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Petrosyan E, Fares J, Ahuja CS, Lesniak MS, Koski TR, Dahdaleh NS, El Tecle NE. Genetics and pathogenesis of scoliosis. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 20:100556. [PMID: 39399722 PMCID: PMC11470263 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2024.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
Background Scoliosis is defined as a lateral spine curvature of at least 10° with vertebral rotation, as seen on a posterior-anterior radiograph, often accompanied by reduced thoracic kyphosis. Scoliosis affects all age groups: idiopathic scoliosis is the most common spinal disorder in children and adolescents, while adult degenerative scoliosis typically affects individuals over fifty. In the United States, approximately 3 million new cases of scoliosis are diagnosed annually, with a predicted increase in part due to global aging. Despite its prevalence, the etiopathogenesis of scoliosis remains unclear. Methods This comprehensive review analyzes the literature on the etiopathogenetic evidence for both idiopathic and adult degenerative scoliosis. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies on the genetic factors and etiopathogenetic mechanisms of scoliosis development and progression, with the search limited to articles in English. Results For idiopathic scoliosis, genetic factors are categorized into three groups: genes associated with susceptibility, disease progression, and both. We identify gene groups related to different biological processes and explore multifaceted pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis, including evolutionary adaptations to bipedalism and developmental and homeostatic spinal aberrations. For adult degenerative scoliosis, we segregate genetic and pathogenic evidence into categories of angiogenesis and inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation, neural associations, and hormonal influences. Finally, we compare findings in idiopathic scoliosis and adult degenerative scoliosis, discuss current limitations in scoliosis research, propose a new model for scoliosis etiopathogenesis, and highlight promising areas for future studies. Conclusions Scoliosis is a complex, multifaceted disease with largely enigmatic origins and mechanisms of progression, keeping it under continuous scientific scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Petrosyan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Christopher S. Ahuja
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Maciej S. Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Tyler R. Koski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Nader S. Dahdaleh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Najib E. El Tecle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
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Novakov V, Novakova O, Churnosova M, Aristova I, Ponomarenko M, Reshetnikova Y, Churnosov V, Sorokina I, Ponomarenko I, Efremova O, Orlova V, Batlutskaya I, Polonikov A, Reshetnikov E, Churnosov M. Polymorphism rs143384 GDF5 reduces the risk of knee osteoarthritis development in obese individuals and increases the disease risk in non-obese population. ARTHROPLASTY 2024; 6:12. [PMID: 38424630 PMCID: PMC10905832 DOI: 10.1186/s42836-023-00229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effect of obesity on the association of genome-wide associative studies (GWAS)-significant genes with the risk of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). METHODS All study participants (n = 1,100) were divided into 2 groups in terms of body mass index (BMI): BMI ≥ 30 (255 KOA patients and 167 controls) and BMI < 30 (245 KOA and 433 controls). The eight GWAS-significant KOA single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of six candidate genes, such as LYPLAL1 (rs2820436, rs2820443), SBNO1 (rs1060105, rs56116847), WWP2 (rs34195470), NFAT5 (rs6499244), TGFA (rs3771501), GDF5 (rs143384), were genotyped. Logistic regression analysis (gPLINK online program) was used for SNPs associations study with the risk of developing KOA into 2 groups (BMI ≥ 30 and BMI < 30) separately. The functional effects of KOA risk loci were evaluated using in silico bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS Multidirectional relationships of the rs143384 GDF5 with KOA in BMI-different groups were found: This SNP was KOA protective locus among individuals with BMI ≥ 30 (OR 0.41 [95%CI 0.20-0.94] recessive model) and was disorder risk locus among individuals with BMI < 30 (OR 1.32 [95%CI 1.05-1.65] allele model, OR 1.44 [95%CI 1.10-1.86] additive model, OR 1.67 [95%CI 1.10-2.52] dominant model). Polymorphism rs143384 GDF5 manifested its regulatory effects in relation to nine genes (GDF5, CPNE1, EDEM2, ERGIC3, GDF5OS, PROCR, RBM39, RPL36P4, UQCC1) in adipose tissue, which were involved in the regulation of pathways of apoptosis of striated muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the effect of obesity on the association of the rs143384 GDF5 with KOA was shown: the "protective" value of this polymorphism in the BMI ≥ 30 group and the "risk" meaning in BMI < 30 cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Novakov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Olga Novakova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Maria Churnosova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Inna Aristova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Marina Ponomarenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Yuliya Reshetnikova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Vladimir Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Inna Sorokina
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Irina Ponomarenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Olga Efremova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Valentina Orlova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Irina Batlutskaya
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology and Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, 305041, Russia
| | - Evgeny Reshetnikov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia
| | - Mikhail Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, 308015, Russia.
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Jiang X, Liu F, Zhang M, Hu W, Zhao Y, Xia B, Xu K. Advances in genetic factors of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a bibliometric analysis. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1301137. [PMID: 38322243 PMCID: PMC10845672 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1301137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study offers a bibliometric analysis of the current situation, hotspots, and cutting-edge domains of genetic factors of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods All publications related to genetic factors of AIS from January 1, 1992, to February 28, 2023, were searched from the Web of Science. CiteSpace software was employed for bibliometric analysis, collecting information about countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords of each article. Results A cumulative number of 308 articles have been ascertained. Since 2006, publications relating to genetic factors of AIS have significantly increased. China leads in both productivity and influence in this area, with the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences being the most productive institution. The most prolific scholars in this field are Y. Qiu and Z. Z. Zhu. The publications that contributed the most were from Spine and European Spine Journal. The most prominent keywords in the genetic factors of AIS were "fibrillin gene", "menarche", "calmodulin", "estrogen receptor gene", "linkage analysis", "disc degeneration", "bone mineral density", "melatonin signaling dysfunction", "collagen gene", "mesenchymal stem cell", "LBX1", "promoter polymorphism", "Bone formation", "cerebrospinal fluid flow" and "extracellular matrix". Conclusion This analysis provides the frontiers and trends of genetic factors in AIS, including relevant research, partners, institutions and countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fuyun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Reshetnikova Y, Churnosova M, Stepanov V, Bocharova A, Serebrova V, Trifonova E, Ponomarenko I, Sorokina I, Efremova O, Orlova V, Batlutskaya I, Ponomarenko M, Churnosov V, Eliseeva N, Aristova I, Polonikov A, Reshetnikov E, Churnosov M. Maternal Age at Menarche Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Offspring Birth Weight. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1525. [PMID: 37511900 PMCID: PMC10381708 DOI: 10.3390/life13071525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the association between maternal age at menarche (AAM)-related polymorphisms and offspring birth weight (BW) was studied. The work was performed on a sample of 716 pregnant women and their newborns. All pregnant women underwent genotyping of 50 SNPs of AAM candidate genes. Regression methods (linear and Model-Based Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MB-MDR)) with permutation procedures (the indicator pperm was calculated) were used to identify the correlation between SNPs and newborn weight (transformed BW values were analyzed) and in silico bioinformatic examination was applied to assess the intended functionality of BW-associated loci. Four AAM-related genetic variants were BW-associated including genes such as POMC (rs7589318) (βadditive = 0.202/pperm = 0.015), KDM3B (rs757647) (βrecessive = 0.323/pperm = 0.005), INHBA (rs1079866) (βadditive = 0.110/pperm = 0.014) and NKX2-1 (rs999460) (βrecessive = -0.176/pperm = 0.015). Ten BW-significant models of interSNPs interactions (pperm ≤ 0.001) were identified for 20 polymorphisms. SNPs rs7538038 KISS1, rs713586 RBJ, rs12324955 FTO and rs713586 RBJ-rs12324955 FTO two-locus interaction were included in the largest number of BW-associated models (30% models each). BW-associated AAM-linked 22 SNPs and 350 proxy loci were functionally related to 49 genes relevant to pathways such as the hormone biosynthesis/process and female/male gonad development. In conclusion, maternal AMM-related genes polymorphism is associated with the offspring BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Reshetnikova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Maria Churnosova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Vadim Stepanov
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (V.S.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Anna Bocharova
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (V.S.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Victoria Serebrova
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (V.S.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Ekaterina Trifonova
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (V.S.); (A.B.); (V.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Irina Ponomarenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Inna Sorokina
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Olga Efremova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Valentina Orlova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Irina Batlutskaya
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Marina Ponomarenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Vladimir Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Natalya Eliseeva
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Inna Aristova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology and Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 305041 Kursk, Russia
| | - Evgeny Reshetnikov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
| | - Mikhail Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia; (Y.R.); (M.C.); (I.P.); (I.S.); (O.E.); (V.O.); (I.B.); (M.P.); (V.C.); (N.E.); (I.A.); (A.P.); (E.R.)
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Faldini C, Manzetti M, Neri S, Barile F, Viroli G, Geraci G, Ursini F, Ruffilli A. Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Related to Curve Progression in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Current Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5914. [PMID: 35682604 PMCID: PMC9180299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a progressive deformity of the spine. Scoliotic curves progress until skeletal maturity leading, in rare cases, to a severe deformity. While the Cobb angle is a straightforward tool in initial curve magnitude measurement, assessing the risk of curve progression at the time of diagnosis may be more challenging. Epigenetic and genetic markers are potential prognostic tools to predict curve progression. The aim of this study is to review the available literature regarding the epigenetic and genetic factors associated with the risk of AIS curve progression. This review was carried out in accordance with Preferential Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was carried out in January 2022. Only peer-reviewed articles were considered for inclusion. Forty studies were included; fifteen genes were reported as having SNPs with significant association with progressive AIS, but none showed sufficient power to sustain clinical applications. In contrast, nine studies reporting epigenetic modifications showed promising results in terms of reliable markers. Prognostic testing for AIS has the potential to significantly modify disease management. Most recent evidence suggests epigenetics as a more promising field for the identification of factors associated with AIS progression, offering a rationale for further investigation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Faldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science-DIBINEM, 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, University of Bologna, Via Giulio Cesare Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (M.M.); (F.B.); (G.V.); (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Marco Manzetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science-DIBINEM, 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, University of Bologna, Via Giulio Cesare Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (M.M.); (F.B.); (G.V.); (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Simona Neri
- Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Giulio Cesare Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesca Barile
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science-DIBINEM, 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, University of Bologna, Via Giulio Cesare Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (M.M.); (F.B.); (G.V.); (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Giovanni Viroli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science-DIBINEM, 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, University of Bologna, Via Giulio Cesare Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (M.M.); (F.B.); (G.V.); (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Geraci
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science-DIBINEM, 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, University of Bologna, Via Giulio Cesare Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (M.M.); (F.B.); (G.V.); (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Francesco Ursini
- Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Giulio Cesare Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science—DIBINEM, University of Bologna, Via Giulio Cesare Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Ruffilli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science-DIBINEM, 1st Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, University of Bologna, Via Giulio Cesare Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (M.M.); (F.B.); (G.V.); (G.G.); (A.R.)
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Wang W, Chen T, Liu Y, Wang S, Yang N, Luo M. Predictive value of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in curve progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2022; 31:2311-2325. [PMID: 35434775 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic diagnosis is a promising approach because several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) progression have been reported. We review the predictive value of SNPs in curve progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS We reviewed DNA-based prognostic testing to predict curve progression. Then, the multiple polymorphisms in loci related to AIS progression were also reviewed, and we elucidated the predictive value of SNPs from four functional perspectives, including endocrine metabolism, neuromuscular system, cartilage and extracellular matrix, enzymes, and cytokines. RESULTS The ScoliScores were less successful predictors than expected, and the weak power of predictive SNPs might account for its failure. Susceptibility loci in ESR1, ESR2, GPER, and IGF1, which related to endocrine metabolism, have been reported to predict AIS progression. Neuromuscular imbalance might be a potential mechanism of scoliosis, and SNPs in LBX1, NTF3, and SOCS3 have been reported to predict the curve progression of AIS. Susceptibility loci in SOX9, MATN1, AJAP1, MMP9, and TIMP2, which are related to cartilage and extracellular matrix, are also potentially related to AIS progression. Enzymes and cytokines play essential roles in regulating bone metabolism and embryonic development. SNPs in BNC2, SLC39A8, TGFB1, IL-6, IL-17RC, and CHD7 were suggested as predictive loci for AIS curve progression. CONCLUSIONS Many promising SNPs have been identified to predict the curve progression of AIS. However, conflicting results from replication studies and different ethnic groups hamper their reliability. Convincing SNPs from multiethnic populations and functional verification are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tailong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibin Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Songsong Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Liu B, Zhao S, Liu L, Du H, Zhao H, Wang S, Niu Y, Li X, Qiu G, Wu Z, Zhang TJ, Wu N. Aberrant interaction between mutated ADAMTSL2 and LTBP4 is associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Gene 2021; 814:146126. [PMID: 34958866 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a complex spinal structure deformity with a prevalence of 1%-3%. Genetic and hereditary factors have been associated with the etiology of AIS. However, previous studies mainly focused on common single nucleotide polymorphisms which confer modest disease risk. Recently, rare variants in FBN1 and other extracellular matrix genes have been implicated in AIS, suggesting a potential overlapping disease etiology between AIS and hereditary connective tissue disorders (HCTD). In this study, we systematically analyzed rare variants in a set of HCTD-related genes in 302 AIS patients using exome sequencing. We firstly focused on pathogenic variants based on a monogenic inheritance and identified nine disease-associated variants in FBN1, COL11A1, COL11A2 and TGFBR2. We then explored the potential interactions between variants in different genes based on the case-control statistics. We identified three ADAMTSL2-LTBP4 variant pairs in three AIS patients and none in controls. Furthermore, we revealed that the variant pairs identified in these genes could affect the interaction between ADAMTSL2 and LTBP4 and upregulate TGF-β signaling pathway in human fibroblasts. Our findings supported that the aberrant interaction between mutated ADAMTSL2 and LTBP4 was associated with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huakang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hengqiang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Terry Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Big Data for Spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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Genetic Variant of TBX1 Gene Is Functionally Associated With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in the Chinese Population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:17-21. [PMID: 32947497 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A genetic association study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether rs1978060 of TBX1 gene was a susceptible locus of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in the Chinese Han population and to better define the functional role of TBX1 in the development and progression of AIS. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA A recent genome-wide association study reported a novel susceptible locus in TBX1 gene, which was associated with the development of AIS in the Japanese population. However, there is a paucity of knowledge concerning the functional role of TBX1 in the Chinese AIS population. METHODS The SNP rs1978060 was genotyped in 1725 female AIS patients and 2600 healthy controls. Paraspinal muscle samples were collected from 30 AIS patients and 26 age-matched congenital scoliosis (CS) patients for the analysis of tissue expression. The differences of genotype and allele distributions between the patients and the controls were calculated using the χ test. The Pearson correlation analysis was carried out to investigate the relation between the expression of the PAX1 gene and the curve severity. RESULTS SNP rs1978060 was significantly associated with the susceptibility of AIS. Allele G of rs1978060 could significantly add to the risk of AIS with an odds ratio of 1.12. The tissue expression of TBX1 was obviously decreased in AIS patients. There was a remarkable correlation between the curve magnitude and the TBX1 expression (r = -0.519, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION The association between TBX1 and the susceptibility of AIS was successfully replicated in the Chinese population. Moreover, rs1978060 may be a functional variant regulating the expression of TBX1. More studies were warranted to explore the functional role of TBX1 in the onset and progression of AIS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Peng H, Jin F, Meng D, Li J, Yu S, Zhang S, Zeng G. Exploring the Pathological Role of Collagen in Paravertebral Muscle in the Progression of Idiopathic Scoliosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1527403. [PMID: 32802834 PMCID: PMC7421238 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1527403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paravertebral muscle (PVM) is considered as a contributing factor of idiopathic scoliosis (IS); collagen is crucial for maintaining the mechanical properties of PVM, but only a few researches have described this field. In this study, we observed the muscle stiffness of PVM and the curvature of the spine by adjusting the content of collagen in PVM of rats and explored the role of collagen in the progression of IS. METHODS 32 female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: neutralizing antibody (NA) group (group 1), normal control group (group 2), IS group (group 3), and IS with NA group (group 4). TGF-β1 NA was injected into PVM in group 1 and group 4, while Normal saline in group 2 and group 3. The Cobb angle and muscle stiffness were measured before and after injection; the rats were sacrificed at one week after injection, and performed histological, Western Blot, and qRT-PCR examinations. RESULTS X-rays showed that scoliosis occurred in group 1 and relieved in group 4. The stiffness of PVM was decreased significantly on the convex side in group 1, while on the concave side in group 4. The expression of TGF-β1 and COL1 on the concave side in IS rats (group 3) was significantly increased than that in normal rats (group 2), the concentration of COL1 and COL3 in group 3 was significantly higher than that in group 2, and the addition of TGF-β1 NA significantly downregulated COL1 and COL3 in group 1 and group 4. The concentration of COL1 in convex PVM was negatively related to Cobb angle in group 1 and group 2, and in concave PVM was positively related to Cobb angle in group 3 and group 4. However, no significant correlation was found between COL3 and Cobb angle in group 3 and group 4. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetric biomechanical characteristics of PVM was an important etiological factor of IS, which was directly correlated with collagen, it could be adjusted by local intramuscular injecting of TGF-β1 NA, and finally had an effect on the shape of the spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Peng
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jin
- 2Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Depeng Meng
- 3Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhan Yu
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guigang Zeng
- 1Department of Rehabilitation, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Sonoda H, Iizuka H, Ishiwata S, Tsunoda D, Abe M, Takagishi K, Chikuda H, Koibuchi N, Shimokawa N. The retinol‐retinoic acid metabolic pathway is impaired in the lumbar spine of a rat model of congenital kyphoscoliosis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:15007-15017. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sonoda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Haku Iizuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Sho Ishiwata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsunoda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Masako Abe
- Department of Nutrition Takasaki University of Health and Welfare Takasaki Gunma Japan
| | - Kenji Takagishi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan
| | - Noriaki Shimokawa
- Department of Integrative Physiology Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi Gunma Japan
- Department of Nutrition Takasaki University of Health and Welfare Takasaki Gunma Japan
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Investigating Role of IRX Family in Development of Female Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Which One Is Real Cause? World Neurosurg 2019; 127:e132-e136. [PMID: 30862593 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.02.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that several variants located around the IRX family may have functional roles in the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, there was lack of knowledge concerning the target gene of the region on 5p13.3 and the role of IRX genes in the etiology of AIS. This study aimed to validate the relationship between the IRX family and AIS in a large-scale general population and to further investigate the target gene of the region, which was associated with AIS. METHODS SNP rs12517904 and rs117273909 were genotyped in 1323 patients and 1670 age-matched healthy controls. Paraspinal muscle was collected from 70 AIS patients and 20 congenital scoliosis patients. Student's t-test was used to compare the IRX1 expression between AIS patients and controls. The 1-way analysis of variance test was used to compare the expression of the IRX genes among different genotypes. RESULTS For rs12517904, patients were found to have a significantly higher frequency of allele T than the controls (37.6% vs. 34.7%, P = 0.02). Allele T can significantly add to the risk of AIS with an odds ratio of 1.14. AIS patients were found to have significantly lower IRX1 expression than the controls. Patients with genotype TT were found to have significantly lower IRX1 expression than those with genotype GG. CONCLUSIONS Our large-scale case control study validated that the IRX1 gene could be the disease-associated gene of AIS. The variant rs12517904 of the IRX1 gene is functionally associated with the development of AIS in the Chinese population. The role of IRX1 in the onset of AIS is worthy of further investigation.
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A multiethnic meta-analysis defined the association of rs12946942 with severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:493-498. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kikanloo SR, Tarpada SP, Cho W. Etiology of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Literature Review. Asian Spine J 2019; 13:519-526. [PMID: 30744305 PMCID: PMC6547389 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2018.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the peripubertal development of spinal curvature of a minimum of 10°. AIS is thought to be attributable to genetic factors, nutrition, early exposure to toxins, and hormonal dysregulation. Recent literature suggests these factors may compound to determine both disease onset and severity. Currently, treatment is limited to observation, bracing, and surgical intervention. Intervention is presently determined by severity and risk of curve progression. As they emerge, new therapies may target specific etiologies of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Rashidi Kikanloo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sandip Parshottam Tarpada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Woojin Cho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Xia C, Xu L, Xue B, Sheng F, Qiu Y, Zhu Z. Rare variant of HSPG2 is not involved in the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: evidence from a large-scale replication study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:24. [PMID: 30646882 PMCID: PMC6334417 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare variants of HSPG2 have recently been reported to function as a potential contributor to the susceptibility of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in the Caucasians. A replication study in the different population is warranted to validate the role of HSPG2 in AIS. The aim of this study was to determine the association between HSPG2 and AIS in the Chinese patients and to further investigate its influence on the phenotype of the patients. METHODS SNVs p.Asn786Ser of HSPG2 was genotyped in 1752 patients and 1584 normal controls using multiple ligase detection reactions. The mRNA expression of HSPG2 in the paraspinal muscles was quantified for 90 patients and 26 controls. The The Student's t test was used to analyze the inter-group comparison of the HSPG2 expression. The relationship between the HSPG2 expression and the curve magnitude of the patients was analyzed by the Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS No case of mutation in the reported SNV p.Asn786Ser of HSPG2 was found in our cohort. The mRNA expression of HSPG2 in patients was comparable with that in the controls (0.0016 ± 0.0013 vs. 0.0019 ± 0.0012, p = 0.29). 42 patients with curve magnitude > 60 degrees were assigned to the severe curve group. The other 58 patients were assigned to the moderate curve group. These two groups were found to have comparable HSPG2 expression (0.0015 ± 0.0011 vs. 0.0017 ± 0.0014, p = 0.57). And there was no remarkable correlation between the expression level of HSPG2 and the curve severity (r = 0.131, p = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS HSPG2 gene was not associated with the susceptibility or the phenotypes of AIS in the Chinese population. The whole HSPG2 gene can be sequenced in more AIS patients to identify potentially causative mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Leilei Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingchuan Xue
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Sheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zezhang Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Positive association between the progression of idiopathic scoliosis and the common variant near the LBX1 gene in Southeast European population. J Appl Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Positive Association between TGFB1 Gene and Susceptibility to Idiopathic Scoliosis in Bulgarian Population. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:6836092. [PMID: 30079294 PMCID: PMC6069583 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6836092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a common medical condition beginning in childhood and characterized by strong evidence for a genetic susceptibility to three-dimensional spinal deformity. The primary goal of the current case-control study is to examine the association between the TGFB1 (-509C/T) functional polymorphic variant and genetic predisposition to IS in the Bulgarian population and the genotype-phenotype correlations in distinct case-control subgroups based on age at onset, family history, and gender. A total of 127 patients with primary scoliosis and 254 gender-matched control subjects were recruited. The mean Cobb angle was 53.8 ± 21.2°. Genotyping of cases and controls was performed using the TaqMan real-time amplification technique. The results were processed statistically using Pearson's Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test with a value of p less than 0.05 as statistically significant. The polymorphic T allele and TT genotype were associated with a greater incidence of IS and can be considered as predisposing factors with a moderate effect on deformity development. The current results suggested that there was a genetic predisposition in early and late onset IS and familial, sporadic, and female cases. Nevertheless, replication studies are needed to reveal the relationship between the TGFB1 locus and certain subtypes of IS in different populations.
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Genetic Variant of PAX1 Gene Is Functionally Associated With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in the Chinese Population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:492-496. [PMID: 29095406 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A genetic association study. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between PAX1 gene and the susceptibility of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in the Chinese population and to further determine the functional variant regulating PAX1 expression in patients with AIS. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In a previous study an enhancer locus of PAX1 was reported to be associated with the development of AIS in the Caucasian and the Japanese population. However, there is a paucity of knowledge concerning the functional role of PAX1 in the Chinese AIS population. METHODS The single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs6137473 and rs169311 were genotyped in 2914 patients and 3924 controls. The differences of genotype and allele distributions between patients and controls were calculated using chi-square test. Paraspinal muscles were collected from 84 patients with AIS. The one-way analysis of variance test was used to compare the mRNA expression of PAX1 among different genotypes. RESULTS Both rs6137473 and rs169311 were significantly associated with the susceptibility of AIS. Allele G of rs6137473 and allele A of rs169311 can significantly add to the risk of AIS with an odds ratio of 1.17 and 1.22, respectively. Moreover, there was significant difference regarding the expression of the PAX1 between the concave side and convex side of the patients. Patients with genotype AA of rs169311 had significantly decreased expression of PAX1 than those with genotype CC. As for rs6137473, no remarkable difference of PAX1 expression was found among the three genotypes. CONCLUSION The association between PAX1 and the susceptibility of AIS was successfully replicated in the Chinese population. Moreover, rs169311 could be a functional variant regulating the expression of PAX1 in the paraspinal muscles of AIS. Further functional analysis is warranted for a comprehensive knowledge on the contribution of this variant to the development of AIS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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18
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García-Giménez JL, Rubio-Belmar PA, Peiró-Chova L, Hervás D, González-Rodríguez D, Ibañez-Cabellos JS, Bas-Hermida P, Mena-Mollá S, García-López EM, Pallardó FV, Bas T. Circulating miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2646. [PMID: 29422531 PMCID: PMC5805715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aetiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has been linked to many factors, such as asymmetric growth, neuromuscular condition, bone strength and genetic background. Recently, epigenetic factors have been proposed as contributors of AIS physiopathology, but information about the molecular mechanisms and pathways involved is scarce. Regarding epigenetic factors, microRNAs (miRNAs) are molecules that contribute to gene expression modulation by regulating important cellular pathways. We herein used Next-Generation Sequencing to discover a series of circulating miRNAs detected in the blood samples of AIS patients, which yielded a unique miRNA biomarker signature that diagnoses AIS with high sensitivity and specificity. We propose that these miRNAs participate in the epigenetic control of signalling pathways by regulating osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, thus modulating the genetic background of AIS patients. Our study yielded two relevant results: 1) evidence for the deregulated miRNAs that participate in osteoblast/osteoclast differentiation mechanisms in AIS; 2) this miRNA-signature can be potentially used as a clinical tool for molecular AIS diagnosis. Using miRNAs as biomarkers for AIS diagnostics is especially relevant since miRNAs can serve for early diagnoses and for evaluating the positive effects of applied therapies to therefore reduce the need of high-risk surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Giménez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Avenida de Menéndez y Pelayo, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Dept. Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Av/Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Antonio Rubio-Belmar
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IISLAFE, Av/Fernando Abril Martorell, 106. Torre A 7, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad de Raquis. Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Av/Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorena Peiró-Chova
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Avenida de Menéndez y Pelayo, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Hervás
- Unidad de Bioestadística, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IISLAFE, Av/Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daymé González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Avenida de Menéndez y Pelayo, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Santiago Ibañez-Cabellos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Avenida de Menéndez y Pelayo, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Dept. Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Av/Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Bas-Hermida
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IISLAFE, Av/Fernando Abril Martorell, 106. Torre A 7, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad de Raquis. Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Av/Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mena-Mollá
- Dept. Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Av/Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva María García-López
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Avenida de Menéndez y Pelayo, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Dept. Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Av/Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Avenida de Menéndez y Pelayo, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Dept. Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Av/Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Bas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IISLAFE, Av/Fernando Abril Martorell, 106. Torre A 7, 46026, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad de Raquis. Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Av/Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
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Fadzan M, Bettany-Saltikov J. Etiological Theories of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Past and Present. Open Orthop J 2017; 11:1466-1489. [PMID: 29399224 PMCID: PMC5759107 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001711011466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is one of the most common spinal deformities, yet its cause is unknown. Various theories look to biomechanical, neuromuscular, genetic, and environmental origins, yet our understanding of scoliosis etiology is still limited. Determining the cause of a disease is crucial to developing the most effective treatment. Associations made with scoliosis do not necessarily point to causality, and it is difficult to determine whether said associations are primary (playing a role in development) or secondary (develop as a result of scoliosis). Scoliosis is a complex condition with highly variable expression, even among family members, and likely has many causes. These causes could be similar among homogenous groups of AIS patients, or they could be individual. Here, we review the most prevalent theories of scoliosis etiology and recent trends in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Fadzan
- Scoliosis 3DC, 3 Baldwin Green Common, Suite 204, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
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Liu S, Wu N, Zuo Y, Zhou Y, Liu J, Liu Z, Chen W, Liu G, Chen Y, Chen J, Lin M, Zhao Y, Ming Y, Yuan T, Li X, Xia Z, Yang X, Ma Y, Zhang J, Shen J, Li S, Wang Y, Zhao H, Yu K, Zhao Y, Weng X, Qiu G, Wu Z. Genetic Polymorphism of LBX1 Is Associated With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Northern Chinese Han Population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017; 42:1125-1129. [PMID: 28187071 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A case-control association study was performed to investigate the relationship between ladybird homeobox (LBX1) and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in northern Chinese Han population. OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence and functional importance of LBX1 polymorphisms in patients with AIS within the northern Chinese Han population. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA AIS is the most common subtype of idiopathic scoliosis. Genetic factors such as LBX1 polymorphisms have been recently proved to be associated with AIS in some populations. In this study we explored the prevalence and functional importance of the polymorphisms around LBX1 in patients with AIS within the northern Chinese Han population. METHODS Five tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) around or in LBX1 were genotyped in 180 patients with AIS and 182 controls. And the luciferase assay was performed to explore the functional importance of the most significant SNPs. RESULTS We replicated that rs11190870, previously reported as the most significantly associated SNP, was enriched in our AIS cohort. In addition, we found that the T allele of rs1322331 was associated with a novel risk allele (odds ratio = 3.349, 95% confidence interval 1.742-6.436). In the following luciferase assay, the TT-type promoter showed significantly reduced transcription activity in vitro. CONCLUSION Two SNPs around LBX1, rs11190870 and rs1322331 are associated with AIS in northern Chinese Han population. The T allele of rs1322331 is a novel risk allele. We hypothesize that rs1322331 might increase patients' susceptibility to AIS by reducing LBX1-AS1 transcription and thus upregulating the function of LBX1. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Zuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yangzhong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenlei Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Weisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mao Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanxue Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yue Ming
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
| | - Tangmi Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zenan Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yufen Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianxiong Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Keyi Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China.,Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Sinha N, A. Seeley M, S. Horwitz D, Maniar H, H. Seeley A. Pediatric Orthogenomics: The Latest Trends and Controversies. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2017.2.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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22
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Grauers A, Einarsdottir E, Gerdhem P. Genetics and pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. SCOLIOSIS AND SPINAL DISORDERS 2016; 11:45. [PMID: 27933320 PMCID: PMC5125035 DOI: 10.1186/s13013-016-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS), the most common spinal deformity, affects otherwise healthy children and adolescents during growth. The aetiology is still unknown, although genetic factors are believed to be important. The present review corroborates the understanding of IS as a complex disease with a polygenic background. Presumably IS can be due to a spectrum of genetic risk variants, ranging from very rare or even private to very common. The most promising candidate genes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grauers
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sundsvall and Härnösand County Hospital, Sundsvall, Sweden ; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Einarsdottir
- Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - P Gerdhem
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Orthopaedics, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Association Between IL-6 and MMP3 Common Genetic Polymorphisms and Idiopathic Scoliosis in Bulgarian Patients: A Case-control Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41:785-91. [PMID: 26656061 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A case-control study was performed on 105 patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) and 210 unrelated gender-matched controls from Bulgarian population. OBJECTIVE Investigation of the association between common genetic polymorphisms of IL-6 and MMP3 genes and the etiology and progression of IS among Bulgarian patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The IL-6 and MMP3 genes have been considered as candidate genes of IS in Caucasian population. METHODS Molecular detection of the promoter polymorphisms of IL-6 and MMP3 was performed by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The statistical analysis was performed by χ test with a value of P < 0.05 as statistically significant. The combinatorial effect of the candidate genes was also examined. RESULTS This case-control study revealed statistically significant association between the IL-6 (rs1800795) functional polymorphism and susceptibility to IS (χ = 16.055; P < 0.0001). In addition, a significant association between IL-6 (rs1800795) and curve severity was detected (χ = 16.87; P < 0.0001). No genotype or allele of MMP3 (rs3025058) was found to be correlated to the onset or progression of IS (P > 0.05). One IL-6-MMP3 genotype combination was associated with the susceptibility to IS. CONCLUSION IL-6 gene could be considered as a susceptibility and modifying factor of IS. The identification of molecular markers with diagnostic and prognostic value could be useful for early detection of children at risk for the development of IS and for prognosis of the risk for a rapid deformity progression. That would facilitate the therapy decisions and early stage treatment of the patient with the least invasive procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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24
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Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: evidence for intrinsic factors driving aetiology and progression. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2016; 40:2075-2080. [PMID: 26961194 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-016-3132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is now considered to be a multifactorial heterogeneous disease, with recent genomic studies supporting the role of intrinsic factors in contributing to the onset of disease pathology and curve progression. Understanding the key molecular signalling pathways by which these intrinsic factors mediate AIS pathology may facilitate the development of pharmacological therapeutics and the identification of predictive markers of progression. The heterogenic nature of AIS has implicated multiple tissue types in the disease pathophysiology, including spinal bone, intervertebral disc and paraspinal muscles. In this review, we highlight some of the mechanisms and intrinsic molecular regulators within these different tissue types and review the evidence for their involvement in AIS pathology.
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25
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Xu L, Sun W, Qin X, Qiu Y, Zhu Z. The TGFB1 gene is associated with curve severity but not with the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a replication study in the Chinese population. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:15. [PMID: 26758901 PMCID: PMC4711171 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-0863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) gene was recently reported to be a new susceptible gene of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in Russian population. This study aimed to replicate the relationship between the TGFB1 gene and the susceptibility of AIS in a Chinese population, and to further describe its association with the curve severity. Methods A total of 1251 female AIS patients and 994 age-matched healthy controls were included in this study. The rs1800469 of TGFB1 gene was genotyped for all participants using the PCR-based Invader assay. The differences of genotype and allele distributions between AIS patients and healthy controls were assessed using the Chi-square test. One-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean Cobb angles among patients with different genotypes. Results There was no significant difference in terms of the genotype and the allele frequency between the patients and the controls. The mean Cobb angle was 34.7 ± 11.9° (range 25–61°). Case-only analysis showed that rs1800469 was significantly associated with the curve severity. Patients with genotype TT had remarkably higher curve magnitude (39.1 ± 12.8°) than those with genotype CT (34.8 ± 11.1°) or CC (32.1 ± 10.6°). Conclusions The TGFB1 gene may not be a predisposition gene of AIS in the Chinese population. However, it can play a role in the curve progression of AIS. Replication studies in other ethnic groups are warranted to understand the implication of TGFB1 gene in AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Weixiang Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zezhang Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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26
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Zhu Z, Tang NLS, Xu L, Qin X, Mao S, Song Y, Liu L, Li F, Liu P, Yi L, Chang J, Jiang L, Ng BKW, Shi B, Zhang W, Qiao J, Sun X, Qiu X, Wang Z, Wang F, Xie D, Chen L, Chen Z, Jin M, Han X, Hu Z, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhu F, Qian BP, Yu Y, Wang B, Lee KM, Lee WY, Lam TP, Qiu Y, Cheng JCY. Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Chinese girls. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8355. [PMID: 26394188 PMCID: PMC4595747 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural deformity of the spine affecting millions of children. As a complex disease, the genetic aetiology of AIS remains obscure. Here we report the results of a four-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted in a sample of 4,317 AIS patients and 6,016 controls. Overall, we identify three new susceptibility loci at 1p36.32 near AJAP1 (rs241215, Pcombined=2.95 × 10(-9)), 2q36.1 between PAX3 and EPHA4 (rs13398147, Pcombined=7.59 × 10(-13)) and 18q21.33 near BCL-2 (rs4940576, Pcombined=2.22 × 10(-12)). In addition, we refine a previously reported region associated with AIS at 10q24.32 (rs678741, Pcombined=9.68 × 10(-37)), which suggests LBX1AS1, encoding an antisense transcript of LBX1, might be a functional variant of AIS. This is the first GWAS investigating genetic variants associated with AIS in Chinese population, and the findings provide new insight into the multiple aetiological mechanisms of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhang Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Nelson Leung-Sang Tang
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leilei Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Saihu Mao
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yueming Song
- Department of Orthopaedic, The West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic, The West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Fangcai Li
- Department of Orthopaedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Long Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Long Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Yixing People Hospital, Wuxi 214200, China
| | - Bobby Kin-Wah Ng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benlong Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Dingding Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhonghui Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mengran Jin
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zongshan Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Bang-ping Qian
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - K. M. Lee
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne Y.W. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - T. P. Lam
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng
- Joint Scoliosis Research Center of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Zhu Z, Xu L, Qiu Y. Current progress in genetic research of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:S19. [PMID: 26046064 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous genetic linkage analysis and candidate gene association analysis have unveiled dozens of variants associated with the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), which however can seldom be replicated in different ethnics. Recently, two genome-wide association studies of AIS performed in Japan revealed that ladybird homeobox 1 (LBX1) gene and G protein-coupled receptor 126 (GPR126) gene could play a role in the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Since the association between these two genes and AIS were successfully validated in the Caucasian and the Chinese population, LBX1 gene and GPR126 gene were the most reliable genetic variants underling the development of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhang Zhu
- Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Leilei Xu
- Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
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28
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Nikolova S, Yablanski V, Vlaev E, Stokov L, Savov A, Kremensky I. Association between Estrogen Receptor Alpha Gene Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Idiopathic Scoliosis in Bulgarian Patients: A Case-Control Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:278-82. [PMID: 27275235 PMCID: PMC4877867 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The current consensus on idiopathic scoliosis maintains that it has a multifactorial etiology with genetic predisposing factors. AIM: Estrogen receptor alpha gene has been considered as candidate gene of idiopathic scoliosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of Bulgarian population samples (eighty patients with idiopathic scoliosis and one hundred-sixty healthy unrelated gender-matched controls) trying to investigate the association between common genetic polymorphisms of estrogen receptor alpha and the susceptibility to idiopathic scoliosis. Molecular detection of the restriction polymorphisms XbaI and PvuII was performed by polymerase chain reaction following by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The statistical analysis was performed by Pearson’s chi-squared test. RESULTS: Our case-control study showed statistically significant association between the PvuII polymorphism and susceptibility to idiopathic scoliosis and curve progression. No genotype or allele of XbaI polymorphism was found to be correlated with the onset or severity of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of molecular markers with diagnostic and prognostic value could be useful for early detection of children at risk for the development of scoliosis and for prognosis of the risk for a rapid deformity progression. That would facilitate the therapy decisions and early stage treatment of the patient with the least invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetla Nikolova
- Medical University-Sofia, National Genetic Laboratory, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Yablanski
- Tokuda Hospital Sofia, Orthopedic and Traumatology Clinic, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Evgeni Vlaev
- Tokuda Hospital Sofia, Orthopedic and Traumatology Clinic, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Luben Stokov
- University Orthopedic Hospital "Prof. Boycho Boychev", Orthopedic and Traumatology, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexey Savov
- Medical University-Sofia, National Genetic Laboratory, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivo Kremensky
- Medical University-Sofia, National Genetic Laboratory, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Xu JF, Yang GH, Pan XH, Zhang SJ, Zhao C, Qiu BS, Gu HF, Hong JF, Cao L, Chen Y, Xia B, Bi Q, Wang YP. Association of GPR126 gene polymorphism with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Chinese populations. Genomics 2014; 105:101-7. [PMID: 25479386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common pediatric spinal deformity affecting 1% to 3% of the population, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) accounts for approximately 80% of these cases; however, the etiology and pathogenesis of AIS are still uncertain. The current study aims to identify the relationship between G protein-coupled receptor 126 (GPR126) gene and AIS predisposition, to identify the relationship between the genotypes of the GPR126 SNPs and the clinical phenotypes of AIS. We conducted a case-control study and genotyped twenty SNPs of GPR126 gene including ten exonic SNPs and ten intronic polymorphisms in 352 Chinese sporadic AIS patients and 149 healthy controls. We provided evidence for strong association of three intronic SNPs of the GPR126 gene with AIS susceptibility: rs6570507 A > G (p =0 .0035, OR = 1.729), rs7774095 A > C (p = 0.0078, OR = 1.687), and rs7755109 A > G (p = 0.0078, OR = 1.687). However, we did not identify any significant association between ten exonic SNPs of GPR126 and AIS. Linkage disequilibrium analysis indicated that rs7774095 A > C and rs7755109 A > G could be parsed into one block. The association between the intronic haplotype and AIS was further confirmed in an independent population with 110 AIS individuals and 130 healthy controls (p = 0.046, OR = 1.680). Furthermore, molecular mechanisms underlying intronic SNP regulation of GPR126 gene were studied. Although intronic SNPs associated with AIS didn't influence GPR126 mRNA alternative splicing, there was a strong association of rs7755109 A > G with decreased GPR126 mRNA level and protein levels. Our findings indicate that genetic variants of GPR126 gene are associated with AIS susceptibility in Chinese populations. The genetic association of GPR126 gene and AIS might provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Feng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Guang-hai Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Pan
- Department of Cardiolopy, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Shui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Bin-Song Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Hai-Feng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jian-Fei Hong
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Qin Bi
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ya-Ping Wang
- Department of Cardiolopy, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, PR China.
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Nowak R, Kwiecien M, Tkacz M, Mazurek U. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- β) signaling in paravertebral muscles in juvenile and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:594287. [PMID: 25313366 PMCID: PMC4181945 DOI: 10.1155/2014/594287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most researchers agree that idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a multifactorial disease influenced by complex genetic and environmental factors. The onset of the spinal deformity that determines the natural course of the disease, usually occurs in the juvenile or adolescent period. Transforming growth factors β (TGF-βs) and their receptors, TGFBRs, may be considered as candidate genes related to IS susceptibility and natural history. This study explores the transcriptional profile of TGF-βs, TGFBRs, and TGF-β responsive genes in the paravertebral muscles of patients with juvenile and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (JIS and AIS, resp.). Muscle specimens were harvested intraoperatively and grouped according to the side of the curve and the age of scoliosis onset. The results of microarray and qRT-PCR analysis confirmed significantly higher transcript abundances of TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and TGFBR2 in samples from the curve concavity of AIS patients, suggesting a difference in TGF-β signaling in the pathogenesis of juvenile and adolescent curves. Analysis of TGF-β responsive genes in the transcriptomes of patients with AIS suggested overrepresentation of the genes localized in the extracellular region of curve concavity: LTBP3, LTBP4, ITGB4, and ITGB5. This finding suggests the extracellular region of paravertebral muscles as an interesting target for future molecular research into AIS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Nowak
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny nr 5 Plac Medyków 1, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kwiecien
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Ulica Narcyzów 1, 41-100 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tkacz
- Institute of Computer Science, Division of Information Systems, University of Silesia, Ulica Będzińska 39, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Ulica Narcyzów 1, 41-100 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Buchan JG, Alvarado DM, Haller GE, Cruchaga C, Harms MB, Zhang T, Willing MC, Grange DK, Braverman AC, Miller NH, Morcuende JA, Tang NLS, Lam TP, Ng BKW, Cheng JCY, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA. Rare variants in FBN1 and FBN2 are associated with severe adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5271-82. [PMID: 24833718 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) causes spinal deformity in 3% of children. Despite a strong genetic basis, few genes have been associated with AIS and the pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In a genome-wide rare variant burden analysis using exome sequence data, we identified fibrillin-1 (FBN1) as the most significantly associated gene with AIS. Based on these results, FBN1 and a related gene, fibrillin-2 (FBN2), were sequenced in a total of 852 AIS cases and 669 controls. In individuals of European ancestry, rare variants in FBN1 and FBN2 were enriched in severely affected AIS cases (7.6%) compared with in-house controls (2.4%) (OR = 3.5, P = 5.46 × 10(-4)) and Exome Sequencing Project controls (2.3%) (OR = 3.5, P = 1.48 × 10(-6)). Scoliosis severity in AIS cases was associated with FBN1 and FBN2 rare variants (P = 0.0012) and replicated in an independent Han Chinese cohort (P = 0.0376), suggesting that rare variants may be useful as predictors of curve progression. Clinical evaluations revealed that the majority of AIS cases with rare FBN1 variants do not meet diagnostic criteria for Marfan syndrome, though variants are associated with tall stature (P = 0.0035) and upregulation of the transforming growth factor beta pathway. Overall, these results expand our definition of fibrillin-related disorders to include AIS and open up new strategies for diagnosing and treating severe AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan C Braverman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nancy H Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80202, USA
| | - Jose A Morcuende
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Tsz-Ping Lam
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and
| | | | | | - Matthew B Dobbs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery St. Louis Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis, MO 63131, USA
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Neurology Department of Pediatrics,
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The association study of calmodulin 1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:168106. [PMID: 24551838 PMCID: PMC3914287 DOI: 10.1155/2014/168106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common pediatric spinal deformity affecting 1% to 3% of the population, and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) accounts for approximately 80% of these cases; however, the etiology and pathogenesis of AIS are still uncertain. The current study aims to identify the relationship between calmodulin 1 (CALM1) gene and AIS predisposition, to identify the relationship between the genotypes of the SNPs and the clinical phenotypes of AIS. Methods. 146 AIS patients and 146 healthy controls were enrolled into this case-control study. 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) candidates in CALM1 gene were selected to determine the relationship between CALM1 gene and AIS predisposition. Case-only study was performed to determine the effects of these variants on the severity of the condition. Results. Three SNPs from 12 candidates were found to be associated with AIS predisposition. The ORs were observed as 0.549 (95% CI 0.3519–0.8579, P = 0.0079), 0.549 (95% CI 0.3519–0.8579, P = 0.0079), and 1.6139 (95% CI 1.0576–2.4634, P = 0.0257) for rs2300496, rs2300500, and rs3231718, respectively. There was no statistical difference between main curve, severity, and genotype distributions of all of 12 SNPs. Conclusion. Genetic variants of CALM1 gene are associated with AIS susceptibility.
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