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Brown GC, Heneka MT. The endotoxin hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:30. [PMID: 38561809 PMCID: PMC10983749 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constitutes much of the surface of Gram-negative bacteria, and if LPS enters the human body or brain can induce inflammation and act as an endotoxin. We outline the hypothesis here that LPS may contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) via peripheral infections or gut dysfunction elevating LPS levels in blood and brain, which promotes: amyloid pathology, tau pathology and microglial activation, contributing to the neurodegeneration of AD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: i) blood and brain levels of LPS are elevated in AD patients, ii) AD risk factors increase LPS levels or response, iii) LPS induces Aβ expression, aggregation, inflammation and neurotoxicity, iv) LPS induces TAU phosphorylation, aggregation and spreading, v) LPS induces microglial priming, activation and neurotoxicity, and vi) blood LPS induces loss of synapses, neurons and memory in AD mouse models, and cognitive dysfunction in humans. However, to test the hypothesis, it is necessary to test whether reducing blood LPS reduces AD risk or progression. If the LPS endotoxin hypothesis is correct, then treatments might include: reducing infections, changing gut microbiome, reducing leaky gut, decreasing blood LPS, or blocking LPS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Texture Feature-Based Machine Learning Classification on MRI Image for Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy Detection: A Pilot Study. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2023; 2023:6403556. [PMID: 36778786 PMCID: PMC9911249 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6403556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to assess the performance of combining MRI-based texture analysis with machine learning for differentiating sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) from sepsis alone. Method Sixty-six MRI-T1WI images of an SAE patient and 125 images of patients with sepsis alone were collected. Frontal lobe, brain stem, hippocampus, and amygdala were selected as regions of interest (ROIs). 279 texture features of each ROI were obtained using MaZda software. After the dimension reduction, 30 highly discriminative features of each ROI were adopted to differentiate SAE from sepsis alone using the CatBoost model. Results The classification models of frontal, brain stem, hippocampus, and amygdala were constructed. The classification accuracy was above 0.83, and the area under the curve (AUC) exceeded 0.90 in the validation set. Conclusion The texture features differed between SAE patients and patients with sepsis alone in different anatomical locations, suggesting that MRI-based texture analysis with machine learning might be helpful in differentiating SAE from sepsis alone.
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Huang B, Li X, Zhu X. The Role of GM130 in Nervous System Diseases. Front Neurol 2021; 12:743787. [PMID: 34777211 PMCID: PMC8581157 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.743787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgi matrix protein 130 (GM130) is a Golgi-shaping protein located on the cis surface of the Golgi apparatus (GA). It is one of the most studied Golgin proteins so far. Its biological functions are involved in many aspects of life processes, including mitosis, autophagy, apoptosis, cell polarity, and directed migration at the cellular level, as well as intracellular lipid and protein transport, microtubule formation and assembly, lysosome function maintenance, and glycosylation modification. Mutation inactivation or loss of expression of GM130 has been detected in patients with different diseases. GM130 plays an important role in the development of the nervous system, but the studies on it are limited. This article reviewed the current research progress of GM130 in nervous system diseases. It summarized the physiological functions of GM130 in the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), microcephaly (MCPH), sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE), and Ataxia, aiming to provide ideas for the further study of GM130 in nervous system disease detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- Operational Management Office, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China.,Emergency Department, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoshi Zhu
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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4
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive impairment is an important consequence of sepsis. We sought to determine long-term trajectories of cognitive function after sepsis. DESIGN Prospective study of the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort. SETTING United States. PATIENTS Twenty-one thousand eight-hundred twenty-three participants greater than or equal to 45 years, mean (sd) age 64.3 (9.2) years at first cognitive assessment, 30.9% men, and 27.1% Black. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The main exposure was time-dependent sepsis hospitalization. The primary outcome was global cognitive function (Six-Item Screener range, 0-6). Secondary outcomes were incident cognitive impairment (Six-Item Screener score ≤ 4 [impaired] vs ≥5 [unimpaired]), new learning (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer Disease Word List Learning range, 0-30), verbal memory (word list delayed recall range, 0-10), and executive function/semantic fluency (animal fluency test range, ≥ 30). Over a median follow-up of 10 years (interquartile range, 6-12 yr), 840 (3.8%) experienced sepsis (incidence 282 per 1,000 person-years). Sepsis was associated with faster long-term declines in Six-Item Screener (-0.02 points per year faster [95% CI, -0.01 to -0.03]; p < 0.001) and faster long-term rates of incident cognitive impairment (odds ratio 1.08 per year [95% CI, 1.02-1.15]; p = 0.008) compared with presepsis slopes. Although cognitive function acutely changed after sepsis (0.05 points [95% CI, 0.01-0.09]; p = 0.01), the odds of acute cognitive impairment (Six-Item Screener ≤ 4) immediately after sepsis was not significant (odds ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.63-1.06]; p = 0.12). Sepsis hospitalization was not associated with acute changes or faster declines in word list learning, word list delayed recall, or animal fluency test. CONCLUSIONS Sepsis is associated with accelerated long-term decline in global cognitive function.
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Jesus AA, Passaglia P, Santos BM, Rodrigues-Santos I, Flores RA, Batalhão ME, Stabile AM, Cárnio EC. Chronic molecular hydrogen inhalation mitigates short and long-term memory loss in polymicrobial sepsis. Brain Res 2020; 1739:146857. [PMID: 32348775 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is one of the first physiological systems to be affected in sepsis. During the exacerbated systemic inflammatory response at the early stage of sepsis, circulatory inflammatory mediators are able to reach the CNS leading to neuroinflammation and, consequently, long-term impairment in learning and memory formation is observed. The acute treatment with molecular hydrogen (H2) exerts important antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects in sepsis, but little is known about the mechanism itself and the efficacy of chronic H2 inhalation in sepsis treatment. Thus, we tested two hypotheses. We first hypothesized that chronic H2 inhalation is also an effective therapy to treat memory impairment induced by sepsis. The second hypothesis is that H2 treatment decreases sepsis-induced neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, important areas related to short and long-term memory processing. Our results indicate that (1) chronic exposure of hydrogen gas is a simple, safe and promising therapeutic strategy to prevent memory loss in patients with sepsis and (2) acute H2 inhalation decreases neuroinflammation in memory-related areas and increases total nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factorthat regulates a vast group of antioxidant and inflammatory agents expression in these areas of septic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A Jesus
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Passaglia
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna M Santos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Rodrigues-Santos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Flores
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Batalhão
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Angelita M Stabile
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Evelin C Cárnio
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Department of General and Specialized Nursing, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
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6
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Kikuchi DS, Campos ACP, Qu H, Forrester SJ, Pagano RL, Lassègue B, Sadikot RT, Griendling KK, Hernandes MS. Poldip2 mediates blood-brain barrier disruption in a model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:241. [PMID: 31779628 PMCID: PMC6883676 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), a diffuse cerebral dysfunction in the absence of direct CNS infection, is associated with increased rates of mortality and morbidity in patients with sepsis. Increased cytokine production and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are implicated in the pathogenesis of SAE. The induction of pro-inflammatory mediators is driven, in part, by activation of NF-κΒ. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin produced by gram-negative bacteria, potently activates NF-κΒ and its downstream targets, including cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Cox-2 catalyzes prostaglandin synthesis and in the brain prostaglandin, E2 is capable of inducing endothelial permeability. Depletion of polymerase δ-interacting protein 2 (Poldip2) has previously been reported to attenuate BBB disruption, possibly via regulation of NF-κΒ, in response to ischemic stroke. Here we investigated Poldip2 as a novel regulator of NF-κΒ/cyclooxygenase-2 signaling in an LPS model of SAE. Methods Intraperitoneal injections of LPS (18 mg/kg) were used to induce BBB disruption in Poldip2+/+ and Poldip2+/− mice. Changes in cerebral vascular permeability and the effect of meloxicam, a selective Cox-2 inhibitor, were assessed by Evans blue dye extravasation. Cerebral cortices of Poldip2+/+ and Poldip2+/− mice were further evaluated by immunoblotting and ELISA. To investigate the role of endothelial Poldip2, immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting were performed to study the effect of siPoldip2 on LPS-mediated NF-κΒ subunit p65 translocation and Cox-2 induction in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, FITC-dextran transwell assay was used to assess the effect of siPoldip2 on LPS-induced endothelial permeability. Results Heterozygous deletion of Poldip2 conferred protection against LPS-induced BBB permeability. Alterations in Poldip2+/+ BBB integrity were preceded by induction of Poldip2, p65, and Cox-2, which was not observed in Poldip2+/− mice. Consistent with these findings, prostaglandin E2 levels were significantly elevated in Poldip2+/+ cerebral cortices compared to Poldip2+/− cortices. Treatment with meloxicam attenuated LPS-induced BBB permeability in Poldip2+/+ mice, while having no significant effect in Poldip2+/− mice. Moreover, silencing of Poldip2 in vitro blocked LPS-induced p65 nuclear translocation, Cox-2 expression, and endothelial permeability. Conclusions These data suggest Poldip2 mediates LPS-induced BBB disruption by regulating NF-κΒ subunit p65 activation and Cox-2 and prostaglandin E2 induction. Consequently, targeted inhibition of Poldip2 may provide clinical benefit in the prevention of sepsis-induced BBB disruption. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1575-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Kikuchi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Hongyan Qu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Steven J Forrester
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Rosana L Pagano
- Division of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Marina S Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, 308 WMB, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Caspase-1 inhibitor exerts brain-protective effects against sepsis-associated encephalopathy and cognitive impairments in a mouse model of sepsis. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:859-870. [PMID: 31145977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) manifested clinically in acute and long-term cognitive impairments and associated with increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. The potential pathological changes of SAE are complex and remain to be elucidated. Pyroptosis, a novel programmed cell death, is executed by caspase-1-cleaved GSDMD N-terminal (GSDMD-NT) and we investigated it in peripheral blood immunocytes of septic patients previously. Here, a caspase-1 inhibitor VX765 was treated with CLP-induced septic mice. Novel object recognition test indicated that VX765 treatment reversed cognitive dysfunction in septic mice. Elevated plus maze, tail suspension test and open field test revealed that depressive-like behaviors of septic mice were relieved. Inhibited caspase-1 suppressed the expressions of GSDMD and its cleavage form GSDMD-NT, and reduced pyroptosis in brain at day 1 and day 7 after sepsis. Meantime, inhibited caspase-1 mitigated the expressions of IL-1β, MCP-1 and TNF-α in serum and brain, diminished microglia activation in septic mice, and reduced sepsis-induced brain-blood barrier disruption and ultrastructure damages in brain as well. Inhibited caspase-1 protected the synapse plasticity and preserved long-term potential, which may be the possible mechanism of cognitive functions protective effects of septic mice. In conclusion, caspase-1 inhibition exerts brain-protective effects against SAE and cognitive impairments in a mouse model of sepsis.
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8
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Barichello T, Sayana P, Giridharan VV, Arumanayagam AS, Narendran B, Della Giustina A, Petronilho F, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes After Sepsis: a Translational Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:186-251. [PMID: 29687346 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a life-threatening organ dysfunction that is caused by an unbalanced host immune response in an attempt to eliminate invasive microorganisms. We posed questions, "Does sepsis survivor patients have increased risk of neuropsychiatric manifestations?" and "What is the mechanism by which sepsis induces long-term neurological sequelae, particularly substantial cognitive function decline in survivor patients and in pre-clinical sepsis models?" The studies were identified by searching PubMed/MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine), PsycINFO, EMBASE (Ovid), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), IBECS (Bibliographical Index in Spanish in Health Sciences), and Web of Science databases for peer-reviewed journals that were published until January 2018. A total of 3555 papers were included in the primary screening. After that, 130 articles were selected for the study. A number of pre-clinical studies have shown an auto amplification of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the first few hours after sepsis induction, also increased blood-brain barrier permeability, elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases, increased levels of damage-associated molecular patterns were demonstrated. In addition, the rodents presented long-term cognitive impairment in different behavioral tasks that were prevented by blocking the mechanism of action of these inflammatory mediators. Clinical studies have showed that sepsis survivors presented increased bodily symptoms such as fatigue, pain, visual disturbances, gastrointestinal problems, and neuropsychiatric problems compared to before sepsis. Sepsis leaves the survivors with an aftermath of physiological, neuropsychiatric, and functional impairment. Systematic review registration: CRD42017071755.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Pavani Sayana
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | | | - Boomadevi Narendran
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarao, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.,Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina-UNESC, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Singer BH, Dickson RP, Denstaedt SJ, Newstead MW, Kim K, Falkowski NR, Erb-Downward JR, Schmidt TM, Huffnagle GB, Standiford TJ. Bacterial Dissemination to the Brain in Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 197:747-756. [PMID: 29232157 PMCID: PMC5855074 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201708-1559oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Sepsis causes brain dysfunction and neuroinflammation. It is unknown whether neuroinflammation in sepsis is initiated by dissemination of bacteria to the brain and sustained by persistent infection, or whether neuroinflammation is a sterile process resulting solely from circulating inflammatory mediators. OBJECTIVES To determine if gut bacteria translocate to the brain during sepsis, and are associated with neuroinflammation. METHODS Murine sepsis was induced using cecal ligation and puncture, and sepsis survivor mice were compared with sham and unoperated control animals. Brain tissue of patients who died of sepsis was compared with patients who died of noninfectious causes. Bacterial taxa were characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing in both murine and human brain specimens; compared among sepsis and nonsepsis groups; and correlated with levels of S100A8, a marker of neuroinflammation using permutational multivariate ANOVA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Viable gut-associated bacteria were enriched in the brains of mice 5 days after surviving abdominal sepsis (P < 0.01), and undetectable by 14 days. The community structure of brain-associated bacteria correlated with severity of neuroinflammation (P < 0.001). Furthermore, bacterial taxa detected in brains of humans who die of sepsis were distinct from those who died of noninfectious causes (P < 0.001) and correlated with S100A8/A9 expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although bacterial translocation is associated with acute neuroinflammation in murine sepsis, bacterial translocation did not result in chronic cerebral infection. Postmortem analysis of patients who die of sepsis suggests a role for bacteria in acute brain dysfunction in sepsis. Further work is needed to determine if modifying gut-associated bacterial communities modulates brain dysfunction after sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert P. Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott J. Denstaedt
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Michael W. Newstead
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Kwi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Nicole R. Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - John R. Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Thomas M. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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Olivieri R, Michels M, Pescador B, Ávila P, Abatti M, Cucker L, Burger H, Dominguini D, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. The additive effect of aging on sepsis-induced cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 314:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Gasparotto J, Girardi CS, Somensi N, Ribeiro CT, Moreira JCF, Michels M, Sonai B, Rocha M, Steckert AV, Barichello T, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F, Gelain DP. Receptor for advanced glycation end products mediates sepsis-triggered amyloid-β accumulation, Tau phosphorylation, and cognitive impairment. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:226-244. [PMID: 29127203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.786756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients recovering from sepsis have higher rates of CNS morbidities associated with long-lasting impairment of cognitive functions, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular etiology of these sepsis-induced impairments is unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration-associated changes, and cognitive dysfunction arising after sepsis recovery. Adult Wistar rats underwent cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), and serum and brain (hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) samples were obtained at days 1, 15, and 30 after the CLP. We examined these samples for systemic and brain inflammation; amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and Ser-202-phosphorylated Tau (p-TauSer-202) levels; and RAGE, RAGE ligands, and RAGE intracellular signaling. Serum markers associated with the acute proinflammatory phase of sepsis (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) rapidly increased and then progressively decreased during the 30-day period post-CLP, concomitant with a progressive increase in RAGE ligands (S100B, Nϵ-[carboxymethyl]lysine, HSP70, and HMGB1). In the brain, levels of RAGE and Toll-like receptor 4, glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuronal nitric-oxide synthase, and Aβ and p-TauSer-202 also increased during that time. Of note, intracerebral injection of RAGE antibody into the hippocampus at days 15, 17, and 19 post-CLP reduced Aβ and p-TauSer-202 accumulation, Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling, levels of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and behavioral deficits associated with cognitive decline. These results indicate that brain RAGE is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders following acute systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juciano Gasparotto
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina S Girardi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil
| | - Nauana Somensi
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil
| | - Camila T Ribeiro
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil
| | - José C F Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Sonai
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Mariane Rocha
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Laboratório de Neurociências at Programa de Pós-GraduaçΔo em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense-Criciúma, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders at Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratório de Neurociências at Programa de Pós-GraduaçΔo em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense-Criciúma, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders at Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - JoΔo Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências at Programa de Pós-GraduaçΔo em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense-Criciúma, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders at Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina, Criciúma 88806-000 SC, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003 RS, Brazil.
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Brain-Defective Insulin Signaling Is Associated to Late Cognitive Impairment in Post-Septic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 55:435-444. [PMID: 27966074 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis survivors frequently develop late cognitive impairment. Because little is known on the mechanisms of post-septic memory deficits, there are no current effective approaches to prevent or treat such symptoms. Here, we subjected mice to severe sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and evaluated the sepsis-surviving animals in the open field, novel object recognition (NOR), and step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA) task at different times after surgery. Post-septic mice (30 days post-surgery) failed in the NOR and IA tests but exhibited normal performance when re-evaluated 45 days after surgery. Cognitive impairment in post-septic mice was accompanied by reduced hippocampal levels of proteins involved in synaptic plasticity, including synaptophysin, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), CREB phosphorylated at serine residue 133 (CREBpSer133), and GluA1 phosphorylated at serine residue 845 (GluA1pSer845). Expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was increased and brain insulin signaling was disrupted, as indicated by increased hippocampal IRS-1 phosphorylation at serine 636 (IRS-1pSer636) and decreased phosphorylation of IRS-1 at tyrosine 465 (IRS-1pTyr465), in the hippocampus 30 days after CLP. Phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 (AktpSer473) and of GSK3 at serine 9 (GSK3βpSer9) were also decreased in hippocampi of post-septic animals, further indicating that brain insulin signaling is disrupted by sepsis. We then treated post-septic mice with liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist with insulinotropic activity, or TDZD-8, a GSK3β inhibitor, which rescued NOR memory. In conclusion, these results establish that hippocampal inflammation and disrupted insulin signaling are induced by sepsis and are linked to late memory impairment in sepsis survivors.
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de Souza P, Guarido KL, Scheschowitsch K, da Silva LM, Werner MF, Assreuy J, da Silva-Santos JE. Impaired vascular function in sepsis-surviving rats mediated by oxidative stress and Rho-Kinase pathway. Redox Biol 2016; 10:140-147. [PMID: 27744119 PMCID: PMC5065648 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated long-lasting changes in endothelial and vascular function in adult rat survivors of severe sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. For this, male Wistar rats (200–350 g) had their cecum punctured once (non-transfixing hole) with a 14-gauge needle. Performed in this way, a mortality rate around 30% was achieved in the first 72 h. The survivors, together with age-matched control rats (not subjected to CLP), were maintained in our holding room for 60 days (S60 group) and had the descending thoracic aorta processed for functional, histological, biochemical or molecular analyses. Endothelium-intact aortic rings obtained from sepsis-surviving S60 group displayed increased angiotensin II-induced contraction, accompanied by decreased activity of the endogenous superoxide dismutase, augmented reactive oxygen species generation, and increased levels of tyrosine nitration compared with vessels from control group. The superoxide scavengers superoxide dismutase and tempol, and the antioxidant apocynin, were able to avoid this enhanced contractility to angiotensin II in aortic rings from the S60 group. In addition, aortic rings from the S60 group presented reduced sensitivity to Y-27632, a Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor. Immunoblot analyses revealed augmented RhoA and ROCK II, and high levels of phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 in vessels from S60 rats. In conclusion, aortic rings from sepsis-surviving rats display endothelial dysfunction mediated by the increased production of reactive oxygen species, which in turn reduces the bioavailability of nitric oxide and increases the formation of peroxynitrite, and enhances RhoA-ROCK-mediated calcium sensitization, leading to augmented contractile responses to angiotensin II. Notably, this is the first study demonstrating long-term dysfunction in the vasculature of sepsis-surviving rats, which take place or remain beyond the acute septic insult. Vessels from sepsis-surviving rats develop enhanced contractile responses to angiotensin II. This hyperreactivity is avoided by the superoxide scavengers superoxide dismutase and tempol. Generation of reactive oxygen species by angiotensin II is enhanced in these vessels. Vessels from sepsis-surviving rats present an augmented degree of tyrosine nitration. The activity of the RhoA-Rho-kinase pathway is enhanced in the aorta from sepsis-surviving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karla Lorena Guarido
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Karin Scheschowitsch
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luísa Mota da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Werner
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo da Silva-Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Singer BH, Newstead MW, Zeng X, Cooke CL, Thompson RC, Singer K, Ghantasala R, Parent JM, Murphy GG, Iwashyna TJ, Standiford TJ. Cecal Ligation and Puncture Results in Long-Term Central Nervous System Myeloid Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149136. [PMID: 26862765 PMCID: PMC4749127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivors of sepsis often experience long-term cognitive and functional decline. Previous studies utilizing lipopolysaccharide injection and cecal ligation and puncture in rodent models of sepsis have demonstrated changes in depressive-like behavior and learning and memory after sepsis, as well as evidence of myeloid inflammation and cytokine expression in the brain, but the long-term course of neuroinflammation after sepsis remains unclear. Here, we utilize cecal ligation and puncture with greater than 80% survival as a model of sepsis. We found that sepsis survivor mice demonstrate deficits in extinction of conditioned fear, but no acquisition of fear conditioning, nearly two months after sepsis. These cognitive changes occur in the absence of neuronal loss or changes in synaptic density in the hippocampus. Sepsis also resulted in infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils into the CNS at least two weeks after sepsis in a CCR2 independent manner. Cellular inflammation is accompanied by long-term expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes, including TNFα and CCR2 ligands, in whole brain homogenates. Gene expression analysis of microglia revealed that while microglia do express anti-microbial genes and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules of the S100A family of genes at least 2 weeks after sepsis, they do not express the cytokines observed in whole brain homogenates. Our results indicate that in a naturalistic model of infection, sepsis results in long-term neuroinflammation, and that this sustained inflammation is likely due to interactions among multiple cell types, including resident microglia and peripherally derived myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael W. Newstead
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xianying Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Cooke
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Thompson
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kanakadurga Singer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ramya Ghantasala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jack M. Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey G. Murphy
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Theodore J. Iwashyna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Theodore J. Standiford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Michels M, Vieira AS, Vuolo F, Zapelini HG, Mendonça B, Mina F, Dominguini D, Steckert A, Schuck PF, Quevedo J, Petronilho F, Dal-Pizzol F. The role of microglia activation in the development of sepsis-induced long-term cognitive impairment. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 43:54-9. [PMID: 25019583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation is likely to be a major step in the development of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) and long-term cognitive impairment. To date, it is not known whether brain inflammation and oxidative damage are a direct consequence of systemic inflammation or whether these events are driven by brain resident cells, such as microglia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of minocycline on behavioral and neuroinflammatory parameters in rats submitted to sepsis. Male Wistar rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The animals were divided into sham-operated (Sham+control), sham-operated plus minocycline (sham+MIN), CLP (CLP+control) and CLP plus minocycline (CLP+MIN) (100 μg/kg, administered as a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection). Some animals were killed 24h after surgery to assess the breakdown of the blood brain barrier, cytokine levels, oxidative damage to lipids (TBARS) and proteins in the hippocampus. Some animals were allowed to recover for 10 days when step-down inhibitory avoidance and open-field tasks were performed. Treatment with minocycline prevented an increase in markers of oxidative damage and inflammation in the hippocampus after sepsis. This was associated with an improvement in long-term cognitive performance. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the inhibition of the microglia by an ICV injection of minocycline was able to decrease acute brain oxidative damage and inflammation as well as long-term cognitive impairment in sepsis survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Andriele S Vieira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South of Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Francieli Vuolo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Hugo Galvane Zapelini
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mendonça
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Francielle Mina
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Diogo Dominguini
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Steckert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabrícia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South of Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
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Silvestre F, Danielski LG, Michels M, Florentino D, Vieira A, Souza L, Cardoso LC, Schraiber R, Rezin GT, Vuolo F, da Rocha JB, Barichello T, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F, Petronilho F. Effects of organoselenium compounds on early and late brain biochemical alterations in sepsis-survivor rats. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:382-91. [PMID: 24824533 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies have consistently reported the participation of oxidative stress, energetic metabolism impairment, and creatine kinase (CK) activity alterations in rat brain in early times in an animal model of sepsis and persist for up to 10 days. We have assessed the antioxidant effects of administration of Ebselen (Eb) e diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 two organoselenium compounds on brain oxidative stress, energetic metabolism, and CK activity 12, 24 h, and 10 days after sepsis by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) in rats. Male Wistar rats underwent either sham operation or CLP and were treated with oral injection of Eb (50 mg/kg) or (PhSe)2 (50 mg/kg) or vehicle. 12, 24 h, and 10 days after CLP, the rats were sacrificed, and samples from brain (hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, and cortex) were obtained and assayed for thiobarbituric acid reactive species and protein carbonyls formation, mitochondrial respiratory chain, and CK activity. We observed in the results a reduction of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in the different cerebral structures studied and times with the administration of (PhSe)2; however, Eb seems to exert the same effect. Such changes are reflected in the assessment of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes by reversing the decreased activity of the complex caused by the model of CLP and CK activity. Our data provide the first experimental demonstration that (PhSe)2 was able to reduce the brain dysfunction associated with CLP-induced sepsis in rats, by decreasing oxidative stress parameters mitochondrial dysfunction and CK activity in early times and in late time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Silvestre
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology Laboratory - FICEXP, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, 88704-900, Brazil
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Maggio N, Shavit-Stein E, Dori A, Blatt I, Chapman J. Prolonged systemic inflammation persistently modifies synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus: modulation by the stress hormones. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:46. [PMID: 24363642 PMCID: PMC3850065 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient systemic inflammation has been shown to cause altered behavior both in humans and in laboratory animals through activation of microglia and heightened level of cytokines detected in the brain and in the body. Furthermore, both activated microglia and the increased cytokines level have been associated with the sudden clinical deterioration in demented people or in aged patients upon systemic inflammation. Whilst it is increasingly becoming clear the role of transient systemic inflammation in promoting dementia in aged individuals, it is still a matter of debate whether prolonged systemic inflammation might persistently modify the brain. In this study, we examined the influence of a systemic long term inflammatory event on synaptic plasticity. We report that while a short exposure to LPS produces transient deficit in long term potentiation (LTP) expression, systemic prolonged inflammation impairs LTP in slices of animals previously primed by a Complete Freund's adjuvant injection. Interestingly, steroids are able to modulate this effect: whereas glucocorticosteroid (GR) activation further reduces LTP, mineralocorticosteroid receptors (MR) activation promotes the full recovery of LTP. We believe that this research advances the current understandings on the role of the immune system in the onset and progression of cognitive deficits following long lasting systemic inflammation, and proposes possible insights on future strategies in order to prevent early dementia in these predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, Israel ; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Amir Dori
- Department of Neurology, The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, Israel ; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, Israel ; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ilan Blatt
- Department of Neurology, The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, Israel ; Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, Israel ; Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Acute Brain Inflammation and Oxidative Damage Are Related to Long-Term Cognitive Deficits and Markers of Neurodegeneration in Sepsis-Survivor Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:380-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Pierrakos C, Antoine A, Velissaris D, Michaux I, Bulpa P, Evrard P, Ossemann M, Dive A. Transcranial doppler assessment of cerebral perfusion in critically ill septic patients: a pilot study. Ann Intensive Care 2013; 3:28. [PMID: 23965228 PMCID: PMC3765692 DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-3-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of Transcranial Doppler (TCD) in assessing cerebral perfusion changes in septic patients. Methods Using TCD, we measured the mean velocity in the middle cerebral artery (VmMCA, cm/sec) and calculated the pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and cerebral blood flow index (CBFi = 10*MAP/1.47PI) on the first day of patients’ admission or on the first day of sepsis development; measurements were repeated on the second day. Sepsis was defined according to standard criteria. Results Forty-one patients without any known neurologic deficit treated in our 24-bed Critical Care Unit were assessed (Sepsis Group = 20, Control Group = 21). Examination was feasible in 91% of septic and 85% of non-septic patients (p = 0.89). No difference was found between the two groups in mean age, mean arterial pressure (MAP) or APACHE II score. The pCO2 values were higher in septic patients (46 ± 12 vs. 39 ± 4 mmHg p < 0.01). No statistically significant higher values of VmMCA were found in septic patients (110 ± 34 cm/sec vs. 99 ± 28 cm/sec p = 0.17). Higher values of PI and RI were found in septic patients (1.15 ± 0.25 vs. 0.98 ± 0.16 p < 0.01, 0.64 ± 0.08 vs. 0.59 ± 0.06 p < 0.01, respectively). No statistically significant lower values of CBFi were found in septic patients (497 ± 116 vs. 548 ± 110 p = 0.06). Conclusions Our results suggest cerebral vasoconstriction in septic compared to non-septic patients. TCD is an efficient and feasible exam to evaluate changes in cerebral perfusion during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pierrakos
- Department of Intensive Care, Université Catholique de Louvain, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Avenue Docteur G., Thérasse 1, Yvoir 5530, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Antoine
- Department of Intensive Care, Université Catholique de Louvain, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Avenue Docteur G., Thérasse 1, Yvoir 5530, Belgium
| | - Dimitrios Velissaris
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Patras Rio 26504, Greece
| | - Isabelle Michaux
- Department of Intensive Care, Université Catholique de Louvain, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Avenue Docteur G., Thérasse 1, Yvoir 5530, Belgium
| | - Pierre Bulpa
- Department of Intensive Care, Université Catholique de Louvain, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Avenue Docteur G., Thérasse 1, Yvoir 5530, Belgium
| | - Patrick Evrard
- Department of Intensive Care, Université Catholique de Louvain, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Avenue Docteur G., Thérasse 1, Yvoir 5530, Belgium
| | - Michel Ossemann
- Department of Neurology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Avenue Docteur G., Thérasse 1, Yvoir 5530, Belgium
| | - Alain Dive
- Department of Intensive Care, Université Catholique de Louvain, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Avenue Docteur G., Thérasse 1, Yvoir 5530, Belgium
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Correlation of Acute Phase Inflammatory and Oxidative Markers With Long-term Cognitive Impairment in Sepsis Survivors Rats. Shock 2013; 40:45-8. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182959cfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cunningham C, Maclullich AMJ. At the extreme end of the psychoneuroimmunological spectrum: delirium as a maladaptive sickness behaviour response. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 28:1-13. [PMID: 22884900 PMCID: PMC4157329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Delirium is a common and severe neuropsychiatric syndrome characterised by acute deterioration and fluctuations in mental status. It is precipitated mainly by acute illness, trauma, surgery, or drugs. Delirium affects around one in eight hospital inpatients and is associated with multiple adverse consequences, including new institutionalisation, worsening of existing dementia, and death. Patients with delirium show attentional and other cognitive deficits, altered alertness (mostly reduced, but some patients develop agitation and hyperactivity), altered sleep-wake cycle and psychoses. The pathways from the various aetiologies to the heterogeneous clinical presentations are hardly studied and are poorly understood. One of the key questions, which research is only now beginning to address, is how the factors determining susceptibility interact with the stimuli that trigger delirium. Inflammatory signals arising during systemic infection evoke sickness behaviour, a coordinated set of adaptive changes initiated by the host to respond to, and to counteract, infection. It is now clear that the same systemic inflammatory signals can have severe deleterious effects on brain function when occuring in old age or in the presence of neurodegenerative disease. Multiple animal studies now show that even mild acute systemic inflammation can induce exaggerated sickness behaviour responses and cognitive dysfunction in aged animals or those with prior degenerative pathology when compared to young and/or healthy controls. These findings appear highly promising in understanding aspects of delirium. In this review our aim is to describe and assess the parallels between exaggerated sickness behaviour in vulnerable animals and delirium in older humans. We discuss inflammatory and stress-related triggers of delirium in the context of new animal models that allow us to dissect some aspects of the mechanisms underpinning these episodes. We discuss some differences between the sickness behaviour syndrome model and delirium in the context of the complexity in the latter due to other factors such as prior pathology, psychological stress and drug effects. We conclude that, with appropriate caveats, the study of sickness behaviour in the vulnerable brain offers a promising route to uncover the mechanisms of this common and serious unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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22
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Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a diffuse brain dysfunction that occurs secondary to infection in the body without overt CNS infection. SAE is frequently encountered in critically ill patients in intensive care units, and in up to 70% of patients with severe systemic infection. The severity of SAE can range from mild delirium to deep coma. Seizures and myoclonus are infrequent and cranial nerves are almost always spared, but most severe cases have an associated critical illness neuromyopathy. Development of SAE probably involves a number of mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive and vary from patient to patient. Substantial neurological and psychological morbidities often occur in survivors. Mortality is almost always due to multiorgan failure rather than neurological complications, and is almost 70% in patients with severe SAE. Further research into the pathophysiology, management and prevention of SAE is needed. This Review discusses the epidemiology and clinical presentation of SAE. Recent evidence for SAE pathophysiology is outlined and a diagnostic approach to patients with this syndrome is presented. Lastly, prognosis and management of SAE is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneille E Gofton
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, University Hospital, University of Western Ontario, 339 Windermere Road, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
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Baracchi F, Ingiosi AM, Raymond RM, Opp MR. Sepsis-induced alterations in sleep of rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1467-78. [PMID: 21900639 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00354.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic immune response to infection that may result in multiple organ failure and death. Polymicrobial infections remain a serious clinical problem, and in the hospital, sepsis is the number-one noncardiac killer. Although the central nervous system may be one of the first systems affected, relatively little effort has been made to determine the impact of sepsis on the brain. In this study, we used the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model to determine the extent to which sepsis alters sleep, the EEG, and brain temperature (Tbr) of rats. Sepsis increases the amount of time rats spend in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) during the dark period, but not during the light period. Rapid eye movements sleep (REMS) of septic rats is suppressed for about 24 h following CLP surgery, after which REMS increases during dark periods for at least three nights. The EEG is dramatically altered shortly after sepsis induction, as evidenced by reductions in slow-frequency components. Furthermore, sleep is fragmented, indicating that the quality of sleep is diminished. Effects on sleep, the EEG, and Tbr persist for at least 84 h after sepsis induction, the duration of our recording period. Immunohistochemical assays focused on brain stem mechanisms responsible for alterations in REMS, as little information is available concerning infection-induced suppression of this sleep stage. Our immunohistochemical data suggest that REMS suppression after sepsis onset may be mediated, in part, by the brain stem GABAergic system. This study demonstrates for the first time that sleep and EEG patterns are altered during CLP-induced sepsis. These data suggest that the EEG may serve as a biomarker for sepsis onset. These data also contribute to our knowledge of potential mechanisms, whereby infections alter sleep and other central nervous system functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baracchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Cognitive deficits after systemic induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011; 28:655-63. [DOI: 10.1097/eja.0b013e3283497ce1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Aversive memory in sepsis survivor rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:213-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Brain dysfunction is frequently observed in sepsis as a consequence of changes in cerebral structure and metabolism, resulting in worse outcome and reduced life-quality of surviving patients. However, the mechanisms of sepsis-associated encephalopathy development and a better characterization of this syndrome in vivo are lacking. Here, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to assess brain morphology and metabolism in a murine sepsis model (cecal ligation and puncture, CLP). Sham-operated and CLP mice were subjected to a complete MRI session at baseline, 6 and 24 h after surgery. Accumulation of vasogenic edematic fluid at the base of the brain was observed in T(2)-weighted image at 6 and 24 h after CLP. Also, the water apparent diffusion coefficients in both hippocampus and cortex were decreased, suggesting a cytotoxic edema in brains of nonsurvival septic animals. Moreover, the N-acetylaspartate/choline ratio was reduced in brains of septic mice, indicating neuronal damage. In conclusion, noninvasive assessment by MRI allowed the identification of new aspects of brain damage in sepsis, including cytotoxic and vasogenic edema as well as neuronal damage. These findings highlight the potential applications of MRI techniques for the diagnostic and therapeutic studies in sepsis.
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Abstract
To date, long-term consequences of septic encephalopathy on cerebral metabolism, cognition, learning, and memory capabilities and factors involved are poorly understood. In this study, we used a murine sepsis model to demonstrate that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes long-term cognitive deficits in mice. Two months after LPS treatment, wild-type mice committed more working and reference memory errors than controls. The behavioral impairment was independent of the cerebral glucose uptake as evidenced by (18)F-Fluordeoxyglucose small animal positron emission tomography. In contrast, mice deficient for the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS2-/-) did not show any cognitive changes when challenged with LPS. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that LPS did not lead to neuronal cell death but caused sustained microglial activation in wild-type as compared to NOS2-/- mice. Expression analysis showed that LPS-treated NOS2-/- mice had lower brain mRNA levels for proinflammatory factors compared with wild-type mice. Expression analysis demonstrated distinct changes in the content of synaptic proteins in wild-type mice, which were not observed in the NOS2-/- mice. Together, this data set outlines the importance of the NOS2 activation for long-term cerebral changes after severe sepsis.
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Tuon L, Comim CM, Petronilho F, Barichello T, Izquierdo I, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. Memory-enhancing treatments reverse the impairment of inhibitory avoidance retention in sepsis-surviving rats. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 12:R133. [PMID: 18957125 PMCID: PMC2592772 DOI: 10.1186/cc7103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Survivors from sepsis have presented with long-term cognitive impairment, including alterations in memory, attention, concentration, and global loss of cognitive function. Thus, we evaluated the effects of memory enhancers in sepsis-surviving rats. Methods The rats underwent cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) (sepsis group) with 'basic support' (saline at 50 mL/kg immediately and 12 hours after CLP plus ceftriaxone at 30 mg/kg and clindamycin at 25 mg/kg 6, 12, and 18 hours after CLP) or sham-operated (control group). After 10 or 30 days, rats were submitted to an inhibitory avoidance task. After task training, animals received injections of saline, epinephrine, naloxone, dexamethasone, or glucose. Twenty-four hours afterwards, animals were submitted to the inhibitory avoidance test. Results We demonstrated that memory enhancers reversed impairment in the sepsis group 10 and 30 days after sepsis induction. This effect was of lower magnitude when compared with sham animals 10 days, but not 30 days, after sepsis. Conclusions Using different pharmacologic approaches, we conclude that the adrenergic memory formation pathways are responsive in sepsis-surviving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiane Tuon
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brasil
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Comim CM, Rezin GT, Scaini G, Di-Pietro PB, Cardoso MR, Petronilho FC, Ritter C, Streck EL, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. Mitochondrial respiratory chain and creatine kinase activities in rat brain after sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation. Mitochondrion 2008; 8:313-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Streck EL, Comim CM, Barichello T, Quevedo J. The septic brain. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:2171-7. [PMID: 18461451 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a major disease entity with important clinical implications. Sepsis-induced multiple organ failure is associated with a high mortality rate in humans and is clinically characterized by pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that sepsis survivors present long-term cognitive impairment, including alterations in memory, attention, concentration and/or global loss of cognitive function. However, the pathogenesis and natural history of septic encephalopathy and cognitive impairment are still poorly known and further understanding of these processes is necessary for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic interventions. This review discusses the clinical presentation and underlying pathophysiology of the encephalopathy and cognitive impairment associated with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806-000, Criciuma, SC, Brazil
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Time-dependent behavioral recovery after sepsis in rats. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:1724-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Barichello T, Martins MR, Reinke A, Constantino LS, Machado RA, Valvassori SS, Moreira JCF, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. Behavioral deficits in sepsis-surviving rats induced by cecal ligation and perforation. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 40:831-7. [PMID: 17581683 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2007000600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and its complications are the leading causes of mortality in intensive care units, accounting for 10-50% of deaths. Intensive care unit survivors present long-term cognitive impairment, including alterations in memory, attention, concentration, and/or global loss of cognitive function. In the present study, we investigated behavioral alterations in sepsis-surviving rats. One hundred and ten male Wistar rats (3-4 months, 250-300 g) were submitted to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and 44 were submitted to sham operation. Forty-four rats (40%) survived after CLP, and all sham-operated animals survived and were used as control. Twenty animals of each group were used in the object recognition task (10 in short-term memory and 10 in long-term memory), 12 in the plus-maze test and 12 in the forced swimming test. Ten days after surgery, the animals were submitted individually to an object recognition task, plus-maze and forced swimming tests. A significant impairment of short- and long-term recognition memory was observed in the sepsis group (recognition index 0.75 vs 0.55 and 0.74 vs 0.51 for short- and long-term memory, respectively (P < 0.05). In the elevated plus-maze test no difference was observed between groups in any of the parameters assessed. In addition, sepsis survivors presented an increase in immobility time in the forced swimming test (180 vs 233 s, P < 0.05), suggesting the presence of depressive-like symptoms in these animals after recovery from sepsis. The present results demonstrated that rats surviving exposure to CLP, a classical sepsis model, presented recognition memory impairment and depressive-like symptoms but not anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Barichello
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciuma, SC, Brasil
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Barichello T, Machado RA, Constantino L, Valvassori SS, Réus GZ, Martins MR, Petronilho F, Ritter C, Quevedo J, Dal-Pizzol F. Antioxidant treatment prevented late memory impairment in an animal model of sepsis. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2186-90. [PMID: 17855835 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000281452.60683.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the effect of antioxidant treatment on late memory impairment and early hippocampus oxidative stress after cecal ligation and perforation. SUBJECTS Male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS Rats underwent sham operation or cecal ligation and perforation. Animals that underwent cecal ligation and perforation were divided into groups: 1) treated with basic support (50 mL/kg saline, 30 mg/kg ceftriaxone, and 25 mg/kg clindamycin every 6 hrs), 2) treated with basic support plus N-acetylcysteine (20 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hrs after cecal ligation and perforation), 3) treated with basic support plus deferoxamine (20 mg/kg deferoxamine at 3 and 24 hrs after cecal ligation and perforation), 4) treated with basic support plus N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine, or 5) treated with N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS On days 10 and 30 after surgery, the animals underwent behavioral tasks: inhibitory avoidance task, habituation to an open field, and continuous multiple-trials step-down inhibitory avoidance task. The sepsis group showed significantly decreased performance in latency retention compared with the sham group in the inhibitory avoidance task. In the open-field task, the sepsis group presented memory impairment after sepsis. In the continuous multiple-trials step-down inhibitory avoidance task, the sepsis group showed a significant increase in the number of training trials required to reach the acquisition criterion. All these memory impairments were prevented by N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine treatment, but not its isolate use. In addition, the combined use of antioxidants attenuated oxidative damage in hippocampus 6 hrs after sepsis induction. CONCLUSIONS Antioxidant treatment prevented the development of late cognitive deficits in an animal model of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Semmler A, Frisch C, Debeir T, Ramanathan M, Okulla T, Klockgether T, Heneka MT. Long-term cognitive impairment, neuronal loss and reduced cortical cholinergic innervation after recovery from sepsis in a rodent model. Exp Neurol 2007; 204:733-40. [PMID: 17306796 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a disease with a high and growing prevalence worldwide. Most studies on sepsis up to date have been focused on reduction of short-term mortality. This study investigates cognitive and neuroanatomical long-term consequences of sepsis in a rat model. Sepsis was induced in male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g by an i.p. injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg). Three months after complete recovery from sepsis, animals showed memory deficits in the radial maze and changes in open field exploratory patterns but unaffected inhibitory avoidance learning. Behavioral findings were matched by sepsis-induced loss of neurons in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex on serial sections after NeuN-staining and reduced cholinergic innervation in the parietal cortex measured by immunoradiography of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Together these results suggest that sepsis can induce persistent behavioral and neuroanatomical changes and warrant studies of the neurological long-term consequences of sepsis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Semmler
- Department of Neurology, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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