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Facchin C, Fraga-Timiraos AB, Schmitt J, Babaa N, Pannu N, Aliaga A, Larroque AL, Jean-Claude BJ. Molecular Analysis of the Superior Efficacy of a Dual Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-DNA-Targeting Combi-Molecule in Comparison with Its Putative Prodrugs 6-Mono-Alkylamino- and 6,6-Dialkylaminoquinazoline in a Human Osteosarcoma Xenograft Model. Cells 2023; 12:914. [PMID: 36980255 PMCID: PMC10046901 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: ZR2002 is a dual EGFR-DNA-targeting combi-molecule that carries a chloroethyl group at the six-position of the quinazoline ring designed to alkylate DNA. Despite its good pharmacokinetics, ZR2002 is metabolized in vivo into dechlorinated metabolites, losing the DNA-alkylating function required to damage DNA. To increase the DNA damage activity in tumor cells in vivo, we compared ZR2002 with two of its 6-N,N-disubstituted analogs: "JS61", with a nitrogen mustard function at the six-position of the quinazoline ring, and "JS84", with an N-methyl group. Methods: Tumor xenografts were performed with the human Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell line expressing EGFR. Mice were treated with ZR2002, JS84 or JS61, and the tumor burden was measured with a caliper and CT/PET imaging. Drug metabolism was analyzed with LC-MS. EGFR and ɣ-H2AX phosphorylation were quantified via Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results: In vivo analysis showed that significant tumor growth inhibition was only achieved when ZR2002 was administered in its naked form. The metabolic dealkylation of JS61 and JS84 did not release sufficient concentrations of ZR2002 for the intratumoral inhibition of P-EGFR or enhanced levels of P-H2AX. Conclusions: The results in toto suggest that intratumoral concentrations of intact ZR2002 are correlated with the highest inhibition of P-EGFR and induction of DNA damage in vivo. ZR2002 may well represent a good drug candidate for the treatment of EGFR-expressing osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Facchin
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bertrand J. Jean-Claude
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Rao S, Thibault B, Peyrard L, Larroque-Lombard AL, Rupp M, Thauvin C, Jean-Claude BJ. Quantitative Analysis of the Potency of Equimolar Two-Drug Combinations and Combi-Molecules Involving Kinase Inhibitors In Vitro: The Concept of Balanced Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179569. [PMID: 34502481 PMCID: PMC8430702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The median-effect principle proposed by Chou and Talalay is the most effective approach to parameterize interactions between several agents in combination. However, this method cannot be used to evaluate the effectiveness of equimolar drug combinations, which are comparative references for dual-targeting molecular design. Here, using data acquired through the development of “combi-molecules” blocking two kinases (e.g., EGFR-c-Src and EGFR-c-Met), we established potency indices for equimolar and dual-targeted inhibitors. If the fold difference (κ) between the IC50 of the two individual kinase inhibitors was >6, the IC50 of their equimolar combination resembled that of the more potent inhibitor. Hence, the “combi-targeting” of the two kinases was considered “imbalanced” and the combination ineffective. However, if κ ≤ 6, the IC50 of the combination fell below that of each individual drug and the combi-targeting was considered “balanced” and the combination effective. We also showed that combi-molecules should be compared with equimolar combinations only under balanced conditions and propose a new parameter Ω for validating their effectiveness. A multi-targeted drug is effective if Ω < 1, where Ω is defined as the IC50 of the drug divided by that of the corresponding equimolar combination. Our study provides a methodology to determine the in vitro potency of equimolar two-drug combinations as well as combi-/hybrid molecules inhibiting two different kinase targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoît Thibault
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (B.J.J.-C.); Tel.: +1-514-934-1934 (ext. 35841) (B.J.J.-C.)
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3
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Golabi N, Larroque AL, Peyrard L, Williams C, Jean-Claude BJ. Subcellular distribution and mechanism of action of AL906, a novel and potent EGFR inhibitor rationally designed to be green fluorescent. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:240-250. [PMID: 32648119 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-00958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the potency of EGFR inhibitors, we developed a novel strategy that seeks to conjugate EGFR to a bioactive moiety leading to a molecule termed "combi-molecule". In order to mimic the penetration of this type of molecules, based upon previously reported structure activity relationship studies, we designed a new molecule containing a quinazoline moiety tethered to a p-nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) moiety [molecular weight (MW) 700]. Despite its size, AL906 growth inhibitory activity was superior to that of the clinical drug gefitinib. Furthermore, AL906 retained significant EGFR inhibitory activity and good cellular penetration with abundant distribution in the perinuclear region of the cells. In an isogenic NIH3T3 transfected cell panel, it selectively inhibited the growth of the NIH3T3-EGFR and HER2 transfectants. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that it was capable of penetrating multilayer aggregates although to a lesser extent than FD105, a small inhibitor of EGFR inhibitor of the same class (MW 300). Its ability to inhibit EGFR auto-phosphorylation in monolayer culture was stronger than in the aggregates. The results suggest that our strategy did not negatively affect EGFR inhibitory potency, EGFR selectivity and growth inhibition. However, its molecular size may account for its decreased aggregate penetration when compared with a smaller EGFR inhibitor of the quinazoline class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Golabi
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Decarie, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Larroque
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Decarie, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Lisa Peyrard
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Decarie, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Christopher Williams
- Scientific Support Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2R7, Canada
| | - Bertrand J Jean-Claude
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1001 Decarie, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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4
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Sharifi Z, Abdulkarim B, Meehan B, Rak J, Daniel P, Schmitt J, Lauzon N, Eppert K, Duncan HM, Petrecca K, Guiot MC, Jean-Claude B, Sabri S. Mechanisms and Antitumor Activity of a Binary EGFR/DNA-Targeting Strategy Overcomes Resistance of Glioblastoma Stem Cells to Temozolomide. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7594-7608. [PMID: 31540977 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal primary malignant brain tumor. GBM stem cells (GSC) contribute to resistance to the DNA-damaging chemotherapy, temozolomide. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) displays genomic alterations enabling DNA repair mechanisms in half of GBMs. We aimed to investigate EGFR/DNA combi-targeting in GBM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ZR2002 is a "combi-molecule" designed to inflict DNA damage through its chlorethyl moiety and induce irreversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition. We assessed its in vitro efficacy in temozolomide-resistant patient-derived GSCs, mesenchymal temozolomide-sensitive and resistant in vivo-derived GSC sublines, and U87/EGFR isogenic cell lines stably expressing EGFR/wild-type or variant III (EGFRvIII). We evaluated its antitumor activity in mice harboring orthotopic EGFRvIII or mesenchymal TMZ-resistant GSC tumors. RESULTS ZR2002 induced submicromolar antiproliferative effects and inhibited neurosphere formation of all GSCs with marginal effects on normal human astrocytes. ZR2002 inhibited EGF-induced autophosphorylation of EGFR, downstream Erk1/2 phosphorylation, increased DNA strand breaks, and induced activation of wild-type p53; the latter was required for its cytotoxicity through p53-dependent mechanism. ZR2002 induced similar effects on U87/EGFR cell lines and its oral administration significantly increased survival in an orthotopic EGFRvIII mouse model. ZR2002 improved survival of mice harboring intracranial mesenchymal temozolomide-resistant GSC line, decreased EGFR, Erk1/2, and AKT phosphorylation and was detected in tumor brain tissue by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the molecular basis of binary EGFR/DNA targeting and uncover the oral bioavailability, blood-brain barrier permeability, and antitumor activity of ZR2002 supporting potential evaluation of this first-in-class drug in recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Sharifi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bassam Abdulkarim
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Daniel
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Schmitt
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nidia Lauzon
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kolja Eppert
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heather M Duncan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bertrand Jean-Claude
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siham Sabri
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Rupp M, Mouhri ZS, Williams C, Jean-Claude BJ. Molecular analysis of the dual targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor and the O 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase with a double arm hybrid molecule. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35041-35055. [PMID: 30416678 PMCID: PMC6205551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been associated with induction of DNA repair genes (e.g. XRCC1, ERCC1) and resistance to radiation and genotoxic drugs. However, our previous work showed that EGFR inhibition did not affect O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT)-mediated resistance. In order to block uncoupled events associated with EGFR and MGMT, we designed MR30, a single molecule termed “combi-molecule” that contains a quinazoline arm targeted to EGFR and an O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG) moiety to block MGMT. Molecular analysis of the mechanism of action of its two arms showed that: (a) it could block EGFR phosphorylation, (b) down-regulate the RAF-MAPK and the PI3K-AKT pathways, and (c) covalently modify MGMT through S-benzylation, as confirmed by MALDI analysis of a direct binding assay with isolated MGMT, (d) it induced a dose-dependent down-regulation of MGMT in lung and melanoma cells. The pleiotropic mechanism of action of MR30 culminated into strong growth inhibition (IC50: 0.018-6.02 μM), with superior activity when compared with an equimolar combination of gefitinib (a clinical EGFR inhibitor) and O6-BG (a known MGMT inhibitor). Pulse exposure experiments were required to attenuate the contribution of EGFR inhibition to the strong potency of MR30, thereby allowing to achieve the dose level required to sensitize cells to temozolomide (TMZ). Indeed, MR30 significantly sensitized EGFR-MGMT co-expressing cells to TMZ (p<0.05-0.0001). The results in toto suggest that MR30 is the first prototype of agents that may be used against tumours addicted to EGFR and to sensitize resistant tumours co-expressing EGFR and MGMT to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rupp
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center/Glen Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Zhor Senhaji Mouhri
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center/Glen Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Christopher Williams
- Scientific Support, Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, QC, H3A 2R7, Canada
| | - Bertrand J Jean-Claude
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center/Glen Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
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6
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Goodfellow E, Senhaji Mouhri Z, Williams C, Jean-Claude BJ. Design, synthesis and biological activity of novel molecules designed to target PARP and DNA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:688-694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Huang Y, Rachid Z, Peyrard L, Senhaji Mouhri Z, Williams C, Jean-Claude BJ. Positional isomerization of a non-cleavable combi-molecule dramatically altered tumor cell response profile. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:153-62. [PMID: 25092264 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To potentiate the quinazoline-based inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a chloroethyl alkylating moiety was appended to its 6-position. This led to molecules with extremely strong EGFR inhibitory potency and anomalously strong DNA-damaging potential. To assess the role of the chloroethyl group on potency, we designed a molecule in which it is shifted to the 7-position where it would be less reactive and away from the cys773 of the EGFR ATP site. The results showed that (i) ZR2009 was 10-fold less potent than its positional isomer ZR2003 in EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition, (ii) it consistently exhibited significantly weaker antiproliferative potency than ZR2003, (iii) in reversibility assays, while ZR2003 induced sustained inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation, ZR2009 inhibitory activity was partially reversed, and (iv) likewise, ZR2009 significantly lost its activity in short exposure growth inhibitory assays and induced lower levels of DNA damage than ZR2003. Molecular modeling suggested that while the chloroethylamino group in ZR2003 was at 3.5 Å away from Cys773, that of ZR2009 was at 6.3 Å. The results in toto suggest that, while the chloroethyl is a strong alkylating group, its appendage to the 6-position is optimal for DNA damage, sustained EGFR, and growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center/Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
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8
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Larroque-Lombard AL, Ning N, Rao S, Lauwagie S, Halaoui R, Coudray L, Huang Y, Jean-Claude BJ. Biological effects of AL622, a molecule rationally designed to release an EGFR and a c-Src kinase inhibitor. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 80:981-91. [PMID: 22943437 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In breast cancer cells expressing c-Src and EGFR, a control of one of the two oncogenes over proliferation and invasion is observed, whereas in others, the synergistic interaction between them is required for tumor progression. With the purpose of developing molecules with the highest probability for blocking the adverse effects of these two oncogenes, we designed AL622, which contains a quinazoline head targeted to EGFR and a linker that bridges it to the PP2-like structure for targeting c-Src. In case the entire molecule would not be capable of blocking c-Src, we designed AL622 to hydrolyze to an intact c-Src-targeting PP2 molecule. After confirming its binary c-Src-EGFR targeting potency of AL622, we analyzed its potency in isogenic NIH3T3 cells transfected with EGFR and HER2 and human breast cancer cells known to be dominated by c-Src function. The results showed that in EGFR/HER-2-driven cells, it was more potent than PP2 and its activity was in the same range as the latter in more c-Src-driven cells. Its ability to block motility and invasion was comparable with that of PP2 and corresponding combinations, indicating that AL622 could be a better antitumor agent in cells where c-Src and/or EGFR play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Larroque-Lombard
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, McGill University Health Center/Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West Rm M-719, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1 Canada
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9
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Fang Y, Qiu Q, Domarkas J, Larroque-Lombard AL, Rao S, Rachid Z, Gibbs BF, Gao X, Jean-Claude BJ. "Combi-targeting" mitozolomide: conferring novel signaling inhibitory properties to an abandoned DNA alkylating agent in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 2012; 72:1273-85. [PMID: 22290742 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE At the preclinical stage, mitozolomide (MTZ) showed exciting preclinical activity but failed later in clinical trial due to toxic side effects. We surmised that by targeting MTZ to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), we may not only alter its toxicity profile, but also enhance its potency in EGFR-overexpressing tumors. To test this hypothesis, we designed JDF12, studied its mechanism of action in human prostate cancer (PCa) cells and determined its potency in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To analyze its mixed EGFR-DNA targeting potential, we performed an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting analysis of EGFR phosphorylation in cells stimulated with EGF. DNA damage was analyzed using the comet assay, and apoptosis quantitated by annexin V binding assay. Growth inhibition in vitro was determined by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and in vivo efficacy analyzed in male CD-1 nude mice. RESULTS The results showed that: Under physiological conditions, JDF12 was hydrolyzed to JDF04R and both agents were capable of inhibiting isolated EGFR tyrosine kinase (TK) and EGFR phosphorylation in EGF-stimulated cells. JDF12 significantly damaged DNA, induced apoptosis in DU145 cells and was up to 2-10-fold more potent than equieffective combinations of MTZ and JDF04R or Iressa in a panel that also included LNCaP and its EGFR and ErbB2 transfectants. In vivo, it induced significant antitumor activity in a DU145 xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the superior cytotoxicity of JDF12 when compared with MTZ and JDF04R may be imputed to its potent EGFR-DNA targeting properties and confirm the ability of this novel strategy to confer EGFR targeting properties to a classical alkylator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqiang Fang
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center/Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
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Enhancement of the cytotoxic potential of the mixed EGFR and DNA-targeting ‘combi-molecule’ ZRBA1 against human solid tumour cells by a bis-quinazoline-based drug design approach. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:483-93. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328351c101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Golabi N, Brahimi F, Huang Y, Rachid Z, Qiu Q, Larroque-Lombard AL, Jean-Claude BJ. A bioanalytical investigation on the exquisitely strong in vitro potency of the EGFR–DNA targeting type II combi-molecule ZR2003 and its mitigated in vivo antitumour activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:592-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Receptor activation and inhibition in cellular response to chemotherapeutic combinational mimicries: the concept of divergent targeting. J Neurooncol 2010; 100:345-61. [PMID: 20467786 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative effect of tandem somatostatin receptor (SSTR) activation, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition, and induction of DNA damage was analyzed using octreotide (OCT), a SSTR agonist, the clinical DNA methylating agent temozolomide (TMZ), Iressa, an EGFR inhibitor, and dual EGFR-DNA targeting agents termed "combi-molecules". Using SSTR-expressing glioma cells harbouring low levels of EGFR (U87MG) or transfected to overexpress EGFR (U87/EGFR) or a variant (U87/EGFRvIII), we showed that Iressa, alone or in combination with the DNA damaging agent TMZ, and combi-molecules RA2 and RA5 inhibited EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR in U87MG and more moderately in U87/EGFR and U87/EGFRvIII transfected cells. This translated into equivalent levels of Erk 1/2 inhibition. Activation of SSTRs with OCT did not modulate the effects of the various treatments on Erk 1/2 phosphorylation. Likewise, SSTR activation did not alter TMZ- or DNA-damaging combi-molecules, RA2 and RA5, induced p53 activation nor upregulation. However, SSTR activation significantly shifted TMZ-, RA2- and RA5-induced cell-cycle arrest to earlier phases (i.e., G2/M to late S, late S to S, S to G1). Further analysis showed that apoptosis was not induced. This was in agreement with the fact that p53 activation did not induce Bax upregulation nor did EGFR inhibition promote Bad dephosphorylation. Moreover, enhancement of survivin, an anti-apoptotic protein, expression was observed. The results in toto suggest that the combination of SSTR activation with EGFR inhibition and DNA damage affects cell-cycle progression but a disconnection between the targeted signalling pathways in these brain tumour cells precludes synergistic cell-killing by the triple growth inhibitory events.
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13
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MacPhee M, Rachid Z, Todorova M, Qiu Q, Belinsky G, Jean-Claude BJ. Characterization of the potency of epidermal growth factor (EGFR)-DNA targeting combi-molecules containing a hydrolabile carbamate at the 3-position of the triazene chain. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:833-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Todorova MI, Larroque AL, Dauphin-Pierre S, Fang YQ, Jean-Claude BJ. Subcellular distribution of a fluorescence-labeled combi-molecule designed to block epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and damage DNA with a green fluorescent species. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:869-82. [PMID: 20354119 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To monitor the subcellular distribution of mixed epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR)-DNA targeting drugs termed combi-molecules, we designed AL237, a fluorescent prototype, to degrade into a green fluorescent DNA damaging species and FD105, a blue fluorescent EGFR inhibitor. Here we showed that AL237 damaged DNA in the 12.5 to 50 mumol/L range. Despite its size, it blocked EGFR phosphorylation in an enzyme assay (IC(50) = 0.27 mumol/L) and in MDA-MB468 breast cancer cells in the same concentration range as for DNA damage. This translated into inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 or BAD phosphorylation and downregulation of DNA repair proteins (XRCC1, ERCC1). Having shown that AL237 was a balanced EGFR-DNA targeting molecule, it was used as an imaging probe to show that (a) green and blue colors were primarily colocalized in the perinuclear and partially in the nucleus in EGFR- or ErbB2-expressing cells, (b) the blue fluorescence associated with FD105, but not the green, was colocalized with anti-EGFR red-labeled antibody, (c) the green fluorescence of nuclei was significantly more intense in NIH 3T3 cells expressing EGFR or ErbB2 than in their wild-type counterparts (P < 0.05). Similarly, the growth inhibitory potency of AL237 was selectively stronger in the transfectants. In summary, the results suggest that AL237 diffuses into the cells and localizes abundantly in the perinuclear region and partially in the nucleus where it degrades into EGFR and DNA targeting species. This bystander-like effect translates into high levels of DNA damage in the nucleus. Sufficient quinazoline levels are released in the cells to block EGF-induced activation of downstream signaling. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(4); 869-82. (c)2010 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita I Todorova
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, McGill University/Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 1A1
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15
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Rachid Z, Katsoulas A, Williams C, Larroque AL, McNamee J, Jean-Claude BJ. Optimization of novel combi-molecules: Identification of balanced and mixed bcr-abl/DNA targeting properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4248-53. [PMID: 17572088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Steps toward the identification of combi-molecules with strong abl tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitory property and significant DNA damaging potential are described. The optimized combi-molecule 13a was shown to induce approximately twofold stronger abl TK inhibitory activity than Gleevec and high levels of DNA damage in chronic myelogenous leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Rachid
- Cancer Drug Research Laboratory, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University/Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West Rm. M-719, Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 1A1
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