| | - Maria K. Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.G.); (S.T.A.R.); (L.M.); (L.Ö.)
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7
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hucMSC-Ex Alleviates IBD-Associated Intestinal Fibrosis by Inhibiting ERK Phosphorylation in Intestinal Fibroblasts. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:2828981. [PMID: 36845967 PMCID: PMC9957621 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2828981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal fibrosis, one of the complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is associated with fistula and intestinal stricture formation. There are currently no treatments for fibrosis. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have been proven to exert inhibitory and reversal effects in IBD and other organ fibrosis. In this study, we explored the role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (hucMSC-Ex) in IBD-related fibrosis and its associated mechanism to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of IBD-related intestinal fibrosis. Methods We established a DSS-induced mouse IBD-related intestinal fibrosis model and observed the effect of hucMSC-Ex on the mouse model. We also used the TGF-induced human intestinal fibroblast CCD-18Co to observe the role of hucMSC-Ex in the proliferation, migration, and activation of intestinal fibroblasts. Having observed that the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in intestinal fibrosis can be inhibited by hucMSC-Ex, we treated intestinal fibroblasts with an ERK inhibitor to emphasize the potential target of ERK phosphorylation in the treatment of IBD-associated intestinal fibrosis. Results In the animal model of IBD-related fibrosis, hucMSC-Ex alleviated inflammation-related fibrosis as evident in the thinning of the mice's intestinal wall and decreased expression of related molecules. Moreover, hucMSC-Ex inhibited TGF-β-induced proliferation, migration, and activation of human intestinal fibroblasts, and ERK phosphorylation played a key role in IBD-associated fibrosis. The inhibition of ERK decreased the expression of fibrosis-related indicators such as α-SMA, fibronectin, and collagen I. Conclusion hucMSC-Ex alleviates DSS-induced IBD-related intestinal fibrosis by inhibiting profibrotic molecules and intestinal fibroblast proliferation and migration by decreasing ERK phosphorylation.
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Feline Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Sclerosing Fibroplasia—Extracellular Matrix Proteins and TGF-β1 Immunoexpression. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060291. [PMID: 35737343 PMCID: PMC9227513 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline gastrointestinal eosinophilic sclerosing fibroplasia (FGESF) has been described as an inflammatory disorder with an eosinophilic component with etiopathogenesis that is still unknown. Sixteen intestinal samples from two veterinary diagnostic services (2014–2017) were included in the study. A histopathological criterion classified the cases into three grades (mild, moderate, and severe) according to the distribution of the lesions and the course. An immunohistochemical study of collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) was performed in each case. An immunohistochemical study of mild grades shows greater collagen III immunoexpression, compared to collagen I and fibronectin, which suggests an “early” stage of fibrosis. In more intense grades, an increased immunoexpression of collagen I, compared to collagen III, suggests a “late” stage of fibrosis. Otherwise, the highest expression of TGF-β1 was observed in the moderate phase, due to the high proliferation of reactive fibroblast and intense inflammation. The results suggest that the inflammatory infiltrate is the trigger for the elevation in TGF-β1, altering the collagen type III:I ratio. In conclusion, immunohistochemical studies can be a very useful method in diagnosing cases of FGESF of mild grades and could help to apply a differential diagnosis regarding feline eosinophilic chronic enteritis (CEE) in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Hayashi Y, Nakase H. The Molecular Mechanisms of Intestinal Inflammation and Fibrosis in Crohn’s Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:845078. [PMID: 35222098 PMCID: PMC8874128 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.845078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with repeated remissions and relapses. As the disease progresses, fibrosis and narrowing of the intestine occur, leading to severe complications such as intestinal obstruction. Endoscopic balloon dilatation, surgical stricture plasty, and bowel resection have been performed to treat intestinal stenosis. The clinical issue is that some patients with CD have a recurrence of intestinal stenosis even after the medical treatments. On the other hand, there exist no established medical therapies to prevent stenosis. With the progressive intestinal inflammation, cytokines and growth factors, including transforming growth factor (TGF-β), stimulate intestinal myofibroblasts, contributing to fibrosis of the intestine, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and mesenteric fat hypertrophy. Therefore, chronically sustained inflammation has long been considered a cause of intestinal fibrosis and stenosis. Still, even after the advent of biologics and tighter control of inflammation, intestinal fibrosis’s surgical rate has not necessarily decreased. It is essential to elucidate the mechanisms involved in intestinal fibrosis in CD from a molecular biological level to overcome clinical issues. Recently, much attention has been paid to several key molecules of intestinal fibrosis: peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor gamma (PPARγ), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), Th17 immune response, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). As a major problem in the treatment of CD, the pathophysiology of patients with CD is not the same and varies depending on each patient. It is necessary to integrate these key molecules for a better understanding of the mechanism of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis.
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Ma J, Chen J, Louro B, Martins RS, Canario AV. Somatostatin 3 loss of function impairs the innate immune response to intestinal inflammation. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Prados ME, García-Martín A, Unciti-Broceta JD, Palomares B, Collado JA, Minassi A, Calzado MA, Appendino G, Muñoz E. Betulinic acid hydroxamate prevents colonic inflammation and fibrosis in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1124-1138. [PMID: 32811965 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is defined as an excessive accumulation of scar tissue in the intestinal wall. Intestinal fibrosis occurs in both forms of IBD: ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF) prolyl-hydroxylases are promising for the development of novel antifibrotic therapies in IBD. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of hydroxamate of betulinic acid (BHA), a hypoxia mimetic derivative of betulinic acid, against IBD in vitro and in vivo. We showed that BAH (5-20 μM) dose-dependently enhanced collagen gel contraction and activated the HIF pathway in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts; BAH treatment also prevented the loss of trans-epithelial electrical resistance induced by proinflammatory cytokines in Caco-2 cells. In two different murine models (TNBS- and DSS-induced IBD) that cause colon fibrosis, oral administration of BAH (20, 50 mg/kg·d, for 17 days) prevented colon inflammation and fibrosis, as detected using immunohistochemistry and qPCR assays. BAH-treated animals showed a significant reduction of fibrotic markers (Tnc, Col1a2, Col3a1, Timp-1, α-SMA) and inflammatory markers (F4/80+, CD3+, Il-1β, Ccl3) in colon tissue, as well as an improvement in epithelial barrier integrity and wound healing. BHA displayed promising oral bioavailability, no significant activity against a panel of 68 potential pharmacological targets and was devoid of genotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Taken together, our results provide evidence that oral administration of BAH can alleviate colon inflammation and colitis-associated fibrosis, identifying the enhancement of colon barrier integrity as a possible mechanism of action, and providing a solid rationale for additional clinical studies.
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Alfredsson J, Wick MJ. Mechanism of fibrosis and stricture formation in Crohn's disease. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12990. [PMID: 33119150 PMCID: PMC7757243 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that leads to substantial suffering for millions of patients. In some patients, the chronic inflammation leads to remodelling of the extracellular matrix and fibrosis. Fibrosis, in combination with expansion of smooth muscle layers, leaves the bowel segment narrowed and stiff resulting in strictures, which often require urgent medical intervention. Although stricture development is associated with inflammation in the affected segment, anti‐inflammatory therapies fall far short of treating strictures. At best, current therapies might allow some patients to avoid surgery in a shorter perspective and no anti‐fibrotic therapy is yet available. This likely relates to our poor understanding of the mechanism underlying stricture development. Chronic inflammation is a prerequisite, but progression to strictures involves changes in fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in a poorly understood interplay with immune cells and environmental cues. Much of the experimental evidence available is from animal models, cell lines or non‐strictured patient tissue. Accordingly, these limitations create the basis for many previously published reviews covering the topic. Although this information has contributed to the understanding of fibrotic mechanisms in general, in the end, data must be validated in strictured tissue from patients. As stricture formation is a serious complication of CD, we endeavoured to summarize findings exclusively performed using strictured tissue from patients. Here, we give an update of the mechanism driving this serious complication in patients, and how the strictured tissue differs from adjacent unaffected tissue and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Alfredsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary Jo Wick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Insulin-Like Growth Factors Are Key Regulators of T Helper 17 Regulatory T Cell Balance in Autoimmunity. Immunity 2020; 52:650-667.e10. [PMID: 32294406 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate balance of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells maintains immune tolerance and host defense. Disruption of Th17-Treg cell balance is implicated in a number of immune-mediated diseases, many of which display dysregulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. Here, we show that, among effector T cell subsets, Th17 and Treg cells selectively expressed multiple components of the IGF system. Signaling through IGF receptor (IGF1R) activated the protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT-mTOR) pathway, increased aerobic glycolysis, favored Th17 cell differentiation over that of Treg cells, and promoted a heightened pro-inflammatory gene expression signature. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), but not ILC1s or ILC2s, were similarly responsive to IGF signaling. Mice with deficiency of IGF1R targeted to T cells failed to fully develop disease in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis. Thus, the IGF system represents a previously unappreciated pathway by which type 3 immunity is modulated and immune-mediated pathogenesis controlled.
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14
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Stenke E, Aviello G, Singh A, Martin S, Winter D, Sweeney B, McDermott M, Bourke B, Hussey S, Knaus UG. NADPH oxidase 4 is protective and not fibrogenic in intestinal inflammation. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101752. [PMID: 33059312 PMCID: PMC7567035 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated redox signaling and oxidative injury are associated with inflammatory processes and fibrosis. H2O2 generation by NOX4 has been suggested as a key driver in the development of fibrosis and a small molecule drug is under evaluation in clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and primary biliary cholangitis. Fibrosis is a common complication in Crohn's disease (CD) leading to stricture formation in 35-40% of patients, who require surgical interventions in the absence of therapeutic options. Here we assess NOX4 expression in CD patients with inflammatory or stricturing disease and examine whether loss of NOX4 is beneficial in acute and fibrotic intestinal disease. NOX4 was upregulated in inflamed mucosal tissue of CD and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, in CD ileal strictures, and in mice with intestinal inflammation. Nox4 deficiency in mice promoted pathogen colonization and exacerbated tissue injury in acute bacterial and chemical colitis. In contrast, in two chronic injury models aberrant tissue remodeling and fibrosis-related gene expression did not differ substantially between Nox4-/- mice and wildtype mice, suggesting that Nox4 is dispensable in TGF-β1-driven intestinal fibrogenesis. While animal models do not recapitulate all the hallmarks of CD fibrosis, the tissue-protective role of Nox4 warrants a cautious approach to pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Stenke
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabriella Aviello
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ashish Singh
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Martin
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Des Winter
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Sweeney
- National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael McDermott
- National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Billy Bourke
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus Hussey
- National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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15
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van Haaften WT, Blokzijl T, Hofker HS, Olinga P, Dijkstra G, Bank RA, Boersema M. Intestinal stenosis in Crohn's disease shows a generalized upregulation of genes involved in collagen metabolism and recognition that could serve as novel anti-fibrotic drug targets. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284820952578. [PMID: 32922514 PMCID: PMC7457685 DOI: 10.1177/1756284820952578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) can be complicated by intestinal fibrosis. Pharmacological therapies against intestinal fibrosis are not available. The aim of this study was to determine whether pathways involved in collagen metabolism are upregulated in intestinal fibrosis, and to discuss which drugs might be suitable to inhibit excessive extracellular matrix formation targeting these pathways. METHODS Human fibrotic and non-fibrotic terminal ileum was obtained from patients with CD undergoing ileocecal resection due to stenosis. Genes involved in collagen metabolism were analyzed using a microfluidic low-density TaqMan array. A literature search was performed to find potential anti-fibrotic drugs that target proteins/enzymes involved in collagen synthesis, its degradation and its recognition. RESULTS mRNA expression of collagen type I (COL1A1, 0.76 ± 0.28 versus 37.82 ± 49.85, p = 0.02) and III (COL3A1, 2.01 ± 2.61 versus 68.65 ± 84.07, p = 0.02) was increased in fibrotic CD compared with non-fibrotic CD. mRNA expression of proteins involved in both intra- and extracellular post-translational modification of collagens (prolyl- and lysyl hydroxylases, lysyl oxidases, chaperones), collagen-degrading enzymes (MMPs and cathepsin-K), and collagen receptors were upregulated in the fibrosis-affected part. A literature search on the upregulated genes revealed several potential anti-fibrotic drugs. CONCLUSION Expression of genes involved in collagen metabolism in intestinal fibrosis affected terminal ileum of patients with CD reveals a plethora of drug targets. Inhibition of post-translational modification and altering collagen metabolism might attenuate fibrosis formation in the intestine in CD. Which compound has the highest potential depends on a combination anti-fibrotic efficacy and safety, especially since some of the enzymes play key roles in the physiology of collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Tobias van Haaften
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and
Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjasso Blokzijl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Sijbrand Hofker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center
Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and
Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713
AV, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. Bank
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology,
University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and
Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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16
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Zidar N, Langner C, Jerala M, Boštjančič E, Drobne D, Tomažič A. Pathology of Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease-Contribution to Understanding Its Pathogenesis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:167. [PMID: 32432120 PMCID: PMC7215240 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite significant progress in the research of fibrosis in various organs, fibrosis remains a poorly understood complication of Crohn's disease (CD). We analyzed pathologic features of fibrosis and inflammation in CD and compared them with the normal bowel, aiming to clarify whether fibrosis in CD pathogenetically resembles fibrosis in other organs. Methods: Resection specimens from 30 patients with CD were included. Normal bowel from resection specimens of colorectal carcinoma was used for comparison. Trichrome Masson staining, immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin, fibroblast activation protein, CD34 and erg, in situ hybridization for TGF-β1 and analysis of selected fibrosis-related microRNAs were performed. Results: In normal bowel, CD34-positive fibroblasts/pericytes were detected in the submucosa and subserosa, particularly around blood vessels. In CD, fibrosis prevailed in the submucosa and subserosa, together with proliferation of myofibroblasts and disappearance of CD34-positive fibroblasts/pericytes. TGF-β1 was present in the lamina propria in normal bowel and CD, and in deeper parts of the bowel wall in CD. MicroRNAs miR-29c, miR-155 miR-150, and miR-155, which have been demonstrated to contribute to fibrosis in various organs, showed significant deregulation in CD. Conclusions: Distribution of fibroblasts/pericytes in the submucosa and subserosa of normal bowel, their disappearance in fibrosis in CD, together with the appearance of myofibroblasts, suggest that fibroblasts/pericytes are the most likely source of myofibroblasts in CD. Furthemore, fibrosis-related microRNAs showed deregulation in fibrotic areas. Pathogenesis of fibrosis in CD is thus comparable to fibrosis in other organs, in which myofibroblasts are the key effector cells, and pericytes have emerged as the main origin of myofibroblasts. Fibrosis in CD should be regarded as a result of (over)response of the bowel wall to the presence of inflammation in deep structures of the bowel wall, presenting another example of a common pathogenetic pathway of fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zidar
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cord Langner
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Miha Jerala
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Emanuela Boštjančič
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Drobne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Tomažič
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Thomson CA, Nibbs RJ, McCoy KD, Mowat AM. Immunological roles of intestinal mesenchymal cells. Immunology 2020; 160:313-324. [PMID: 32181492 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is continuously exposed to an enormous variety and quantity of antigens and innate immune stimuli derived from both pathogens and harmless materials, such as food and commensal bacteria. Accordingly, the intestinal immune system is uniquely adapted to ensure appropriate responses to the different kinds of challenge; maintaining tolerance to harmless antigens in the steady-state, whilst remaining poised to deal with potential pathogens. To accomplish this, leucocytes of the intestinal immune system have to adapt to a constantly changing environment and interact with many different non-leucocytic intestinal cell types, including epithelial and endothelial cells, neurons, and a heterogenous network of intestinal mesenchymal cells (iMC). These interactions are intricately involved in the generation of protective immunity, the elaboration of inflammatory responses, and the development of inflammatory conditions, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Here we discuss recent insights into the immunological functions of iMC under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions, focusing particularly on iMC in the mucosa and submucosa, and highlighting how an appreciation of the immunology of iMC may help understand the pathogenesis and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Thomson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robert J Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Allan Mcl Mowat
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Mortensen JH, Lindholm M, Langholm LL, Kjeldsen J, Bay-Jensen AC, Karsdal MA, Manon-Jensen T. The intestinal tissue homeostasis - the role of extracellular matrix remodeling in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:977-993. [PMID: 31587588 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1673729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling of the intestinal tissue is important in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to the extensive mucosal remodeling. There are still gaps in our knowledge as to how ECM remodeling is related to intestinal epithelium homeostasis and healing of the intestinal mucosa.Areas covered: The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of the ECM in relation to the pathogenesis of IBD, while addressing basement membrane and interstitial matrix remodeling, and the processes of wound healing of the intestinal tissue in IBD.Expert opinion: In IBD, basement membrane remodeling may reflect the integrity of the intestinal epithelial-cell homeostasis. The interstitial matrix remodeling is associated with deep inflammation such as the transmural inflammation as seen in fistulas and intestinal fibrosis leading to fibrostenotic strictures, in patients with CD. The interplay between wound healing processes and ECM remodeling also affects the tissue homeostasis in IBD. The interstitial matrix, produced by fibroblasts, holds a very different biology as compared to the epithelial basement membrane in IBD. In combination with integration of wound healing, quantifying the interplay between damage and repair to these sub compartments may provide essential information in IBD patient profiling, mucosal healing and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Mortensen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - M Lindholm
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - L L Langholm
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - J Kjeldsen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - A C Bay-Jensen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - M A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev, Denmark
| | - T Manon-Jensen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Biomarkers & Research, Herlev, Denmark
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19
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Pastre MJ, Casagrande L, Gois MB, Pereira-Severi LS, Miqueloto CA, Garcia JL, de Alcântara Nogueira-Melo G, de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana D. Toxoplasma gondii causes increased ICAM-1 and serotonin expression in the jejunum of rats 12 h after infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108797. [PMID: 30951950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the remodeling dynamics of total collagen, type I and III, the expression of ICAM-1 and 5-HT in the jejunum of rats. METHODS Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: the control group (CG, n = 7) and the infected group (receiving 5,000 sporulated T. gondii oocysts - ME49 strain, genotype II, n = 21). Seven infected rats each at 6 (G6), 12 (G12), and 24 (G24) hours post infection were sacrificed and segments of jejunum were collected for standard histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemistry processing techniques. RESULTS The infection promoted ICAM-1 and 5-HT expression, type III collagen, and total mast cell increases. However, it also caused a reduction in the area occupied by type I collagen fibers, and in submucosa thickness, and caused ganglion and peri-ganglion alterations. CONCLUSION The structural damage caused by toxoplasmic infection is intense during the first 24 h post inoculation. At peak dissemination, from 12 to 24 h, there is an increase in ICAM-1 and 5-HT expression, with intense migration of mast cells to the site of infection. There was also a reduction in submucosa thickness, and an effective loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, which included changes in the dynamics of type I and III total collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Pastre
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, n° 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucas Casagrande
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, n° 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Biondaro Gois
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Av. Carlos Amaral, Cajueiro, CEP 44574-490, Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA; and Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, Vale do Canela, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Sarturi Pereira-Severi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, n° 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Miqueloto
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, CEP: 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Luís Garcia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, CEP: 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gessilda de Alcântara Nogueira-Melo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, n° 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Fisiopatologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, n° 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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20
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Pesaraklou A, Mahdavi-Shahri N, Hassanzadeh H, Ghasemi M, Kazemi M, Mousavi NS, Matin MM. Use of cerium oxide nanoparticles: a good candidate to improve skin tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 14:035008. [PMID: 30754036 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Today advancements in nanotechnology have made extensive progress in tissue engineering. Application of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2) has improved regenerative medicine due to their antioxidant properties. In this study, nanoparticles were used to increase the efficacy of skin substitutes. Human skin samples were decellularized using four methods and studied via histological stainings and DNA content analyses. Then CeO2 dispersing and its stability were investigated. The prepared acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) were immersed in CeO2 suspension and their effects were evaluated on growth of cultured human adipose derived-mesenchymal stem cells (hAd-MSCs) using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and histological methods. Moreover, their antioxidant properties were assessed based on DPPH degradation. Changes in the collagen contents of the scaffolds containing cells and CeO2 were also determined by electron microscopy and their tensile strength was compared to ADM. Our results indicated that use of trypsin/NaOH protocol resulted in most efficient cell removal while maintaining extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture. Among different dispersal methods, the approach using Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), wetting with fetal bovine serum (FBS) and ultrasonic bath resulted in the best stability. Furthermore, it was shown that CeO2 not only had no toxicity on the cells, but also increased the growth and survival of hAd-MSCs by about 27%, improved free radical scavenging, as well as the amount of collagen and tensile strength of the scaffolds containing nanoparticles compared to the ADM. It can be concluded that the combination of ADM/CeO2/hAd-MSCs could be a step forward in skin tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Pesaraklou
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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21
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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Xu Q, Yan J, Yu F, Wang F, Xiao J, Luo Y, Zhong H. Nonadditive and allele-specific expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, ♀) × blue tilapia (O. aureus, ♂) hybrids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 232:93-100. [PMID: 30898546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, ♀) × blue tilapia (O. aureus, ♂) is a widely cultured tilapia variety due to its growth vigor compared to the parent species. As a peptide hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) plays a critical role in regulating somatic growth. The present study focuses on the expression characteristics of IGF-1 in hybrid tilapia. The cloned complete open reading frame of IGF-1 in hybrid tilapia is 549 bp in length, encoding a protein of 182 amino acids. The deduced protein is highly similar to that of Nile tilapia and blue tilapia. IGF-1 was found to be primarily expressed in the liver and muscle in the hybrid; lower expression levels were found in other tissues such as the intestine, spleen, and head-kidney. Increased mRNA expression was observed in the liver and muscle of the hybrid compared to Nile tilapia and blue tilapia, indicating a nonadditive expression pattern in the hybrid. An IGF-1 SNP site (397 site: C in Nile tilapia, G in blue tilapia) for differentiating the Nile tilapia or blue tilapia subgenome in hybrids was identified. Pyrosequencing analysis of the liver transcriptome indicated that most of the hybrids (9 of 10 individuals) predominantly expressed the G allele, demonstrating bias of the blue tilapia subgenome. The present study provides novel data indicating, for the first time, overall gene expression of IGF-1 and allele-specific expression in hybrid tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Jinpeng Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410017, China
| | - Fan Yu
- Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Sports Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Physical Education, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yongju Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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22
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Tatiya-Aphiradee N, Chatuphonprasert W, Jarukamjorn K. Immune response and inflammatory pathway of ulcerative colitis. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 30:1-10. [PMID: 30063466 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic relapsing inflammatory disease. Although the etiology of UC remains unclear, it could be characterized by inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, starting from the rectum and potentially involving the entire colon. The immune response and inflammatory pathway of UC have shown that tissue damage is driven by dynamic and complexes of cells and cytokines. Various types of cells, including antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages), T helper cells, regulatory T cells, and natural killer T cells, play a crucial role in UC pathogenesis by regulation, suppression, and maintenance of inflammation. Moreover, cytokine networks become an important part due to their signaling function, which is indispensable for cell communication. Pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-33] play significant roles in upregulation, while anti-inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor-β, IL-10, and IL-37) play significant roles in downregulation of disease progression. The pathogenesis of UC consists of immuno-inflammatory pathways related to the multiple components of the intestine, including the epithelial barrier, commensal microflora, antigen recognition, dysregulation of immunological responses, leukocyte recruitment, and genetic factors. The understanding of immuno-inflammatory pathways of UC might lead to the development of a specific therapy and/or a novel treatment that could be more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitima Tatiya-Aphiradee
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Waranya Chatuphonprasert
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Jarukamjorn
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (PANPB), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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23
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Jensen C, Nielsen SH, Mortensen JH, Kjeldsen J, Klinge LG, Krag A, Harling H, Jørgensen LN, Karsdal MA, Willumsen N. Serum type XVI collagen is associated with colorectal cancer and ulcerative colitis indicating a pathological role in gastrointestinal disorders. Cancer Med 2018; 7:4619-4626. [PMID: 30030909 PMCID: PMC6144245 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is an important part of the pathology of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. In the intestine, type XVI collagen (col‐16) plays a role in pathogenesis by affecting ECM architecture and induce cell invasion. Measuring col‐16 in serum may therefore have biomarker potential in GI disorders such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to determine whether col‐16 can serve as a biomarker for altered ECM remodeling in patients with CRC and UC. A monoclonal antibody was raised against the C‐terminal end of col‐16 (PRO‐C16), and a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and technically validated. Levels of PRO‐C16 were measured in serum from patients with CRC (before (n = 50) and 3 months after (n = 23) tumor resections), UC (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 50). The PRO‐C16 ELISA was specific toward the C‐terminal of col‐16. PRO‐C16 was significantly elevated both in serum from patients with CRC (P = 0.0026) and UC (P < 0.0001) compared to controls. No difference was detected in levels of PRO‐C16 between patients with CRC at baseline and 3 months after tumor resections (P > 0.999). Levels of PRO‐C16 identified patients with a GI disorder with a positive predictive value of 0.9 and an odds ratio of 12 (95%CI = 4.5‐29.5, P < 0.0001). The newly developed assay detected significantly elevated levels of PRO‐C16 in serum from patients with GI disorders compared to controls suggesting its potential as a biomarker in this setting. Future studies are needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jensen
- Biomarkers & Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.,Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe H Nielsen
- Biomarkers & Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Kjeldsen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lone G Klinge
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Harling
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars N Jørgensen
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Lawrance IC, Rogler G, Bamias G, Breynaert C, Florholmen J, Pellino G, Reif S, Speca S, Latella G. Cellular and Molecular Mediators of Intestinal Fibrosis. J Crohns Colitis 2017. [PMID: 25306501 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.09.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a major complication of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and although inflammation is necessary for its development, it would appear that it plays a minor role in its progression as anti-inflammatory treatments in IBD do not prevent fibrosis once it has started. The processes that regulate fibrosis would thus appear to be distinct from those regulating inflammation and, therefore, a detailed understanding of these pathways is vital to the development of anti-fibrogenic strategies. There have been several recent reviews exploring what is known, and what remains unknown, about the development of intestinal fibrosis. This review is designed to add to this literature but with a focus on the cellular components that are involved in the development of fibrogenesis and the major molecular mediators that impact on these cells. The aim is to heighten the understanding of the factors involved in intestinal fibrogenesis so that detailed research can be encouraged in order to advance the processes that could lead to effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Lawrance
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,University Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Freemantle, WA, Australia
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jon Florholmen
- Research Group of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Artic University of Norway and University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- General Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Shimon Reif
- Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Silvia Speca
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research-INSERM, Unit U995, Lille, France
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Lawrance IC, Rogler G, Bamias G, Breynaert C, Florholmen J, Pellino G, Reif S, Speca S, Latella G. Cellular and Molecular Mediators of Intestinal Fibrosis. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:1491-1503. [PMID: 25306501 PMCID: PMC5885809 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a major complication of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and although inflammation is necessary for its development, it would appear that it plays a minor role in its progression as anti-inflammatory treatments in IBD do not prevent fibrosis once it has started. The processes that regulate fibrosis would thus appear to be distinct from those regulating inflammation and, therefore, a detailed understanding of these pathways is vital to the development of anti-fibrogenic strategies. There have been several recent reviews exploring what is known, and what remains unknown, about the development of intestinal fibrosis. This review is designed to add to this literature but with a focus on the cellular components that are involved in the development of fibrogenesis and the major molecular mediators that impact on these cells. The aim is to heighten the understanding of the factors involved in intestinal fibrogenesis so that detailed research can be encouraged in order to advance the processes that could lead to effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Lawrance
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- University Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Freemantle, WA, Australia
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Ethnikon and Kapodistriakon University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christine Breynaert
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jon Florholmen
- Research Group of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Artic University of Norway and University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- General Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Shimon Reif
- Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Silvia Speca
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research-INSERM, Unit U995, Lille, France
| | - Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Hosain MZ, Yuzuriha K, Khadijah, Takeo M, Kishimura A, Murakami Y, Mori T, Katayama Y. Synergic modulation of the inflammatory state of macrophages utilizing anti-oxidant and phosphatidylserine-containing polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1514-1520. [PMID: 30108863 PMCID: PMC6071953 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory activation of macrophages is a key factor in chronic inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) by macrophages causes oxidative stress during the inflammatory response and exaggerates inflammatory lesions in ulcerative colitis. Inhibition of the inflammatory activation of macrophages is a promising treatment for chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we prepared self-filling polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PST-PLNPs) consisting of poly dl-lactic acid as a hydrophobic biodegradable polymer core encapsulating α-tocopherol (T) and phosphatidylserine (PS) both on the surface and interior of the particle. We confirmed the anti-inflammatory response of these hybrid nanoparticles in activated murine macrophages. PS has anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages by modulating the macrophage phenotype, while α-tocopherol is an antioxidant that neutralizes ROS. We found that PS-containing (PS-PLNPs) and PS plus α-tocopherol-containing (PST-PLNPs) polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles significantly increased the viability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages compared with phosphatidylcholine-containing PLNPs. PST-PLNPs had a better effect than PS-PLNPs, which was attributed to the synergy between PS and α-tocopherol. This synergic action of PST-PLNPs reduced NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) production and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF-β1) production when incubated with activated macrophages. Thus, these self-filling biodegradable polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PST-PLNPs) containing anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory molecules might be potential alternative drug carriers to liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahangir Hosain
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan . ; ; ; Tel: +81 92 802 2851
| | - Kazuki Yuzuriha
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan . ; ; ; Tel: +81 92 802 2851
| | - Khadijah
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Masafumi Takeo
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan . ; ; ; Tel: +81 92 802 2851
| | - Akihiro Kishimura
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan . ; ; ; Tel: +81 92 802 2851
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
- Center for Future Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
- International Research Center for Molecular Systems , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Murakami
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei , Tokyo , 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan . ; ; ; Tel: +81 92 802 2851
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
- Center for Future Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan . ; ; ; Tel: +81 92 802 2851
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
- Center for Future Chemistry , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
- International Research Center for Molecular Systems , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Chung Yuan Christian University , 200 Chung Pei Rd. , Chung Li , Taiwan , 32023 ROC
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van Haaften WT, Mortensen JH, Karsdal MA, Bay‐Jensen AC, Dijkstra G, Olinga P. Misbalance in type III collagen formation/degradation as a novel serological biomarker for penetrating (Montreal B3) Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 46:26-39. [PMID: 28481042 PMCID: PMC6221070 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misbalances in extracellular matrix turnover are key factors in the development of stricturing (Montreal B2) and penetrating (Montreal B3) Crohn's disease. AIM To determine whether serological markers for collagen formation and degradation could serve as biomarkers for complications of Crohn's disease. METHODS Serum biomarkers for type I, III, V and VI collagen formation (P1NP, Pro-C3, Pro-C5, Pro-C6) and matrix metalloproteinase mediated degradation (C1M, C3M, C5M and C6M) were measured in a retrospective, single centre cohort of 112 patients with Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum (nonstricturing/nonpenetrating: n=40, stricturing: n=55, penetrating: n=17) and 24 healthy controls. Active inflammation was defined as CRP >5 mg/L. RESULTS C3M and Pro-C5 levels were higher in penetrating vs nonpenetrating/nonstricturing and stricturing disease (33.6±5 vs 25.8±2.2 [P=.004] and 27.2±2.3 [P=.018] nmol/L C3M, 1262.7±259.4 vs 902.9±109.9 [P=.005] and 953.0±106.4 [P=.015] nmol/L Pro-C5). C1M (71.2±26.1 vs 46.2±6.2 nmol/L [P<.001]), C3M (31.6±3.9 vs 26.1±1.6 nmol/L [P=.002] and Pro-C5 levels (1171.7±171.5 vs 909.6±80.4 nmol/L [P=.002]) were higher in patients with active inflammation vs without active inflammation. Pro-C3/C3M-ratios were best to differentiate between penetrating vs nonstricturing/nonpenetrating and stricturing disease with area under the curves of 0.815±0.109 (P<.001) and 0.746±0.114 (P=.002) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Serological biomarkers show that penetrating Crohn's disease is characterised by increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 degraded type III collagen and formation of type V collagen. Active inflammation in Crohn's disease is characterised by increased formation of type V collagen and increased matrix metalloproteinase mediated breakdown of type I, III collagen. Pro-C3/C3M ratios are superior in differentiating between penetrating Crohn's disease vs inflammatory and stricturing Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. T. van Haaften
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and BiopharmacyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - M. A. Karsdal
- Biomarkers and ResearchNordic BioscienceHerlevDenmark
| | | | - G. Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - P. Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and BiopharmacyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Dai M, Jin L, Xu WT, Xiong YM, Wang YM, Zheng GR. Effect of TGF-β 1 neutralizing antibody on intestinal fibrosis in a mouse model of chronic colitis induced with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:783-791. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i9.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) neutralizing antibody on intestinal fibrosis in a mouse model of chronic colitisinduced with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS).
METHODS Forty-eight Balb/c mice were randomly divided into a normal control group, a model control group, a treatment control group, and a TGF-β1 antibody group. Chronic colitis and intestinal fibrosis were induced with TNBS/ethanol enema for 6 wk. Mice in the TGF-β1 antibody group and treatment control group were administered with TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody and physiological saline, respectively, at 24 h after the administration of TNBS/ethanol enema. The pathological changes in intestine tissue were detected by HE and VG collage staining. Expression of TGF-β1 and collagen types Ⅰ, Ⅲ, and Ⅴ mRNAs in the colon was detected.
RESULTS HE and VG collage staining showed that pathologic histology was improved in the TGF-β1 antibody group. The expression of collagen types Ⅰ, Ⅲ, and Ⅴ and TGF-β1 mRNAs decreased significantly in the TGF-β1 antibody group compared with the model control group and the treatment control group (P < 0.05). The protein expression of TGF-β1 also decreased significantly in the TGF-β1 antibody group compared with the model control group and the treatment control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody can effectively down-regulate the expression of TGF-β1 and collagen in mice with chronic colitis, and intestinal fibrosis can be abrogated by targeting TGF-β1.
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Bogdani M. Thinking Outside the Cell: A Key Role for Hyaluronan in the Pathogenesis of Human Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:2105-14. [PMID: 27456615 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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30
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Nielsen OH, Seidelin JB, Ainsworth M, Coskun M. Will novel oral formulations change the management of inflammatory bowel disease? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:709-18. [PMID: 26967267 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1165204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The traditional management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with sulphasalazine/5-aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticoids and immunomodulators (i.e., thiopurines and methotrexate) was nearly two decades ago extended with intravenously or subcutaneously administered biologics (i.e., tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and later gut-selective integrin antagonists). However, recently, orally administered treatments with simple, well-characterized, and stable structures consisting of either small molecules or anti-sense therapy have been devised. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current approaches with promising new oral drugs with distinct modes of action, including: the Janus kinase inhibitors (i.e., tofacitinib, filgotinib and peficitinib); the immunomodulatory drug (laquinimod); a small α4 antagonist (AJM300); agonists for sphingosine-phosphate receptors (i.e., ozanimod, APD334, and amiselimod), as well as anti-sense therapy (mongersen) targeting SMAD7, drugs which directly target intracellular pathways of relevance for intestinal inflammation. EXPERT OPINION A new avenue using easily administered oral therapies for the management of IBD is being introduced. While their place in the clinical armamentarium remains to be proven, it is likely that many of these drugs will find their place in the treatment algorithm of IBD in the next few years. Thus, we will face times in which IBD therapy will be based on significantly more tablets than prescribed today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Haagen Nielsen
- a Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
| | - Jakob Benedict Seidelin
- a Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
| | - Mark Ainsworth
- a Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
| | - Mehmet Coskun
- a Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Section, Herlev Hospital , University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark.,b The Bioinformatics Centre, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) , University of Copenhagen , Herlev , Denmark
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MicroRNAs and Inflammation in Colorectal Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 937:53-69. [PMID: 27573894 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42059-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRC) are known to be related to inflammatory conditions, and inflammatory bowel diseases increase the relative risk for developing CRC. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs prevents the development of colorectal cancer.Several molecular mediators are connecting the pathways that are involved in inflammatory conditions and in carcinogenesis. By the way these pathways are tightly interwoven, with the consequence that a deregulation at the level of any of these molecular mediators can affect the others.MiRNAs are demonstrated to be deregulated in inflammatory bowel diseases and in colorectal cancer. Moreover, they target several molecular mediators that connect inflammation to cancer, and they are thus implicated in the route from inflammation to colorectal cancer.This chapter will focus on the miRNAs that are jointly deregulated in inflammatory bowel disease and in colorectal cancer. Their role on the regulation of the molecular mediators and pathways that link inflammation to cancer will be described.
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de Bruyn JR, Meijer SL, Wildenberg ME, Bemelman WA, van den Brink GR, D'Haens GR. Development of Fibrosis in Acute and Longstanding Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:966-72. [PMID: 26245217 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis is a process driven by chronic inflammation leading to increased presence of myofibroblasts and collagen deposition. Although strictures are rarely seen in ulcerative colitis [UC], longstanding disease is believed to cause fibrosis resulting in altered bowel function. METHODS The presence of fibrosis was studied in colectomy specimens from patients with recent-onset UC refractory to medical treatment [n = 13] and longstanding UC [n = 16], and colon cancer patients without UC [n = 7] as controls. Severity of inflammation was scored according to the Geboes score on haematoxylin and eosin stainings. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin and collagen I and III. RESULTS Colectomy specimens from patients with acute UC showed significantly more inflammation than those with longstanding disease [19 vs 9 points, p = 0.01]. Both acute and longstanding UC showed a thicker muscularis mucosa than controls [0.10 vs 0.10 vs 0.05 mm, respectively, p = 0.019]. An increase in collagen I and III deposition in the mucosa was observed in UC compared with controls (40% [30-75] vs 25% [10-25], p = 0.033), but this did not differ significantly among acute and longstanding UC patients. CONCLUSIONS Collagen deposition is enhanced in UC compared with controls. However, UC collagen deposition does not increase significantly over time and does not seem to aggravate the entire fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R de Bruyn
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren L Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Bemelman
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mortensen JH, Godskesen LE, Jensen MD, Van Haaften WT, Klinge LG, Olinga P, Dijkstra G, Kjeldsen J, Karsdal MA, Bay-Jensen AC, Krag A. Fragments of Citrullinated and MMP-degraded Vimentin and MMP-degraded Type III Collagen Are Novel Serological Biomarkers to Differentiate Crohn's Disease from Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:863-72. [PMID: 26188349 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is chronic inflammation, which leads to excessive extracellular matrix [ECM] remodelling and release of specific protein fragments, called neoepitopes. We speculated that the biomarker profile panel for ulcerative colitis [UC] and Crohn's disease [CD] represent a heterogeneous expression pattern, and may be applied as a tool to aid in the differentiation between UC and CD. METHODS Serum biomarkers of degraded collagens I, III-IV [C1M, C3M, and C4M], collagen type 1 and IV formation [P1NP, P4NP], and citrullinated and MMP-degraded vimentin [VICM] were studied with a competitive ELISA assay system in a cohort including 164 subjects [CD n = 72, UC n = 60, and non-IBD controls n = 32] and a validation cohort of 61 subjects [CD n = 46, and UC n = 15]. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and logistic regression modelling were carried out to evaluate the discriminative power of the biomarkers. RESULTS All biomarkers were corrected for confounding factors. VICM and C3M demonstrated the highest diagnostic power, alone, to differentiate CD from UC with an area under the curve [AUC] of 0.77 and 0.69, respectively. Furthermore, the biomarkers C1M [AUC = 0.81], C3M [AUC = 0.83], VICM [AUC = 0.83], and P1NP [AUC = 0.77] were best to differentiate UC from non-IBD. The best combinations of biomarkers to differentiate CD from UC and UC from non-IBD were VICM, C3M, C4M [AUC = 0.90] and VICM, C3M [AUC = 0.98] respectively. CONCLUSIONS Specific extracellular matrix degradation markers are elevated in IBD and can discriminate CD from UC and UC from non-IBD controls with a high diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Dam Jensen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Wouter Tobias Van Haaften
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lone Gabriels Klinge
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Olinga
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens Kjeldsen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Aleksander Krag
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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El-Gowelli HM, Saad EI, Abdel-Galil AGA, Ibrahim ER. Co-administration of α-lipoic acid and cyclosporine aggravates colon ulceration of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis via facilitation of NO/COX-2/miR-210 cascade. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:300-12. [PMID: 26276312 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, α-lipoic acid and cyclosporine demonstrated significant protection against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. We proposed that α-lipoic acid and cyclosporine co-administration might modulate their individual effects. Induction of ulcerative colitis in rats was performed by intra-rectal acetic acid (5% v/v) administration for 3 consecutive days. Effects of individual or combined used of α-lipoic acid (35 mg/kg ip) or cyclosporine (5mg/kg sc) for 6 days starting 2 days prior to acetic acid were assessed. Acetic acid caused colon ulceration, bloody diarrhea and weight loss. Histologically, there was mucosal atrophy and inflammatory cells infiltration in submucosa, associated with depletion of colon reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and elevated colon malondialdehyde, serum C-reactive protein (C-RP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Colon gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and miR-210 was also elevated. These devastating effects of acetic acid were abolished upon concurrent administration of α-lipoic acid. Alternatively, cyclosporine caused partial protection against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis. Cyclosporine did not restore colon reduced glutathione, catalase activity, serum C-RP or TNF-α. Unexpectedly, co-administration of α-lipoic acid and cyclosporine aggravated colon ulceration. Concomitant use of α-lipoic acid and cyclosporine significantly increased nitric oxide production, cyclooxygenase-2 and miR-210 gene expression compared to all other studied groups. The current findings suggest that facilitation of nitric oxide/cyclooxygenase-2/miR-210 cascade constitutes, at least partially, the cellular mechanism by which concurrent use of α-lipoic acid and cyclosporine aggravates colon damage. Collectively, the present work highlights the probable risk of using α-lipoic acid/cyclosporine combination in ulcerative colitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan M El-Gowelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Evan I Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | | | - Einas R Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Baird AC, Lloyd F, Lawrance IC. Prostaglandin E₂ and polyenylphosphatidylcholine protect against intestinal fibrosis and regulate myofibroblast function. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1603-16. [PMID: 25630423 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis is a serious and often recurrent complication of inflammatory bowel disease despite surgical intervention. The anti-fibrotic potential of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PC) was investigated using the murine model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced chronic intestinal inflammation and fibrosis, and murine and human intestinal myofibroblasts. METHODS Mice were treated with TNBS enemas weekly for 2 or 6 weeks ± PGE2 (10 mg/kg/day orally) or PC (200 mg/kg/day orally). Inflammation and fibrosis were histologically assessed and scored. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, TLR4, and ECM-related gene expression from the colonic tissue and cultured myofibroblasts were assessed by RT-qPCR. The levels of α-SMA(+) staining and endogenous PGE2 in vivo were also assessed. RESULTS Both PGE2 and PC treatment significantly decreased TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation and excess collagen deposition in vivo. This was accompanied by decreased α-SMA(+) staining in the lamina propria and lower collagen type I (COL1α1) expression. Endogenous PGE2 levels demonstrated that PC was not being converted into PGE2, thus mediating its effects primarily via PGE2-independent pathways. Both PGE2 and the PC isoform, 1,2-dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), regulated primary mouse myofibroblast and CCD-18co COL1α1 production, and induced lower collagen type I to III and TGF-β1 to TGF-β3 ratios, demonstrating their ability to induced normal healing in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (protein kinase C-dependent inducer of collagen production). CONCLUSION PGE2 and PC both have potent anti-fibrogenic potentials in their ability to regulate inflammatory cell and myofibroblast accumulation within inflamed tissue, to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and to maintain normal healing in an inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Baird
- Fremantle Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Level 6, T Block, Fremantle Hospital, University of Western Australia, Alma Street, Fremantle, WA, 6010, Australia,
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Li Z, Wu Z, Chen H, Zhu Q, Gao G, Hu L, Negi H, Kamle S, Li D. Induction of anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) plays a key role in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-induced breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Med Oncol 2015; 32:577. [PMID: 25956506 PMCID: PMC4451465 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a promising anti-tumor target associated with estrogen receptor expression and metastatic progression of breast cancer. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is another potent factor that stimulates breast cancer progression and mediates anti-estrogen drug resistance. However, the precise mechanism and connections between these two factors in breast cancer drug resistance have not been fully elucidated. Here, for the first time, we decipher that IGF-1 remarkably induces AGR2 in the MCF7 cell line, through an estrogen response element (ERE) between −802 and −808 bp and a leucine zipper transcription factor-binding site located between −972 and −982 bp on the AGR2 promoter. We also found that the ERK1/2 and AKT pathways mediate estrogen receptor-α at the upstream of ERE and that the JNK pathway activates the leucine zipper site through the c-Jun/c-Fos complex. Additionally, our data suggest that knockdown of AGR2 reduces IGF-1-induced cell proliferation, migration and cell cycle progression. Therefore, we report that AGR2 is a key modulator involved in IGF-1-induced breast cancer development. We propose that the identification of the mechanism linking the IGF-1/insulin signal and AGR2 promoter activation is important, because it provides insights into the development of anti-breast cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 308-Building#6, 800, Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, China
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Oliveira VR, Avila MB, Carvalho GMC, Azevedo SMF, Lima LM, Barreiro EJ, Carvalho AR, Zin WA. Investigating the therapeutic effects of LASSBio-596 in an in vivo model of cylindrospermopsin-induced lung injury. Toxicon 2015; 94:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Latella G, Di Gregorio J, Flati V, Rieder F, Lawrance IC. Mechanisms of initiation and progression of intestinal fibrosis in IBD. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:53-65. [PMID: 25523556 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.968863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). It becomes clinically apparent in >30% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and in about 5% with ulcerative colitis (UC). Fibrosis is a consequence of local chronic inflammation and is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition. ECM is produced by activated myofibroblasts, which are modulated by both, profibrotic and antifibrotic factors. Fibrosis depends on the balance between the production and degradation of ECM proteins. This equilibrium can be impacted by a complex and dynamic interaction between profibrotic and antifibrotic mediators. Despite the major therapeutic advances in the treatment of active inflammation in IBD over the past two decades, the incidence of intestinal strictures in CD has not significantly changed as the current anti-inflammatory therapies neither prevent nor reverse the established fibrosis and strictures. This implies that control of intestinal inflammation does not necessarily affect the associated fibrotic process. The conventional view that intestinal fibrosis is an inevitable and irreversible process in patients with IBD is also gradually changing in light of an improved understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underline the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Comprehension of the mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis is thus vital and may pave the way for the developments of antifibrotic agents and new therapeutic approaches in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Latella
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
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Park S, Park M, Kim BH, Lee JE, Park HJ, Lee SH, Park CG, Kim MH, Kim R, Kim EH, Heo CY, Choy YB. Acute suppression of TGF-ß with local, sustained release of tranilast against the formation of fibrous capsules around silicone implants. J Control Release 2014; 200:125-37. [PMID: 25528612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We propose the acute, local suppression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), a major profibrotic cytokine, to reduce fibrosis around silicone implants. To this end, we prepared silicone implants that were able to release tranilast, a TGF-ß inhibitor, in a sustained manner for 5 days or 15 days. We performed histologic and immunohistochemical analyses for 12 weeks after the implantation of the implants in living rats. The capsule thicknesses and collagen densities significantly decreased compared with those around the non-treated silicone implants. Notably, early suppression of TGF-ß affected the fibrogenesis that actually occurs at the late stage of wound healing. This change may be ascribed to the decrease in monocyte recruitment mediated by early TGF-ß during the acute inflammatory reaction. Thus, a significant decrease in differentiated macrophages was observed along with a decrease in the quantity of TGF-ß and fibroblasts during the subsequent inflammation stage; these changes led to a diminished fibrotic capsule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 152-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hwi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 152-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 152-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 152-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Heo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 152-742, Republic of Korea; Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common outcome in IBD leading to significant morbidity that, to date, has no effective medical treatment. Current knowledge regarding potential mechanism(s) of intestinal fibrogenesis and stricture formation is limited, due in large part to the lack of relevant animal models. Although conventional models possess aspects that are advantageous to study specific mechanisms involved in gut fibrosis, most lack the features of a spontaneously occurring process leading to the formation of intestinal fibrotic lesions following mucosal inflammatory events and the ability to investigate the natural course of disease over time. This review aims to discuss established and novel animal models of gut fibrosis, particularly focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each model system and the insights they bring to our understanding of the mechanisms of fibrogenesis. In fact, recent enhancements to existing models and the expansion of novel animal models of gut fibrosis is opening up multiple avenues for investigation which should stimulate progress in our mechanistic understanding of intestinal fibrogenesis and facilitate the development of effective pharmacotherapy in an area of significant unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo De Salvo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Gordon IO, Agrawal N, Goldblum JR, Fiocchi C, Rieder F. Fibrosis in ulcerative colitis: mechanisms, features, and consequences of a neglected problem. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:2198-206. [PMID: 24892966 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic intestinal inflammation and impaired tissue repair leading to intestinal fibrosis are a commonly observed complication in inflammatory bowel disease. This is particularly true for small bowel Crohn's disease. However, the development of fibrosis in ulcerative colitis has remained largely unexplored. This is surprising, given knowledge about its prevalence for decades, well described histopathologic features of fibrotic and stricturing ulcerative colitis, the relevance of the extracellular matrix for intestinal inflammation and fibrosis, and the clinical impact of fibrosis on stricture formation, motility, and the necessary discrimination from colonic malignancy. This systematic review summarizes the current knowledge of ulcerative colitis-related fibrosis, including epidemiology, basic mechanisms, histopathology, and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyssa O Gordon
- *Department of Anatomic Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; †Department of Hospital Medicine, Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; ‡Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and §Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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Landskron G, De la Fuente M, Thuwajit P, Thuwajit C, Hermoso MA. Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:149185. [PMID: 24901008 PMCID: PMC4036716 DOI: 10.1155/2014/149185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1098] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a response to an alteration induced by a pathogen or a physical or chemical insult, which functions to eliminate the source of the damage and restore homeostasis to the affected tissue. However, chronic inflammation triggers cellular events that can promote malignant transformation of cells and carcinogenesis. Several inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, and IL-10, have been shown to participate in both the initiation and progression of cancer. In this review, we explore the role of these cytokines in important events of carcinogenesis, such as their capacity to generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, their potential mutagenic effect, and their involvement in mechanisms for epithelial mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Finally, we will provide an in-depth analysis of the participation of these cytokines in two types of cancer attributable to chronic inflammatory disease: colitis-associated colorectal cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauben Landskron
- Disciplinary Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie De la Fuente
- Disciplinary Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Peti Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chanitra Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Marcela A. Hermoso
- Disciplinary Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
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Li P, Liang ML, Zhu Y, Gong YY, Wang Y, Heng D, Lin L. Resveratrol inhibits collagen I synthesis by suppressing IGF-1R activation in intestinal fibroblasts. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4648-4661. [PMID: 24782617 PMCID: PMC4000501 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i16.4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) inhibits collagen I synthesis induced by insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in intestinal fibroblasts, and to explore the possible molecular mechanisms.
METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis group. After 21 d of TNBS administration, the degree of inflammation and fibrosis in colon was measured by HE staining and Masson’s trichrome staining. Western blotting was used to examine collagen I, IGF-1 and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) protein expression in colitis tissues. Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to characterize collagen I protein and col1a2 mRNA expression in mouse intestinal fibroblasts and CCD-18Co cells treated with IGF-1. A MEK inhibitor (U0126) was used to determine whether IGF-1-induced collagen I expression was mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-dependent mechanism. Effects of resveratrol on collagen I protein level, insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels were also examined after IGF-1 treatment in fibroblasts. To evaluate whether SIRT1 was necessary for the anti-fibrosis effect of resveratrol, cells were transfected with SIRT1-specific small interfering RNAs, wild-type SIRT1, and deacetylase-inactive mutant SIRT1.
RESULTS: Collagen I and IGF-1 expression was increased, and SIRT1 expression was decreased (0.67 ± 0.04 vs 1.05 ± 0.07, P < 0.001) in TNBS-induced colitis compared with the control group. In vitro, IGF-1 could induce collagen I expression, mainly through the ERK 1/2 signal pathway. Resveratrol reduced basal and IGF-1-induced collagen I gene and protein expression in intestinal fibroblasts. Overexpression of wild-type SIRT1, not deacetylase-inactive mutant SIRT1, decreased expression of collagen I induced by IGF-1. Moreover, silencing SIRT1 restored collagen I expression in fibroblasts challenged with resveratrol. However, disruption of SIRT1 did not influence the anti-fibrotic effects of resveratrol and IGF-1-induced collagen I expression. Further analysis revealed that resveratrol significantly decreased phosphorylation of IGF-1R and its downstream signaling molecules by inhibiting IGF-1 binding to its receptor.
CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that resveratrol effectively inhibits collagen I synthesis in IGF-1-stimulated fibroblasts, partly by inhibiting IGF-1R activation, and SIRT1 is also responsible for the process.
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Rieder F. The gut microbiome in intestinal fibrosis: environmental protector or provocateur? Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:190ps10. [PMID: 23785034 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases, intestinal fibrosis is a serious clinical complication with no specific therapies. Patients develop bowel fistulae and strictures that usually require surgery and often reoccur. The main driver of gut fibrogenesis is believed to be chronic inflammation, which leads to mesenchymal cell recruitment and activation. Recent findings suggest that the environment--in particular, the microbiome--plays a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Lawrance IC, Murray K, Batman B, Gearry RB, Grafton R, Krishnaprasad K, Andrews JM, Prosser R, Bampton PA, Cooke SE, Mahy G, Radford-Smith G, Croft A, Hanigan K. Crohn's disease and smoking: is it ever too late to quit? J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:e665-71. [PMID: 23790611 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking increases CD risk. The aim was to determine if smoking cessation at, prior to, or following, CD diagnosis affects medication use, disease phenotypic progression and/or surgery. METHODS Data on CD patients with disease for ≥5 yrs were collected retrospectively including the Montreal classification, smoking history, CD-related abdominal surgeries, family history, medication use and disease behaviour at diagnosis and the time when the disease behaviour changed. RESULTS 1115 patients were included across six sites (mean follow-up-16.6 yrs). More non-smokers were male (p=0.047) with A1 (p<0.0001), L4 (p=0.028) and perianal (p=0.03) disease. Non-smokers more frequently received anti-TNF agents (p=0.049). (p=0.017: OR 2.5 95%CI 1.18-5.16) and those who ceased smoking prior to diagnosis (p=0.045: OR 2.3 95%CI 1.02-5.21) progressed to complicated (B2/B3) disease as compared to those quitting at diagnosis. Patients with uncomplicated terminal ileal disease at diagnosis more frequently developed B2/B3 disease than isolated colonic CD (p<0.0001). B2/B3 disease was more frequent with perianal disease (p<0.0001) and if i.v. steroids (p=0.004) or immunosuppressants (p<0.0001) were used. 49.3% (558/1115) of patients required at least one intestinal surgery. More smokers had a 2nd surgical resection than patients who quit at, or before, the 1st resection and non-smokers (p=0.044: HR=1.39 95%CI 1.01-1.91). Patients smoking >3 cigarettes/day had an increased risk of developing B2/B3 disease (p=0.012: OR 3.8 95%CI 1.27-11.17). CONCLUSION Progression to B2/B3 disease and surgery is reduced by smoking cessation. All CD patients regardless of when they were diagnosed, or how many surgeries, should be strongly encouraged to cease smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Lawrance
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Fremantle Hospital, WA, Australia; University Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, WA, Australia.
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Ascidian (chordate-tunicate) and mammalian heparin enemas attenuate experimental diversion colitis. Surgery 2013; 155:217-27. [PMID: 24287143 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2013.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM We sought to investigate whether mammalian or ascidian Styela plicata heparin enemas could diminish inflammation in experimental diversion colitis. METHODS Wistar-specific pathogen-free rats were submitted to a Hartmann's end colostomy and treated with enemas containing mammalian or Styela plicata heparin, or saline. Enemas were administered 3 times a week in the excluded colon segment from 4 to 8 weeks after operation. The effect of treatment was evaluated using video-endoscopic and histologic scores, measuring the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor-β production in organ cultures by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantifying T cells and macrophages, and investigating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and external mitogen-activated protein kinase (pERK) activation. RESULTS Treatment with either mammalian or Styela plicata heparins decreased colonoscopic and histologic scores (P < .02) and restored the densities of collagen fibers and the number of goblet cells (P < .03) in the diverted colon. Both heparin treatments decreased the accumulation of T cells and macrophages (P < .03), and the activation of NF-κB and pERK (P < .04) in the diverted colon. The high levels of cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 from the diversion colitis explants decreased (P < .05) to near normal values with heparin treatments. CONCLUSION The improvement of experimental diversion colitis with heparin treatments indicates the anti-inflammatory effect of these compounds, even after topical administration. Further studies with the nonhemorrhagic heparin obtained from the invertebrate Styela plicata will be necessary to confirm its efficacy for the treatment of human diversion colitis and possibly other forms of colitis.
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Liu H, Zhang XP, Yi ZW. Efficacy of antisense monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in a rat model of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Ren Fail 2013; 35:1418-28. [PMID: 23991758 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.828309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of inhibition of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) on a rat model of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) were evaluated. METHODS The anti-Thy-1 MsPGN model was developed by intravenously injecting anti-Thy-1 monoclonal antibodies into rats, followed by an injection of mesangial cells transfected with antisense MCP-1 into the renal artery. Exogenous cells were detected by in situ hybridization. Rats (40 total) were randomly divided into five groups: SO (sham operation), TG (Thy-1 glomerulonephritis model), MC (non-transfected normal rat mesangial cell), BC (pLXSN empty vector or blank control), and AM (antisense MCP-1 transfection) groups. Effects of exogenous MCP-1 on urinary protein excretion rate, biochemical parameters, and pathological changes were evaluated. Expression of MCP-1 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were detected by immunohistochemistry. mRNA expression of MCP-1, TGF-β1, and CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS Exogenous MCP-1 cDNA was successfully transfected into mesangial cells. Exogenous mesangial cells were detected in glomeruli by in situ hybridization. Glomerular mesangial cell proliferation, 24-h urinary protein excretion rate, mRNA expression of MCP-1, TGF-β1, and CCR2, and protein expression of MCP-1 all decreased in the AM group as compared to the control group (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the expression level of TGF-β1 protein. CONCLUSIONS (1) Mesangial cells can be used as a vector to transfect exogenous genes into kidneys; (2) antisense MCP-1 decreases mesangial cell proliferation and pathological injury in MsPGN model rats by decreasing expression of MCP-1 and CCR2; and (3) antisense MCP-1 suppressed mesangial cell proliferation and matrix accumulation in anti-Thy-1 MsPGN model rats, which did not entirely depend on TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, The Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha , China and
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Drygiannakis I, Valatas V, Sfakianaki O, Bourikas L, Manousou P, Kambas K, Ritis K, Kolios G, Kouroumalis E. Proinflammatory cytokines induce crosstalk between colonic epithelial cells and subepithelial myofibroblasts: implication in intestinal fibrosis. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:286-300. [PMID: 22578910 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Colonic epithelial cells and adjacent subepithelial myofibroblasts are important counterparts in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis. We investigated the possible crosstalk between them, whilst focusing on the mucosal inflammation pathways that potentially trigger intestinal fibrosis. METHODS We studied the effects of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, TNF-α, IFN-γ) on human colonic epithelial cell lines and the effects of epithelial cell-conditioned media on primary human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts isolated from normal controls or patients with inflammatory Crohn's disease along with the corresponding 18CO cell line. Readouts included production of TGF-β and TIMP-1, total collagen synthesis, matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 and myofibroblast migration/mobility. RESULTS Proinflammatory cytokines upregulated TGF-β and TIMP-1 in colonic epithelial cells. Conditioned medium from these epithelial cell cultures induced production of MMP-9 and collagen and inhibited the migration/mobility of subepithelial myofibroblasts. MMP-9 production depended on endothelin receptor A signalling on responding myofibroblasts. Collagen up-regulation was independent of TGF-β, CTGF, TF and endothelin. Subepithelial myofibroblasts isolated from Crohn's disease patients had similar responses to those isolated from normal controls, with the exception of higher basal collagen production. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that colonic epithelial cells may respond to an inflammatory milieu by inducing myofibroblast functions similar to those observed during intestinal fibrosis.
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Liberek A, Kmieć Z, Kartanowicz D, Wierzbicki PM, Stanisławowski M, Kaszubowska L, Łuczak G, Góra-Gębka M, Landowski P, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Liberek T, Kamińska B, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J, Węgrzyn G. The mRNA level of the transforming growth factor β1 gene, but not the amount of the gene product, can be considered as a potential prognostic parameter in inflammatory bowel diseases in children. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28:165-72. [PMID: 22584294 PMCID: PMC3579420 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) plays a role in cell proliferation and differentiation, and it can modulate immune response. In this work, we asked whether levels of either TGF-β1 or mRNA of the corresponding gene in plasma or tissue can be useful in diagnosing and/or monitoring of the clinical course of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). METHODS The study group consisted of 104 pediatric patients with IBD: 36 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 68 with ulcerative colitis (UC); 42 children represented the control group. TGF-β1 levels in plasma and intestinal mucosa were estimated by ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively. Levels of TGF-β1 mRNA were determined by reverse transcription and real-time PCR. RESULTS In patients with IBD, and in subgroups with CD and UC, no significant differences in the TGF-β1 level in plasma and tissue were found relative to the control group. These variables were not dependent on the stage of the disease, its activity or severity of endoscopic and histopathological findings. TGF-β1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in tissue samples withdrawn during the relapse of the disease than in those taken during the remission or in the control group. However, no correlation between TGF-β1 plasma levels and TGF-β1 mRNA amount in the intestinal mucosa was observed. CONCLUSIONS The TGF-β1 mRNA level, but not the amount of the gene product, was significantly increased in the pathologically changed tissue during the relapse of IBD. We suggest that this parameter might be considered as a potential prognostic value when assessing IBD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Liberek
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmieć
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Kartanowicz
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr M. Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Stanisławowski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lucyna Kaszubowska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Łuczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Góra-Gębka
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Landowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Liberek
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Barbara Kamińska
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Nowe Ogrody 1-6, 80-803 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
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Wu HG, Zhao C, Wu LY, Yu SG, Zhao BX, Chang XR, Dou CZ, Ma XP, Liu HR. Effect of moxibustion on expressions of TGF-β and Smad4 in colonic mucosa of rats with intestinal fibrosis in Crohn disease. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-012-0631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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