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Tamizh Selvan G, Venkatachalam P. Potentials of cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay in radiation triage and biological dosimetry. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2024; 22:100409. [PMID: 39674629 PMCID: PMC11381789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2024.100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The measurement of micronucleus (MN) in the cytokinesis-block arrested binucleated cells has been extensively used as a biomarker in many radiation biology applications in specific biodosimetry. Following radiation casualties, medical management of exposed individuals begins with triage and biological dosimetry. The cytokinesis blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay is the alternate for the gold standard dicentric chromosome assay in radiation dose assessment. In recent years, the CBMN assay has become well-validated and emerged as a method of choice for evaluating occupational and accidental exposures scenario. It is feasible due to its cost-effective, simple, and rapid dose assessment rather than a conventional chromosome aberration assay. PubMed search tool was used with keywords of MN, biodosimetry, radiotherapy and restricted to human samples. Since Fenech and Morely developed the assay, it has undergone many technical and technological reforms as a biomarker of various applications. In this review, we have abridged recent developments of the CBMN assay in radiation triage and biodosimetry, focusing on (a) the influence of variables on dose estimation, (b) the importance of baseline frequency and reported dose-response coefficient values among different laboratories, (c) inter-laboratory comparison and (d) its limitations and means to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tamizh Selvan
- Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - P Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, India
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2
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Toprani SM, Scheibler C, Mordukhovich I, McNeely E, Nagel ZD. Cosmic Ionizing Radiation: A DNA Damaging Agent That May Underly Excess Cancer in Flight Crews. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7670. [PMID: 39062911 PMCID: PMC11277465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration has officially classified flight crews (FC) consisting of commercial pilots, cabin crew, or flight attendants as "radiation workers" since 1994 due to the potential for cosmic ionizing radiation (CIR) exposure at cruising altitudes originating from solar activity and galactic sources. Several epidemiological studies have documented elevated incidence and mortality for several cancers in FC, but it has not yet been possible to establish whether this is attributable to CIR. CIR and its constituents are known to cause a myriad of DNA lesions, which can lead to carcinogenesis unless DNA repair mechanisms remove them. But critical knowledge gaps exist with regard to the dosimetry of CIR, the role of other genotoxic exposures among FC, and whether possible biological mechanisms underlying higher cancer rates observed in FC exist. This review summarizes our understanding of the role of DNA damage and repair responses relevant to exposure to CIR in FC. We aimed to stimulate new research directions and provide information that will be useful for guiding regulatory, public health, and medical decision-making to protect and mitigate the risks for those who travel by air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh M. Toprani
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.S.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Christopher Scheibler
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.S.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Irina Mordukhovich
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.S.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
- Sustainability and Health Initiative (SHINE), Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eileen McNeely
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.S.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
- Sustainability and Health Initiative (SHINE), Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zachary D. Nagel
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (C.S.); (I.M.); (E.M.)
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3
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Draeger E, Roberts K, Decker RD, Bahar N, Wilson LD, Contessa J, Husain Z, Williams BB, Flood AB, Swartz HM, Carlson DJ. In Vivo Verification of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Biodosimetry Using Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy Treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 119:292-301. [PMID: 38072322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) biodosimetry, used to triage large numbers of individuals incidentally exposed to unknown doses of ionizing radiation, is based on detecting a stable physical response in the body that is subject to quantifiable variation after exposure. In vivo measurement is essential to fully characterize the radiation response relevant to a living tooth measured in situ. The purpose of this study was to verify EPR spectroscopy in vivo by estimating the radiation dose received in participants' teeth. METHODS AND MATERIALS A continuous wave L-band spectrometer was used for EPR measurements. Participants included healthy volunteers and patients undergoing head and neck and total body irradiation treatments. Healthy volunteers completed 1 measurement each, and patients underwent measurement before starting treatment and between subsequent fractions. Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters and diodes were used to determine the dose delivered to the teeth to validate EPR measurements. RESULTS Seventy measurements were acquired from 4 total body irradiation and 6 head and neck patients over 15 months. Patient data showed a linear increase of EPR signal with delivered dose across the dose range tested. A linear least-squares weighted fit of the data gave a statistically significant correlation between EPR signal and absorbed dose (P < .0001). The standard error of inverse prediction (SEIP), used to assess the usefulness of fits, was 1.92 Gy for the dose range most relevant for immediate triage (≤7 Gy). Correcting for natural background radiation based on patient age reduced the SEIP to 1.51 Gy. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the feasibility of using spectroscopic measurements from radiation therapy patients to validate in vivo EPR biodosimetry. The data illustrated a statistically significant correlation between the magnitude of EPR signals and absorbed dose. The SEIP of 1.51 Gy, obtained under clinical conditions, indicates the potential value of this technique in response to large radiation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Draeger
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Kenneth Roberts
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Roy D Decker
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nina Bahar
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lynn D Wilson
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Joseph Contessa
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zain Husain
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Benjamin B Williams
- Department of Radiology & EPR Center, Geisel Medical School at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Ann Barry Flood
- Department of Radiology & EPR Center, Geisel Medical School at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Harold M Swartz
- Department of Radiology & EPR Center, Geisel Medical School at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - David J Carlson
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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4
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Satyamitra MM, Cassatt DR, Molinar-Inglis O, Rios CI, Taliaferro LP, Winters TA, DiCarlo AL. The NIAID/RNCP Biodosimetry Program: An Overview. Cytogenet Genome Res 2023; 163:89-102. [PMID: 37742625 PMCID: PMC10946631 DOI: 10.1159/000534213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Established in 2004, the Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), within the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health has the central mission to advance medical countermeasure mitigators/therapeutics, and biomarkers and technologies to assess, triage, and inform medical management of patients experiencing acute radiation syndrome and/or the delayed effects of acute radiation exposure. The RNCP biodosimetry mission space encompasses: (1) basic research to elucidate novel approaches for rapid and accurate assessment of radiation exposure, (2) studies to support advanced development for US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance of promising triage or treatment devices/approaches, (3) characterization of biomarkers and/or assays to determine degree of tissue or organ dose that can predict outcome of radiation injuries (i.e., organ failure, morbidity, and/or mortality), and (4) outreach efforts to facilitate interactions with researchers developing cutting edge biodosimetry approaches. Thus far, no biodosimetry device has been FDA cleared for use during a radiological/nuclear incident. At NIAID, advancement of radiation biomarkers and biodosimetry approaches is facilitated by a variety of funding mechanisms (grants, contracts, cooperative and interagency agreements, and Small Business Innovation Research awards), with the objective of advancing devices and assays toward clearance, as outlined in the FDA's Radiation Biodosimetry Medical Countermeasure Devices Guidance. The ultimate goal of the RNCP biodosimetry program is to develop and establish accurate and reliable biodosimetry tools that will improve radiation preparedness and ultimately save lives during a radiological or nuclear incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merriline M Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Olivia Molinar-Inglis
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Carmen I Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lanyn P Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas A Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Wilkins RC, Beaton-Green LA. Development of high-throughput systems for biodosimetry. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2023; 199:1477-1484. [PMID: 37721060 PMCID: PMC10720693 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers for ionising radiation exposure have great utility in scenarios where there has been a potential exposure and physical dosimetry is missing or in dispute, such as for occupational and accidental exposures. Biomarkers that respond as a function of dose are particularly useful as biodosemeters to determine the dose of radiation to which an individual has been exposed. These dose measurements can also be used in medical scenarios to track doses from medical exposures and even have the potential to identify an individual's response to radiation exposure that could help tailor treatments. The measurement of biomarkers of exposure in medicine and for accidents, where a larger number of samples would be required, is limited by the throughput of analysis (i.e. the number of samples that could be processed and analysed), particularly for microscope-based methods, which tend to be labour-intensive. Rapid analysis in an emergency scenario, such as a large-scale accident, would provide dose estimates to medical practitioners, allowing timely administration of the appropriate medical countermeasures to help mitigate the effects of radiation exposure. In order to improve sample throughput for biomarker analysis, much effort has been devoted to automating the process from sample preparation through automated image analysis. This paper will focus mainly on biological endpoints traditionally analysed by microscopy, specifically dicentric chromosomes, micronuclei and gamma-H2AX. These endpoints provide examples where sample throughput has been improved through automated image acquisition, analysis of images acquired by microscopy, as well as methods that have been developed for analysis using imaging flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Wilkins
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 1C1, Canada
| | - Lindsay A Beaton-Green
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 1C1, Canada
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Bertucci A, Wilkins RC, Lachapelle S, Turner HC, Brenner DJ, Garty G. Comparison of Isolated Lymphocyte and Whole Blood-Based CBMN Assays for Radiation Triage. Cytogenet Genome Res 2023; 163:110-120. [PMID: 37573770 PMCID: PMC10859551 DOI: 10.1159/000533488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a mass-casualty nuclear/radiological event, there will be an important need for rapid and accurate estimation of absorbed dose for biological triage. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is an established and validated cytogenetic biomarker used to assess DNA damage in irradiated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Here, we describe an intercomparison experiment between two biodosimetry laboratories, located at Columbia University (CU) and Health Canada (HC) that performed different variants of the human blood CBMN assay to reconstruct dose in human blood, with CU performing the assay on isolated lymphocytes and using semi-automated scoring whereas HC used the more conventional whole blood assay. Although the micronucleus yields varied significantly between the two assays, the predicted doses closely matched up to 4 Gy - the range from which the HC calibration curve was previously established. These results highlight the importance of a robust calibration curve(s) across a wide age range of donors that match the exposure scenario as closely as possible and that will account for differences in methodology between laboratories. We have seen that at low doses, variability in the results may be attributed to variation in the processing while at higher doses the variation is dominated by inter-individual variation in cell proliferation. This interlaboratory collaboration further highlights the usefulness of the CBMN endpoint to accurately reconstruct absorbed dose in human blood after ionizing radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bertucci
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Currently at: Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ruth C. Wilkins
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lachapelle
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Helen C. Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guy Garty
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Lacombe J, Summers AJ, Khanishayan A, Khorsandian Y, Hacey I, Blackson W, Zenhausern F. Paper-Based Vertical Flow Immunoassay for the Point-of-Care Multiplex Detection of Radiation Dosimetry Genes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2023; 163:178-186. [PMID: 37369178 PMCID: PMC10751381 DOI: 10.1159/000531702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In a nuclear or radiological incident, first responders must quickly and accurately measure radiation exposure among civilians as medical countermeasures are radiation dose-dependent and time-sensitive. Although several approaches have been explored to measure absorbed radiation dose, there is an important need to develop point-of-care (POC) bioassay devices that can be used immediately to triage thousands of individuals potentially exposed to radiation. Here we present a proof-of-concept study showing the use of a paper-based vertical flow immunoassay (VFI) to detect radiation dosimetry genes. Using labeled primers during amplification and a multiplex membrane, our results showed that the nucleic acid VFI can simultaneously detect two biodosimetry genes, CDKN1A and DDB2, as well as one housekeeping gene MRPS5. The assay demonstrated good linearity and precision with an inter- and intra-assay coefficient of variance <20% and <10%, respectively. Moreover, the assay showed its ability to discriminate non-irradiated controls (0 Gy) from irradiated samples (1 + 2 Gy) with an overall sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 100% (AUC = 0.8672, 95% CI: 0.723-1.000; p = 0.004). Interestingly, the gene combination also showed a dose-dependent response for 0, 1, and 2 Gy, similar to data obtained by real-time PCR benchmark. These preliminary results suggest that a VFI platform can be used to detect simultaneously multiple genes that can be then quantified, thus offering a new approach for a POC biodosimetry assay that could be rapidly deployed on-site to test a large population and help triage and medical management after radiological event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Lacombe
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander J. Summers
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ashkan Khanishayan
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yasaman Khorsandian
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Isabella Hacey
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wyatt Blackson
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Okunola HL, Shuryak I, Repin M, Wu HC, Santella RM, Terry MB, Turner HC, Brenner DJ. Improved prediction of breast cancer risk based on phenotypic DNA damage repair capacity in peripheral blood B cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3093360. [PMID: 37461559 PMCID: PMC10350237 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3093360/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Standard Breast Cancer (BC) risk prediction models based only on epidemiologic factors generally have quite poor performance, and there have been a number of risk scores proposed to improve them, such as AI-based mammographic information, polygenic risk scores and pathogenic variants. Even with these additions BC risk prediction performance is still at best moderate. In that decreased DNA repair capacity (DRC) is a major risk factor for development of cancer, we investigated the potential to improve BC risk prediction models by including a measured phenotypic DRC assay. Methods Using blood samples from the Breast Cancer Family Registry we assessed the performance of phenotypic markers of DRC in 46 matched pairs of individuals, one from each pair with BC (with blood drawn before BC diagnosis) and the other from controls matched by age and time since blood draw. We assessed DRC in thawed cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by measuring γ-H2AX yields (a marker for DNA double-strand breaks) at multiple times from 1 to 20 hrs after a radiation challenge. The studies were performed using surface markers to discriminate between different PBMC subtypes. Results The parameter F res , the residual damage signal in PBMC B cells at 20 hrs post challenge, was the strongest predictor of breast cancer with an AUC (Area Under receiver-operator Curve) of 0.89 [95% Confidence Interval: 0.84-0.93] and a BC status prediction accuracy of 0.80. To illustrate the combined use of a phenotypic predictor with standard BC predictors, we combined F res in B cells with age at blood draw, and found that the combination resulted in significantly greater BC predictive power (AUC of 0.97 [95% CI: 0.94-0.99]), an increase of 13 percentage points over age alone. Conclusions If replicated in larger studies, these results suggest that inclusion of a fingerstick-based phenotypic DRC blood test has the potential to markedly improve BC risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui-Chen Wu
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
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9
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Endesfelder D, Kulka U, Bucher M, Giesen U, Garty G, Beinke C, Port M, Gruel G, Gregoire E, Terzoudi G, Triantopoulou S, Ainsbury EA, Moquet J, Sun M, Prieto MJ, Moreno Domene M, Barquinero JF, Pujol-Canadell M, Vral A, Baeyens A, Wojcik A, Oestreicher U. International Comparison Exercise for Biological Dosimetry after Exposures with Neutrons Performed at Two Irradiation Facilities as Part of the BALANCE Project. Cytogenet Genome Res 2023; 163:163-177. [PMID: 37071978 PMCID: PMC10641373 DOI: 10.1159/000530728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the case of a radiological or nuclear event, biological dosimetry can be an important tool to support clinical decision-making. During a nuclear event, individuals might be exposed to a mixed field of neutrons and photons. The composition of the field and the neutron energy spectrum influence the degree of damage to the chromosomes. During the transatlantic BALANCE project, an exposure similar to a Hiroshima-like device at a distance of 1.5 km from the epicenter was simulated, and biological dosimetry based on dicentric chromosomes was performed to evaluate the participants ability to discover unknown doses and to test the influence of differences in neutron spectra. In a first step, calibration curves were established by irradiating blood samples with 5 doses in the range of 0-4 Gy at two different facilities in Germany (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [PTB]) and the USA (the Columbia IND Neutron Facility [CINF]). The samples were sent to eight participating laboratories from the RENEB network and dicentric chromosomes were scored by each participant. Next, blood samples were irradiated with 4 blind doses in each of the two facilities and sent to the participants to provide dose estimates based on the established calibration curves. Manual and semiautomatic scoring of dicentric chromosomes were evaluated for their applicability to neutron exposures. Moreover, the biological effectiveness of the neutrons from the two irradiation facilities was compared. The calibration curves from samples irradiated at CINF showed a 1.4 times higher biological effectiveness compared to samples irradiated at PTB. For manual scoring of dicentric chromosomes, the doses of the test samples were mostly successfully resolved based on the calibration curves established during the project. For semiautomatic scoring, the dose estimation for the test samples was less successful. Doses >2 Gy in the calibration curves revealed nonlinear associations between dose and dispersion index of the dicentric counts, especially for manual scoring. The differences in the biological effectiveness between the irradiation facilities suggested that the neutron energy spectrum can have a strong impact on the dicentric counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Endesfelder
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Oberschleißheim, Germany,
| | - Ulrike Kulka
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Martin Bucher
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich Giesen
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Guy Garty
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF), Columbia University, Irvington, New York, USA
| | | | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Gaetan Gruel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-Santé, SERAMED, LRAcc, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Eric Gregoire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-Santé, SERAMED, LRAcc, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Georgia Terzoudi
- Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics Laboratory, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos,", Athens, Greece
| | - Sotiria Triantopoulou
- Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics Laboratory, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos,", Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsbury
- Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Jayne Moquet
- Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Mingzhu Sun
- Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - María Jesús Prieto
- Centro de Oncología Radioterápica, Laboratorio de Dosimetría Biológica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Moreno Domene
- Centro de Oncología Radioterápica, Laboratorio de Dosimetría Biológica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan-Francesc Barquinero
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Monica Pujol-Canadell
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anne Vral
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Radiobiology Research Unit, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ans Baeyens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Radiobiology Research Unit, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Ursula Oestreicher
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Oberschleißheim, Germany
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10
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Wilkins RC, Rodrigues M, Beaton-Green LA. The Imaging Flow Cytometry-Based Cytokinesis-Block MicroNucleus (CBMN) Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2635:103-122. [PMID: 37074659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3020-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The dose of ionizing radiation received by an individual can be determined using biodosimetry methods which measure biomarkers of exposure in tissue samples from that individual. These markers can be expressed in many ways, including DNA damage and repair processes. Following a mass casualty event involving radiological or nuclear material, it is important to rapidly provide this information to medical responders to assist in the medical management of potentially exposed casualties. Traditional methods of biodosimetry rely on microscope analysis, making them time-consuming and labor-intensive. To increase sample throughput following a large-scale radiological mass casualty event, several biodosimetry assays have been adapted for analysis by imaging flow cytometry. This chapter briefly reviews these methods with a focus on the most current methodology to identify and quantify micronuclei in binucleated cells within the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay using an imaging flow cytometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C Wilkins
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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11
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Factors to Consider for the Correct Use of γH2AX in the Evaluation of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Damage Caused by Ionizing Radiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246204. [PMID: 36551689 PMCID: PMC9776434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
People exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is constantly increasing. Since the use of IR involves a risk of harmful effects, such as the DNA DSB induction, an accurate determination of this induced DNA damage and a correct evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio in the clinical field are of key relevance. γH2AX (the phosphorylated form of the histone variant H2AX) is a very early marker of DSBs that can be induced both in physiological conditions, such as in the absence of specific external agents, and by external factors such as smoking, heat, background environmental radiation, and drugs. All these internal and external conditions result in a basal level of γH2AX which must be considered for the correct assessment of the DSBs after IR exposure. In this review we analyze the most common conditions that induce H2AX phosphorylation, including specific exogenous stimuli, cellular states, basic environmental factors, and lifestyles. Moreover, we discuss the most widely used methods for γH2AX determination and describe the principal applications of γH2AX scoring, paying particular attention to clinical studies. This knowledge will help us optimize the use of available methods in order to discern the specific γH2AX following IR-induced DSBs from the basal level of γH2AX in the cells.
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12
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Characterization of γ-H2AX foci formation under alpha particle and X-ray exposures for dose estimation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3761. [PMID: 35260639 PMCID: PMC8904799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction is one of the phenotypes of cellular damage from radiation exposure and is commonly quantified by γ-H2AX assay with the number of excess fluorescent foci per cell as the main component. However, the number of foci alone may not fully characterize the state of DNA damage following exposures to different radiation qualities. This study investigated the feasibility of utilizing the focus size distribution and dephosphorylation rate of γ-H2AX to identify the type of causative radiation and dose. Human lung epithelial cells and mouse vascular endothelial cells were used to observe the expression changes of γ-H2AX foci due to alpha particle and X-ray exposures. Results showed that the average number of excess foci per cell linearly increased with the dose. The focus size distribution showed a consistent pattern depending on the causative radiation type. Three criteria for the identification of causative radiation type were derived from experimental focus size distributions and were validated in blind testing with correct identification of 27 out of 32 samples. The dose could be estimated based on the proportionality constant specific to the identified radiation type with a difference of less than 15% from the actual value. The different dephosphorylation rates of γ-H2AX produced from alpha particle and X-ray exposures were effectively utilized to determine the individual dose contributions of alpha particles and X-rays under mixed beam exposure. Individual doses were estimated to have differences of less than ~ 12% from actual values.
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13
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Satyamitra M, Reyes Turcu FE, Pantoja-Galicia N, Wathen L. Challenges and Strategies in the Development of Radiation Biodosimetry Tests for Patient Management. Radiat Res 2021; 196:455-467. [PMID: 34143223 PMCID: PMC9923779 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00072.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The public health and medical response to a radiological or nuclear incident requires the capability to sort, assess, treat, triage and ultimately discharge, as well as to refer or transport people to their next step in medical care. The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE), directed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), facilitates a comprehensive, multi-agency effort to develop and deploy radiation biodosimetry tests. Within HHS, discovery and development of biodosimetry tests includes the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as primary partners in this endeavor. The study of radiation biodosimetry has advanced significantly, with expansion into the fields of cytogenetics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics and transcriptomics. In addition, expansion of traditional cytogenetic assessment methods using automated platforms, and development of laboratory surge capacity networks have helped to advance biodefense preparedness. This article describes various programs and coordinating efforts between NIAID, BARDA and FDA in the development of radiation biodosimetry approaches to respond to radiological and nuclear threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merriline Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Rockville, Maryland 20892-9828
| | - Francisca E. Reyes Turcu
- United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002
| | - Norberto Pantoja-Galicia
- United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-0002
| | - Lynne Wathen
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20201
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14
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Hülber T, Kocsis ZS, Németh J, Kis E, d'Errico F, Sáfrány G, Pesznyák C. Influence of sample preparation optimization on the accuracy of dose assessment of an automatic non-fluorescent MN scoring system. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1470-1484. [PMID: 34346832 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1962573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Automatizing the scoring of the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay spares a lot of valuable time. The dose-effect relationship can be applied reliably for dose estimation if the quality of the slides is the same from the perspective of the used image processing algorithm. This aspect brings in additional requirements against the quality of the slides compared to the conventional visual scoring. MATERIALS AND METHODS An add-in software was created to the non-fluorescent RS-MN automatic MN scoring system which is capable of measuring quantitatively the degree of typical anomalies. The image processing is less reliable when the presence of these anomalies is more frequent. The behavior of the designed sample quality parameters (SQPs) was tested on in vitro irradiated peripheral blood samples (0, 1, and 2 Gy) obtained from a healthy donor and also on samples from patients undergoing low dose-rate brachytherapy. RESULTS We examined 20 different SQPs and identified two that are independent and correlate significantly with the error of the fully automatic MN frequency. One is related to the size of the cells and the other reflects the homogeneity of the environment. An equation was established which presents a connection between the error of the auto MN frequency and the SQPs. By adding a fourth cleaning step to the conventional sample preparation and changing the pre-dripping temperature of the slide, the SQP can be modified, and consequently, the sample quality can be improved. The gain in accuracy is 54 ± 10 MN per 1000 binucleated cells, which corresponds to the effects of 0.5 Gy. Around the lowest limit of detection (<0.5 Gy), it means a 50-100% drop in the error of dose, which is significant. With sample quality harmonization, the positive predictive value was raised to 80-93% depending on the dose. CONCLUSIONS With the technique described in this paper, the suitability for automated scoring of a micronucleus slide can be tested quantitatively and objectively. A method is presented with which in some cases the uncertainty of the assessed doses due to variance in sample quality can be decreased or if it is not possible its bias can be predicted. The proposed protocol leads to more reliable estimation of dose. The SQPs are designed in a way that they have the potential to be adapted to similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Hülber
- Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Radosys Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa S Kocsis
- Department of Radiobiology and Diagnostic Onco-Cytogenetics, Centre of Radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Enikõ Kis
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Francesco d'Errico
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Pesznyák
- Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre of Radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Chaurasia RK, Bhat NN, Gaur N, Shirsath KB, Desai UN, Sapra BK. Establishment and multiparametric-cytogenetic validation of 60Co-gamma-ray induced, phospho-gamma-H2AX calibration curve for rapid biodosimetry and triage management during radiological emergencies. Mutat Res 2021; 866:503354. [PMID: 33985694 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation is unavoidable to our modern developing society as its applications are widespread and increasing with societal development. The exposures may be planned as in medical applications or may be unplanned as in occupational work and radiological emergencies. Dose quantification of planned and unplanned exposures is essential to make crucial decisions for management of such exposures. This study aims to establish ex-vivo dose-response curve for 60Co-gamma-ray induced gamma-H2AX-foci by immunofluorescence using microscopy and flowcytometry with human lymphocytes. This technique has the potential to serve as a rapid tool for dose estimation and triage application during small to large scale radiological emergencies and clinical exposures. Response curves were generated for the dose range 0-4 Gy (at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation after irradiation) with microscopy and 0-8 Gy (at 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h of incubation after irradiation) with flow cytometry. These curves can be applied for dose reconstruction when post exposure sampling is delayed up to 96 h. In order to evaluate Minimum Detection Limit (MDL) of the assay, variation of background frequency of gamma-H2AX-foci was measured in 12 volunteers. To understand the application window of the assay, gamma-H2AX foci decay kinetics has been studied up to 96 h with microscopy and response curves were generated from 1 to 96 hours post exposure. Gamma-H2AX fluorescence intensity decay kinetics was also studied up to 96 h with flow cytometry and response curves were generated from 2 to 24 hours post irradiation. Established curves were validated with dose blinded samples and also compared with standard cytogenetic assays. An inter-comparison of dose estimates was made among gamma-H2AX assay, dicentric aberrations and reciprocal translocations for application window in various dose ranges and time of blood collection after exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Chaurasia
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India.
| | - N N Bhat
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India.
| | - Neeraj Gaur
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India.
| | - K B Shirsath
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India.
| | - U N Desai
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India.
| | - B K Sapra
- Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, India.
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16
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Zorin V, Grekhova A, Pustovalova M, Zorina A, Smetanina N, Vorobyeva N, Kopnin P, Gilmutdinova I, Moskalev A, Osipov AN, Leonov S. Spontaneous γH2AX foci in human dermal fibroblasts in relation to proliferation activity and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:4536-4546. [PMID: 31289256 PMCID: PMC6660037 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of donor age on clonogenicity, proliferative potential, and spontaneous γH2AX foci in the proliferating (Ki67 +) and senescent (SA β-gal +) cultures of skin fibroblasts isolated from 34 donors of different age (23-82 years). Here, we demonstrated that neither the colony forming effectiveness of proliferating (Ki67+) fraction of the fibroblasts nor the average number of γH2AX foci of the same fraction does not depend on the age of the donor. The correlation between the number of γH2AX foci and the donor's age was reliable in quiescent (Ki67-) cells. The average number of γH2AX foci in quiescent fibroblasts of donors older than 68 years was about two times higher than in the same cells of up to 30 years old donors. The number of γH2AX foci demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation with the fraction of proliferating cells in fibroblast cultures. On average, proliferating cells have twice as many the γH2AX foci in comparison with the quiescent cells. Within a population of proliferating (Ki67+) cells, the degree of senescence correlated with a relative declining of constitutive γH2AX foci number, whereas in the population of quiescent (Ki67-) cells, it was proportional to augmenting the number of the γH2AX foci. Our data on a statistically significant (p=0.001) correlation between the age of the donor and the number of constitutive γH2AX foci in quiescent cells, could point out the ongoing DNA-damage response due in the maintenance of the senescent state of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Zorin
- Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Anna Grekhova
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Margarita Pustovalova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - Alla Zorina
- Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Smetanina
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Natalia Vorobyeva
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Oncology Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Ilmira Gilmutdinova
- FSBI "National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology", Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow 121099, Russia
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia.,Laboratory of Post-Genomic Research, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andreyan N Osipov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey Leonov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia.,Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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17
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Bucher M, Duchrow L, Endesfelder D, Roessler U, Gomolka M. Comparison of inexperienced operators and experts in γH2A.X and 53BP1 foci assay for high-throughput biodosimetry approaches in a mass casualty incident. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1263-1273. [PMID: 32673132 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1793024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In case of population exposure by ionizing radiation, a fast and reliable dose assessment of exposed and non-exposed individuals is crucial important. In initial triage, physicians have to take fast decisions whom to treat with adequate medical care. In addition, worries about significant exposure can be taken away from hundreds to thousands non- or low exposed individuals. Studies have shown that the γH2A.X radiation-induced foci assay is a promising test for fast triage decisions. However, in a large-scale scenario most biodosimetry laboratories will quickly reach their capacity limit. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefit of inexperienced experimenters to speed up the foci assay and manual foci scoring. MATERIALS AND METHODS The participants of two training courses performed the radiation-induced foci assay (γH2A.X) under the guidance of experts and scored foci (γH2A.X and 53BP1) on sham-irradiated and irradiated blood samples (0.05-1.5 Gy). The outcome of laboratory experiments and manual foci scoring by 26 operators with basic experience in laboratory work was statistically analyzed in comparison to the results from experts. RESULTS Inexperienced operators prepared slides with significant dose-effects (0, 0.1 and 1.0 Gy) for semi-automatic microscopic analyses. Manual foci scoring by inexperienced scorer resulted in a dose-effect curve for γH2A.X, 53BP1 and co-localized foci. In addition, inexperienced scorers were able to distinguish low irradiation doses from unirradiated cells. While 53BP1 foci scoring was in accordance to the expert counting, differences between beginners and expert increased for γH2A.X or co-localized foci. CONCLUSIONS In case of a large-scale radiation event, inexperienced staff is useful to support laboratories in slide preparation for semi-automatic foci counting as well as γH2A.X and 53BP1 manual foci scoring for triage-mode biodosimetry. Slides can be clearly classified in the non-, low- or high-exposed category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bucher
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Duchrow
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Endesfelder
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ute Roessler
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Neuherberg, Germany
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18
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Hülber T, Kocsis ZS, Kis E, Sáfrány G, Pesznyák C. A scanning and image processing system with integrated design for automated micronucleus scoring. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:628-641. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1722863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Hülber
- Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Radosys Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa S. Kocsis
- Department of Radiobiology and Diagnostic Onco-Cytogenetics, Centre of Radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kis
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Pesznyák
- Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Wilkins RC, Rodrigues MA, Beaton-Green LA. Automated Identification and Scoring of Micronuclei. THE MICRONUCLEUS ASSAY IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788013604-00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Micronucleus (MN) assays are used as a measure of cellular damage, and are often preferred over other chromosomal aberration assays since they possess similar statistical robustness for detection of genotoxins and require less technical expertise, making them easier to perform. However, the traditional visual scoring methods are tedious and prone to scorer subjectivity. A number of techniques to automate the MN assays have been developed using a variety of technologies. This chapter will provide an overview of several current methods used to automate MN assays, including automated slide-scoring and laser scanning cytometry, as well as conventional and imaging flow cytometry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Wilkins
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada Ottawa Ontario K1A 1C1 Canada
| | - M. A. Rodrigues
- Luminex Corporation 645 Elliott Ave W, Suite 100 Seattle WA 98119 USA
| | - L. A. Beaton-Green
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada Ottawa Ontario K1A 1C1 Canada
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20
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Wang Q, Rodrigues MA, Repin M, Pampou S, Beaton-Green LA, Perrier J, Garty G, Brenner DJ, Turner HC, Wilkins RC. Automated Triage Radiation Biodosimetry: Integrating Imaging Flow Cytometry with High-Throughput Robotics to Perform the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay. Radiat Res 2019; 191:342-351. [PMID: 30779694 DOI: 10.1667/rr15243.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay has become a fully-validated and standardized method for radiation biodosimetry. The assay is typically performed using microscopy, which is labor intensive, time consuming and impractical after a large-scale radiological/nuclear event. Imaging flow cytometry (IFC), which combines the statistical power of traditional flow cytometry with the sensitivity and specificity of microscopy, has been recently used to perform the CBMN assay. Since this technology is capable of automated sample acquisition and multi-file analysis, we have integrated IFC into our Rapid Automated Biodosimetry Technology (RABiT-II). Assay development and optimization studies were designed to increase the yield of binucleated cells (BNCs), and improve data acquisition and analysis templates to increase the speed and accuracy of image analysis. Human peripheral blood samples were exposed ex vivo with up to 4 Gy of c rays at a dose rate of 0.73 Gy/min. After irradiation, samples were transferred to microtubes (total volume of 1 ml including blood and media) and organized into a standard 8 × 12 plate format. Sample processing methods were modified by increasing the blood-to-media ratio, adding hypotonic solution prior to cell fixation and optimizing nuclear DRAQ5 staining, leading to an increase of 81% in BNC yield. Modification of the imaging processing algorithms within IFC software also improved BNC and MN identification, and reduced the average time of image analysis by 78%. Finally, 50 ll of irradiated whole blood was cultured with 200 ll of media in 96-well plates. All sample processing steps were performed automatically using the RABiT-II cell: :explorer robotic system adopting the optimized IFC-CBMN assay protocol. The results presented here detail a novel, high-throughput RABiT-IFC CBMN assay that possesses the potential to increase capacity for triage biodosimetry during a large-scale radiological/nuclear event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | | | - Mikhail Repin
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Sergey Pampou
- b Columbia Genome Center High-Throughput Screening Facility, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Lindsay A Beaton-Green
- d Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 1C1, Canada
| | - Jay Perrier
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Guy Garty
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - David J Brenner
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Helen C Turner
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Ruth C Wilkins
- d Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 1C1, Canada
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21
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Repin M, Pampou S, Garty G, Brenner DJ. RABiT-II: A Fully-Automated Micronucleus Assay System with Shortened Time to Result. Radiat Res 2019; 191:232-236. [PMID: 30657421 DOI: 10.1667/rr15215.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe a fully automated cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay with a significantly shortened time to result, motivated by the need for rapid high-throughput biodosimetric estimation of radiation doses from small-volume human blood samples. The Rapid Automated Biodosimetry Tool (RABiT-II) currently consists of two commercial automated systems: a PerkinElmer cell::explorer Workstation and a GE Healthcare IN Cell Analyzer 2000 Imager. Blood samples (30 μl) from eight healthy volunteers were gamma-ray irradiated ex vivo with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 or 4.5 Gy and processed with full automation in 96-well plates on the RABiT-II system. The total cell culture time was 54 h and total assay time was 3 days. DAPI-stained fixed samples were imaged on an IN Cell Analyzer 2000 with fully-automated image analysis using the GE Healthcare IN Cell Developer Toolbox version 1.9. A CBMN dose-response calibration curve was established, after which the capability of the system to predict known doses was assessed. Various radiation doses for irradiated samples from two donors were estimated within 20% of the true dose (±0.5 Gy below 2 Gy) in 97% of the samples, with the doses in some 5 Gy irradiated samples being underestimated by up to 25%. In summary, the findings from this work demonstrate that the accelerated CBMN assay can be automated in a high-throughput format, using commercial biotech robotic systems, in 96-well plates, providing a rapid and reliable bioassay for radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Repin
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sergey Pampou
- b Columbia Genome Center High-Throughput Screening Facility, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Guy Garty
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David J Brenner
- a Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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22
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Korir G, Karam PA. A Novel Method for Quick Assessment of Internal And External Radiation Exposure in the Aftermath of a Large Radiological Incident. HEALTH PHYSICS 2018; 115:235-251. [PMID: 29894328 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the event of a significant radiological release in a major urban area where a large number of people reside, it is inevitable that radiological screening and dose assessment must be conducted. Lives may be saved if an emergency response plan and radiological screening method are established for use in such cases. Thousands to tens of thousands of people might present themselves with some levels of external contamination and/or the potential for internal contamination. Each of these individuals will require varying degrees of radiological screening, and those with a high likelihood of internal and/or external contamination will require radiological assessment to determine the need for medical attention and decontamination. This sort of radiological assessment typically requires skilled health physicists, but there are insufficient numbers of health physicists in any city to perform this function for large populations, especially since many (e.g., those at medical facilities) are likely to be engaged at their designated institutions. The aim of this paper is therefore to develop and describe the technical basis for a novel, scoring-based methodology that can be used by non-health physicists for performing radiological assessment during such radiological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Korir
- Radsafe Technologies Ltd., P.O. Box 28826, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P Andrew Karam
- Karam Consulting, LLC, 530 82nd St., Apt. 2F, Brooklyn, NY 11209
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Entine F, Bensimon Etzol J, Bettencourt C, Dondey M, Michel X, Gagna G, Gellie G, Corre Y, Ugolin N, Chevillard S, Amabile JC. Deployment of the DosiKit System Under Operational Conditions: Experience From a French Defense National Nuclear Exercise. HEALTH PHYSICS 2018; 115:185-191. [PMID: 29787445 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of the dose received by accidentally irradiated victims is based on a tripod: clinical, biological, and physical dosimetry. The DosiKit system is an operational and mobile biodosimetry device allowing the measurement of external irradiation directly on the site of a radiological accident. This tool is based on capillary blood sample and hair follicle collection. The aim is to obtain a whole-body and local-surface dose assessment. This paper is about the technical evaluation of the DosiKit; the analytical process and scientific validation are briefly described. The Toulon exercise scenario was based on a major accident involving the reactor of a nuclear attack submarine. The design of the scenario made it impossible for several players (firefighters, medical team) to leave the area for a long time, and they were potentially exposed to high dose rates. The DosiKit system was fully integrated into a deployable radiological emergency laboratory, and the response to operational needs was very satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Entine
- French Defense Radiation Protection Service (SPRA), 1 Bis, Rue du Lieutenant Raoul Batany, CS500 57, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France
| | | | - C Bettencourt
- Acubens, 15 Rue Pierre Gilles de Gennes, 92160 Antony, France
| | - M Dondey
- French Defense Radiation Protection Service (SPRA), 1 Bis, Rue du Lieutenant Raoul Batany, CS500 57, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France
| | - X Michel
- French Defense Radiation Protection Service (SPRA), 1 Bis, Rue du Lieutenant Raoul Batany, CS500 57, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France
| | - G Gagna
- French Defense Radiation Protection Service (SPRA), 1 Bis, Rue du Lieutenant Raoul Batany, CS500 57, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France
| | - G Gellie
- French Defense Radiation Protection Service (SPRA), 1 Bis, Rue du Lieutenant Raoul Batany, CS500 57, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France
| | - Y Corre
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) 18, Route du Panorama, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - N Ugolin
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) 18, Route du Panorama, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - S Chevillard
- French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) 18, Route du Panorama, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - J-C Amabile
- French Defense Radiation Protection Service (SPRA), 1 Bis, Rue du Lieutenant Raoul Batany, CS500 57, 92141 Clamart Cedex, France
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Lacombe J, Sima C, Amundson SA, Zenhausern F. Candidate gene biodosimetry markers of exposure to external ionizing radiation in human blood: A systematic review. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198851. [PMID: 29879226 PMCID: PMC5991767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compile a list of genes that have been reported to be affected by external ionizing radiation (IR) and to assess their performance as candidate biomarkers for individual human radiation dosimetry. Methods Eligible studies were identified through extensive searches of the online databases from 1978 to 2017. Original English-language publications of microarray studies assessing radiation-induced changes in gene expression levels in human blood after external IR were included. Genes identified in at least half of the selected studies were retained for bio-statistical analysis in order to evaluate their diagnostic ability. Results 24 studies met the criteria and were included in this study. Radiation-induced expression of 10,170 unique genes was identified and the 31 genes that have been identified in at least 50% of studies (12/24 studies) were selected for diagnostic power analysis. Twenty-seven genes showed a significant Spearman’s correlation with radiation dose. Individually, TNFSF4, FDXR, MYC, ZMAT3 and GADD45A provided the best discrimination of radiation dose < 2 Gy and dose ≥ 2 Gy according to according to their maximized Youden’s index (0.67, 0.55, 0.55, 0.55 and 0.53 respectively). Moreover, 12 combinations of three genes display an area under the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) curve (AUC) = 1 reinforcing the concept of biomarker combinations instead of looking for an ideal and unique biomarker. Conclusion Gene expression is a promising approach for radiation dosimetry assessment. A list of robust candidate biomarkers has been identified from analysis of the studies published to date, confirming for example the potential of well-known genes such as FDXR and TNFSF4 or highlighting other promising gene such as ZMAT3. However, heterogeneity in protocols and analysis methods will require additional studies to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Lacombe
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chao Sima
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Sally A. Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Honor Health Research Institute, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
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Development of an automatable micro-PCC biodosimetry assay for rapid individualized risk assessment in large-scale radiological emergencies. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 836:65-71. [PMID: 30389164 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In radiation accidents and large-scale radiological emergencies, a fast and reliable triage of individuals according to their degree of exposure is important for accident management and identification of those who need medical assistance. In this work, the applicability of cell-fusion-mediated premature chromosome condensation (PCC) in G0-lymphocytes is examined for the development of a rapid, minimally invasive and automatable micro-PCC assay, which requires blood volumes of only 100 μl and can be performed in 96-well plates, towards risk assessments and categorization of individuals based on dose estimates. Chromosomal aberrations are visualized for dose-estimation analysis within two hours, without the need of blood culturing for two days, as required by conventional cytogenetics. The various steps of the standard-PCC procedure were adapted and, for the first time, lymphocytes in blood volumes of 100 μl were successfully fused with CHO-mitotics in 96-well plates of 2 ml/well. The plates are advantageous for high-throughput analysis since the various steps required are applied to all 96-wells simultaneously. Interestingly, the use of only 1.5 ml hypotonic and Carnoy's fixative per well offers high quality PCC-images, and the morphology of lymphocyte PCCs is identical to that obtained using the conventional PCC-assay, which requires much larger blood volumes and 15 ml tubes. For dose assessments, appropriate calibration curves were constructed and for PCC analysis specialized software (MetaSystems) was used. The micro-PCC assay can be combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using simultaneously centromeric/telomeric (C/T) peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes. This allows dose assessments on the basis of accurate scoring of dicentric and centric ring chromosomes in G0-lymphocyte PCCs, which is particularly helpful when further evaluation into treatment-level categories of exposed individuals is needed. The micro-PCC assay has significant advantages for early triage biodosimetry when compared to other cytogenetic biodosimetry assays. It is rapid, cost-effective, and could pave the way to its subsequent automation.
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Nayak AA, Mumbrekar KD, Rao BSS. Pharmacological approach to increasing the retention of radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci using phosphatase inhibitors: significance in radiation biodosimetry. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2018; 38:318-328. [PMID: 29447119 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aaa97a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In a scenario of accidental mass radiation exposure transportation and analysis of samples may take some time, resulting in loss of biomarker information over this period. The present study aims to use phosphatase inhibitors for longer retention of focal signals to adopt γ-H2AX as a biodosimetric biomarker for the management of early triage. Peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from healthy individuals were irradiated in vitro with x-rays and γ-H2AX foci were analysed using fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometric methods. Further, the effect of protein phosphatase 2A inhibitors such as calyculin A, fostriecin and okadiac acid on the retention of foci was studied. Fluorescent microscopy was found to be a more sensitive method than flow cytometry. Calyculin A showed significant retention of focal signals at 6 h with 1.5-fold increased retention compared to radiation alone; this may prove beneficial in early triage management because of a better dose approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaykumar A Nayak
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576 104, Karnataka, India
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Port M, Majewski M, Herodin F, Valente M, Drouet M, Forcheron F, Tichy A, Sirak I, Zavrelova A, Malkova A, Becker BV, Veit DA, Waldeck S, Badie C, O'Brien G, Christiansen H, Wichmann J, Eder M, Beutel G, Vachelova J, Doucha-Senf S, Abend M. Validating Baboon Ex Vivo and In Vivo Radiation-Related Gene Expression with Corresponding Human Data. Radiat Res 2018; 189:389-398. [PMID: 29373091 DOI: 10.1667/rr14958.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The research for high-throughput diagnostic tests for victims of radio/nuclear incidents remains ongoing. In this context, we have previously identified candidate genes that predict risk of late-occurring hematologic acute radiation syndrome (HARS) in a baboon model. The goal of the current study was to validate these genes after radiation exposure in humans. We also examined ex vivo relative to in vivo measurements in both species and describe dose-response relationships. Eighteen baboons were irradiated in vivo to simulate different patterns of partial- or total-body irradiation (TBI), corresponding to an equivalent dose of 2.5 or 5 Sv. Human in vivo blood samples were obtained from patients exposed to different dose ranges: diagnostic computerized tomography (CT; 0.004-0.018 Sv); radiotherapy for prostate cancer (0.25-0.3 Sv); and TBI of leukemia patients (2 × 1.5 or 2 × 2 Sv, five patients each). Peripheral whole blood of another five baboons and human samples from five healthy donors were cultivated ex vivo and irradiated with 0-4 Sv. RNA was isolated pairwise before and 24 h after irradiation and converted into cDNA. Gene expression of six promising candidate genes found previously by us in a baboon model ( WNT3, POU2AF1, CCR7, ARG2, CD177, WLS), as well as three genes commonly used in ex vivo whole blood experiments ( FDXR, PCNA, DDB2) was measured using qRT-PCR. We confirmed the six baboon candidate genes in leukemia patients. However, expression for the candidate gene FDXR showed an inverse relationship, as it was downregulated in baboons and upregulated in human samples. Comparisons among the in vivo and ex vivo experiments revealed the same pattern in both species and indicated peripheral blood cells to represent the radiation-responsive targets causing WNT3 and POU2AF1 gene expression changes. CCR7, ARG2, CD177 and WLS appeared to be altered due to radiation-responsive targets other than the whole blood cells. Linear dose-response relationships of FDXR, WNT3 and POU2AF1 using human ex vivo samples corresponded with human in vivo samples, suggesting that ex vivo models for in vivo dose estimates can be used over a wide dose range (0.001-5 Sv for POU2AF1). In summary, we validated six baboon candidate genes in humans, but the FDXR measurements underscored the importance of independent assessments even when candidates from animal models have striking gene sequence homology to humans. Since whole blood cells represented the same radiation-responsive targets for FDXR, WNT3 and POU2AF1 gene expression changes, ex vivo cell culture models can be utilized for in vivo dose estimates over a dose range covering up to 3.5 log scales. These findings might be a step forward in the development of a gene expression-based high-throughput diagnostic test for populations involved in large-scale radio/nuclear incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Port
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - M Majewski
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - F Herodin
- b Institut de Recherche Biomedicale des Armees, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - M Valente
- b Institut de Recherche Biomedicale des Armees, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - M Drouet
- b Institut de Recherche Biomedicale des Armees, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - F Forcheron
- b Institut de Recherche Biomedicale des Armees, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - A Tichy
- c Departments of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Brno and Biomedical Research Centre
| | - I Sirak
- d Oncology and Radiotherapy, and 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - A Zavrelova
- d Oncology and Radiotherapy, and 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - A Malkova
- e Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - B V Becker
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - D A Veit
- f Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Koblenz, Germany
| | - S Waldeck
- f Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Koblenz, Germany
| | - C Badie
- g Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - G O'Brien
- g Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M Eder
- i Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Beutel
- i Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Vachelova
- j Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - S Doucha-Senf
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
| | - M Abend
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich, Germany
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Towards precision prevention: Technologies for identifying healthy individuals with high risk of disease. Mutat Res 2017; 800-802:14-28. [PMID: 28458064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rise of advanced technologies for characterizing human populations at the molecular level, from sequence to function, is shifting disease prevention paradigms toward personalized strategies. Because minimization of adverse outcomes is a key driver for treatment decisions for diseased populations, developing personalized therapy strategies represent an important dimension of both precision medicine and personalized prevention. In this commentary, we highlight recently developed enabling technologies in the field of DNA damage, DNA repair, and mutagenesis. We propose that omics approaches and functional assays can be integrated into population studies that fuse basic, translational and clinical research with commercial expertise in order to accelerate personalized prevention and treatment of cancer and other diseases linked to aberrant responses to DNA damage. This collaborative approach is generally applicable to efforts to develop data-driven, individualized prevention and treatment strategies for other diseases. We also recommend strategies for maximizing the use of biological samples for epidemiological studies, and for applying emerging technologies to clinical applications.
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Park JG, Paul S, Briones N, Zeng J, Gillis K, Wallstrom G, LaBaer J, Amundson SA. Developing Human Radiation Biodosimetry Models: Testing Cross-Species Conversion Approaches Using an Ex Vivo Model System. Radiat Res 2017; 187:708-721. [PMID: 28328310 DOI: 10.1667/rr14655.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the event of a large-scale radiation exposure, accurate and quick assessment of radiation dose received would be critical for triage and medical treatment of large numbers of potentially exposed individuals. Current methods of biodosimetry, such as the dicentric chromosome assay, are time consuming and require sophisticated equipment and highly trained personnel. Therefore, scalable biodosimetry approaches, including gene expression profiles in peripheral blood cells, are being investigated. Due to the limited availability of appropriate human samples, biodosimetry development has relied heavily on mouse models, which are not directly applicable to human response. Therefore, to explore the feasibility of using non-human primate (NHP) models to build and test a biodosimetry algorithm for use in humans, we irradiated ex vivo peripheral blood samples from both humans and rhesus macaques with doses of 0, 2, 5, 6 and 7 Gy, and compared the gene expression profiles 24 h later using Agilent human microarrays. Among the dose-responsive genes in human and using non-human primate, 52 genes showed highly correlated expression patterns between the species, and were enriched in p53/DNA damage response, apoptosis and cell cycle-related genes. When these interspecies-correlated genes were used to build biodosimetry models with using NHP data, the mean prediction accuracy on non-human primate samples was about 90% within 1 Gy of delivered dose in leave-one-out cross-validation. However, tests on human samples suggested that human gene expression values may need to be adjusted prior to application of the NHP model. A "multi-gene" approach utilizing all gene values for cross-species conversion and applying the converted values on the NHP biodosimetry models, gave a leave-one-out cross-validation prediction accuracy for human samples highly comparable (up to 94%) to that for non-human primates. Overall, this study demonstrates that a robust NHP biodosimetry model can be built using interspecies-correlated genes, and that, by using multiple regression-based cross-species conversion of expression values, absorbed dose in human samples can be accurately predicted by the NHP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin G Park
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Sunirmal Paul
- d Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
| | - Natalia Briones
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Jia Zeng
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona.,b Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Kristin Gillis
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Garrick Wallstrom
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona.,b Department of Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- a Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostic, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Arizona.,c School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona
| | - Sally A Amundson
- d Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York
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Repin M, Pampou S, Karan C, Brenner DJ, Garty G. RABiT-II: Implementation of a High-Throughput Micronucleus Biodosimetry Assay on Commercial Biotech Robotic Systems. Radiat Res 2017; 187:492-498. [PMID: 28231025 DOI: 10.1667/rr011cc.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of high-throughput biodosimetry platforms based on commercial high-throughput/high-content screening robotic systems. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay, using only 20 μl whole blood from a fingerstick, was implemented on a PerkinElmer cell::explorer and General Electric IN Cell Analyzer 2000. On average 500 binucleated cells per sample were detected by our FluorQuantMN software. A calibration curve was generated in the radiation dose range up to 5.0 Gy using the data from 8 donors and 48,083 binucleated cells in total. The study described here demonstrates that high-throughput radiation biodosimetry is practical using current commercial high-throughput/high-content screening robotic systems, which can be readily programmed to perform and analyze robotics-optimized cytogenetic assays. Application to other commercial high-throughput/high-content screening systems beyond the ones used in this study is clearly practical. This approach will allow much wider access to high-throughput biodosimetric screening for large-scale radiological incidents than is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Pampou
- b Columbia Genome Center High-Throughput Screening facility, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Charles Karan
- b Columbia Genome Center High-Throughput Screening facility, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | | | - Guy Garty
- a Center for Radiological Research and
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Wilkins RC, Rodrigues MA, Beaton-Green LA. The Application of Imaging Flow Cytometry to High-Throughput Biodosimetry. Genome Integr 2017; 8:7. [PMID: 28250914 PMCID: PMC5320785 DOI: 10.4103/2041-9414.198912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodosimetry methods, including the dicentric chromosome assay, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and the γH2AX marker of DNA damage are used to determine the dose of ionizing radiation. These techniques are particularly useful when physical dosimetry is absent or questioned. While these assays can be very sensitive and specific, the standard methods need to be adapted to increase sample throughput in the case of a large-scale radiological/nuclear event. Recent modifications to the microscope-based assays have resulted in some increased throughput, and a number of biodosimetry networks have been, and continue to be, established and strengthened. As the imaging flow cytometer (IFC) is a technology that can automatically image and analyze processed blood samples for markers of radiation damage, the microscope-based biodosimetry techniques can be modified for the IFC for high-throughput biological dosimetry. Furthermore, the analysis templates can be easily shared between networked biodosimetry laboratories for increased capacity and improved standardization. This review describes recent advances in IFC methodology and their application to biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C. Wilkins
- Environmental and Radiation and Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lindsay A. Beaton-Green
- Environmental and Radiation and Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Garty G, Turner HC, Salerno A, Bertucci A, Zhang J, Chen Y, Dutta A, Sharma P, Bian D, Taveras M, Wang H, Bhatla A, Balajee A, Bigelow AW, Repin M, Lyulko OV, Simaan N, Yao YL, Brenner DJ. THE DECADE OF THE RABiT (2005-15). RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 172:201-206. [PMID: 27412510 PMCID: PMC5225976 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The RABiT (Rapid Automated Biodosimetry Tool) is a dedicated Robotic platform for the automation of cytogenetics-based biodosimetry assays. The RABiT was developed to fulfill the critical requirement for triage following a mass radiological or nuclear event. Starting from well-characterized and accepted assays we developed a custom robotic platform to automate them. We present here a brief historical overview of the RABiT program at Columbia University from its inception in 2005 until the RABiT was dismantled at the end of 2015. The main focus of this paper is to demonstrate how the biological assays drove development of the custom robotic systems and in turn new advances in commercial robotic platforms inspired small modifications in the assays to allow replacing customized robotics with 'off the shelf' systems. Currently, a second-generation, RABiT II, system at Columbia University, consisting of a PerkinElmer cell::explorer, was programmed to perform the RABiT assays and is undergoing testing and optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Garty
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - H C Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - A Salerno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Present address: Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp., 1000 Marie-Victorin, Longueil, QC, Canada J4G 1A1
| | - A Bertucci
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Present address: Auris Surgical Robotics Inc., 125 Shoreway Rd, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - A Dutta
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Present address: BioReliance Corp., 9630 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - P Sharma
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - D Bian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - M Taveras
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Present address: General Motors Co., 30500 Mound Road, Warren, MI 48090, USA
| | - A Bhatla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Present address: Curiosity Lab Inc., 54 Mallard Pl. Secaucus, NJ, 07094, USA
| | - A Balajee
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Present address: Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Laboratory, Radiation Emergency Assistance Center and Training Site, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Building SC-10, 1299, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - A W Bigelow
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - M Repin
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - O V Lyulko
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - N Simaan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Present address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbuilt University, PMB 351592, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Y L Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - D J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, VC11-230, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Cerrato A, Morra F, Celetti A. Use of poly ADP-ribose polymerase [PARP] inhibitors in cancer cells bearing DDR defects: the rationale for their inclusion in the clinic. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:179. [PMID: 27884198 PMCID: PMC5123312 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage response (DDR) defects imply genomic instability and favor tumor progression but make the cells vulnerable to the pharmacological inhibition of the DNA repairing enzymes. Targeting cellular proteins like PARPs, which cooperate and complement molecular defects of the DDR process, induces a specific lethality in DDR defective cancer cells and represents an anti-cancer strategy. Normal cells can tolerate the DNA damage generated by PARP inhibition because of an efficient homologous recombination mechanism (HR); in contrast, cancer cells with a deficient HR are unable to manage the DSBs and appear especially sensitive to the PARP inhibitors (PARPi) effects. MAIN BODY In this review we discuss the proof of concept for the use of PARPi in different cancer types and the success and failure of their inclusion in clinical trials. The PARP inhibitor Olaparib [AZD2281] has been approved by the FDA for use in pretreated ovarian cancer patients with defective BRCA1/2 genes, and by the EMEA for maintenance therapy in platinum sensitive ovarian cancer patients with defective BRCA1/2 genes. BRCA mutations are now recognised as the molecular targets for PARPi sensitivity in several tumors. However, it is noteworthy that the use of PARPi has shown its efficacy also in non-BRCA related tumors. Several trials are ongoing to test different PARPi in different cancer types. Here we review the concept of BRCAness and the functional loss of proteins involved in DDR/HR mechanisms in cancer, including additional molecules that can influence the cancer cells sensitivity to PARPi. Given the complexity of the existing crosstalk between different DNA repair pathways, it is likely that a single biomarker may not be sufficient to predict the benefit of PARP inhibitors therapies. Novel general assays able to predict the DDR/HR proficiency in cancer cells and the PARPi sensitivity represent a challenge for a personalized therapy. CONCLUSIONS PARP inhibition is a potentially important strategy for managing a significant subset of tumors. The discovery of both germline and somatic DNA repair deficiencies in different cancer patients, together with the development of new PARP inhibitors that can kill selectively cancer cells is a potent example of targeting therapy to molecularly defined tumor subtypes.
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Bian D, Tsui JC, Repin M, Garty G, Turner H, Lawrence Yao Y, Brenner DJ. Liquid Handling Optimization in High-Throughput Biodosimetry Tool. J Med Device 2016; 10:0410071-4100710. [PMID: 27746851 DOI: 10.1115/1.4033600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the need of high-speed and efficient biodosimetric assays for triage and therapy in the event of radiological or nuclear attack, a robotically based automated biodosimetry tool (RABiT) has been developed over the past few years. Adapting the micronucleus assay from filter plates to V-shaped plates presented challenges in the liquid handling, namely, cell splashing out of the V-shaped well plate during the cell harvesting, poor cell distribution on the bottom of the image plate during the dispensing, and cell loss from the image plate during the aspiration in the liquid handling process. Experimental and numerical investigations were carried out to better understand the phenomena and mitigate the problems. Surface tension and contact angle among the fluids and the plate wall were accounted for in the discrete and multiphase numerical models. Experimental conditions were optimized based on the numerical results showing the relationship between nozzle speed and amount of splashed liquid, and the relationship between aspiration speed and number of escaped cells. Using these optimized parameters, numbers of micronuclei in binucleated cells showed the same dose dependence in the RABiT-prepared samples as those in the manually prepared ones. Micronucleus assay protocol was fully realized on RABiT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakai Bian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 e-mail:
| | - Jason C Tsui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Mikhail Repin
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Guy Garty
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Helen Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Y Lawrence Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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Wang J, Yin L, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Ding D, Gao Y, Li Q, Chen H. The profiles of gamma-H2AX along with ATM/DNA-PKcs activation in the lymphocytes and granulocytes of rat and human blood exposed to gamma rays. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:359-70. [PMID: 27260225 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Establishing a rat model suitable for γ-H2AX biodosimeter studies has important implications for dose assessment of internal radionuclide contamination in humans. In this study, γ-H2AX, p-ATM and p-DNA-PKcs foci were enumerated using immunocytofluorescence method, and their protein levels were measured by Western blot in rat blood lymphocytes and granulocytes exposed to γ-rays compared with human blood lymphocytes and granulocytes. It was found that DNA double-strand break repair kinetics and linear dose responses in rat lymphocytes were similar to those observed in the human counterparts. Moreover, radiation induced clear p-ATM and p-DNA-PKcs foci formation and an increase in ratio of co-localization of p-ATM or p-DNA-PKcs with γ-H2AX foci in rat lymphocytes similar to those of human lymphocytes. The level of γ-H2AX protein in irradiated rat and human lymphocytes was significantly reduced by inhibitors of ATM and DNA-PKcs. Surprisingly, unlike human granulocytes, rat granulocytes with DNA-PKcs deficiency displayed a rapid accumulation, but delayed disappearance of γ-H2AX foci with essentially no change from 10 h to 48 h post-irradiation. Furthermore, inhibition of ATM activity in rat granulocytes also decreased radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci formation. In comparison, human granulocytes showed no response to irradiation regarding γ-H2AX, p-ATM or p-DNA-PKcs foci. Importantly, incidence of γ-H2AX foci in lymphocytes after total-body radiation of rats was consistent with that of in vitro irradiation of rat lymphocytes. These findings show that rats are a useful in vivo model for validation of γ-H2AX biodosimetry for dose assessment in humans. ATM and DNA-PKcs participate together in DSB repair in rat lymphocytes similar to that of human lymphocytes. Further, rat granulocytes, which have the characteristic of delayed disappearance of γ-H2AX foci in response to radiation, may be a useful experimental system for biodosimetry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Yin
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuxia Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Defang Ding
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Chen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094, Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Flood AB, Ali AN, Boyle HK, Du G, Satinsky VA, Swarts SG, Williams BB, Demidenko E, Schreiber W, Swartz HM. Evaluating the Special Needs of The Military for Radiation Biodosimetry for Tactical Warfare Against Deployed Troops: Comparing Military to Civilian Needs for Biodosimetry Methods. HEALTH PHYSICS 2016; 111:169-82. [PMID: 27356061 PMCID: PMC4930006 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to delineate characteristics of biodosimetry most suitable for assessing individuals who have potentially been exposed to significant radiation from a nuclear device explosion when the primary population targeted by the explosion and needing rapid assessment for triage is civilians vs. deployed military personnel. The authors first carry out a systematic analysis of the requirements for biodosimetry to meet the military's needs to assess deployed troops in a warfare situation, which include accomplishing the military mission. Then the military's special capabilities to respond and carry out biodosimetry for deployed troops in warfare are compared and contrasted systematically, in contrast to those available to respond and conduct biodosimetry for civilians who have been targeted by terrorists, for example. Then the effectiveness of different biodosimetry methods to address military vs. civilian needs and capabilities in these scenarios was compared and, using five representative types of biodosimetry with sufficient published data to be useful for the simulations, the number of individuals are estimated who could be assessed by military vs. civilian responders within the timeframe needed for triage decisions. Analyses based on these scenarios indicate that, in comparison to responses for a civilian population, a wartime military response for deployed troops has both more complex requirements for and greater capabilities to use different types of biodosimetry to evaluate radiation exposure in a very short timeframe after the exposure occurs. Greater complexity for the deployed military is based on factors such as a greater likelihood of partial or whole body exposure, conditions that include exposure to neutrons, and a greater likelihood of combined injury. These simulations showed, for both the military and civilian response, that a very fast rate of initiating the processing (24,000 d) is needed to have at least some methods capable of completing the assessment of 50,000 people within a 2- or 6-d timeframe following exposure. This in turn suggests a very high capacity (i.e., laboratories, devices, supplies and expertise) would be necessary to achieve these rates. These simulations also demonstrated the practical importance of the military's superior capacity to minimize time to transport samples to offsite facilities and use the results to carry out triage quickly. Assuming sufficient resources and the fastest daily rate to initiate processing victims, the military scenario revealed that two biodosimetry methods could achieve the necessary throughput to triage 50,000 victims in 2 d (i.e., the timeframe needed for injured victims), and all five achieved the targeted throughput within 6 d. In contrast, simulations based on the civilian scenario revealed that no method could process 50,000 people in 2 d and only two could succeed within 6 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Barry Flood
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Radiology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Arif N. Ali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Holly K. Boyle
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Radiology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Gaixin Du
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Radiology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | | | - Steven G. Swarts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Benjamin B. Williams
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Radiology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
- Radiation Oncology Division, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Eugene Demidenko
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Wilson Schreiber
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Radiology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Harold M. Swartz
- EPR Center for the Study of Viable Systems, Radiology Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
- Radiation Oncology Division, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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Bertucci A, Smilenov LB, Turner HC, Amundson SA, Brenner DJ. In vitro RABiT measurement of dose rate effects on radiation induction of micronuclei in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:53-59. [PMID: 26791381 PMCID: PMC4792265 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-015-0628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing new methods for radiation biodosimetry has been identified as a high-priority need in case of a radiological accident or nuclear terrorist attacks. A large-scale radiological incident would result in an immediate critical need to assess the radiation doses received by thousands of individuals. Casualties will be exposed to different doses and dose rates due to their geographical position and sheltering conditions, and dose rate is one of the principal factors that determine the biological consequences of a given absorbed dose. In these scenarios, high-throughput platforms are required to identify the biological dose in a large number of exposed individuals for clinical monitoring and medical treatment. The Rapid Automated Biodosimetry Tool (RABiT) is designed to be completely automated from the input of blood sample into the machine to the output of a dose estimate. The primary goal of this paper was to quantify the dose rate effects for RABiT-measured micronuclei in vitro in human lymphocytes. Blood samples from healthy volunteers were exposed in vitro to different doses of X-rays to acute and protracted doses over a period up to 24 h. The acute dose was delivered at ~1.03 Gy/min and the low dose rate exposure at ~0.31 Gy/min. The results showed that the yield of micronuclei decreases with decreasing dose rate starting at 2 Gy, whereas response was indistinguishable from that of acute exposure in the low dose region, up to 0.5 Gy. The results showed a linear-quadratic dose-response relationship for the occurrence of micronuclei for the acute exposure and a linear dose-response relationship for the low dose rate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bertucci
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Lubomir B Smilenov
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Helen C Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Viau M, Testard I, Shim G, Morat L, Normil MD, Hempel WM, Sabatier L. Global quantification of γH2AX as a triage tool for the rapid estimation of received dose in the event of accidental radiation exposure. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 793:123-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Johnston ML, Young EF, Shepard KL. Whole-blood immunoassay for γH2AX as a radiation biodosimetry assay with minimal sample preparation. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2015; 54:365-372. [PMID: 25935208 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-015-0595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current state of the art in high-throughput minimally invasive radiation biodosimetry involves the collection of samples in the field and analysis at a centralized facility. We have developed a simple biological immunoassay for radiation exposure that could extend this analysis out of the laboratory into the field. Such a forward placed assay would facilitate triage of a potentially exposed population. The phosphorylation and localization of the histone H2AX at double-stranded DNA breaks has already been proven to be an adequate surrogate assay for reporting DNA damage proportional to radiation dose. Here, we develop an assay for phosphorylated H2AX directed against minimally processed sample lysates. We conduct preliminary verification of H2AX phosphorylation using irradiated mouse embryo fibroblast cultures. Additional dosimetry is performed using human blood samples irradiated ex vivo. The assay reports H2AX phosphorylation in human blood samples in response to ionizing radiation over a range of 0-5 Gy in a linear fashion, without requiring filtering, enrichment, or purification of the blood sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Johnston
- Bialanx, Inc., 511 Avenue of the Americas, Suite 267, New York, NY, USA,
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40
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Lue SW, Repin M, Mahnke R, Brenner DJ. Development of a High-Throughput and Miniaturized Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay for Use as a Biological Dosimetry Population Triage Tool. Radiat Res 2015; 184:134-42. [PMID: 26230078 DOI: 10.1667/rr13991.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biodosimetry is an essential tool for providing timely assessments of radiation exposure. For a large mass-casualty event involving exposure to ionizing radiation, it is of utmost importance to rapidly provide dose information for medical treatment. The well-established cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is a validated method for biodosimetry. However, the need for an accelerated sample processing is required for the CBMN assay to be a suitable population triage tool. We report here on the development of a high-throughput and miniaturized version of the CMBN assay for accelerated sample processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley W Lue
- a Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032; and
| | - Mikhail Repin
- a Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032; and
| | - Ryan Mahnke
- b Northrop Grumman, Elkridge, Maryland 21075
| | - David J Brenner
- a Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032; and
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Ramakumar A, Subramanian U, Prasanna PGS. High-throughput sample processing and sample management; the functional evolution of classical cytogenetic assay towards automation. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 793:132-41. [PMID: 26520383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput individual diagnostic dose assessment is essential for medical management of radiation-exposed subjects after a mass casualty. Cytogenetic assays such as the Dicentric Chromosome Assay (DCA) are recognized as the gold standard by international regulatory authorities. DCA is a multi-step and multi-day bioassay. DCA, as described in the IAEA manual, can be used to assess dose up to 4-6 weeks post-exposure quite accurately but throughput is still a major issue and automation is very essential. The throughput is limited, both in terms of sample preparation as well as analysis of chromosome aberrations. Thus, there is a need to design and develop novel solutions that could utilize extensive laboratory automation for sample preparation, and bioinformatics approaches for chromosome-aberration analysis to overcome throughput issues. We have transitioned the bench-based cytogenetic DCA to a coherent process performing high-throughput automated biodosimetry for individual dose assessment ensuring quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) aspects in accordance with international harmonized protocols. A Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is designed, implemented and adapted to manage increased sample processing capacity, develop and maintain standard operating procedures (SOP) for robotic instruments, avoid data transcription errors during processing, and automate analysis of chromosome-aberrations using an image analysis platform. Our efforts described in this paper intend to bridge the current technological gaps and enhance the potential application of DCA for a dose-based stratification of subjects following a mass casualty. This paper describes one such potential integrated automated laboratory system and functional evolution of the classical DCA towards increasing critically needed throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Ramakumar
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bldg. 42, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA.
| | - Uma Subramanian
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bldg. 42, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Pataje G S Prasanna
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bldg. 42, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
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Siddiqui MS, François M, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. Persistent γH2AX: A promising molecular marker of DNA damage and aging. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:1-19. [PMID: 26596544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest cellular responses to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is the phosphorylation of the core histone protein H2AX (termed γH2AX). Persistent γH2AX is the level of γH2AX above baseline, measured at a given time-point beyond which DNA DSBs are normally expected to be repaired (usually persist for days to months). This review summarizes the concept of persistent γH2AX in the context of exogenous source induced DNA DSBs (e.g. ionizing radiation (IR), chemotherapeutic drugs, genotoxic agents), and endogenous γH2AX levels in normal aging and accelerated aging disorders. Summary of the current literature demonstrates the following (i) γH2AX persistence is a common phenomenon that occurs in humans and animals; (ii) nuclei retain persistent γH2AX foci for up to several months after IR exposure, allowing for retrospective biodosimetry; (iii) the combination of various radiosensitizing drugs with ionizing radiation exposure leads to persistent γH2AX response, thus enabling the potential for monitoring cancer patients' response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as tailoring cancer treatments; (iv) persistent γH2AX accumulates in telomeric DNA and in cells undergoing cellular senescence; and (v) increased endogenous γH2AX levels may be associated with diseases of accelerated aging. In summary, measurement of persistent γH2AX could potentially be used as a marker of radiation biodosimetry, evaluating sensitivity to therapeutic genotoxins and radiotherapy, and exploring the association of unrepaired DNA DSBs on telomeres with diseases of accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabbir Siddiqui
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Maxime François
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Michael F Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Wayne R Leifert
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Flegal M, Blimkie MS, Wyatt H, Bugden M, Surette J, Klokov D. Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation. J Vis Exp 2015:e52912. [PMID: 26168333 DOI: 10.3791/52912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low dose radiation exposure may produce a variety of biological effects that are different in quantity and quality from the effects produced by high radiation doses. Addressing questions related to environmental, occupational and public health safety in a proper and scientifically justified manner heavily relies on the ability to accurately measure the biological effects of low dose pollutants, such as ionizing radiation and chemical substances. DNA damage and repair are the most important early indicators of health risks due to their potential long term consequences, such as cancer. Here we describe a protocol to study the effect of chronic in vivo exposure to low doses of γ- and β-radiation on DNA damage and repair in mouse spleen cells. Using a commonly accepted marker of DNA double-strand breaks, phosphorylated histone H2AX called γH2AX, we demonstrate how it can be used to evaluate not only the levels of DNA damage, but also changes in the DNA repair capacity potentially produced by low dose in vivo exposures. Flow cytometry allows fast, accurate and reliable measurement of immunofluorescently labeled γH2AX in a large number of samples. DNA double-strand break repair can be evaluated by exposing extracted splenocytes to a challenging dose of 2 Gy to produce a sufficient number of DNA breaks to trigger repair and by measuring the induced (1 hr post-irradiation) and residual DNA damage (24 hrs post-irradiation). Residual DNA damage would be indicative of incomplete repair and the risk of long-term genomic instability and cancer. Combined with other assays and end-points that can easily be measured in such in vivo studies (e.g., chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei frequencies in bone marrow reticulocytes, gene expression, etc.), this approach allows an accurate and contextual evaluation of the biological effects of low level stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Flegal
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
| | - Melinda S Blimkie
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
| | - Heather Wyatt
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
| | - Michelle Bugden
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
| | - Joel Surette
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Radiological Protection Research and Instrumentation, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories;
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44
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Garty G, Bigelow AW, Repin M, Turner HC, Bian D, Balajee AS, Lyulko OV, Taveras M, Yao YL, Brenner DJ. An automated imaging system for radiation biodosimetry. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:587-98. [PMID: 25939519 PMCID: PMC4479970 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe here an automated imaging system developed at the Center for High Throughput Minimally Invasive Radiation Biodosimetry. The imaging system is built around a fast, sensitive sCMOS camera and rapid switchable LED light source. It features complete automation of all the steps of the imaging process and contains built-in feedback loops to ensure proper operation. The imaging system is intended as a back end to the RABiT-a robotic platform for radiation biodosimetry. It is intended to automate image acquisition and analysis for four biodosimetry assays for which we have developed automated protocols: The Cytokinesis Blocked Micronucleus assay, the γ-H2AX assay, the Dicentric assay (using PNA or FISH probes) and the RABiT-BAND assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Garty
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Columbia University, 136 S. Broadway, P.O. Box 21, Irvington, NY 10533,USA
| | - Alan W. Bigelow
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Columbia University, 136 S. Broadway, P.O. Box 21, Irvington, NY 10533,USA
| | - Mikhail Repin
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, 630 W 168 St. New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Helen C. Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, 630 W 168 St. New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dakai Bian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th St. New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Adayabalam S. Balajee
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, 630 W 168 St. New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Oleksandra V. Lyulko
- Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, Columbia University, 136 S. Broadway, P.O. Box 21, Irvington, NY 10533,USA
| | - Maria Taveras
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, 630 W 168 St. New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Y. Lawrence Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th St. New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, 630 W 168 St. New York, NY 10032, USA
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Sharma PM, Ponnaiya B, Taveras M, Shuryak I, Turner H, Brenner DJ. High throughput measurement of γH2AX DSB repair kinetics in a healthy human population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121083. [PMID: 25794041 PMCID: PMC4368624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Columbia University RABiT (Rapid Automated Biodosimetry Tool) quantifies DNA damage using fingerstick volumes of blood. One RABiT protocol quantifies the total γ-H2AX fluorescence per nucleus, a measure of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) by an immunofluorescent assay at a single time point. Using the recently extended RABiT system, that assays the γ-H2AX repair kinetics at multiple time points, the present small scale study followed its kinetics post irradiation at 0.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 7 h and 24 h in lymphocytes from 94 healthy adults. The lymphocytes were irradiated ex vivo with 4 Gy γ rays using an external Cs-137 source. The effect of age, gender, race, ethnicity, alcohol use on the endogenous and post irradiation total γ-H2AX protein yields at various time points were statistically analyzed. The endogenous γ-H2AX levels were influenced by age, race and alcohol use within Hispanics. In response to radiation, induction of γ-H2AX yields at 0.5 h and peak formation at 2 h were independent of age, gender, ethnicity except for race and alcohol use that delayed the peak to 4 h time point. Despite the shift in the peak observed, the γ-H2AX yields reached close to baseline at 24 h for all groups. Age and race affected the rate of progression of the DSB repair soon after the yields reached maximum. Finally we show a positive correlation between endogenous γ-H2AX levels with radiation induced γ-H2AX yields (RIY) (r=0.257, P=0.02) and a negative correlation with residuals (r=-0.521, P=<0.0001). A positive correlation was also observed between RIY and DNA repair rate (r=0.634, P<0.0001). Our findings suggest age, race, ethnicity and alcohol use influence DSB γ-H2AX repair kinetics as measured by RABiT immunofluorescent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety M. Sharma
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brian Ponnaiya
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Taveras
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Helen Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Tamizh Selvan G, Chaudhury N, Venkatachalam P. Comparison of results of the manual and automated scoring of micronucleus frequencies in 60 Co-irradiated peripheral blood lymphocytes for triage dosimetry. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 97:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rodrigues MA, Beaton-Green LA, Kutzner BC, Wilkins RC. Multi-parameter dose estimations in radiation biodosimetry using the automated cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay with imaging flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2014; 85:883-93. [PMID: 25154929 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is an established technique in radiation biological dosimetry for estimating the dose to an individual by measuring the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in binucleated lymphocyte cells (BNCs). The assay has been partially automated using slide-scoring algorithms, but an automated multiparameter method without the need of the slide-making procedure would be advantageous to further increase throughput for application in mass casualty events. The development of the ImageStreamX (ISX) imaging flow cytometer has made it possible to adapt the CBMN assay to an automated imaging flow cytometry (FCM) method. The protocol and analysis presented in this work tailor and expand the assay to a multiparameter biodosimetry tool. Ex vivo irradiated whole blood samples were cultured, processed, and analyzed on the ISX and BNCs, MN, and mononuclear cells were imaged, identified, and enumerated automatically and simultaneously. Details on development of the method, gating strategy, and dose response curves generated for the rate of MN per BNC, percentage of mononuclear cells as well as the replication index are presented. Results indicate that adapting the CBMN assay for use in imaging FCM has produced a rapid, robust, multiparameter analysis method with higher throughput than is currently available with standard microscopy. We conclude that the ISX-CBMN method may be an advantageous tool following a radiological event where triage biodosimetry must be performed on a large number of casualties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rodrigues
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, Carleton University, K1S 5B6, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Moulder JE. 2013 Dade W. Moeller lecture: medical countermeasures against radiological terrorism. HEALTH PHYSICS 2014; 107:164-71. [PMID: 24978287 PMCID: PMC4076685 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Soon after the 9-11 attacks, politicians and scientists began to question our ability to cope with a large-scale radiological terrorism incident. The outline of what was needed was fairly obvious: the ability to prevent such an attack, methods to cope with the medical consequences, the ability to clean up afterward, and the tools to figure out who perpetrated the attack and bring them to justice. The medical response needed three components: the technology to determine rapidly the radiation doses received by a large number of people, methods for alleviating acute hematological radiation injuries, and therapies for mitigation and treatment of chronic radiation injuries. Research done to date has shown that a realistic medical response plan is scientifically possible, but the regulatory and financial barriers to achieving this may currently be insurmountable.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Moulder
- Center for Medical Countermeasures Against Radiological Terrorism, Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226 U. S. A
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Brenner DJ. Advances in the use of radiotherapy to reduce second breast cancers. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.14.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
David Brenner* speaks to Ruth Williamson, Commissioning Editor of Breast Cancer Management: David Brenner focuses on developing mechanistic models for the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems, dividing his research between the effects of high doses of ionizing radiation (relating to radiation therapy) and the effects of low doses of radiation (relating to medical, environmental and occupational exposures). In the field of medical imaging, he has focused on the risk–benefit balance of higher-dose imaging techniques; and in the field of radiotherapy, he has focused on optimizing fractionation schemes for different tumor types, to maximize tumor killing and minimize serious side effects. As well as being Director of the Center for Radiological Research (Columbia University, CO, USA), Brenner is the Director of the Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (Columbia University) and principal investigator of the Center for High-Throughput Minimally-Invasive Radiation Biodosimetry (Columbia University).
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Gerić M, Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V. γ-H2AX as a biomarker for DNA double-strand breaks in ecotoxicology. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 105:13-21. [PMID: 24780228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The visualisation of DNA damage response proteins enables the indirect measurement of DNA damage. Soon after the occurrence of a DNA double-strand break (DSB), the formation of γ-H2AX histone variants is to be expected. This review is focused on the potential use of the γ-H2AX foci assay in assessing the genotoxicity of environmental contaminants including cytostatic pharmaceuticals, since standard methods may not be sensitive enough to detect the damaging effect of low environmental concentrations of such drugs. These compounds are constantly released into the environment, potentially representing a threat to water quality, aquatic organisms, and, ultimately, human health. Our review of the literature revealed that this method could be used in the biomonitoring and risk assessment of aquatic systems affected by wastewater from the production, usage, and disposal of cytostatic pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Gerić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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