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Santos DCD, Alves FHF, Veríssimo LF, Raquel HA, Volpini VL, Marques LADC, Martins-Pinge MC, Fernandes KBP, Andrade KC, Michelini LC, Pelosi GG. Enalapril induces muscle epigenetic changes and contributes to prevent a decline in running capacity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 129:105699. [PMID: 39581157 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 10/31/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024]
Abstract
Drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers can improve muscle function and exercise capacity, as well as preventing, attenuating or reversing age-related losses in muscle mass, however, the exact mechanisms by which these drugs affect muscle cells, are not yet fully elucidated. Moreover, the potential epigenetic alterations induced in skeletal muscle tissue are also largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate if enalapril or losartan can change the physical performance and epigenetic profile of skeletal muscle in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Male SHRs were treated with water, enalapril (10/mg/kg/day) or losartan (10/mg/kg/day) for 28 consecutive days and submitted to progressive testing on a treadmill. Body weight, perigonadal and retroperitoneal fat, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, running distance and global DNA methylation in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were evaluated. Enalapril reduced the rate of weight gain, as well as reducing retroperitoneal fat (p < 0.05) and MAP (p < 0.05) and avoiding the decline in running distance when compared to the other groups (p > 0.05), even 7 days after the end of treatment (p > 0.05). Moreover, enalapril increased global DNA methylation in gastrocnemius muscle cells (p < 0.01). No effects were observed in the losartan-treated group. Our data showed that enalapril prevented the decline in physical function in SHR, as well as reduced the rate of weight gain of the animals. In addition, the results showed, alterations in the global DNA methylation of skeletal muscle cells skeletal structures of the gastrocnemius muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Carlos Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernando Henrique Ferrari Alves
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation - Federal University of Lavras, São Sebastião do Paraíso, MG, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Fernando Veríssimo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hiviny Ataides Raquel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Lucca Volpini
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leonardo André da Costa Marques
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marli Cardoso Martins-Pinge
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karen Barros Parron Fernandes
- School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karoliny Coelho Andrade
- Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lisete Compagno Michelini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Garcia Pelosi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Proença AB, Alexandre‐Santos B, Giori IG, Alex‐Marques JSF, Machado‐Santos C, Machado M, Magliano DC, da Nobrega ACL, Frantz EDC. Obesity-induced skeletal muscle remodeling: A comparative analysis of exercise training and ACE-inhibitory drug in male mice. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16025. [PMID: 38684378 PMCID: PMC11058004 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity over-activates the classical arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), impairing skeletal muscle remodeling. We aimed to compare the effect of exercise training and enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on RAS modulation in the skeletal muscle of obese animals. Thus, we divided C57BL/6 mice into two groups: standard chow (SC) and high-fat (HF) diet for 16 weeks. At the eighth week, the HF-fed animals were divided into four subgroups-sedentary (HF), treated with enalapril (HF-E), exercise training protocol (HF-T), and combined interventions (HF-ET). After 8 weeks of treatment, we evaluated body mass and index (BMI), body composition, exercise capacity, muscle morphology, and skeletal muscle molecular markers. All interventions resulted in lower BMI and attenuation of overactivation in the classical arm, while favoring the B2R in the bradykinin receptors profile. This was associated with reduced apoptosis markers in obese skeletal muscles. The HF-T group showed an increase in muscle mass and expression of biosynthesis markers and a reduction in expression of degradation markers and muscle fiber atrophy due to obesity. These findings suggest that the combination intervention did not have a synergistic effect against obesity-induced muscle remodeling. Additionally, the use of enalapril impaired muscle's physiological adaptations to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Proença
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Beatriz Alexandre‐Santos
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Isabele Gomes Giori
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Jaime Silva Filho Alex‐Marques
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Clarice Machado‐Santos
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Histology and Compared EmbryologyFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Marcus Machado
- Biomedical Science DepartmentRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterreSt. Kitts & Nevis
| | - D'Angelo Carlo Magliano
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Lucas da Nobrega
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
- National Institute for Science & Technology—INCT Physical (in)Activity & Exercise, CNPqNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Eliete Dalla Corte Frantz
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical InstituteFluminense Federal UniversityNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
- National Institute for Science & Technology—INCT Physical (in)Activity & Exercise, CNPqNiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
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Sjúrðarson T, Kristiansen J, Nordsborg NB, Gregersen NO, Lydersen LN, Grove EL, Kristensen SD, Hvas AM, Mohr M. The angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism does not impact training-induced adaptations in exercise capacity in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18300. [PMID: 37880303 PMCID: PMC10600103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Systematic exercise training effectively improves exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), but the magnitude of improvements is highly heterogeneous. We investigated whether this heterogeneity in exercise capacity gains is influenced by the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene. Patients with CAD (n = 169) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of exercise training or standard care, and 142 patients completed the study. The ACE polymorphism was determined for 128 patients (82% males, 67 ± 9 years). Peak oxygen uptake was measured before and after the 12-week intervention. The ACE I/D polymorphism frequency was n = 48 for D/D homozygotes, n = 61 for I/D heterozygotes and n = 19 for I/I homozygotes. Baseline peak oxygen uptake was 23.3 ± 5.0 ml/kg/min in D/D homozygotes, 22.1 ± 5.3 ml/kg/min in I/D heterozygotes and 23.1 ± 6.0 ml/kg/min in I/I homozygotes, with no statistical differences between genotype groups (P = 0.50). The ACE I/D polymorphism frequency in the exercise group was n = 26 for D/D, n = 21 for I/D and n = 12 for I/I. After exercise training, peak oxygen uptake was increased (P < 0.001) in D/D homozygotes by 2.6 ± 1.7 ml/kg/min, in I/D heterozygotes by 2.7 ± 1.9 ml/kg/min, and in I/I homozygotes by 2.1 ± 1.3 ml/kg/min. However, the improvements were similar between genotype groups (time × genotype, P = 0.55). In conclusion, the ACE I/D polymorphism does not affect baseline exercise capacity or exercise capacity gains in response to 12 weeks of high-intensity exercise training in patients with stable CAD.Clinical trial registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04268992).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tórur Sjúrðarson
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacobina Kristiansen
- Department of Medicine, National Hospital of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nikolai B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Noomi O Gregersen
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- FarGen, the Faroese Health Authority, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | | | - Erik L Grove
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen D Kristensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Magni Mohr
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5250, Odense, Denmark.
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Macedo AG, Miotto DS, Tardelli LP, Santos CF, Amaral SL. Exercise-induced angiogenesis is attenuated by captopril but maintained under perindopril treatment in hypertensive rats. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1147525. [PMID: 37284543 PMCID: PMC10239938 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1147525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important exercise-induced response to improve blood flow and decrease vascular resistance in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), but some antihypertensive drugs attenuate this effect. This study compared the effects of captopril and perindopril on exercise-induced cardiac and skeletal muscle angiogenesis. Forty-eight Wistar rats and 48 SHR underwent 60 days of aerobic training or were kept sedentary. During the last 45 days, rats were treated with captopril, perindopril or water (Control). Blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken and histological samples from the tibialis anterior (TA) and left ventricle (LV) muscles were analyzed for capillary density (CD) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein level. Exercise increased vessel density in Wistar rats due to higher VEGFR-2 (+17%) and eNOS (+31%) protein level. Captopril and perindopril attenuated exercise-induced angiogenesis in Wistar rats, but the attenuation was small in the perindopril group, and this response was mediated by higher eNOS levels in the Per group compared to the Cap group. Exercise increased myocardial CD in Wistar rats in all groups and treatment did not attenuate it. Both exercise and pharmacological treatment reduced BP of SHR similarly. Rarefaction was found in TA of SHR compared to Wistar, due to lower levels of VEGF (-26%) and eNOS (-27%) and treatment did not avoid this response. Exercise prevented these reductions in control SHR. While rats treated with perindopril showed angiogenesis in the TA muscle after training, those rats treated with captopril showed attenuated angiogenesis (-18%). This response was also mediated by lower eNOS levels in Cap group compared with Per and control group. Myocardial CD was reduced in all sedentary hypertensive compared with Wistar and training restored the number of vessels compared with sedentary SHR. In conclusion, taken into account only the aspect of vessel growth, since both pharmacological treatments reduced BP in SHR, the result of the present study suggests that perindopril could be a drug of choice over captopril for hypertensive practitioners of aerobic physical exercises, especially considering that it does not attenuate angiogenesis induced by aerobic physical training in skeletal and cardiac muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson G. Macedo
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), Federal University of São Carlos and São Paulo State University, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Danyelle S. Miotto
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), Federal University of São Carlos and São Paulo State University, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lidieli P. Tardelli
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), Federal University of São Carlos and São Paulo State University, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos F. Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Sandra L. Amaral
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF), Federal University of São Carlos and São Paulo State University, São Carlos, Brazil
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5
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Abstract
Hypertension is associated with important alterations in the morphology of small arteries and arterioles. Vascular-specific manifestations are changes in the structure and function of vascular smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, perivascular tissues, and endothelial cells. Arteriole and capillary remodeling and capillary rarefaction have been observed in hypertensive animals and human beings which contribute to increased vascular resistance. An impairment of different angiogenetic factors, such as VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), VEGFR-2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2), TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinases-1), and TSP-1 (thrombospondin-1), seems to be responsible for the reduction of the microvascular network. Exercise training has been shown to improve vascular structure and function in hypertension not only in the large arteries but also in the peripheral circulation. Exercise training may regress microvascular remodeling and normalize capillary density, leading to capillary growth possibly by increasing proangiogenic stimuli such as VEGF. Exercise enhances endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation through nitric oxide release increase and oxidative stress reduction. Other mechanisms include improved balance between prostacyclin and thromboxane levels, lower circulating levels of endothelin-1, attenuation of infiltration of immune cells into perivascular adipose tissue, and increase of local adiponectin secretion. In addition, exercise training favorably modulates the expression of several microRNAs leading to a positive modification in muscle fiber composition. Identifying the bioactive molecules and biological mechanisms that mediate exercise benefits through pathways that differ from those used by antihypertensive drugs may help to improve our knowledge of hypertension pathophysiology and facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina De Ciuceis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy (C.D.C., D.R.)
| | - Damiano Rizzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy (C.D.C., D.R.).,Division of Medicine, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Montichiari, Brescia, Italy (D.R.)
| | - Paolo Palatini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy (P.P.)
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6
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Sjúrðarson T, Bejder J, Breenfeldt Andersen A, Bonne TC, Kyhl K, Thomassen M, Prats J, Oddmarsdóttir Gregersen N, Skoradal MB, Weihe P, Nordsborg NB, Mohr M. Robust arm and leg muscle adaptation to training despite ACE inhibition: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:325-337. [PMID: 36271942 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment is widely applied, but the fact that plasma ACE activity is a potential determinant of training-induced local muscular adaptability is often neglected. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that ACE inhibition modulates the response to systematic aerobic exercise training on leg and arm muscular adaptations. METHODS Healthy, untrained, middle-aged participants (40 ± 7 yrs) completed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were randomized to placebo (PLA: CaCO3) or ACE inhibitor (ACEi: enalapril) for 8 weeks and completed a supervised, high-intensity exercise training program. Muscular characteristics in the leg and arm were extensively evaluated pre and post-intervention. RESULTS Forty-eight participants (nACEi = 23, nPLA = 25) completed the trial. Exercise training compliance was above 99%. After training, citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase maximal activity were increased in m. vastus lateralis in both groups (all P < 0.05) without statistical differences between them (all time × treatment P > 0.05). In m. deltoideus, citrate synthase maximal activity was upregulated to a greater extent (time × treatment P < 0.05) in PLA (51 [33;69] %) than in ACEi (28 [13;43] %), but the change in 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase maximal activity was similar between groups. Finally, the training-induced changes in the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 protein abundance, a marker of capillary density, were similar in both groups in m. vastus lateralis and m. deltoideus. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of high-intensity whole-body exercise training improves markers of skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity, glycolytic capacity and angiogenesis, with no overall effect of pharmacological ACE inhibition in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tórur Sjúrðarson
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bejder
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas C Bonne
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Kyhl
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Thomassen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Júlia Prats
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - May-Britt Skoradal
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Pál Weihe
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Nikolai B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magni Mohr
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands. .,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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7
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Sjúrðarson T, Bejder J, Breenfeldt Andersen A, Bonne T, Kyhl K, Róin T, Patursson P, Oddmarsdóttir Gregersen N, Skoradal M, Schliemann M, Lindegaard M, Weihe P, Mohr M, Nordsborg NB. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on cardiovascular adaptation to exercise training. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15382. [PMID: 35822425 PMCID: PMC9277514 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity may be one determinant of adaptability to exercise training, but well-controlled studies in humans without confounding conditions are lacking. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether ACE inhibition affects cardiovascular adaptations to exercise training in healthy humans. Healthy participants of both genders (40 ± 7 years) completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eight weeks of exercise training combined with placebo (PLA, n = 25) or ACE inhibitor (ACEi, n = 23) treatment was carried out. Before and after the intervention, cardiovascular characteristics were investigated. Mean arterial blood pressure was reduced (p < 0.001) by -5.5 [-8.4; -2.6] mmHg in ACEi , whereas the 0.7 [-2.0; 3.5] mmHg fluctuation in PLA was non-significant. Maximal oxygen uptake increased (p < 0.001) irrespective of ACE inhibitor treatment by 13 [8; 17] % in ACEi and 13 [9; 17] % in PLA. In addition, skeletal muscle endurance increased (p < 0.001) to a similar extent in both groups, with magnitudes of 82 [55; 113] % in ACEi and 74 [48; 105] % in PLA. In contrast, left atrial volume decreased (p < 0.05) by -9 [-16; -2] % in ACEi , but increased (p < 0.01) by 14 [5; 23] % in PLA. Total hemoglobin mass was reduced (p < 0.01) by -3 [-6; -1] % in ACEi , while a non-significant numeric increase of 2 [-0.4; 4] % existed in PLA. The lean mass remained constant in ACEi but increased (p < 0.001) by 3 [2; 4] % in PLA. In healthy middle-aged adults, 8 weeks of high-intensity exercise training increases maximal oxygen uptake and skeletal muscle endurance irrespective of ACE inhibitor treatment. However, ACE inhibitor treatment counteracts exercise training-induced increases in lean mass and left atrial volume. ACE inhibitor treatment compromises total hemoglobin mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tórur Sjúrðarson
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the Faroe IslandsTórshavnFaroe Islands
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports (NEXS)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jacob Bejder
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports (NEXS)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Thomas Bonne
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports (NEXS)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kasper Kyhl
- Department of Cardiology at Copenhagen University Hospital RigshospitaletCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Tóra Róin
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the Faroe IslandsTórshavnFaroe Islands
| | - Poula Patursson
- Department of Surgery, The Faroese Hospital SystemTórshavnFaroe Islands
| | | | - May‐Britt Skoradal
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the Faroe IslandsTórshavnFaroe Islands
| | - Michael Schliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports (NEXS)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Malte Lindegaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports (NEXS)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Pál Weihe
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the Faroe IslandsTórshavnFaroe Islands
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public HealthThe Faroese Hospital SystemTórshavnFaroe Islands
| | - Magni Mohr
- Center of Health Science, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of the Faroe IslandsTórshavnFaroe Islands
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC)Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
| | - Nikolai B. Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports (NEXS)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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8
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Miotto DS, Duchatsch F, Macedo AG, Ruiz TFR, Vicentini CA, Amaral SL. Perindopril Reduces Arterial Pressure and Does Not Inhibit Exercise-Induced Angiogenesis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:519-528. [PMID: 33394824 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sympathetic activity, arteriolar structure, and angiogenesis are important mechanisms modulating hypertension and this study aimed to analyze the effects of perindopril treatment, associated or not with exercise training, on the mechanisms that control blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were allocated into 4 groups: 1/sedentary (S); 2/perindopril (P, 3.0 mg/kg/d); 3/trained (T); and 4/trained + perindopril (TP). Wistar rats were used as normotensive sedentary control group. SHR were assigned to undergo a treadmill training (T) or were kept sedentary. Heart rate, BP, sympathetic activity to the vessels (LF-SBP), and skeletal muscle and myocardial morphometric analyses were performed. BP was significantly lower after all 3 strategies, compared with S and was accompanied by lower LF-SBP (-76%, -53%, and -44%, for P, T, and TP, respectively). Arteriolar vessel wall cross-sectional area was lower after treatments (-56%, -52%, and -56%, for P, T, and TP, respectively), and only TP presented higher arteriolar lumen area. Capillary rarefaction was present in soleus muscle and myocardium in S group and both trained groups presented higher vessel density, although perindopril attenuated this increase in soleus muscle. Although myocyte diameter was not different between groups, myocardial collagen deposition area, higher in S group, was lower after 3 strategies. In conclusion, we may suggest that perindopril could be an option for the hypertensive people who practice exercise and need a specific pharmacological treatment to reach a better BP control, mainly because training-induced angiogenesis is an important response to facilitate blood flow perfusion and oxygen uptake and perindopril did not attenuate this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle S Miotto
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Francine Duchatsch
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson G Macedo
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
| | - Thalles F R Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences- UNESP, School of Sciences, São José do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil; and
| | | | - Sandra L Amaral
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
- Physical Education, UNESP, School of Sciences, Bauru/SP, Brazil
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9
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Ferreira MJ, Jarrete AP, Esposti RD, Sponton CHG, Anaruma CP, Zanesco A. Evaluation of maximal lactate steady state in middle-aged hypertensive women. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Kostka J, Sikora J, Kostka T. Relationship of quadriceps muscle power and optimal shortening velocity with angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in older women. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1753-1760. [PMID: 29089749 PMCID: PMC5656348 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s146494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to assess whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity is related to muscle function (strength, power and velocity), as well as to assess if ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and other angiotensin system blocking medications (ASBMs) influence muscle performance in elderly women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety-five community-dwelling elderly women took part in this study. Anthropometric data, blood ACE activity analysis, maximum power (Pmax) and optimal shortening velocity (υopt) of the knee extensor muscles, handgrip strength, physical activity (PA) and functional performance were measured. RESULTS Women taking ACEI were on average almost 2 years older than the women who did not take ACEI. They took more medicines and were also characterized by significantly lower level of ACE, but they did not differ in terms of PA level, results of functional performance and parameters characterizing muscle functions. No correlations of ACE activity with Pmax and handgrip strength, as well as with PA or functional performance were found. Higher ACE activity was connected with lower υopt for women who did not take any ASBMs (rho =-0.37; p=0.01). CONCLUSION Serum ACE activity was not associated with muscle strength, power and functional performance in both ASBM users and nonusers, but was associated with optimal shortening velocity of quadriceps muscles in older women. Further prospective studies are needed to assess if ACEIs or other ASBMs may slow down the decline in muscle function and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre
- Department of Physical Medicine
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre
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Experimental Evidences Supporting Training-Induced Benefits in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:287-306. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Physical Function in Elderly Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drugs Aging 2016; 32:727-35. [PMID: 26286094 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-015-0288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia has been accepted as a new geriatric syndrome, which will become a common and important public health challenge. And angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) have been shown to improve exercise capacity in elderly without heart failure. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) on physical function in elderly. DATA SOURCES The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA All researches included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared any kind of ACEIs with placebo or other anti-hypertensives in elderly, and provided empirical data of grip strength and 6-min walk distance change from baseline. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Risk of bias was systematically assessed by using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Data of grip strength and 6-min walk distance change from baseline were collected and mean differences (MDs) were calculated along with 95% CI (confidence interval) by using a random effects model. RESULTS In 3 RCTs including 337 elderly participants, ACEIs (n = 178) did not significantly improved 6-min walk distance (13.45, 95% CI: -16.71 to 43.61; P = 0.38) versus placebo or other antihypertensives (n = 159). In 3 RCTs including 499 elderly participants, grip strength was not significantly different (-0.67, 95% CI: -1.53 to 0.19; P = 0.12) between ACEIs (n = 260) and placebo or other antihypertensives (n = 239). LIMITATIONS There exists only 4 RCTs and the number of participants is limited. Pooling of data were from different trials including different participant characteristics. And intervention is not strictly consistent. CONCLUSION This study shows that ACEIs can not significantly improve walk distance or the age-related decline of muscle strength for older participants in clinical trials.
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Olivon VC, Aires RD, Santiago LB, Ramalho LZN, Cortes SF, Lemos VS. Mas receptor overexpression increased Ang-(1-7) relaxation response in renovascular hypertensive rat carotid. Peptides 2015; 71:250-8. [PMID: 26256416 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important factor in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Mas receptor, Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]-activated receptor, is an important RAS component and exerts protective effects in the vasculature. Ang-(1-7) vascular effects and Mas receptor expression in carotid from renovascular hypertensive (2K-1C) rats is not clear. In the present study we investigated Mas receptor vasodilator response activated by Ang-(1-7) in the carotid rings from sham and 2K-1C rats. Changes in isometric tension were recorded on organ chamber. Mas receptors expression was investigated in carotid by Western blot. Nitric oxide production was evaluated by 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and eNOS expression and activity by immunofluoresce and western blot, respectively. Ang-(1-7) induced concentration-dependent vasodilator effect in carotid rings from sham and 2K-1C, which the hypertension increased vasodilatation response. In the 2K-1C carotid rings, A-779 (Mas receptor antagonist) reduced but not abolish the vasodilator effect of Ang-(1-7). Corroborating, Mas receptor protein expression was significantly increased in the 2K-1C rats. L-NAME and ibuprofen decreased Ang-(1-7) vasodilator response and L-NAME plus ibuprofen practically abolish the remaining vasodilatation response. Nitric oxide production is increased due increased of eNOS expression and pSer(1177) activity. Our results demonstrated that renovascular hypertension increased Mas receptors expression and nitric oxide production in the rats carotid which, consequently increased Ang-(1-7)-vasorelaxant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Olivon
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R D Aires
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - L B Santiago
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - L Z N Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto Campus, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - S F Cortes
- Department of Phamacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - V S Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Neves VJD, Fernandes T, Roque FR, Soci UPR, Melo SFS, de Oliveira EM. Exercise training in hypertension: Role of microRNAs. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:713-727. [PMID: 25228951 PMCID: PMC4163701 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i8.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a complex disease that constitutes an important public health problem and demands many studies in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involving his pathophysiology. Therefore, an increasing number of studies have been conducted and new therapies are continually being discovered. In this context, exercise training has emerged as an important non-pharmacological therapy to treat hypertensive patients, minimizing the side effects of pharmacological therapies and frequently contributing to allow pharmacotherapy to be suspended. Several mechanisms have been associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension, such as hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, impaired endothelial nitric oxide production, increased oxygen-reactive species, vascular thickening and stiffening, cardiac hypertrophy, impaired angiogenesis, and sometimes genetic predisposition. With the advent of microRNAs (miRNAs), new insights have been added to the perspectives for the treatment of this disease, and exercise training has been shown to be able to modulate the miRNAs associated with it. Elucidation of the relationship between exercise training and miRNAs in the pathogenesis of hypertension is fundamental in order to understand how exercise modulates the cardiovascular system at genetic level. This can be promising even for the development of new drugs. This article is a review of how exercise training acts on hypertension by means of specific miRNAs in the heart, vascular system, and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vander José das Neves
- Vander José das Neves, Tiago Fernandes, Fernanda Roberta Roque, Ursula Paula Renó Soci, Stéphano Freitas Soares Melo, Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fernandes
- Vander José das Neves, Tiago Fernandes, Fernanda Roberta Roque, Ursula Paula Renó Soci, Stéphano Freitas Soares Melo, Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Roberta Roque
- Vander José das Neves, Tiago Fernandes, Fernanda Roberta Roque, Ursula Paula Renó Soci, Stéphano Freitas Soares Melo, Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Ursula Paula Renó Soci
- Vander José das Neves, Tiago Fernandes, Fernanda Roberta Roque, Ursula Paula Renó Soci, Stéphano Freitas Soares Melo, Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Stéphano Freitas Soares Melo
- Vander José das Neves, Tiago Fernandes, Fernanda Roberta Roque, Ursula Paula Renó Soci, Stéphano Freitas Soares Melo, Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira
- Vander José das Neves, Tiago Fernandes, Fernanda Roberta Roque, Ursula Paula Renó Soci, Stéphano Freitas Soares Melo, Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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Sumukadas D, Band M, Miller S, Cvoro V, Witham M, Struthers A, McConnachie A, Lloyd SM, McMurdo M. Do ACE inhibitors improve the response to exercise training in functionally impaired older adults? A randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:736-43. [PMID: 24201696 PMCID: PMC4022094 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Loss of muscle mass and strength with ageing is a major cause for falls, disability, and morbidity in older people. Previous studies have found that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) may improve physical function in older people. It is unclear whether ACEi provide additional benefit when added to a standard exercise training program. We examined the effects of ACEi therapy on physical function in older people undergoing exercise training. Methods. Community-dwelling people aged ≥65 years with functional impairment were recruited through general (family) practices. All participants received progressive exercise training. Participants were randomized to receive either 4 mg perindopril or matching placebo daily for 20 weeks. The primary outcome was between-group change in 6-minute walk distance from baseline to 20 weeks. Secondary outcomes included changes in Short Physical Performance Battery, handgrip and quadriceps strength, self-reported quality of life using the EQ-5D, and functional impairment measured using the Functional Limitations Profile. Results. A total of 170 participants (n = 86 perindopril, n = 84 placebo) were randomized. Mean age was 75.7 (standard deviation [SD] 6.8) years. Baseline 6-minute walk distance was 306 m (SD 99). Both groups increased their walk distance (by 29.6 m perindopril, 36.4 m placebo group) at 20 weeks, but there was no statistically significant treatment effect between groups (−8.6m [95% confidence interval: −30.1, 12.9], p = .43). No statistically significant treatment effects were observed between groups for the secondary outcomes. Adverse events leading to withdrawal were few (n = 0 perindopril, n = 4 placebo). Interpretation. ACE inhibitors did not enhance the effect of exercise training on physical function in functionally impaired older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Sumukadas
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, UK.
| | - Margaret Band
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | | | - Vera Cvoro
- Department of Care of the Elderly, National Health Service Fife, Kirkcaldy, UK
| | - Miles Witham
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Allan Struthers
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | | | - Suzanne M Lloyd
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Marion McMurdo
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
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Fernandes T, Roque FR, Magalhães FDC, Carmo ECD, Oliveira EMD. O treinamento físico aeróbio corrige a rarefação capilar e as alterações nas proporções dos tipos de fibra muscular esquelética em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922012000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O treinamento físico (TF) aeróbio tem sido utilizado como um importante tratamento não farmacológico na hipertensão arterial (HA), uma vez que ele reduz a pressão arterial. Estudos mostram que as anormalidades do músculo esquelético na HA estão associados à rarefação capilar, um aumento na porcentagem de fibras de contração rápida (tipo II), com predominância do metabolismo glicolítico e um aumento da fadiga muscular. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos do TF sobre estes parâmetros na HA. Nós hipotetizamos que o TF corrija a rarefação capilar potencialmente contribuindo para a restauração da proporção dos tipos de fibras musculares. Ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR, n=14) e Wistar Kyoto (WKY, n=14) com 12 semanas de vida e divididos em 4 grupos: SHR, SHR treinado (SHR-T), WKY e WKY treinado (WKY-T) foram estudados. Como esperado, 10 semanas de TF foi efetivo em reduzir a pressão arterial em SHR-T. Além disso, avaliamos os principais marcadores de TF. A bradicardia de repouso, o aumento da tolerância a realização de esforço, do consumo de oxigênio de pico e da atividade da enzima citrato sintase muscular nos grupos de animais treinados (WKY-T e SHR-T) mostram que a condição aeróbia foi alcançada com este TF. O TF também corrigiu a rarefação capilar no músculo sóleo em SHR-T. Em paralelo, foi observada uma redução na porcentagem de fibras do tipo IIA e IIX, ao passo que aumentou a porcentagem de fibras do tipo I induzidas pelo TF na HA. Estes resultados sugerem que o TF previne as alterações na composição dos tipos de fibras no músculo sóleo em SHR, uma vez que a angiogênese e o aumento da atividade da enzima citrato sintase são umas das mais importantes adaptações ao TF aeróbio, atuando na manutenção do metabolismo oxidativo e do perfil de fibras do músculo.
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17
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Inoue N, Kinugawa S, Suga T, Yokota T, Hirabayashi K, Kuroda S, Okita K, Tsutsui H. Angiotensin II-induced reduction in exercise capacity is associated with increased oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1202-10. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00534.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced oxidative stress has been known to be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. We have reported that the oxidative stress in skeletal muscle can limit exercise capacity in mice ( 16 ). We thus hypothesized that ANG II could impair the skeletal muscle energy metabolism and limit exercise capacity via enhancing oxidative stress. ANG II (50 ng·kg−1·min−1) or vehicle was infused into male C57BL/6J mice for 7 days via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. ANG II did not alter body weight, skeletal muscle weight, blood pressure, cardiac structure, or function. Mice were treadmill tested, and expired gases were analyzed. The work to exhaustion (vertical distance × body weight) and peak oxygen uptake were significantly decreased in ANG II compared with vehicle. In mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle, ADP-dependent respiration was comparable between ANG II and vehicle, but ADP-independent respiration was significantly increased in ANG II. Furthermore, complex I and III activities were decreased in ANG II. NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide production by lucigenin chemiluminescence were significantly increased in skeletal muscle from ANG II mice. Treatment of ANG II mice with apocynin (10 mmol/l in drinking water), an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase activation, completely inhibited NAD(P)H oxidase activity and improved exercise capacity, mitochondrial respiration, and complex activities in skeletal muscle. ANG II-induced oxidative stress can impair mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle and limit exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo; and
| | - Koichi Okita
- Graduate School of Program in Lifelong Learning Studies, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
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18
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Silva DMR, Gomes-Filho A, Olivon VC, Santos TMS, Becker LK, Santos RAS, Lemos VS. Swimming training improves the vasodilator effect of angiotensin-(1–7) in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1272-7. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00034.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. It is well established that physical training has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. We recently reported that angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)] concentration and the Mas receptor expression is increased in the left ventricle of trained spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR). The vascular effects of Ang-(1–7) in trained animals remain so far unknown. In the present study we investigated the effects of physical training on the vasodilator effect of Ang-(1–7) in the aorta of SHR. Methodology: normotensive Wistar rats and SHR were subjected to an 8-wk period of 5% overload of body weight swimming training. Changes in isometric tension were recorded on myograph. Western blot was used to investigate Ang-(1–7) receptors expression. Results: in aortas from normotensive rats Ang-(1–7) and ACh induced a concentration-dependent vasodilator effect, which was not modified by the physical training. Vessels from SHR had an impaired vasodilator response to Ang-(1–7) and ACh. The swimming training strongly potentiated the vasodilator effect induced by Ang-(1–7) in SHR, but did not modify the effect of ACh. Interestingly, Mas receptor protein expression was substantially increased by physical training in SHR. In trained SHR, the vasodilator effect of Ang-(1–7) was abrogated by removal of the endothelium and by the selective Ang-(1–7) receptor antagonists A-779 and d-Pro7-Ang-(1–7). l-NAME decreased Ang-(1–7) vasodilator response and indomethacin abolished the remaining dilatory response. Conclusion: physical training increased Mas receptors expression in SHR aortas, thereby improving the vasodilator effect of Ang-(1–7) through an endothelium-dependent mechanism involving nitric oxide and prostacyclin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M. R. Silva
- Fundação Educacional de Divinópolis/Estadual University of Minas Gerais (FUNEDI/UEMG), Divinópolis
| | - Ary Gomes-Filho
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco
| | - Vania C. Olivon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | | | - Lenice K. Becker
- Sport Center-Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil; and
- INCT-Nanobiofar
| | - Robson A. S. Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
- INCT-Nanobiofar
| | - Virginia S. Lemos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
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Guo Q, Minami N, Mori N, Nagasaka M, Ito O, Kurosawa H, Kanazawa M, Kohzuki M. Effects of Estradiol, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Exercise Training on Exercise Capacity and Skeletal Muscle in Old Female Rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2010; 32:76-83. [DOI: 10.3109/10641960902993046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bunout D, Barrera G, de la Maza MP, Leiva L, Backhouse C, Hirsch S. Effects of enalapril or nifedipine on muscle strength or functional capacity in elderly subjects. A double blind trial. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 10:77-84. [PMID: 19502254 DOI: 10.1177/1470320309105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme could be useful to avoid sarcopenia in the elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared in a prospective double blind trial, the effects of treatment with enalapril or nifedipine on muscle performance in hypertensive elderly subjects. Patients were followed for nine months, and at baseline, 4.5 months and the end of follow-up, quadriceps and hand grip muscle strength, walking capacity, timed up and go and the short physical performance test were measured. RESULTS During follow-up, more subjects on nifedipine than on enalapril discontinued the medication due to side-effects. No differences in the evolution of muscle strength, walking capacity or functional measures were observed. At nine months, plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity decreased by 6.0+/-2.5 U/L among patients on enalapril and increased by 8.5+/-4.2 U/L (p<0.001) among patients on nifedipine. CONCLUSION In this group of elderly subjects, enalapril was not superior to nifedipine with regard to the age-related decline of muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bunout
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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21
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Thaveau F, Zoll J, Bouitbir J, N’Guessan B, Plobner P, Chakfe N, Kretz JG, Richard R, Piquard F, Geny B. Effect of chronic pre-treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on skeletal muscle mitochondrial recovery after ischemia/reperfusion. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 24:333-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang P, Fedoruk MN, Rupert JL. Keeping pace with ACE: are ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists potential doping agents? Sports Med 2009; 38:1065-79. [PMID: 19026021 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838120-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In the decade since the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene was first proposed to be a 'human gene for physical performance', there have been numerous studies examining the effects of ACE genotype on physical performance phenotypes such as aerobic capacity, muscle function, trainability, and athletic status. While the results are variable and sometimes inconsistent, and corroborating phenotypic data limited, carriers of the ACE 'insertion' allele (the presence of an alu repeat element in intron 16 of the gene) have been reported to have higher maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), greater response to training, and increased muscle efficiency when compared with individuals carrying the 'deletion' allele (absence of the alu repeat). Furthermore, the insertion allele has been reported to be over-represented in elite athletes from a variety of populations representing a number of endurance sports. The mechanism by which the ACE insertion genotype could potentiate physical performance is unknown. The presence of the ACE insertion allele has been associated with lower ACE activity (ACEplasma) in number of studies, suggesting that individuals with an innate tendency to have lower ACE levels respond better to training and are at an advantage in endurance sporting events. This could be due to lower levels of angiotensin II (the vasoconstrictor converted to active form by ACE), higher levels of bradykinin (a vasodilator degraded by ACE) or some combination of the two phenotypes. Observations that individuals carrying the ACE insertion allele (and presumably lower ACEplasma) have an enhanced response to training or are over-represented amongst elite athletes raises the intriguing question: would individuals with artificially lowered ACEplasma have similar training or performance potential? As there are a number of drugs (i.e. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists [angiotensin receptor blockers--ARBs]) that have the ability to either reduce ACEplasma activity or block the action of angiotensin II, the question is relevant to the study of ergogenic agents and to the efforts to rid sports of 'doping'. This article discusses the possibility that ACE inhibitors and ARBs, by virtue of their effects on ACE or angiotensin II function, respectively, have performance-enhancing capabilities; it also reviews the data on the effects of these medications on VO2max, muscle composition and endurance capacity in patient and non-patient populations. We conclude that, while the direct evidence supporting the hypothesis that ACE-related medications are potential doping agents is not compelling, there are insufficient data on young, athletic populations to exclude the possibility, and there is ample, albeit indirect, support from genetic studies to suggest that they should be. Unfortunately, given the history of drug experimentation in athletes and the rapid appropriation of therapeutic agents into the doping arsenal, this indirect evidence, coupled with the availability of ACE-inhibiting and ACE-receptor blocking medications may be sufficiently tempting to unscrupulous competitors looking for a shortcut to the finish line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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23
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Sumukadas D, Witham MD, Struthers AD, McMurdo MET. Ace inhibitors as a therapy for sarcopenia - evidence and possible mechanisms. J Nutr Health Aging 2008; 12:480-5. [PMID: 18615230 DOI: 10.1007/bf02982709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Sumukadas
- Ageing and Health, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee.
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Sabino B, Lessa MA, Nascimento AR, Rodrigues CAB, Henriques MDG, Garzoni LR, Levy BI, Tibiriçá E. Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs on Capillary Rarefaction in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Intravital Microscopy and Histologic Analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 51:402-9. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181673bc5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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