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Zhong S, Borlak J. Sex disparities in non-small cell lung cancer: mechanistic insights from a cRaf transgenic disease model. EBioMedicine 2023; 95:104763. [PMID: 37625265 PMCID: PMC10470261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are at greater risk of developing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), yet the underlying causes remain unclear. METHODS We performed whole genome scans in lung tumours of cRaf transgenic mice and identified miRNA, transcription factor and hormone receptor dependent gene regulations. We confirmed hormone receptors by immunohistochemistry and constructed regulatory gene networks by considering experimentally validated miRNA-gene and transcription factor-miRNA/gene targets. Bioinformatics, genomic foot-printing and gene enrichment analysis established sex-specific circuits of lung tumour growth. Translational research involved a large cohort of NSCLC patients. We evaluated commonalities in sex-specific NSCLC gene regulations between mice and humans and determined their prognostic value in Kaplan-Meier survival statistics and COX proportional hazard regression analysis. FINDINGS Overexpression of the cRaf kinase elicited an extraordinary 8-fold increase in tumour growth among females, and nearly 70% of the 112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were female specific. We identified oncogenes, oncomirs, tumour suppressors, cell cycle regulators and MAPK/EGFR signalling molecules, which prompted sex-based differences in NSCLC, and we deciphered a regulatory gene-network, which protected males from accelerated tumour growth. Strikingly, 41% of DEGs are targets of hormone receptors, and the majority (85%) are oestrogen receptor (ER) dependent. We confirmed the role of ER in a large cohort of NSCLC patients and validated 40% of DEGs induced by cRaf in clinical tumour samples. INTERPRETATION We report the molecular wiring that prompted sex disparities in tumour growth. This allowed us to propose the development of molecular targeted therapies by jointly blocking ER, CDK1 and arginase 2 in NSCLC. FUNDING We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Lower Saxony Ministry of Culture and Sciences and Volkswagen Foundation, Germany to JB (25A.5-7251-99-3/00) and of the Chinese Scholarship Council to SZ (202008080022). This publication is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) as part of the "Open Access Publikationskosten" program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhong
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany.
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Tani Y, Kaneda H, Koh Y, Tamiya A, Isa S, Kubo A, Ogawa K, Matsumoto Y, Sawa K, Yoshimoto N, Mitsuoka S, Kawaguchi T. The Impact of Estrogen Receptor Expression on Mutational Status in the Evolution of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2023; 24:165-174. [PMID: 36646585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of estrogen receptor (ER) status in the carcinogenesis of lung cancer and its impact on prognosis remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We previously reported a prospective, multicenter, molecular epidemiology study (Japan Molecular Epidemiology for Lung Cancer Study [JME]). We examined the relationship of ER status with reproductive and hormonal factors, mutational profile, and survival using JME study data. Patients were enrolled between July 2012 and December 2013, with follow-up until November, 2017. RESULTS Among 441 ever- and 435 never-smokers, ER expression was observed in 46.4% and 53.5%, respectively (P = .022). Hormone use and reproductive history of female patients were not associated with ER status. Mutations in EGFR (P = .003), TP53 (P = .007), and CTNNB1 (P = .027) were significantly associated with ER expression. Multivariate analysis showed that mutations in EGFR (P = .032) and CTNNB1 (P = .026) were significantly associated with ER expression, whereas TP53 mutations exhibited a trend toward significance (P = .059). Relapse-free survival (RFS) was longer in all the patients with ER-positive tumors than those with ER-negative tumors (P = .021). RFS and overall survival were longer (P = .024, P = .011, respectively) in the stage I patients with ER-positive tumors than those with ER-negative tumors. CONCLUSION ERβ expression is positively associated with EGFR mutations and negatively with TP53 and CTNNB1 mutations. ER-positive tumors can be associated with better prognosis of the patients, suggesting that ER expression with coexisting EGFR mutations and wild-type TP53 contribute to the biology of non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tani
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kaneda
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Koh
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama City, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine III, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama City, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tamiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Shunichi Isa
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Akihito Kubo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Koichi Ogawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Matsumoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kenji Sawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshimoto
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ishikiri Seiki Hospital, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mitsuoka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kawaguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
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Kriegsmann K, Zgorzelski C, Muley T, Christopoulos P, von Winterfeld M, Herpel E, Goeppert B, Mechtersheimer G, Sinn P, Stenzinger A, Schirmacher P, Winter H, Eichinger M, Warth A, Kriegsmann M. Immunohistological expression of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, mammaglobin, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and GATA-binding protein 3 in non-small-cell lung cancer. Histopathology 2020; 77:900-914. [PMID: 32634256 DOI: 10.1111/his.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and breast cancer are common entities. Staining for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), mammaglobin (MAMG) and GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) is frequently performed to confirm a mammary origin in the appropriate diagnostic setting. However, comprehensive data on the immunohistological expression of these markers in NSCLC are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse a large cohort of NSCLCs and correlate the staining results with clinicopathological variables. METHODS AND RESULTS A tissue microarray was stained for ER, PgR, MAMG, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and GATA3, and included 636 adenocarcinomas (ADCs), 536 squamous cell carcinomas (SqCCs), 65 large-cell-carcinomas, 34 pleomorphic carcinomas, and 20 large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. HER2 status was determined for immunohistochemically positive cases with chromogenic in-situ hybridisation. Markers with a proportion of ≥5% positive cases in ADC and SqCC were considered for survival analysis. Among ADCs, 62 (10%), 17 (3%), one (<1%), seven (1%), and 49 (8%) cases were positive for ER, PgR, MAMG, HER2, and GATA3, respectively. Among SqCCs, 10 (2%), 14 (3%), two (<1%) and 109 (20%) cases were positive for ER, PgR, HER2, and GATA3, but none of the samples showed positivity for MAMG. ER positivity was associated with ADC, female sex, smaller tumour size, and lower clinical stage. None of the markers had an impact on survival. CONCLUSION We report on ER, PgR, MAMG, HER2 and GATA3 expression in a large cohort of NSCLCs. Interpretation of these markers in the differential diagnostic setting should be based on a multimarker panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Haematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Esther Herpel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Goeppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Sinn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Eichinger
- Department of Radiology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne Warth
- Institute of Pathology, Cytopathology, and Molecular Pathology, UEGP MVZ Gießen/Wetzlar/Limburg, Limburg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg, Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Mitra S, Purkait S, Kundoo A, Behera G, Patra S. Diagnostic challenge in a metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation to breast and skin. Cytopathology 2019; 30:541-544. [DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suvradeep Mitra
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine AIIMS Bhubaneswar India
| | - Suvendu Purkait
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine AIIMS Bhubaneswar India
| | - Aditi Kundoo
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine AIIMS Bhubaneswar India
| | - Gayatri Behera
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine AIIMS Bhubaneswar India
| | - Susama Patra
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine AIIMS Bhubaneswar India
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Kim G, Yu K, Kim J, Kim S, Park S, Ahn S, Lee JY, Kim S, Park HH, Lee D. Diagnostic Availability of Estrogen Receptor Alpha mRNA on Cervical Cancer Tissue. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2018.50.4.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geehyuk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Kwangmin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jungho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Seoyong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Pusan, Korea
| | - Ho-Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Mokpo Science University, Mokpo, Korea
| | - Dongsup Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Hyejeon College, Hongseong, Korea
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Hakima L, Schlesinger K, Sunkara J, Karabakhtsian RG. Differential expression of various clones of estrogen receptor in cell block preparation of lung adenocarcinoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2018; 46:390-394. [PMID: 29465823 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women treated for breast cancer are at increased risk of developing pulmonary nodules which could represent new primary lung carcinomas or metastatic breast carcinoma. The FNA biopsy is frequently the first diagnostic choice in determining the primary site of the tumor. Estrogen receptor (ER) positivity in diagnostic tissue is generally used to favor breast over lung primary. However, the recent studies have shown a wide range of ER antibody cross reactivity with lung adenocarcinoma. We studied the frequency of ER expression in cytology samples of lung adenocarcinoma using antibodies to three different ER clones. METHODS Cytology cell block preparations, including 22 lung FNAs and 19 malignant pleural effusions (PE) from 41 patients, with clinically documented primary lung adenocarcinomas were selected for this study. All cases were stained with monoclonal antibodies to ER clones 6F11 and 1D5. Twenty nine cases with remaining available material (15 FNA and 14 PE) were stained with a third antibody to ER clone SP1. The extent of ER nuclear staining was scored as 3+ (50%-100% of tumor cells), 2+ (11%-49%), and 1+ (≤10%). RESULTS Positivity for ER-6F11 clone was present in 4 of 22 lung FNAs (18.2%, 2+ staining). Two of the four 6F11 positive FNAs also co-expressed ER-1D5 (9.1%, 2+ staining). No immunoreactivity was observed for ER clones 6F11 and 1D5 in all 19 malignant PEs. In addition, none of the remaining 15 FNAs and 14 PEs showed immunoreactivity for ER-SP1 clone. CONCLUSIONS A small subset of pulmonary adenocarcinomas shows immunoreactivity for ER clones 6F11 and 1D5 in FNA samples (18.2% and 9.1%, respectively). The absence of immunoreactivity for ER-SP1 clone indicates higher specificity of this clone in non-breast tissue. The differential diagnostic value of all ER clones in malignant PEs appears to be secure. Larger studies are necessary to validate this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Hakima
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Kathie Schlesinger
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jaya Sunkara
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Rouzan G Karabakhtsian
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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7
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Hsu LH, Chu NM, Kao SH. Estrogen, Estrogen Receptor and Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081713. [PMID: 28783064 PMCID: PMC5578103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has been postulated as a contributor for lung cancer development and progression. We reviewed the current knowledge about the expression and prognostic implications of the estrogen receptors (ER) in lung cancer, the effect and signaling pathway of estrogen on lung cancer, the hormone replacement therapy and lung cancer risk and survival, the mechanistic relationship between the ER and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the relevant clinical trials combining the ER antagonist and the EGFR antagonist, to investigate the role of estrogen in lung cancer. Estrogen and its receptor have the potential to become a prognosticator and a therapeutic target in lung cancer. On the other hand, tobacco smoking aggravates the effect of estrogen and endocrine disruptive chemicals from the environment targeting ER may well contribute to the lung carcinogenesis. They have gradually become important issues in the course of preventive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Han Hsu
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Medical School, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Nei-Min Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Huei Kao
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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8
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Peng Y, Butt YM, Chen B, Zhang X, Tang P. Update on Immunohistochemical Analysis in Breast Lesions. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:1033-1051. [PMID: 28574279 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0482-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - The utility of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in breast lesions needs to be updated with exceptions among these lesions. Biomarker studies with IHC in triple-negative breast carcinoma may help develop targeted therapies for this aggressive breast cancer. The distinction of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma to the breast and invasive breast carcinoma has significant prognostic and therapeutic implications. The determination can be challenging because both primary tumors can express estrogen receptor and/or HER2 by IHC, creating a diagnostic dilemma. OBJECTIVES - To provide a practical update on the use of IHC markers in differential diagnoses in breast lesions, including benign, atypical, precancerous, and malignant tumors; to highlight recently published research findings on novel IHC markers in triple-negative breast carcinoma cases; and to reinforce the importance of IHC use as an ancillary tool in distinguishing metastatic lung adenocarcinoma to the breast from primary breast carcinoma using real case examples. DATA SOURCES - PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) literature review and authors' research data and personal experiences were used in this review. CONCLUSIONS - Immunohistochemistry has an important role in making differential diagnoses in breast lesions in morphologically equivocal settings; recognizing IHC expression status in the exceptions among these lesions will aid in the correct diagnosis of challenging breast cases. Studies suggest that androgen receptor, p16, p53, GATA3, and PELP1 may have potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value in triple-negative breast carcinoma cases; these findings may provide insight and a greater understanding of the tumor biology in triple-negative breast carcinomas. In distinguishing metastatic estrogen receptor-positive or HER2+ lung adenocarcinoma to the breast from primary breast carcinoma, napsin A, TTF-1, and GATA3 comprise a useful IHC panel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ping Tang
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Drs Peng and Butt); the Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota (Dr Chen); the Department of Pathology, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey (Dr Zhang); and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York (Dr Tang)
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Abstract
This review summarizes the three major breast-associated markers that can be of assistance in evaluating metastatic carcinomas for which a breast primary diagnosis is entertained. These markers include gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), mammaglobin, and GATA3. The first two are cytoplasmic markers that show comparable sensitivities for breast cancer, although relatively few of the published studies have employed the same antibodies against the target molecule, making direct comparisons challenging. GATA3 is a nuclear transcription factor that shows superior sensitivity to GCDFP-15 and mammaglobin. However, the specificity of GATA3 can pose challenges, inasmuch as carcinomas of the bladder and other sites can show significant levels of positivity. Determination of the optimal panel of antibodies employed in a given clinical setting will thus depend on the non-breast tumours included in the differential diagnosis.
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10
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Provenzano E, Byrne DJ, Russell PA, Wright GM, Generali D, Fox SB. Differential expression of immunohistochemical markers in primary lung and breast cancers enriched for triple-negative tumours. Histopathology 2015; 68:367-77. [PMID: 26118394 DOI: 10.1111/his.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In breast cancer patients presenting with a lung lesion, the distinction between lung and breast origin is clinically important. Lung and breast cancers are both CK7(+) /CK20(-) , so additional immunohistochemical markers are needed. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), p63 and Wilms' tumour 1 (WT1) in a series of tissue microarrays comprising 266 non-small-cell lung cancers and 837 primary breast cancers enriched for triple-negative tumours (TNBC). Staining for ER, PR, TTF-1 and GCDFP-15 was present in 63%, 49%, 0% and 25% of breast and 6%, 9%, 59% and 1% of lung cancers, respectively. Strong staining for p63 was present in 63 (97%) lung squamous cell carcinomas and only eight (9%) TNBC. WT1 nuclear staining was rare; however, cytoplasmic staining was identified in 49 (40%) TNBC and 10 (5%) lung cancers. Cluster analysis segregated TNBC from lung cancers with TTF-1 and/or p63 staining favouring lung origin, and GCDFP-15 or WT1 staining favouring breast origin. Cancers negative for all four markers (17%) were 60% breast and 40% lung origin. CONCLUSION An immunohistochemical panel incorporating ER, TTF-1, GCDFP-15, p63 and WT1 can help to distinguish lung cancer from metastatic breast cancer, including TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Provenzano
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Prudence A Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Gavin M Wright
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Daniele Generali
- Università Operativa Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria/US Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, dell'Azienda Ospedaliera Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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11
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Dyhdalo KS, Booth CN, Brainard JA, Croyle MC, Kolosiwsky AM, Goyal A, Gildea TR, Almeida FA, Nassar A, Reynolds JP. Utility of GATA3, mammaglobin, GCDFP-15, and ER in the detection of intrathoracic metastatic breast carcinoma. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2015; 4:218-224. [PMID: 31051757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast carcinoma (BC) metastatic to the intrathoracic cavity is difficult to diagnose due to low sensitivity of current immunohistochemical (IHC) stains. Mammaglobin, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), and estrogen receptor (ER) immunomarkers show variable results. GATA3 is a recently described marker for detecting urothelial and breast cancers. Our goal is to test the utility of GATA3 in cell blocks from thoracic cytology specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrieved cases of BC that metastasized to the thoracic cavity from January 1, 2005 to September 30, 2013. IHC was performed on the cell blocks for the presence of GATA3, ER, GCDFP-15, and mammaglobin. Stains were scored quantitatively and qualitatively. RESULTS Fifty cases of metastatic BC found in pleural effusions and endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirates were identified in 48 patients. Thirty-four cases had sufficient material for IHC (19 pleural effusions, 15 endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirates). GATA3 showed strong nuclear positivity in 31 of 34 cases (91.2%). ER (25 of 34, 73.5%), mammaglobin (23 of 34, 67.6%) and GCDFP-15 (11 of 34, 32.6%) were positive in fewer cases. GATA3 and ER were concordant in 26 of 34 cases (76.5%) (24 ER/GATA3-positive, 2 ER/GATA3-negative). Discordant results were found in 8 of 34 cases (23.5%). Of these, GATA3 was positive and ER was negative in 7 cases. GATA3 was negative and ER was positive in 1 case. CONCLUSIONS GATA3 is more sensitive than ER, mammaglobin, or GCDFP-15 in detecting metastatic BC in cytologic specimens. GATA3 may be positive when ER is negative. In cytologic specimens with limited diagnostic material, GATA3 may be used as a first-line marker in a limited IHC panel to support metastatic BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Dyhdalo
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christine N Booth
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer A Brainard
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maureen C Croyle
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ashley M Kolosiwsky
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Abha Goyal
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Thomas R Gildea
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Francisco A Almeida
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Aziza Nassar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Jordan P Reynolds
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, Ohio.
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12
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In search of the ideal immunopanel to distinguish metastatic mammary carcinoma from primary lung carcinoma: a tissue microarray study of 207 cases. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2014; 22:266-74. [PMID: 23958551 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e318297cc0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinguishing metastatic carcinoma of breast origin (MCBO) to lung from primary lung carcinomas (PLC) is a diagnostic quandary with clinical ramifications. Immunostains CK7, CK20, ER, PR, and Mammaglobin as well as pertinent negative stains are utilized but prove insufficient. We set out to identify stains either alone or as a group that would better discern between these 2 entities. DESIGN Tissue microarrays of 109 MCBO to lung and 102 PLC were stained with CK7, CK20, ER, PR, AR, Mammaglobin, Napsin A, GATA-3, and TTF-1. An H-score was calculated for each case and stain. RESULTS The highest area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves for each stain was seen with GATA-3 (0.817), Napsin A (0.817), and TTF-1 (0.854). When all possible combinations were analyzed, GATA-3 and TTF-1 proved to correctly classify with the highest accuracy (0.934). Combinations of GATA-3 and Napsin A (0.920) and GATA-3, Napsin A, and TTF-1 (0.933) were not significantly different from GATA-3 and TTF-1. The odds ratios for each stain and combination of stains showed that those for GATA-3 and TTF-1 were divergent, signifying that cases with higher H-scores for GATA-3 and TTF-1 were more likely to be classified as MCBO and PLC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS GATA-3 and TTF-1 can correctly classify a case as either MCBO or PLC in 93.4% of cases. Although highly specific and sensitive for PLC, Napsin A in lieu of TTF-1 or as an additional stain did not improve classification accuracy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of choroidal metastases from breast carcinoma occurring after a remission period of 34 years. METHODS Case report and literature review. RESULTS A 77-year-old woman who presented with blurry vision was found to have choroidal metastatic lesions in both her eyes. She had a remote history of breast cancer (status post mastectomy) 34 years ago. A metastatic workup was performed that revealed the presence of widespread metastatic lesions in the lungs, liver, and bones. CONCLUSION Although the median time period for the detection of choroidal metastases is 3 years after the diagnosis of the primary malignancy, choroidal metastases can present till 34 years later as in our case (the longest time interval reported in the literature).
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Ervine A, Leung S, Gilks CB, McCluggage WG. Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) immunoreactivity is an adverse prognostic factor in endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus. Histopathology 2014; 64:840-6. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Ervine
- Department of Pathology; Belfast Health and Social Care Trust; Belfast UK
| | - Sam Leung
- Department of Pathology; Vancouver General Hospital and University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - C Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology; Vancouver General Hospital and University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - W Glenn McCluggage
- Department of Pathology; Belfast Health and Social Care Trust; Belfast UK
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Atmaca A, Al-Batran SE, Wirtz RM, Werner D, Zirlik S, Wiest G, Eschbach C, Claas S, Hartmann A, Ficker JH, Jäger E, Brueckl WM. The validation of estrogen receptor 1 mRNA expression as a predictor of outcome in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2314-21. [PMID: 24174373 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic role of estrogen receptors in lung cancer is not validated. Results from patients with early stage non-small lung cancer patients indicate a prognostic role of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) mRNA expression in these patients. Automated RNA extraction from paraffin and RT-quantitative PCR was used for evaluation of tumoral ESR1 and progesterone receptor (PGR) mRNA expression. The test cohort consisted of 31 patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, treated in a first-line registry trial. For validation, 53 patients from a randomized multicentre first-line study with eligible tumor samples were evaluated. There was no significant correlation of ESR1 expression with clinical characteristics. ESR1 high expression was of significant positive prognostic value in the training set with a median overall survival (OS) of 15.9 versus 6.2 months for high versus low ESR1 expression patients (p = 0.0498, HR 0.39). This could be confirmed in the validation cohort with a median OS of 10.9 versus 5.0 months in ESR1 high versus low patients, respectively (p = 0.0321, HR 0.51). In the multivariate analysis adjusted for histological subtype, gender, age and performance status, ESR1 expression remained an independent prognostic parameter for survival in both cohorts. In contrast to ESR1, PGR expression was not able to separate prognostic groups or to predict outcome significantly (for OS; p = 0.94). Our study shows that ESR1 mRNA as assessed by qPCR represents a reliable method for detecting ESR1 expression in NSCLC and that ESR1 expression is an independent prognostic factor in metastatic NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Atmaca
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Grabau DA, Bendahl PO, Rydén L, Stål O, Fernö M. The prevalence of immunohistochemically determined oestrogen receptor positivity in primary breast cancer is dependent on the choice of antibody and method of heat-induced epitope retrieval - prognostic implications? Acta Oncol 2013; 52:1657-66. [PMID: 23343224 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2012.762994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oestrogen receptor (ER) status is important for the choice of systemic treatment of breast cancer patients. However, most data from randomised trials on the effect of adjuvant endocrine therapy according to ER status are based on the cytosol methods. Comparisons with immunohistochemical methods have given similar results. The aim of the present study was to examine whether different ER antibodies and heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) methods influence the prevalence of ER-positivity in primary breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study is based on patients included in a clinical trial designed to compare the effect of two years of adjuvant tamoxifen versus no adjuvant systemic treatment in premenopausal women. From 1986 to 1991, 564 patients from two study centres in Sweden were enrolled and randomised. Patients were randomised independently of ER status. In the present study, ER status was assessed on tissue microarrays with the three different ER antibody/HIER combinations: 1D5 in citrate pH 6 (n = 390), SP1 in Tris pH 9 (n = 390) and PharmDx in citrate pH 6 (n = 361). RESULTS At cut-offs of 1% and 10%, respectively, the prevalence of ER-positivity was higher with SP1 (75% and 72%) compared with 1D5 (68% and 66%) and PharmDx (66% and 62%). At these cut-offs, patients in the discordant groups (SP1-positive and 1D5-negative) seem to have a prognosis intermediate between those of the double-positive and double-negative groups. Comparison with the ER status determined by the cytosol-based methods in the discordant group also showed an intermediate pattern. The repeatability was good for all antibodies and cut-offs, with overall agreement ≥ 93%. CONCLUSION The present study shows that the choice of antibody and HIER method influences the prevalence of ER-positivity. We suggest that this be taken into consideration when choosing a cut-off for clinical decision making.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Epitopes/isolation & purification
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques/methods
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
- Tissue Array Analysis
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Brunnström H, Johansson L, Jirström K, Jönsson M, Jönsson P, Planck M. Immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnostics of primary lung cancer: an investigation within the Southern Swedish Lung Cancer Study. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 140:37-46. [PMID: 23765532 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp50rdxscsbtbo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess immunohistochemical (IHC) stains differentially expressed between different types of lung cancer. METHODS We evaluated 16 different IHC stains in 209 prospectively included, surgically treated primary lung cancers, including 121 adenocarcinomas, 65 squamous cell carcinomas, 15 large-cell carcinomas, 5 adenosquamous carcinomas, 2 sarcomatoid carcinomas, and 1 small-cell carcinoma, using the tissue microarray technique. RESULTS Cytokeratin 5 (CK5) and P63 were both positive in 10% or more of the cells in 97% of the squamous cell carcinomas, with the former being positive (<10% of the cells) in only 2 non-squamous cell carcinomas. Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) and napsin A were positive in 10% or more of the cells in 88% and 87% of the adenocarcinomas, respectively, with 94% of the adenocarcinomas being positive in at least 1 marker. Fifteen percent of the adenocarcinomas were positive for estrogen receptor. CONCLUSIONS CK5, TTF1, and napsin A are sensitive markers for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Brunnström
- Department of Pathology, Lund University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leif Johansson
- Department of Pathology, Lund University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Pathology, Lund University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Jönsson
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Planck
- Department of Oncology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Brueckl WM, Al-Batran SE, Ficker JH, Claas S, Atmaca A, Hartmann A, Rieker RJ, Wirtz RM. Prognostic and predictive value of estrogen receptor 1 expression in completely resected non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1825-31. [PMID: 23580323 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) leads to a modest improvement in survival among patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but molecular predictors are still rare. Publicly available gene microarray, clinical and follow-up data from two different studies on early-stage NSCLC were used to determine the expression of estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). Expression values were calculated against clinical and survival data in a training set (n = 138) and a test set (subpopulation from the adjuvant JBR.10 study) allowing the determination of the prognostic effect of ESR1 in the observational arm as well as the predictive effect of ESR1 regarding ACT. Data were well balanced in terms of ESR1 expression. ESR1 high expression was of significant positive prognostic value in the training set and this could be confirmed in the test set cohort (hazard ratio for overall survival 0.248, 95% confidence interval: 0.088-0.701; p = 0.008). Additionally, ESR1 low tumors showed a benefit from ACT in terms of 5-year survival (33.3% observation arm and 77.8% ACT arm; p = 0.003), whereas patients with ESR1 high tumors did not have any benefit from ACT (test of interaction p = 0.024). ESR1 is an independent positive prognostic factor for survival in early-stage NSCLC patients. Patients with ESR1 high tumors did not benefit from ACT.
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Sun HB, Zheng Y, Ou W, Fang Q, Li P, Ye X, Zhang BB, Yang H, Wang SY. Association between hormone receptor expression and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in patients operated on for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91:1562-7. [PMID: 21524465 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) play important roles in breast cancer. Similarly, there have been several reports of ER and PR expression in lung cancers, but the results have not been consistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between hormone receptor expression and clinicopathologic factors and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS We evaluated 316 resected NSCLC specimens for ER-α, PR, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and aromatase (n=272) expression using immunohistochemical methods. EGFR mutations were evaluated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS ER-α and PR were detected in 36.1% and 44.9% of all patients, respectively. The expression of ER-α was observed mostly in cytoplasm (94.7%) and the expression of PR was observed mostly in nucleus (95.8%). Aromatase was detected in the cytoplasm of 64.0% of patients. ER-α expression was significantly associated with female gender (p=0.004). The expression of PR was significantly associated with better clinicopathologic features. ER-α expression showed a positive correlation with PR (r=0.275; p<0.001) and aromatase (r=0.244; p<0.001) expression levels. EGFR mutation was independently associated with the female gender (p=0.001), negative expression of PR (p<0.001), and negative expression of aromatase (p=0.027). CONCLUSIONS The expression of ER-α and PR distinguish a subset of NSCLC that has defined clinicopathologic features. Negative expression of PR and aromatase correlate with EGFR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-bo Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Bogush TA, Dudko EA, Beme AA, Bogush EA, Kim AI, Polotsky BE, Tjuljandin SA, Davydov MI. Estrogen receptors, antiestrogens, and non-small cell lung cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:1421-7. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910120011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor in adenocarcinomas of the lung: the antibody factor. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2010; 18:137-41. [PMID: 19875957 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3181bec23b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemistry for estrogen receptor may be used to distinguish metastatic breast cancers from adenocarcinomas of other sites, including those of the lung. The estrogen receptor exists as 2 subtypes, alpha and beta. Estrogen receptor alpha is the predominant subtype expressed by more than two-thirds of human breast cancers. Adenocarcinomas of lung origin may also express estrogen receptor, primarily the beta subtype. Human estrogen receptor alpha is highly homologous to estrogen receptor beta and consequently, antibodies used to detect estrogen receptor alpha in breast carcinomas may detect estrogen receptor beta in pulmonary adenocarcinomas. We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor in proven primary lung adenocarcinomas using 3 anti-estrogen receptor alpha antibodies: mouse monoclonal 1D5, 6F11, and rabbit monoclonal SP1. DESIGN Ninety-two pulmonary adenocarcinomas (53 women and 39 men) confirmed by clinical presentation and positive immunohistochemistry for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) were included in this study. There were 19 incisional biopsies and 73 excisional specimens. Immunohistochemistry for estrogen receptor using antibodies 1D5, 6F11, and SP1 was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue following antigen retrieval. Any nuclear reactivity for estrogen receptor was considered a positive result. RESULT Focal positive nuclear reaction for estrogen receptor was detected in 7 (7.6%) cases of primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma using antibody 1D5, 13 (14.1%) using 6F11, and 25 (27.2%) using SP1. The differences in reactivity for estrogen receptor in pulmonary adenocarcinomas between SP1 and 1D5, and between SP1 and 6F11 were statistically significant (P<0.001). Positive cases showed only a focal pattern of staining with each of the 3 antibodies. There was no significant difference in reactivity for estrogen receptor in pulmonary adenocarcinomas of men and women. Positive staining was highest in nonmucinous bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinomas for all of the antibodies, and for SP1, variation by histologic subtype was significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS SP1 has a significantly higher detection rate for the expression of estrogen receptor in pulmonary adenocarcinomas when compared with either 1D5 or 6F11. Caution should therefore be exercised in the use of this antibody alone in distinguishing a metastatic breast from a primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
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Yang M, Nonaka D. A study of immunohistochemical differential expression in pulmonary and mammary carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:654-61. [PMID: 20173733 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The risk of developing a second primary cancer is increased in patients with breast cancer, and the lung is one of the major sites involved. Moreover, the lung is the major metastatic site for breast cancers. A distinction between metastatic breast cancer and primary lung cancer can be histologically difficult, and both show an overlapping CK7+/CK20- immunoprofile in a majority of cases. The degree of difficulty increases with poorly differentiated tumors. We investigated differential expressions of TTF-1, Napsin A, surfactant apoprotein A, estrogen receptor, GATA-3, mammaglobin, and GCDFP-15 immunostains in 197 pulmonary carcinomas (158 adenocarcinomas, 39 squamous) and 115 invasive mammary carcinomas (91 ductal, 24 lobular type). In mammary carcinomas, estrogen receptor, GATA-3, mammaglobin, and GCDFP-15 were expressed in 74, 72, 64, and 62%, respectively, whereas TTF-1, Napsin A, and surfactant apoprotein A were all negative. The expressions were diffuse in estrogen receptor and GATA-3, and variable in mammaglobin and GCDFP-15. For a combination of estrogen receptor/mammaglobin or GATA-3/mammaglobin, 83% of mammary carcinomas were positive, and the detection rate was not improved by using all three markers. All lung squamous cell carcinomas were negative for all markers studied. TTF-1, Napsin A, and surfactant apoprotein A were positive in 80, 77, and 45% of pulmonary adenocarcinomas. None of the TTF-1-negative tumors expressed surfactant apoprotein A. GCDFP-15 was focally expressed in 2.5% of pulmonary adenocarcinomas, and estrogen receptor was focally expressed in one case (1.2%) of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. When metastasis from breast cancer is suspected in the lung, a combination of either estrogen receptor/mammaglobin or GATA-3/mammaglobin as breast markers, and a combination of TTF-1 and Napsin A as lung markers may be helpful for differentiating between the two. Caution should be taken in the interpretation of GCDFP-15 due to its occasional expression in pulmonary adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Wei S, Said-Al-Naief N, Hameed O. Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Expression is not Always Specific for Mammary and Gynecologic Carcinomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2009; 17:393-402. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31819faa07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Raso MG, Behrens C, Herynk MH, Liu S, Prudkin L, Ozburn NC, Woods DM, Tang X, Mehran RJ, Moran C, Lee JJ, Wistuba II. Immunohistochemical expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors identifies a subset of NSCLCs and correlates with EGFR mutation. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5359-68. [PMID: 19706809 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the frequency of estrogen receptor alpha and beta and progesterone receptor protein immunohistochemical expression in a large set of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) specimens and to compare our results with those for some of the same antibodies that have provided inconsistent results in previously published reports. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using multiple antibodies, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta and progesterone receptor in 317 NSCLCs placed in tissue microarrays and correlated their expression with patients' clinicopathologic characteristics and in adenocarcinomas with EGFR mutation status. RESULTS Estrogen receptors alpha and beta were detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of NSCLC cells; however, the frequency of expression (nucleus, 5-36% for alpha and 42-56% for beta; cytoplasm: <1-42% for alpha and 20-98% for beta) varied among the different antibodies tested. Progesterone receptor was expressed in the nuclei of malignant cells in 63% of the tumors. Estrogen receptor alpha nuclear expression significantly correlated with adenocarcinoma histology, female gender, and history of never smoking (P = 0.0048 to <0.0001). In NSCLC, higher cytoplasmic estrogen receptor alpha expression significantly correlated with worse recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.12, 2.82; P = 0.015) in multivariate analysis. In adenocarcinomas, estrogen receptor alpha expression correlated with EGFR mutation (P = 0.0029 to <0.0001). Estrogen receptor beta and progesterone receptor but not estrogen receptor alpha expressed in the normal epithelium adjacent to lung adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen receptor alpha and beta expression distinguishes a subset of NSCLC that has defined clinicopathologic and genetic features. In lung adenocarcinoma, estrogen receptor alpha expression correlates with EGFR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Raso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA
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Wang PH, Wang HC, Tsai CC. Estrogen replacement in female lung cancer during gefitinib therapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2009; 39:829-32. [PMID: 19692419 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyp096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) has been detected in some specimens of lung cancer. Estrogen has an effect on the growth of lung cancer cell lines. An inverse relationship between ER and epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) was reported in pre-clinical data. A 70-year-old female with lung adenocarcinoma, who achieved a partial response by gefitinib, underwent estrogen replacement for menopause-associated symptoms during gefinitib therapy. Lung nodules enlarged with 1-month estrogen use and regressed 6 weeks after the end of estrogen therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first case report regarding the interaction between estrogen and EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Huai Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Diagnosis and Staging of Lung and Pleural Malignancy — an Overview of Tissue Sampling Techniques and the Implications for Pathological Assessment. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2009; 21:451-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Beasley MB. Immunohistochemistry of pulmonary and pleural neoplasia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:1062-72. [PMID: 18605762 DOI: 10.5858/2008-132-1062-iopapn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The use of immunohistochemical stains has several applications in the evaluation of pulmonary and pleural neoplasms. The number of available immunohistochemical stains is continually expanding and, although these stains are an important diagnostic adjunct, their use is not without limitations and pitfalls. OBJECTIVE To review and summarize the primary immunohistochemical applications with regard to the most common pulmonary and pleural neoplasms and discuss newly developed markers and common pitfalls. DATA SOURCES Pertinent peer-reviewed literature emphasizing immunohistochemical applications in common lung and pleural tumors, unusual and problematic staining patterns in frequently encountered subtypes/histologic variants, and recently developed immunohistochemical stains of potential promise. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical stains provide the greatest aid in establishing the site of origin of adenocarcinomas encountered in the lung and in separating epithelioid mesothelioma from adenocarcinoma. Certain subtypes of pulmonary adenocarcinomas may exhibit unusual staining patterns that may be potentially problematic. Immunohistochemistry has a more limited role in separating small cell carcinoma from non-small cell carcinoma, and extreme caution must be used in the situation of crushed biopsy specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Beasley
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Niikawa H, Suzuki T, Miki Y, Suzuki S, Nagasaki S, Akahira J, Honma S, Evans DB, Hayashi SI, Kondo T, Sasano H. Intratumoral estrogens and estrogen receptors in human non-small cell lung carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4417-26. [PMID: 18579664 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The possible involvement of gender-dependent factors has been suggested in human non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC), but their precise roles remain largely unclear. Therefore, we examined intratumoral estradiol concentrations in NSCLC to examine local actions of estrogens in NSCLC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fifty-nine frozen specimens of NSCLC were available for liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to study intratumoral estradiol concentrations. In addition, A549 NSCLC cells stably expressing estrogen receptor (ER) alpha (A549 + ERalpha) or ERbeta (A549 + ERbeta) were used in vitro studies. RESULTS Forty-three (73%) of 59 NSCLC showed higher concentration of estradiol in carcinoma tissues than the corresponding nonneoplastic lung tissues from the same patient, and intratumoral estradiol concentrations were significantly (P = 0.0002 and 2.2-fold) higher than the corresponding nonneoplastic lungs. The intratumoral concentration of estradiol was positively correlated with aromatase expression, tumor size, and Ki-67 status in ERalpha- or ERbeta-positive cases. In in vitro studies, estradiol significantly increased cell proliferation of A549 + ERalpha or A549 + ERbeta, which was significantly suppressed by selective ER modulators, tamoxifen or raloxifene. Both A549 + ERalpha and A549 + ERbeta cells expressed aromatase. The cell proliferation level in these cells was significantly increased under treatment with testosterone, and it was inhibited by addition of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that estradiol is locally produced in NSCLC mainly by aromatase and plays an important role in the growth of ERalpha- or ERbeta-positive NSCLC. Therefore, use of selective ER modulators and/or aromatase inhibitors may be clinically effective in NSCLC that are positive for both ER and aromatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Niikawa
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Japan
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Lee AHS. The histological diagnosis of metastases to the breast from extramammary malignancies. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:1333-41. [PMID: 18042689 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.046078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to review histological and immunohistochemical features that are useful in the diagnosis of metastases to the breast. Histological features were compared between non-haematological metastases to the breast and 100 consecutive core biopsy specimens of primary invasive carcinomas of the breast. 18 non-haematological metastases to the breast were diagnosed over a 10-year period (0.3% of malignant mammary tumours). Elastosis and carcinoma in situ were seen only in primary mammary cancers. Two-thirds of tumours had features raising the possibility of metastasis, such as clear cell carcinoma suggestive of renal origin and small cell carcinoma suggestive of pulmonary origin. The features observed in haematological metastases are also described. Immunohistochemical panels to distinguish mammary carcinoma (oestrogen receptor, gross cystic fluid protein-15) from common metastases to the breast, including carcinoma of the lung (thyroid transcription factor-1), malignant melanoma (S100, HMB45, melan-A) and ovarian serous papillary carcinoma (Wilms' tumour 1), are discussed. The pathologist has a key role in considering the diagnosis of metastasis to the breast if the histological features are unusual for a primary mammary tumour. The clinical history is vital in some cases. Immunohistochemistry plays a useful supplementary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H S Lee
- Histopathology Department, Nottingham University Hospitals, City Hospital Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG51PB, UK.
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Karamouzis MV, Konstantinopoulos PA, Papavassiliou AG. The activator protein-1 transcription factor in respiratory epithelium carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:109-20. [PMID: 17314269 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory epithelium cancers are the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The multistep natural history of carcinogenesis can be considered as a gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic aberrations, resulting in the deregulation of cellular homeostasis. Growing evidence suggests that cross-talk between membrane and nuclear receptor signaling pathways along with the activator protein-1 (AP-1) cascade and its cofactor network represent a pivotal molecular circuitry participating directly or indirectly in respiratory epithelium carcinogenesis. The crucial role of AP-1 transcription factor renders it an appealing target of future nuclear-directed anticancer therapeutic and chemoprevention approaches. In the present review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the implication of AP-1 proteins in respiratory epithelium carcinogenesis, highlight the ongoing research, and consider the future perspectives of their potential therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis V Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
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31
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Sasaki E, Tsunoda N, Hatanaka Y, Mori N, Iwata H, Yatabe Y. Breast-specific expression of MGB1/mammaglobin: an examination of 480 tumors from various organs and clinicopathological analysis of MGB1-positive breast cancers. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:208-14. [PMID: 17192791 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to show that mammaglobin (MGB1) can serve as a differential marker of breast cancer metastasis from primary lung cancer. However, mRNA-based methods are not appropriate for use in clinical practices. In this study, we examined MGB1 protein expression in 480 tumors from various organs using immunohistochemical detection and a tissue microarray technique. Breast cancers expressing MGB1 were also analyzed clinicopathologically to determine whether these cancers constitute a characteristic subset. Immunohistochemically, MGB1 was expressed specifically in breast cancers. Of the other cancers examined, including 29 of the head and neck, eight of the thyroid, 106 of the lung, 35 of the gastrointestinal tract, three of the pancreas, 14 of the uterine cervix and 13 of the ovary, none were positive for MGB1 except a proportion of salivary gland tumors (6/11, 55%) and endometrial cancers (3/23, 13%). Among the 238 breast cancers, MGB1 was expressed in 114 (48%), most of which were classified histologically as invasive duct or lobular carcinomas. Clinicopathologically, MGB1 expression was associated with positive expression of estrogen receptors and negative expression of CK5, but not with pathological stage, HER2 gene amplification or p53 immunoreactivity. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed prolonged disease-free survival in patients with MGB1-positive breast cancers (log rank test, P=0.016), but the Cox proportional hazard model failed to confirm that MGB1 was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio 1.77, P=0.1755). In terms of practical diagnosis, MGB1 immunohistochemistry can serve as a differential marker of breast cancer metastasis from primary lung cancer for two reasons. Firstly, HER2-positive breast cancer frequently lacks estrogen receptor expression, but MGB1 is expressed in about half of this subtype. Secondly, as primary lung adenocarcinomas may express estrogen receptors, MGB1 expression provides further discrimination of the origin of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou AG. The IGF-1 network in lung carcinoma therapeutics. Trends Mol Med 2006; 12:595-602. [PMID: 17055338 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the molecular events that underlie respiratory epithelium carcinogenesis still remains a largely unresolved issue. Various new therapeutic interventions are in advanced clinical testing or in daily clinical practice based on available preclinical findings. However, the complex molecular interplay that characterizes carcinogenesis requires further investigation to identify the pivotal factors and their interactions that might render the treatment of these malignancies more effective. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) network is a new important signalling cascade in lung carcinogenesis. Here, we integrate updated results that further support the significance of IGF-1 molecular circuitry in respiratory epithelium tumourigenesis, and pose future perspectives regarding its optimal use in the therapeutic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis V Karamouzis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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