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Tvingsholm SA, Frej MS, Rafa VM, Hansen UK, Ormhøj M, Tyron A, Jensen AWP, Kadivar M, Bentzen AK, Munk KK, Aasbjerg GN, Ternander JSH, Heeke C, Tamhane T, Schmess C, Funt SA, Kjeldsen JW, Kverneland AH, Met Ö, Draghi A, Jakobsen SN, Donia M, Marie Svane I, Hadrup SR. TCR-engaging scaffolds selectively expand antigen-specific T-cells with a favorable phenotype for adoptive cell therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006847. [PMID: 37586765 PMCID: PMC10432666 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has shown promising results for the treatment of cancer and viral infections. Successful ACT relies on ex vivo expansion of large numbers of desired T-cells with strong cytotoxic capacity and in vivo persistence, which constitutes the greatest challenge to current ACT strategies. Here, in this study, we present a novel technology for ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific T-cells; artificial antigen-presenting scaffolds (Ag-scaffolds) consisting of a dextran-polysaccharide backbone, decorated with combinations of peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex (pMHC), cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules, enabling coordinated stimulation of antigen-specific T-cells. METHODS The capacity of Ag-scaffolds to expand antigen-specific T-cells was explored in ex vivo cultures with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and patients with metastatic melanoma. The resulting T-cell products were assessed for phenotypic and functional characteristics. RESULTS We identified an optimal Ag-scaffold for expansion of T-cells for ACT, carrying pMHC and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-21, with which we efficiently expanded both virus-specific and tumor-specific CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors and patients, respectively. The resulting T-cell products were characterized by a high frequency of antigen-specific cells with high self-renewal capacity, low exhaustion, a multifunctional cytokine profile upon antigen-challenge and superior tumor killing capacity. This demonstrates that the coordinated stimuli provided by an optimized stoichiometry of TCR engaging (pMHC) and stimulatory (cytokine) moieties is essential to obtain desired T-cell characteristics. To generate an 'off-the-shelf' multitargeting Ag-scaffold product of relevance to patients with metastatic melanoma, we identified the 30 most frequently recognized shared HLA-A0201-restricted melanoma epitopes in a cohort of 87 patients. By combining these in an Ag-scaffold product, we were able to expand tumor-specific T-cells from 60-70% of patients with melanoma, yielding a multitargeted T-cell product with up to 25% specific and phenotypically and functionally improved T cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the Ag-scaffold represents a promising new technology for selective expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells directly from blood, yielding a highly specific and functionally enhanced T-cell product for ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vibeke Mindahl Rafa
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Ormhøj
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Tyron
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Agnete W P Jensen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Kadivar
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Amalie Kai Bentzen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kamilla K Munk
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gitte N Aasbjerg
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Christina Heeke
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tripti Tamhane
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Schmess
- NMI Natural and Medical Science Institute, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Samuel A Funt
- Deptartment of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julie Westerlin Kjeldsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anders Handrup Kverneland
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arianna Draghi
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Søren Nyboe Jakobsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Zeng Y, Li B, Liang Y, Reeves PM, Qu X, Ran C, Liu Q, Callahan MV, Sluder AE, Gelfand JA, Chen H, Poznansky MC. Dual blockade of CXCL12-CXCR4 and PD-1-PD-L1 pathways prolongs survival of ovarian tumor-bearing mice by prevention of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. FASEB J 2019; 33:6596-6608. [PMID: 30802149 PMCID: PMC6463916 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802067rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of immune-checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 can enhance effector T-cell responses. However, the lack of response in many patients to checkpoint-inhibitor therapies emphasizes the need for combination immunotherapies to pursue maximal antitumor efficacy. We have previously demonstrated that antagonism of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) by plerixafor (AMD3100) can decrease regulatory T (Treg)-cell intratumoral infiltration. Therefore, a combination of these 2 therapies might increase antitumor effects. Here, we evaluated the antitumor efficacy of AMD3100 and anti-PD-1 (αPD-1) antibody alone or in combination in an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model of ovarian cancer. We found that AMD3100, a highly specific CXCR4 antagonist, directly down-regulated the expression of both C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) and CXCR4 in vitro and in vivo in tumor cells. AMD3100 and αPD-1 significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice when given as monotherapy. Combination of these 2 agents significantly enhanced antitumor effects compared with single-agent administration. Benefits of tumor control and animal survival were associated with immunomodulation mediated by these 2 agents, which were characterized by increased effector T-cell infiltration, increased effector T-cell function, and increased memory T cells in tumor microenvironment. Intratumoral Treg cells were decreased, and conversion of Treg cells into T helper cells was increased by AMD3100 treatment. Intratumoral myeloid-derived suppressor cells were decreased by the combined treatment, which was associated with decreased IL-10 and IL-6 in the ascites. Also, the combination therapy decreased suppressive leukocytes and facilitated M2-to-M1 macrophage polarization in the tumor. These results suggest that AMD3100 could be used to target the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis to inhibit tumor growth and prevent multifaceted immunosuppression alone or in combination with αPD-1 in ovarian cancer, which could be clinically relevant to patients with this disease.-Zeng, Y., Li, B., Liang, Y., Reeves, P. M., Qu, X., Ran, C., Liu, Q., Callahan, M. V., Sluder, A. E., Gelfand, J. A., Chen, H., Poznansky, M. C. Dual blockade of CXCL12-CXCR4 and PD-1-PD-L1 pathways prolongs survival of ovarian tumor-bearing mice by prevention of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Binghao Li
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yingying Liang
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick M. Reeves
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiying Qu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; and
| | - Qiuyan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael V. Callahan
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann E. Sluder
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Gelfand
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Huabiao Chen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Tavakolpour S. Interleukin 21 as a new possible player in pemphigus: Is it a suitable target? Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 34:139-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Biological effects of IL-21 on different immune cells and its role in autoimmune diseases. Immunobiology 2016; 221:357-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Guo H, Cheng Y, Shapiro J, McElwee K. The role of lymphocytes in the development and treatment of alopecia areata. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1335-51. [PMID: 26548356 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1085306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) development is associated with both innate and adaptive immune cell activation, migration to peri- and intra-follicular regions, and hair follicle disruption. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes are abundant in AA lesions; however, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are more likely to enter inside hair follicles, circumstantially suggesting that they have a significant role to play in AA development. Several rodent models recapitulate important features of the human autoimmune disease and demonstrate that CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are fundamentally required for AA induction and perpetuation. However, the initiating events, the self-antigens involved, and the molecular signaling pathways, all need further exploration. Studying CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their fate decisions in AA development may reveal new and improved treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,b 2 Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yabin Cheng
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,c 3 Department of Dermatology, New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kevin McElwee
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,d 4 Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Yu X, He J, Mongkhoune S, Peng Y, Xie Y, Su J, Zhou SF, Xie XX, Luo GR, Fang Y, Li X, Li X, Zhou N, Zhao YX, Lu XL. Artificial antigen-presenting cells plus IL-15 and IL-21 efficiently induce melanoma-specific cytotoxic CD8+ CD28+ T lymphocyte responses. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 6:467-72. [PMID: 23711708 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a novel artificial antigen-presenting system for efficiently inducing melanoma-specific CD8(+) CD28(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. METHODS Cell-sized Dynabeads® M-450 Epoxy beads coated with H-2K(b): Ig-TRP2180-188 and anti-CD28 antibody were used as artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) to induce melanoma-specific CD8(+)CD28(+) CTL responses with the help of IL-21 and IL-15. Dimer staining, proliferation, ELISPOT, and cytotoxicity experiments were conducted to evaluate the frequency and activity of induced CTLs. RESULTS Dimer staining demonstrated that the new artificial antigen-presenting system efficiently induced melanoma TRP2-specific CD8(+)CD28(+)CTLs. Proliferation and ELISPOT assays indicated that the induced CTLs rapidly proliferate and produce increased IFN- γ under the stimulation of H-2K(b): Ig-TRP2-aAPCs, IL-15, and IL-21. In addition, cytotoxicity experiments showed that induced CTLs have specific killing activity of target cells. CONCLUSIONS The new artificial antigen-presenting system including aAPCs plus IL-21 and IL-15 can induce a large number of antigen-specific CD8(+) CD28(+) CTLs against the melanoma. Our study provides evidence for a novel adoptive immunotherapy against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yu
- Biological Targeting Diagonosis and Therapy Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
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Tumor-associated antigen/IL-21-transduced dendritic cell vaccines enhance immunity and inhibit immunosuppressive cells in metastatic melanoma. Gene Ther 2014; 21:457-67. [PMID: 24572790 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine approaches are being actively evaluated for developing immunotherapeutic agents against cancers. In this study, we investigated the use of engineered DCs expressing transgenic tumor-associated antigen hgp100 and the regulatory cytokine interleukin-21, namely DC-hgp100/mIL-21, as a therapeutic vaccine against melanoma. Tumor-bearing mice were injected intratumorally with transgenic DCs followed by three booster injections. Transgenic DC-hgp100/mIL-21 showed significant reduction in primary tumor growth and metastasis compared with DC-hgp100 alone and DC-mIL-21 alone. In vivo depletion of specific immune cell types (CD8(+) T, CD4(+) T and Natural killer (NK)-1.1(+) cells) effectively blocked the protective effect of this combinational vaccine. In adoptive transfer experiments, a survival rate of nearly 90% was observed at 60 days post-tumor inoculation for the combinational vaccine group. In contrast, all mice in the DC-hgp100 and DC-mIL-21-only groups died within 43-46 days after tumor challenge. Considerably increased levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were detected with the combination vaccine group compared with other individual treatment groups. In comparison with the DC-hgp100 or mIL-21 groups, the combinational DC-hgp100/mIL-21 vaccine also drastically suppressed the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T-regulatory (Treg) cell populations. Our findings suggest that a combinational DC- and gene-based hgp100 and mIL-21 vaccine therapy strategy warrants further evaluation as a clinically relevant cancer vaccine approach for human melanoma patients.
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Modification of T lymphocytes to express tumor antigens. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1139:169-76. [PMID: 24619679 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0345-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human T cells can be genetically modified to express tumor-associated antigens (TAA) for the induction of tumor-specific immunity, suggesting that T cells may be alternative candidates of effective antigen-presenting cells (TAPC) and may be useful in vivo as cellular cancer vaccines. The effective induction of TAA-specific T cell immune responses requires activation of T cells by CD3/CD28 antibodies and the presence of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-7 (IL-7) and interleukin-12 (IL-12). Here, we describe the technique of preparing activated human TAPC pulsed with TAA peptides for the induction of tumor antigen-specific T cell immunity in vitro.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are recombinant receptors that provide both antigen-binding and T-cell-activating functions. A multitude of CARs has been reported over the past decade, targeting an array of cell surface tumor antigens. Their biologic functions have dramatically changed following the introduction of tripartite receptors comprising a costimulatory domain, termed second-generation CARs. These have recently shown clinical benefit in patients treated with CD19-targeted autologous T cells. CARs may be combined with costimulatory ligands, chimeric costimulatory receptors, or cytokines to further enhance T-cell potency, specificity, and safety. CARs represent a new class of drugs with exciting potential for cancer immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE CARs are a new class of drugs with great potential for cancer immunotherapy. Upon their expression in T lymphocytes, CARs direct potent, targeted immune responses that have recently shown encouraging clinical outcomes in a subset of patients with B-cell malignancies. This review focuses on the design of CARs, including the requirements for optimal antigen recognition and different modalities to provide costimulatory support to targeted T cells, which include the use of second- and third generation CARs, costimulatory ligands, chimeric costimulatory receptors, and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Yang S, Ji Y, Gattinoni L, Zhang L, Yu Z, Restifo NP, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Modulating the differentiation status of ex vivo-cultured anti-tumor T cells using cytokine cocktails. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012. [PMID: 23207483 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The genetic modification of CD8+ T cells using anti-tumor T-cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors is a promising approach for the adoptive cell therapy of patients with cancer. We previously developed a simplified method for the clinical-scale generation of central memory-like (Tcm) CD8+ T cells following transduction with lentivirus encoding anti-tumor TCR and culture in the presence of IL-2. In this study, we compared different cytokines or combinations of IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-21 to expand genetically engineered CD8+ T cells. We demonstrated that specific cytokine combinations IL-12 plus IL-7 or IL-21 for 3 days followed by withdrawal of IL-12 yielded the phenotype of CD62L(high)CD28(high) CD127(high)CD27(high)CCR7(high), which is associated with less-differentiated T cells. Genes associated with stem cells (SOX2, NANOG, OCT4, and LIN28A), were also up-regulated by this cytokine cocktail. Moreover, the use of IL-12 plus IL-7 or IL-21 yielded CD8 T cells showing enhanced persistence in the NOD/SCID/γc-/- mouse model. This defined cytokine combination could also alter highly differentiated TIL from melanoma patients into cells with a less-differentiated phenotype. The methodology that we developed for generating a less-differentiated anti-tumor CD8+ T cells ex vivo may be ideal for the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Yang
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, CRC 3 W-3864, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Anti-cancer versus cancer-promoting effects of the interleukin-17-producing T helper cells. Immunol Lett 2012; 149:123-33. [PMID: 23159638 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research on T helper 17 (Th17) cells with regard to immunoediting has revealed elusive results. Whereas enhanced Th17 response and related molecules such as interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23 and STAT3 accompanied tumor induction and progression, finding that tumor growth/stage was negatively correlated with increased infiltration of Th17 cells in the tumor mass has prompted elucidation of various antitumor mechanisms elicited by Th17 and their related molecules. The pro-tumor efficacy of Th17 response included promotion of neutrophilia and induction of angiogenic (e.g. VEGF, MMP2 and MMP9) and anti-apoptotic factors (e.g. Bcl-XL), as well as expansion and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which facilitate generation of tumor-specific regulatory T cells. Other tumor immunogenic settings revealed anti-tumor pathways including induction of cytotoxic activity, expression of MHC antigens, the ability Th17 cells to reside within the tumor, and to convert into IFN-γ producers. Notably, Th17 cell related molecules exert indirect pro- or anti-tumor effects via inducing viral persistence or mediating protective mechanisms against bacterial and viral infection. Herein, the recent literature revealing such immunoediting events mediated by Th17 cells and their associated molecules as delivered by various experimental regimens and observed in cancer patient are revised, with a focus on some proposed anti-cancer therapies.
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 is one of a group of cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9 and IL-15 whose receptor complexes share the common γ chain (γ(c)). Secretion of IL-21 is restricted mainly to T follicular helper (TFH) CD4 T cell subset with contributions from Th17, natural killer (NK) T cells, but the effects of IL-21 are pleiotropic, owing to the broad cellular distribution of the IL-21 receptor. The role of IL-21 in sustaining and regulating T cell, B cell and NK cell responses during chronic viral infections has recently come into focus. This chapter reviews current knowledge about the biology of IL-21 in the context of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
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O'Connor CM, Sheppard S, Hartline CA, Huls H, Johnson M, Palla SL, Maiti S, Ma W, Davis RE, Craig S, Lee DA, Champlin R, Wilson H, Cooper LJN. Adoptive T-cell therapy improves treatment of canine non-Hodgkin lymphoma post chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2012; 2:249. [PMID: 22355761 PMCID: PMC3278154 DOI: 10.1038/srep00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations reveal that an augmented pace of T-cell recovery after chemotherapy correlates with improved tumor-free survival, suggesting the add-back of T cells after chemotherapy may improve outcomes. To evaluate adoptive immunotherapy treatment for B-lineage non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), we expanded T cells from client-owned canines diagnosed with NHL on artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) in the presence of human interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-21. Graded doses of autologous T cells were infused after CHOP chemotherapy and persisted for 49 days, homed to tumor, and significantly improved survival. Serum thymidine kinase changes predicted T-cell engraftment, while anti-tumor effects correlated with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and granzyme B expression in manufactured T cells. Therefore, chemotherapy can be used to modulate infused T-cell responses to enhance anti-tumor effects. The companion canine model has translational implications for human immunotherapy which can be readily exploited since clinical-grade canine and human T cells are propagated using identical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M O'Connor
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Hanlon DJ, Aldo PB, Devine L, Alvero AB, Engberg AK, Edelson R, Mor G. Enhanced stimulation of anti-ovarian cancer CD8(+) T cells by dendritic cells loaded with nanoparticle encapsulated tumor antigen. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:597-609. [PMID: 21241402 PMCID: PMC3082607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer therapies are favored approaches to stimulate anti-tumor T-cell responses. Unfortunately, tolerance to tumor antigens is difficult to overcome. Biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) are effective reagents in the delivery of drugs and tumor-associated antigens (TAA). In this study, we assessed the capacity of a PLGA NP-based delivery system to augment CD8 T-cell responses to ovarian cancer TAA. METHOD OF STUDY Human DC were generated from blood monocytes by conventional in vitro differentiation and loaded with either soluble tumor lysate or NP/lysate conjugates (NPL). These antigen-loaded DC were then used to stimulate autologous CD8(+) T cells. Cytokine production and activation markers were evaluated in the CD8(+) T cells. RESULTS DC loading with NPL increased cytokine production by stimulated CD8 T cells and induced T-cell expression of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, typical of anti-tumor immune responses. In contrast, delivery of naked tumor lysate antigens preferentially induced a T-cell profile characteristic of tolerization/exhaustion. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that delivery of TAA in NP enables DC to efficiently activate anti-tumor CD8(+) T cells. PLGA NP encapsulation of tumor-derived lysate protein antigens is an encouraging new preparative methodology for DC-based vaccination meriting clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Hanlon
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Paulomi B. Aldo
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Lesley Devine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Ayesha B. Alvero
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Anna K. Engberg
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Richard Edelson
- Department of Dermatology; School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Immunology Unit, School of Medicine, Yale University, USA
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Cox MA, Harrington LE, Zajac AJ. Cytokines and the inception of CD8 T cell responses. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:180-6. [PMID: 21371940 PMCID: PMC3074938 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The activation and differentiation of CD8 T cells is a necessary first step that endows these cells with the phenotypic and functional properties required for the control of intracellular pathogens. The induction of the CD8 T cell responses typically results in the development of a massive overall population of effector cells, comprising both highly functional but short-lived terminally differentiated cells, as well as a smaller subset of precursors that are predisposed to survive and transition into the memory T cell pool. In this review, we discuss how inflammatory cytokines and IL-2 bias the initial response towards short-lived effector generation, and also highlight the potential counterbalancing role of IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. Cox
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Laurie E. Harrington
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Allan J. Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
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Albrecht J, Frey M, Teschner D, Carbol A, Theobald M, Herr W, Distler E. IL-21-treated naive CD45RA+ CD8+ T cells represent a reliable source for producing leukemia-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes with high proliferative potential and early differentiation phenotype. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:235-48. [PMID: 21046101 PMCID: PMC11029726 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical tumor remissions after adoptive T-cell therapy are frequently not durable due to limited survival and homing of transfused tumor-reactive T cells, what can be mainly attributed to the long-term culture necessary for in vitro expansion. Here, we introduce an approach allowing the reliable in vitro generation of leukemia-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from naive CD8+ T cells of healthy donors, leading to high cell numbers within a relatively short culture period. The protocol includes the stimulation of purified CD45RA+ CD8+ T cells with primary acute myeloid leukemia blasts of patient origin in HLA-class I-matched allogeneic mixed lymphocyte-leukemia cultures. The procedure allowed the isolation of a large diversity of HLA-A/-B/-C-restricted leukemia-reactive CTL clones and oligoclonal lines. CTLs showed reactivity to either leukemia blasts exclusively, or to leukemia blasts as well as patient-derived B lymphoblastoid-cell lines (LCLs). In contrast, LCLs of donor origin were not lysed. This reactivity pattern suggested that CTLs recognized leukemia-associated antigens or hematopoietic minor histocompatibility antigens. Consistent with this hypothesis, most CTLs did not react with patient-derived fibroblasts. The efficiency of the protocol could be further increased by addition of interleukin-21 during primary in vitro stimulation. Most importantly, leukemia-reactive CTLs retained the expression of early T-cell differentiation markers CD27, CD28, CD62L and CD127 for several weeks during culture. The effective in vitro expansion of leukemia-reactive CD8+ CTLs from naive CD45RA+ precursors of healthy donors can accelerate the molecular definition of candidate leukemia antigens and might be of potential use for the development of adoptive CTL therapy in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Albrecht
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michaela Frey
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Carbol
- Center for Blood Transfusion, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Augustusplatz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Theobald
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Distler
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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Brazowski E, Cohen S, Yaron A, Filip I, Eisenthal A. FOXP3 expression in duodenal mucosa in pediatric patients with celiac disease. Pathobiology 2011; 77:328-34. [PMID: 21266832 DOI: 10.1159/000322049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It was the aim of this study to evaluate the number of 2 lymphoid subpopulations, CD8(+) cells and FOXP3(+), in the duodenum mucosa from pediatric celiac patients. METHODS Tissue sections prepared from paraffin-embedded biopsies of the descending duodenum of 61 celiac patients with Marsh grade 1 (M1), M2 and M3 disease and biopsies from 21 age-matched non-celiac (NC) patients were immunohistostained with anti-CD8 or FOXP3 antibodies. RESULTS The histological Marsh grade correlated with the mean number of FOXP3(+) cells in the lamina propria (LP) mucosa (8.9 ± 1.1, 6.8 ± 2.4, 24.5 ± 2.6 and 31.1 ± 2.8 for NC, M1, M2 and M3 biopsies, respectively; p < 0.001). Using a cutoff point of 15 cells, 95% of NC and 88% of M1 biopsies had a mean of <15 FOXP3(+) cells compared with 14% for M2 and 13% for M3 biopsies. The number of FOXP3(+) cells in the epithelial mucosa also correlated with transglutaminase type 2 serum levels from the celiac patients. Unlike the FOXP3(+) cells, CD8(+) lymphocytes were present in both LP and surface epithelial mucosa and significantly different only in the LP mucosa of the M2 and M3 groups. CONCLUSION The number of FOXP3(+) cells is substantially increased in the mucosa of celiac patients at advanced stages. Characterization of the activity of these cells in celiac and in other inflammatory bowel diseases will enable us to understand the significance of these cells in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Brazowski
- Pathology Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Merlo A, Turrini R, Trento C, Zanovello P, Dolcetti R, Rosato A. Impact of γ-chain cytokines on EBV-specific T cell cultures. J Transl Med 2010; 8:121. [PMID: 21092174 PMCID: PMC3001712 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent preclinical adoptive immunotherapy studies in murine models prompt to employ "proper" rather than "as many as possible" antigen-specific T cells to gain better therapeutic results. Ideally, "proper" T cells are poorly differentiated in vitro, but retain the capacity to fully differentiate into effector cells in vivo, where they can undergo long-term survival and strong proliferation. Such requirements can be achieved by modifying culture conditions, namely using less "differentiating" cytokines than IL-2. METHODS To evaluate this issue in human T cell cultures, we exploited a well characterized and clinical-grade protocol finalized at generating EBV-specific CTL for adoptive immunotherapy. In particular, we studied the impact of IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21 compared to IL-2 on different aspects of T cell functionality, namely growth kinetics, differentiation/activation marker expression, cytokine production, and short-term and long-term cytotoxicity. RESULTS Results disclosed that the culture modifications we introduced in the standard protocol did not improve activity nor induce substantial changes in differentiation marker expression of EBV-specific CTL. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that the addition of γ-chain cytokines other than IL-2 for the generation of EBV-specific T cell cultures did not produce the improvements expected on the basis of recent published literature. This fact was likely due to the intrinsic differences between murine and human models and highlights the need to design ad hoc protocols rather than simply modify the cytokines added in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merlo
- University of Padova, Dept. of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Mondino A, Dardalhon V, Hess Michelini R, Loisel-Meyer S, Taylor N. Redirecting the immune response: role of adoptive T cell therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:533-41. [PMID: 20201627 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy is aimed at overcoming constraints of the endogenous immune response. In patients with malignancies, this approach is based on the possibility of administering sufficient numbers of tumor-reactive lymphocytes under conditions in which they will promote a therapeutic response. Although this strategy is potentially applicable to a vast number of malignancies, its efficacy, to date, has been limited. This is likely related to several factors including an insufficient persistence and reactivation of infused cells, insufficient tumor infiltration, and the presence of an immunosuppressive environment. Here, we review the importance of pretransplantation host conditioning and posttransplantation strategies that have been shown to contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of infused T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mondino
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Westwood JA, Berry LJ, Wang LX, Duong CP, Pegram HJ, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Enhancing adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:531-45. [PMID: 20132063 DOI: 10.1517/14712591003610622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Conventional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have contributed much to cancer treatment. However, these treatment modalities fail in a large proportion of patients, and there is a great need for effective alternate therapies. Adoptive immunotherapy can be effective against some cancers that have failed all other treatment options, even when disease burdens are massive. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review gives a brief introduction of the historical origins of adoptive immunotherapy and then provides details of strategies for increasing the potency of cell transfer. Approaches for enhancing adoptive immunotherapy include: selecting the right type of cell; providing cytokine support; preconditioning patients and tuning the tumor microenvironment. The review also provides insights into the safety, feasibility and costs of this form of therapy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This article will give the reader an appreciation of the potential of adoptive immunotherapy, as well as an understanding of some limitations and current approaches for optimizing the effectiveness of this approach. TAKE HOME MESSAGE With recent developments in knowledge of the interactions between the immune system and tumors, the field of adoptive immunotherapy is now poised to make dramatic contributions to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Westwood
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Cancer Immunology Research Program, St. Andrews Place, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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IL-7 and IL-21 are superior to IL-2 and IL-15 in promoting human T cell-mediated rejection of systemic lymphoma in immunodeficient mice. Blood 2010; 115:3508-19. [PMID: 20190192 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-09-241398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gamma(c)-cytokines are critical regulators of immunity and possess both overlapping and distinctive functions. However, comparative studies of their pleiotropic effects on human T cell-mediated tumor rejection are lacking. In a xenogeneic adoptive transfer model, we have compared the therapeutic potency of CD19-specific human primary T cells that constitutively express interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, IL-15, or IL-21. We demonstrate that each cytokine enhanced the eradication of systemic CD19(+) B-cell malignancies in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID)/gamma(c)(null) mice with markedly different efficacies and through singularly distinct mechanisms. IL-7- and IL-21-transduced T cells were most efficacious in vivo, although their effector functions were not as enhanced as IL-2- and IL-15-transduced T cells. IL-7 best sustained in vitro T-cell accumulation in response to repeated antigenic stimulation, but did not promote long-term T-cell persistence in vivo. Both IL-15 and IL-21 overexpression supported long-term T-cell persistence in treated mice, however, the memory T cells found 100 days after adoptive transfer were phenotypically dissimilar, resembling central memory and effector memory T cells, respectively. These results support the use of gamma(c)-cytokines in cancer immunotherapy, and establish that there exists more than 1 human T-cell memory phenotype associated with long-term tumor immunity.
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ERRATUM. J Immunother 2009. [DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000363262.57866.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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