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Van Hooren B, Jukic I, Cox M, Frenken KG, Bautista I, Moore IS. The Relationship Between Running Biomechanics and Running Economy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Sports Med 2024; 54:1269-1316. [PMID: 38446400 PMCID: PMC11127892 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-01997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running biomechanics is considered an important determinant of running economy (RE). However, studies examining associations between running biomechanics and RE report inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to determine associations between running biomechanics and RE and explore potential causes of inconsistency. METHODS Three databases were searched and monitored up to April 2023. Observational studies were included if they (i) examined associations between running biomechanics and RE, or (ii) compared running biomechanics between groups differing in RE, or (iii) compared RE between groups differing in running biomechanics during level, constant-speed, and submaximal running in healthy humans (18-65 years). Risk of bias was assessed using a modified tool for observational studies and considered in the results interpretation using GRADE. Meta-analyses were performed when two or more studies reported on the same outcome. Meta-regressions were used to explore heterogeneity with speed, coefficient of variation of height, mass, and age as continuous outcomes, and standardization of running shoes, oxygen versus energetic cost, and correction for resting oxygen or energy cost as categorical outcomes. RESULTS Fifty-one studies (n = 1115 participants) were included. Most spatiotemporal outcomes showed trivial and non-significant associations with RE: contact time r = - 0.02 (95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.15 to 0.12); flight time r = 0.11 (- 0.09 to 0.32); stride time r = 0.01 (- 0.8 to 0.50); duty factor r = - 0.06 (- 0.18 to 0.06); stride length r = 0.12 (- 0.15 to 0.38), and swing time r = 0.12 (- 0.13 to 0.36). A higher cadence showed a small significant association with a lower oxygen/energy cost (r = - 0.20 [- 0.35 to - 0.05]). A smaller vertical displacement and higher vertical and leg stiffness showed significant moderate associations with lower oxygen/energy cost (r = 0.35, - 0.31, - 0.28, respectively). Ankle, knee, and hip angles at initial contact, midstance or toe-off as well as their range of motion, peak vertical ground reaction force, mechanical work variables, and electromyographic activation were not significantly associated with RE, although potentially relevant trends were observed for some outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Running biomechanics can explain 4-12% of the between-individual variation in RE when considered in isolation, with this magnitude potentially increasing when combining different variables. Implications for athletes, coaches, wearable technology, and researchers are discussed in the review. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/293 ND (OpenScience Framework).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maartje Cox
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen G Frenken
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Iker Bautista
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel S Moore
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Raiser SN, Schroeder AN, Lawley RJ, Tenforde AS. Bone health and the masters runner. PM R 2024; 16:363-373. [PMID: 38532664 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Masters runners are often defined as those ages 35 years and older who train and compete in running events. These runners represent a growing population of the overall running community and experience running-related injuries including bone stress injuries (BSIs). Similar to younger runners, health considerations in masters runners include the goal to optimize bone health with focus on mitigating age-associated loss of bone strength and preventing BSIs through a combination of ensuring appropriate physical activity, optimizing nutrition, and correcting faulty biomechanics. Importantly, BSIs in masters runners may include characteristics of both overuse injury from insufficient recovery and failure of bone weakened by age-related loss of bone (insufficiency fractures). This narrative review covers the limited available research on strategies to optimize bone health in masters runners. Applying knowledge on masters athletes and extrapolating from other populations, we propose strategies on treatment and prevention of BSIs. Finally, the review highlights gaps in knowledge that require further age-specific discoveries to advance treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Raiser
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Allison N Schroeder
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard J Lawley
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Adam S Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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de Souza Júnior JR, Gaudette LW, Johnson CD, Matheus JPC, Lemos TV, Davis IS, Tenforde AS. Interaction of Biomechanical, Anthropometric, and Demographic Factors Associated with Patellofemoral Pain in Rearfoot Strike Runners: A Classification and Regression Tree Approach. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:5. [PMID: 38190013 PMCID: PMC10774254 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is among the most common injuries in runners. While multiple risk factors for patellofemoral pain have been investigated, the interactions of variables contributing to this condition have not been explored. This study aimed to classify runners with patellofemoral pain using a combination of factors including biomechanical, anthropometric, and demographic factors through a Classification and Regression Tree analysis. RESULTS Thirty-eight runners with PFP and 38 healthy controls (CON) were selected with mean (standard deviation) age 33 (16) years old and body mass index 22.3 (2.6) kg/m2. Each ran at self-selected speed, but no between-group difference was identified (PFP = 2.54 (0.2) m/s x CON = 2.55 (0.1) m/s, P = .660). Runners with patellofemoral pain had different patterns of interactions involving braking ground reaction force impulse, contact time, vertical average loading rate, and age. The classification and regression tree model classified 84.2% of runners with patellofemoral pain, and 78.9% of healthy controls. The prevalence ratios ranged from 0.06 (95% confidence interval: 0.02-0.23) to 9.86 (95% confidence interval: 1.16-83.34). The strongest model identified runners with patellofemoral pain as having higher braking ground reaction force impulse, lower contact times, higher vertical average loading rate, and older age. The receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated high accuracy at 0.83 (95% confidence interval: 0.74-0.93; standard error: 0.04; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The classification and regression tree model identified an influence of multiple factors associated with patellofemoral pain in runners. Future studies may clarify whether addressing modifiable biomechanical factors may address this form of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Roberto de Souza Júnior
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Graduate Program of Sciences and Technologies in Health, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
- Spaulding National Running Center, 1575 Cambridge St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Logan Walter Gaudette
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caleb D Johnson
- United States Army Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | | | - Thiago Vilela Lemos
- Department of Physical Therapy, State University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Irene S Davis
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Adam S Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Beltran RT, Powell DW, Greenwood D, Paquette MR. The Influence of Footwear Longitudinal Bending Stiffness on Running Economy and Biomechanics in Older Runners. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1062-1072. [PMID: 36094795 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2114589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study assessed the effects of footwear longitudinal bending stiffness on running economy and biomechanics of rearfoot striking older runners. Methods: Nine runners over 60 years of age completed two running bouts at their preferred running pace in each of three footwear conditions: low (4.4 ± 1.8 N·m-1), moderate (5.7 ± 1.7 N·m-1), and high (6.4 ± 1.6 N·m-1) bending stiffness. Testing order was randomized and a mirror protocol was used (i.e., A,B,C,C,B,A). Expired gases, lower limb kinematics, and ground reaction forces were collected simultaneously and lower limb joint kinetics, running economy (i.e., VO2), leg stiffness, and spatio-temporal variables were calculated. Results: Running economy was not different among stiffness conditions (p = 0.60, p = 0.53 [mass adjusted]). Greater footwear stiffness reduced step length (p = 0.046) and increased peak vertical ground reaction force (p = 0.019) but did not change peak ankle plantarflexor torque (p = 0.65), peak positive ankle power (p = 0.48), ankle positive work (p = 0.86), propulsive force (p = 0.081), and leg stiffness (p = 0.46). Moderate footwear stiffness yielded greater peak negative knee power compared to low (p = 0.04) and high (p = 0.03) stiffness. Conclusions: These novel findings demonstrate that increasing footwear longitudinal bending stiffness using flat carbon fiber inserts does not improve running economy and generally does not alter lower limb joint mechanics of rearfoot strike runners over 60 years. Future studies should investigate how other footwear characteristics (e.g., midsole material, plate location, and sole curvature) influence economy and biomechanics in this population.
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Jamkrajang P, Suwanmana S, Limroongreungrat W, Verheul J. Spatiotemporal and kinematic adjustments in master runners may be associated with the relative physiological effort during running. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1271502. [PMID: 37886221 PMCID: PMC10598343 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1271502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Master runners maintain a similar running economy to young runners, despite displaying biomechanical characteristics that are associated with a worse running economy. This apparent paradox may be explained by a greater physiological effort-i.e., percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2-max)-that master runners perform at a given speed. Moreover, age-related responses to non-exhaustive sustained running are yet underexplored. The aims of this study were, therefore, to examine if biomechanical adjustments in master runners are physiological-effort dependent, and to explore the age-related biomechanical changes during a non-exhaustive sustained run. Young (23.9 ± 6; n = 12) and master (47.3 ± 6.9; n = 12) runners performed a sustained 30-minute treadmill run matched for relative physiological effort (70% VO2-max), while spatiotemporal and lower-limb kinematic characteristics were collected during the 1st and 30th minute. Group differences were observed in step/stride length, knee touch-down angle, and knee stiffness. However, both groups of runners had a similar step frequency, vertical center of mass oscillation, and knee range of motion. Age-related adjustment in these latter characteristics may thus not be an inevitable result of the aging process but rather a strategy to maintain running economy. The relative physiological effort of runners should, therefore, be considered when examining age-related adjustments in running biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parunchaya Jamkrajang
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sarit Suwanmana
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Jasper Verheul
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Ramsey C, Peterson B, Hébert-Losier K. Measurement and reporting of footwear characteristics in running biomechanics: A systematic search and narrative synthesis of contemporary research methods. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:351-387. [PMID: 36214324 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2125431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to synthesise the methods for assessing and reporting footwear characteristics among studies evaluating the effect of footwear on running biomechanics. Electronic searches of Scopus®, EBSCO, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and Web of Science® were performed to identify original research articles of the effect of running footwear on running biomechanics published from 1st January 2015 to 7th October 2020. Risk of bias among included studies was not assessed. Results were presented via narrative synthesis. Eligible studies compared the effect of two or more footwear conditions in adult runners on a biomechanical parameter. Eighty-seven articles were included and data from 242 individual footwear were extracted. Predominantly, studies reported footwear taxonomy (i.e., classification) and manufacturer information, however omitted detail regarding the technical specifications of running footwear and did not use validated footwear reporting tools. There is inconsistency among contemporary studies in the methods by which footwear characteristics are assessed and reported. These findings point towards a need for consensus regarding the reporting of these characteristics within biomechanical studies to facilitate the conduct of systematic reviews and meta-analyses pertaining to the effect of running footwear on running biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codi Ramsey
- Institute of Sport , Exercise and Health, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Peterson
- Department of Podiatry, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
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Van Hooren B, Lepers R. A physiological comparison of the new-over 70 years of age-marathon record holder and his predecessor: A case report. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122315. [PMID: 36860525 PMCID: PMC9969103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study assessed the body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, fiber type and mitochondrial function, and training characteristics of a 71-year-old runner who broke the world record marathon of the men's 70-74 age category and held several other world records. The values were compared to those of the previous world-record holder. Methods: Body fat percentage was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. V ˙ O 2 max , running economy, and maximum heart rate were measured during treadmill running. Muscle fiber typology and mitochondrial function were evaluated using a muscle biopsy. Results: Body fat percentage was 13.5%, V ˙ O 2 max was 46.6 ml kg-1 min-1, and maximum heartrate was 160 beats∙min-1. At the marathon pace (14.5 km h-1), his running economy was 170.5 ml kg-1 km-1. The gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point occurred at 75.7% and 93.9% of the V ˙ O 2 max , i.e., 13 km h-1 and 15 km h-1, respectively. The oxygen uptake at the marathon pace corresponded to 88.5% of V ˙ O 2 max . Vastus lateralis fiber content was 90.3% type I and 9.7% type II. Average distance was 139 km∙w-1 in the year prior to the record. Conclusion: The 71-year-old world-record holder marathon showed a relatively similar V ˙ O 2 max , lower percentage of V ˙ O 2 max at marathon pace, but a substantially better running economy than his predecessor. The better running economy may result from an almost double weekly training volume compared to the predecessor and a high type I fiber content. He trained every day in the last ∼1.5 years and achieved international performance in his age group category with a small (<5% per decade) age-related decline in marathon performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Bas Van Hooren,
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Dos Anjos Souza VR, Seffrin A, da Cunha RA, Vivan L, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Running economy in long-distance runners is positively affected by running experience and negatively by aging. Physiol Behav 2023; 258:114032. [PMID: 36384169 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), the maximum rate of oxygen that can be sustained before the onset of blood lactate accumulation, and the metabolic cost of locomotion are the main physiological factors associated with long-distance running performance. The latter is known as the running economy. Generally, runners reach peak performance in long races between 25 and 30 years of age, with a progressive decline occurring thereafter. However, it is not known whether the running economy is affected or how it is affected by aging. AIM To investigate the effect of age and years of running experience on the running economy of amateur long-distance runners aged 20-80 years. METHODS Sixty-nine recreational long-distance runners, divided into five age groups according to decade of life, participated in this study: Group 1 (n= 9) 27.2 ± 1.3 years, Group 2 (n= 18) 35.9 ± 2.2 years, Group 3 (n= 17) 43.4 ± 2.8 years, Group 4 (n= 17) 53.0 ± 2.3 years, and Group 5 (n= 8) 65.5 ± 2.9 years. For running economy assessment, oxygen cost (OC) and energy cost (EC) were measured. Furthermore, the participants were interviewed on their running experience. RESULTS For EC, the two independent variables composing the regression model were age (ß = 0.703, t= 5.443, p < 0.001) and running experience (ß = -0.230, t = -1.785, p= 0.07), and 34% of the energy cost variation can be explained by these two factors. EC and OC were compared among the groups. There were no significant differences between Groups 1 and 2 (p= 0.999), Groups 1 and 3 (p= 1.000), and Groups 1 and 4 (p= 0.528). However, Group 5 had a significantly higher energy cost than Group 1 (p < 0.001), Group 2 (p < 0.001), Group 3 (p < 0.001) and Group 4 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The number of years of running experience has a positive effect on running economy, but it is insufficient to overcome the negative effect of the aging process. Furthermore, running economy was significantly worse in participants aged ≥60 years compared with that in younger athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Postgraduate program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Postgraduate program in Translation Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Nguyen AP, Gillain L, Delieux L, Detrembleur C, Mahaudens P, Esculier JF. Opinions about running shoes in runners and non-runners. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2144468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Phong Nguyen
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
- The Running Clinic, Quebec, Canada
| | - Loris Gillain
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louise Delieux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Detrembleur
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Mahaudens
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
- Service d’orthopédie et de traumatologie de l’appareil locomoteur, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Esculier
- The Running Clinic, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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DeJong Lempke AF, Collins SE, Whitney KE, D'Hemecourt PA, Meehan WP. A Comparison of Factors Associated with Running-Related Injuries between Adult and Adolescent Runners. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:1033-1042. [PMID: 36237652 PMCID: PMC9528711 DOI: 10.26603/001c.38045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are multiple personal and environmental factors that influence the risk of developing running-related injuries (RRIs). However, it is unclear how these key clinical factors differ between adult and adolescent runners. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare anthropometric, training, and self-reported outcomes among adult and adolescent runners with and without lower extremity musculoskeletal RRIs. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Questionnaire responses and clinical assessment data were extracted from 38 adult runners (F: 25, M: 13; median age: 23 [range 18-36]) and 91 adolescent runners (F: 56, M: 35; median age: 15 [range 14-16]) who underwent a physical injury prevention evaluation at a hospital-affiliated sports injury prevention center between 2013 and 2021. Participants were sub-grouped into those with (adults: 25; adolescents: 38) and those without (adults: 13; adolescents: 53) a history of self-reported RRIs based on questionnaire responses. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) covarying for gender were conducted to compare outcomes across groups. Results Adult runners had lower Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) scores (mean differences [MD]: -1.4, p=0.01), were more likely to report intentional weight-loss to improve athletic performance (% difference: 33.0%; p:<.001), and more frequently included resistance training into their training routines (% difference: 21.0%, p=0.01) compared to adolescents. Those with a history of RRIs were more likely to report intentional weight-loss compared to uninjured runners (% difference: 21.3; p=0.02) and had shorter single leg bridge durations than those without RRIs (RRI: 57.9±30, uninjured: 72.0±44, p=0.01). Conclusion The findings indicate that addressing aspects of biomechanics identified by the FMS™ and behaviors of weight loss as an effort to improve performance may represent targets for the prevention of RRIs for adult and adolescent runners, given the association with history of RRIs. Level of Evidence 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F DeJong Lempke
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan; Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention; Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Sara E Collins
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention; Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Kristin E Whitney
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Pierre A D'Hemecourt
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - William P Meehan
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
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de Souza RF, Santos MMS, Thuany M, dos Santos Silva D, de Jesus Alves MD, Oliveira DPM, Knechtle B, Silva AF, Clemente FM, Nobari H, Aidar FJ, Badicu G, Cataldi S, Greco G. Ultramarathon Evaluation above 180 km in relation to Peak Age and Performance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1036775. [PMID: 37284504 PMCID: PMC10241566 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1036775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultramarathons with distances over 180 km might lead to different results regarding participation, performance, and age compared to shorter runs of 50 and 100 km. OBJECTIVE To evaluate ultramarathons with distances above 180 km in relation to runners' peak age and performance. METHOD s. Verification of the quantity of competitions in runs over 180 km by continents in the period 2000 to 2020 and evaluation of the individual results of 13,300 athletes after 2010. RESULTS Europe stood out with the largest number of organized events, followed by Asia and North America. The age peak performance (PP) in men and women averaged 45 years old with relationship between sex × years (F = 3.612, p < 0.001; η2 = 0.003). Men accounted for more than 80% of the runners and showed a reduction in PP from 2015 onwards (p < 0.001). Competitions between 180 and 240 km were the most frequent, particularly after 2016, surpassing the number of marathons over 360 km (p < 0.001). Men and women showed higher velocity in distances (p < 0.001) from 180 to 240 km when compared to 241 to 300 k m, 301 to 360 km, and >360 km courses. CONCLUSIONS The decade between 2010 and 2020 showed an increase in the number of Ultramarathon running events. Europe had the highest number. Women had low participation. Performance progression fell, a fact associated with an increase in the number of participants and not specifically related to a decline in athletic performance over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Fabricio de Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Mabliny Thuany
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Devisson dos Santos Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Micael Deivison de Jesus Alves
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports-GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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12
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Relationship Between Age and Running Kinematics in Female Recreational Runners. J Appl Biomech 2022; 38:286-292. [PMID: 35963614 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sex-based analyses are important when studying running kinematics. Females experience a unique aging process and demonstrate differences in running biomechanics from males. The purpose was to determine the relationship between age and running kinematics in female runners. Forty-six female runners (18-65 y) ran at self-selected jogging and maximal speed on a treadmill. Lower-extremity joint kinematics were calculated, and 2 principal component analyses (jogging speed and maximal speed) were performed from kinematic variables. Regression was used to examine the relationship between age and identified components, and between age and the variables with the highest loadings within these components. For jogging speed, there was a positive relationship between age and ankle varus at initial contact and a negative relationship between age and peak eversion, hip adduction, knee flexion, dorsiflexion, and hip adduction at initial contact (Ps < .05). For maximal speed, initial contact ankle frontal plane angle became more positive with age, and there was a negative relationship with age and peak eversion, dorsiflexion and knee flexion, and knee flexion and hip adduction at initial contact (Ps < .05). Primarily distal joint angles decreased with increasing age in female recreational runners at self-selected running speeds.
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Immediate Effects of Manipulating Footwear or Cadence on the Lower Limb Biomechanics of Female Masters Runners. J Appl Biomech 2022; 38:312-319. [PMID: 35961643 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2021-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the immediate effects of modifications to footwear or cadence on lower limb biomechanics of female Masters runners. After analyzing habitual treadmill running biomechanics in 20 female runners (52.4 [8.3] y), we assessed the effects of 5 conditions: (1) barefoot running, (2) Merrell Vapor Glove, (3) Merrell Bare Access, (4) Brooks Pure Flow, and (5) increasing cadence by 10%. In comparison with habitual biomechanics, greater vertical loading rates of the ground reaction force were observed during running barefoot or with a Merrell Vapor Glove or Bare Access. There was high variability among participants as to changes in foot kinematics during the conditions. Running barefoot (-26.0%) and with a Merrell Vapor Glove (-12.5%) reduced sagittal plane knee moments, but increased sagittal plane ankle moments (both 6.1%). Increasing cadence by 10% resulted in a more modest decrease in knee flexion moments (-7.7%) without increasing peak external ankle dorsiflexion moments. When asked if they would prefer minimalist shoes or increasing cadence, 11 participants (55%) chose cadence and 9 (45%) chose footwear. Minimalist footwear decreased sagittal knee moments, but increased vertical loading rate and sagittal ankle moments. Increasing cadence may be useful to lower sagittal knee moments without increasing ankle moments.
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14
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Catapano M, Ahmed M, Breslow RG, Borg-Stein J. The aging athlete. PM R 2022; 14:643-651. [PMID: 35441493 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aging athletes, those 60 years and older, are a growing population of mature, active individuals who value sports and exercise participation throughout their lifespan. Although recommendations for younger and masters athletes have been extrapolated to this population, there remains a paucity of specific guidelines, treatment algorithms, and considerations for aging athletes. The benefits of living an active lifestyle must be weighed against the risks for unique cardiovascular, metabolic, and musculoskeletal injuries requiring diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. In this article, we review the unique cardiovascular and muscular physiology of aging athletes and how it influences the risk of specific medical conditions. We also discuss general prevention and treatment strategies. Finally, we identify areas of future research priorities and emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Catapano
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marwa Ahmed
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Joanne Borg-Stein
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Loudon J, Parkerson-Mitchell A. Training Habits and Injury Rate in Masters Female Runners. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:501-507. [PMID: 35391857 PMCID: PMC8975576 DOI: 10.26603/001c.32374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of masters females that choose long-distance running as a form of exercise is growing exponentially. As clinicians working with these athletes, it is important to understand their training habits and how these habits relate to running related injuries (RRI). Purpose The primary aim of this study was to identify the training behaviors and cross training engagement in masters female runners. A secondary aim was to determine RRI rates and their relationship to training behaviors. Methods A 31-question online survey was completed by 68 masters females aged 45 and older. Answers from 18 of the 31 questions were used to address the specific aims of the study. Descriptive variables and Chi Square analyses were used to synthesize the data. Results The majority of the cohort ran less than 30 miles week distributed over three days/week. Most participated in cross-training activity that included strength training, cycling, and swimming. Injury was prevalent in this group of runners with many experiencing more than one RRI over their running history. The area of the hip and gluteal region was the most common site of injury. Conclusion This cohort of runners trained in a relatively smart manner, with a moderate volume of running mileage, and utilization of cross-training. Many had experienced some form of injury that halted their running for a period of time. Level of Evidence Level 3 - Case Controlled, retrospective survey.
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16
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Trends in Participation, Sex Differences and Age of Peak Performance in Time-Limited Ultramarathon Events: A Secular Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58030366. [PMID: 35334541 PMCID: PMC8952003 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Increases in the number of participants in time-limited ultra-marathons have been reported. However, no information is available regarding the trends in participation, performance and age in 12 h and 24 h time-limited events. The aim of the study was to describe the trends in runners’ participation, performance and age in 12 h and 24 h ultra-marathons for both sexes and to identify the age of peak performance, taking into account the ranking position and age categories. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 210,455 runners in time-limited ultra-marathons (female 12 h = 23,706; female 24 h = 28,585; male 12 h = 61,594; male 24 h = 96,570) competing between 1876 and 2020 and aged 18 to 86 years. The age of peak performance was tested according to their ranking position (first−third; fourth−tenth and >tenth position) and taking into account their running speed in different age categories (<30 years; 31−40 years; 41−50 years; 51−60 years; >60 years), using the Kruskal−Wallis test, followed by the Bonferroni adjustment. Results: An increase in the number of participants and a decrease in running speed were observed across the years. For both events, the sex differences in performance decreased over time. The sex differences showed that male runners performed better than female runners, but the lowest differences in recent years were observed in the 24 h ultra-marathons. A positive trend in age across the years was found with an increase in mean age (“before 1989” = 40.33 ± 10.07 years; “1990−1999” = 44.16 ± 10.37 years; “2000−2009” = 45.99 ± 10.33 years; “2010−2020” = 45.62 ± 10.80 years). Male runners in 24 h races were the oldest (46.13 ± 10.83 years), while female runners in 12 h races were the youngest (43.46 ± 10.16 years). Athletes ranked first−third position were the youngest (female 12 h = 41.19 ± 8.87 years; female 24 h = 42.19 ± 8.50 years; male 12 h = 42.03 ± 9.40 years; male 24 h = 43.55 ± 9.03 years). When age categories were considered, the best performance was found for athletes aged between 41 and 50 years (female 12 h 6.48 ± 1.74 km/h; female 24 h 5.64 ± 1.68 km/h; male 12 h 7.19 ± 1.90 km/h; male 24 h 6.03 ± 1.78 km/h). Conclusion: A positive trend in participation in 12 h and 24 h ultra-marathons was shown across the years; however, athletes were becoming slower and older. The fastest athletes were the youngest ones, but when age intervals were considered, the age of peak performance was between 41 and 50 years.
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Knechtle B, Weiss K, Villiger E, Scheer V, Gomes TN, Gajda R, Ouerghi N, Chtourou H, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Thuany M. The Sex Difference in 6-h Ultra-Marathon Running—The Worldwide Trends from 1982 to 2020. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020179. [PMID: 35208503 PMCID: PMC8876730 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The 6-h ultra-marathon is the shortest time-limited ultra-marathon race, but little has been investigated regarding this race format. Previously, only the age of peak performance in the context of longer time-limited ultra-marathons was determined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the trends in 6-h ultra-marathon races from 1982 to 2020 for female and male ultra-runners, the participation and performance by countries, the age of peak performance, and the differences in performance regarding countries. Materials and Methods: The sample included 23,203 female ultra-runners, aged 18–83 years, and 87,264 male ultra-runners, aged 18–85 years, who were finishers in a 6-h ultra-marathon held between 1982 and 2020. The age of peak performance was tested using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Bonferroni Correction. The difference in performance by countries was verified using a linear regression model with the fastest runners from Russia in women, and Tunisia in men, used as reference. Results: Over the years, the men-to-women ratio decreased. The mean age was 43.20 ± 9.30 years for female and 46.09 ± 10.17 years for male runners. Athletes in younger age groups were faster than athletes in older age groups. Most female and male participants originated from Germany. Women from Russia (10.01 ± 1.28 km/h) and men from Tunisia (12.16 ± 1.46 km/h) were the fastest. Conclusions: In summary, in 6-h ultra-marathons held between 1982 and 2020, the participation for both women and men increased, while the men-to-women ratio decreased. The mean age was higher in men compared to women. Most female and male runners originated from Germany, but the fastest women were from Russia, and the fastest men from Tunisia. Future studies need to investigate whether Russian women and Tunisian men are also the best in other distance-limited ultra-marathon races, such as 12-h and 24-h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8000 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Katja Weiss
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Elias Villiger
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, 69310 Pierre-Benite, France;
- Department Sports and Health, Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Thayse Natacha Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Robert Gajda
- Center for Sports Cardiology, Gajda-Med Medical Center in Pułtusk, 06-100 Pułtusk, Poland;
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Prevention, Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Nejmeddine Ouerghi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, UR13JS01, Kef 7100, Tunisia;
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Rabta Hospital, University of Tunis El Manar, LR99ES11, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l’Education Physique de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Activité Physique, Sport et Santé, UR18JS01, Observatoire National du Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8000 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
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Suda EY, Watari R, Matias AB, Taddei UT, Sacco ICN. Predictive Effect of Well-Known Risk Factors and Foot-Core Training in Lower Limb Running-Related Injuries in Recreational Runners: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:248-254. [PMID: 34786990 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211056329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running carries the risk of several types of running-related injuries (RRIs), especially in the lower limbs. The variety of risk factors and the lack of strong evidence for several of these injury risks hinder the ability to draw assertive conclusions about them, hampering the implementation of effective preventive strategies. Because the etiology of RRIs seems to be multifactorial, the presence of RRI risk factors might influence the outcome of therapeutic strategies in different ways. Thus, further investigations on how risk and protective factors influence the incidence and prevention of RRIs should be conducted. PURPOSE To investigate the predictive effect of well-known risk factors and 1 protective factor-foot-core training-on the incidence of lower limb RRIs in recreational runners. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Middle- and long-distance recreational runners (N = 118) were assessed at baseline and randomly allocated to either an intervention group (n = 57) or a control group (n = 61). The intervention group underwent an 8-week (3 times/wk) foot-core training program. Participants were followed for a year after baseline assessment for the occurrence of RRIs. Logistic regression with backward elimination of variables was used to develop a model for prediction of RRI in recreational runners. Candidate predictor variables included age, sex, body mass index, years of running practice, number of races, training volume, training frequency, previous RRI, and the foot-core exercise training. RESULTS The final logistic regression model included 3 variables. As previously shown, the foot-core exercise program is a protective factor for RRIs (odds ratio, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.15-0.98). In addition, older age (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.00-1.14) and higher training volume (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.00-1.03) were risk factors for RRIs. CONCLUSION The foot-core training was identified as a protective effect against lower limb RRI, which can be negatively influenced by older age and higher weekly training volume. The predictive model showed that RRIs should be considered a multivariate entity owing to the interaction among several factors. REGISTRATION NCT02306148 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneida Yuri Suda
- Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricky Watari
- Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra B Matias
- Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ulisses T Taddei
- Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel C N Sacco
- Physical Therapy, Speech and Occupational Therapy Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Thuany M, Malchrowicz-Mośko E, Kłoskowski D, Gomes TN. Are Individual and Environmental Characteristics Associated With Running Performance in Female Runners of Different Age Categories? Front Psychol 2021; 12:743744. [PMID: 34675850 PMCID: PMC8524124 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.743744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the individual and environmental predictors associated with performance in female runners of different ages. The sample comprised 440 female Brazilian runners, who answered an online questionnaire, that provided information regarding height, weight, age (categories: “young adult”, “adult”, “early middle-age”, and “older adults”), socioeconomic status, and training characteristics (frequency and volume per week, running pace, race event, and running club participation). Information about environmental variables was obtained from the official institutes and comprised the human development index (HDI), athletics events, athletic tracks, and female homicide. A linear regression model, clustered by state and performed by age groups, was computed. The sample presented a mean running pace of 5:57min/km, and a mean BMI of 23.51kg/m−2. An increase in running pace and volume/week was observed with increasing age. In “young adults”, any of the variables were significantly associated with the performance. In “adult” group, only individual characteristics were statistically significantly related with the performance. In “early middle-age”, besides BMI (β=5.72; 95%CI=3.65–7.79) and training volume (β=−0.67; 95%CI=−1.07 − −0.27), the HDI was associated with the performance (β=−23.30; 95%CI=−44.11 − −2.49). In older adults, it was found an association between socioeconomic status (β=−19.47; 95%CI=−32.29 − −6.65), practice time (β=142.92; 95%CI=89.34–196.50), running event participation (β=−80.12; 95%CI=−114.35− −45.88), athletic events (β=33.44; 95%CI=15.16–51.72), and female homicide (β=−0.11; 95%CI=−0.17 − −0.05) with the performance, highlighting the influence of both individual and environmental characteristics. Information about the role of these constraints, and their relationships, in female runners’ performance, can be used to guide the development of projects/strategies aiming to increase their involvement in physical activities and sports practice, through the promotion of a more “friendly environment” to women, and providing support for decision-makers when suggesting/implementing public policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabliny Thuany
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Thayse Natacha Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
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20
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Assessment Methods of Body Fat in Recreational Marathon Runners: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis versus Skinfold Thickness. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3717562. [PMID: 34631880 PMCID: PMC8494552 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3717562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine (a) the relationship of body fat (BF) assessed by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and skinfold thickness (SKF) and (b) the variation of BF by age depending on the assessment method. Participants were 32 women and 134 men recreational marathon runners, who were tested for BF using both assessment methods (BIA and SKF). Rc between BIA and SKF assessment methods was 0.803 (95% CI; 0.640, 0.897) in women and 0.568 (95% CI; 0.481, 0.644) in men. A large main effect of the assessment method on BF was observed (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.156) with SKF presenting higher BF than BIA by 2.9%. The difference between SKF and BIA was 3.9 ± 2.7% (95% confidence intervals, CI; 3.4; 4.3, p < 0.001) in men, whereas no difference was found in women (−0.9 ± 2.9%; 95% CI; -1.9; -0.2, p = 0.101). BF correlated with age with small magnitude (BIA, r = 0.18, p = 0.036; SKF, r = 0.23, p = 0.007) in men, i.e., the older the age, the higher the BF. A similar trend of moderate magnitude was observed in women for BIA (r = 0.45, p = 0.011), but not for SKF (r = 0.33, p = 0.067). In conclusion, practitioners involved in the training of recreational runners would be advised to consider that BIA elicits a lower BF value than the SKF method in men.
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21
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Lember LM, Di Virgilio TG, Brown EM, Rodriguez-Sanchez N. Hill Runner's Physiology, Performance and Nutrition: A Descriptive Study. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:676212. [PMID: 34485900 PMCID: PMC8415831 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.676212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this descriptive study was to characterise anthropometric variables, aerobic capacity, running performance and energy intake and expenditure of hill runners in free-living conditions, and to investigate the relationship between age, anthropometric variables, aerobic capacity and running performance. Methods: Twenty-eight hill runners participated in this study (17 males and 11 females; aged 18–65 years). Body fat percentage estimate, sum of eight skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf) and maximal oxygen capacity (VO2max) were assessed in a laboratory setting. Participants also completed a timed hill run (Dumyat Hill, Scotland, ascent: 420 m, distance: 8 km) while wearing a portable gas analyzer to assess oxygen consumption (VO2). Energy intake and energy expenditure were assessed in free-living conditions over three consecutive days different from the testing days through self-reported food diaries and accelerometers. Results: VO2max assessed in the lab (51.2 ± 7.6 ml·min−1·kg−1) showed a weak negative relationship with age [rs(23) = −0.38, p = 0.08]. Neither body fat percentage (median 12.4; IQR 10.1–17.1) nor the sum of skinfolds (median 81.8; IQR 62.4–97.8 mm) correlated with age [rs(28) = 0.001, p = 0.10 and 26 rs(28) = −0.02, p = 0.94, respectively]. The observed intensity of the hill run was 89 ± 6% of the age predicted maximum heart rate and 87 ± 9% of the VO2max observed in the lab. Hill running performance correlated with VO2max [r(21) = 0.76, p < 0.001], age [rs(26) = −0.44, p = 0.02] and with estimated body fat percentage and sum of skinfolds [rs(26) = −0.66, p < 0.001 and rs(26) = −0.49, p = 0.01, respectively]. Energy intake negatively correlated with age [rs(26) = −0.43, p = 0.03], with the overall energy intake being significantly lower than the total energy expenditure (2273 ± 550 vs. 2879 ± 510 kcal·day−1; p < 0.001; d = 1.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that hill running performance is positively associated with greater aerobic capacity and negatively associated with increases in adiposity and age. Further, the study highlights that hill runners are at risk of negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liivia-Mari Lember
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas George Di Virgilio
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Eilidh MacKenzie Brown
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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22
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Thuany M, Gomes TN, Almeida MB. Relationship between Biological, Training, and Physical Fitness Variables in the Expression of Performance in Non-Professional Runners. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:114. [PMID: 34437375 PMCID: PMC8402483 DOI: 10.3390/sports9080114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports performance is a multifactorial trait that can be associated with individual and environmental characteristics. In this study, the sample comprised 35 male runners, enrolled in the "InTrack" project. Information regarding variables related to runners' training was obtained via an online questionnaire, while anthropometric and body composition variables, as well as physical fitness components (muscular power, isometric strength, local muscular endurance, agility, and aerobic capacity) were measured, and a global physical fitness score (based on physical fitness components measured) was computed. The Weltman test (3200 m) was used to estimate runners' pace and their stride frequency. Linear regression was used, taking the running pace as dependent variable. The final model, comprising biological, physical fitness, spatiotemporal, and training variables, explained 86% of the running performance variance. Muscular power (β = -1.02; 95% CI = (-1.69)-(-0.35)), abdominal muscle endurance (β = -4.81; 95% CI = (-7.52)-(-2.10)), isometric strength (β = -422.95; 95% CI = (-689.65)-(-156.25)), global physical fitness (β = 27.14; 95% CI = 9.52-45.03), and stride frequency (β = -2.99; 95% CI = (-4.29)-(-1.69)) were significantly associated with performance, meaning that better results in tests and increasing the stride frequency leads to better performance. Individual characteristics and physical fitness components were demonstrated to be significant predictors for running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabliny Thuany
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Thayse Natacha Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
| | - Marcos B. Almeida
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brazil
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Napier C, Willy RW. The Prevention and Treatment of Running Injuries: A State of the Art. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:968-970. [PMID: 34386275 PMCID: PMC8329326 DOI: 10.26603/001c.25754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Napier
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia; Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University
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Running Pace Percentile Values for Brazilian Non-Professional Road Runners. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9070829. [PMID: 34209293 PMCID: PMC8304551 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9070829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to establish sex-specific percentile curves and values for the running pace of Brazilian non-professional runners. Methods: The sample comprised 1152 amateur runners aged 18–72 (61.8% males), from the five Brazilian regions. The runners answered an online questionnaire providing information about their biological (sex, age, height, weight) and training (volume and frequency/week, running pace) characteristics. Using 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile, the running pace was computed for women and men by age groups and by running distances (5 km, 10 km, 21 km, and 42 km). Sex- and age-specific percentile curves (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th) were created through the Lambda Mu Sigma method. Results: For all ages and distance, men performed better than women, and a decrease in the performance was observed across age groups. Among male runners, the beginning of their thirties and the end of their forties seem to be the moments where they observed substantial improvements in running pace; among female runners, this improvement phase was observed to be more pronounced toward the end of their forties. Conclusions: Percentile values of running pace could help coaches during training programs and runners to better understand “how well” they are comparing against their peers.
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Ruiz-Vicente D, García-Pastor T, Lara B, Salinero JJ, Areces F, Gallo-Salazar C, Abián-Vicén J, Jiménez F, Del Coso J. Endurance running prevents the age-related decline of calcaneal bone stiffness. Arch Osteoporos 2021; 16:83. [PMID: 34080075 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-021-00942-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This investigation presents a comparison of calcaneus bone stiffness of endurance runners of different ages and age-matched controls. We found that there was an age-associated decline in calcaneus bone stiffness in the control group while endurance runners prevented this decline, with a higher effect as the participants increased their age. PURPOSE Previous investigations have found that endurance runners have higher bone mineral density and other bone quality variables in mechanically loaded bones. However, it is unknown if endurance running might counteract the decline in bone stiffness that occurs with age. The purpose of this study was to compare calcaneus bone stiffness of endurance runners of different ages to age-matched controls. METHODS In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 182 endurance-trained male runners and 116 healthy untrained male controls underwent an ultrasonographic assessment of the calcaneus bone in the right and left heels. Calcaneal bone stiffness was calculated from assessments of the broadband ultrasound attenuation and the speed of sound. RESULTS The line of best fit for the association between age and calcaneus stiffness was different between marathoners and controls (Z = - 2.1, P = 0.02). A two-way ANCOVA (condition × age) with body mass, and body mass index as covariates, revealed that there were main effects of condition (F = 26.8, P < 0.01) and age (F = 4.2, P < 0.01) for calcaneus stiffness, with a significant interaction between these two factors (F = 2.8, P = 0.03). The post hoc analysis revealed that calcaneus stiffness was significantly higher in marathoners of 40-44 years (121.5 ± 18.2 vs 101.1 ± 21.3 arbitrary units [A.U.], P = 0.01), 45-49 years (121.5 ± 19.7 vs 104.3 ± 13.4 A.U., P = 0.04), and > 50 years (111.2 ± 17.9 vs 92.4 ± 16.0 A.U., P < 0.01) than their untrained counterparts of the same age with no statistically significant differences in the remaining age groups. CONCLUSION Endurance runners of > 40 years had higher values of calcaneus stiffness than controls, providing evidence to support the potential effect of endurance running to reduce the age-related decline on calcaneus bone stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ruiz-Vicente
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Lara
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Salinero
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Castilla La Mancha University, Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisco Areces
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Fernando Jiménez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Castilla La Mancha University, Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/ Camino del Molino s/n., 28943, Fuenlabrada, Spain.
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Lepers R, Burfoot A, Stapley PJ. Sub 3-Hour Marathon Runners for Five Consecutive Decades Demonstrate a Reduced Age-Related Decline in Performance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649282. [PMID: 33732172 PMCID: PMC7959843 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimation of the age-related decline in athletic performance by analyzing age-group world record performances presents an inherent limitation because the records generally belong to different individuals. Longitudinal studies describing the changes in performance with advancing age for the same individuals with a consistent training regimen are more appropriate to determine age-related changes in performance. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the age-related decline in running performance of sub 3-h marathoners for five consecutive calendar decades. The best marathon performances for each decade from the 1970s to the 2010s were analyzed for 40 sub 3-h runners (39 males and 1 female). The cohort mean personal best performance was 2 h 23 min ± 9 min at an age of 28.6 ± 4.7 years. The mean difference in age between the first and the last sub 3-h marathon races was 32.9 ± 1.6 years. The time difference in marathon performance between the personal best and the worst performance during the 5th decade was 26 ± 9 min, corresponding to a mean increase of 1 min 4 s per year, i.e., a decrease in running speed of 0.67 ± 0.29% per year. These results suggest that with consistent training and racing regimens, it is possible to limit the age-related decline in marathon performance to less than 7% per decade at least until 60 years of age. Further studies are required to verify if such a low rate of age-related decline in endurance performance could be maintained after 60 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Lepers
- CAPS UMR1093, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, UFR STAPS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Paquette MR, Powell DW, DeVita P. Age and training volume influence joint kinetics during running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:380-387. [PMID: 33080072 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we proposed the hypothesis that weekly running volume and preferred running pace may play a role in preserving ankle joint kinetics in middle-age runners as ankle joint kinetics were generally similar in young and middle-aged runners with similar running volume and preferred pace. To further address this hypothesis, we compared lower extremity joint kinetics between high and low training volume runners in both young and middle-aged groups. Joint kinetics calculated from 3D kinematic and ground reaction force data during over-ground running at 2.7 m·s-1 from young and middle-aged runners who ran low or high weekly volume were analyzed. A two-factor analysis of variance was used to compare joint kinetics between age and running volume groups. Positive hip work was greater in middle-aged compared to young runners (P = .005). Plantarflexor torque (P = .009) and positive ankle work (P = .042) were greater in young compared to middle-aged runners. Positive ankle work was also greater in the high compared to the low volume group (P = .021). Finally, age by volume interactions were found for knee extensor torque (P = .024), negative knee work (P = .018), and positive knee work (P = .019) but not for ankle and hip joint kinetics. These findings suggest less distal-to-proximal difference in positive joint work with high running volume in both young and middle-aged runners as a result of greater power generation at the ankle. Given the age main effects, our findings are also the first to suggest the age-related distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics appears in middle-aged runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max R Paquette
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Douglas W Powell
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul DeVita
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Fatigue-Related Changes in Running Gait Patterns Persist in the Days Following a Marathon Race. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 29:934-941. [PMID: 31825892 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The risk of experiencing an overuse running-related injury can increase with atypical running biomechanics associated with neuromuscular fatigue and/or training errors. While it is important to understand the changes in running biomechanics within a fatigue-inducing run, it may be more clinically relevant to assess gait patterns in the days following a marathon to better evaluate the effects of inadequate recovery on injury. OBJECTIVE To use center of mass (CoM) acceleration patterns to investigate changes in running patterns prior to (PRE) and at 2 (POST2) and 7 (POST7) days following a marathon race. DESIGN Pre-post intervention study. SETTING A 200-m oval track surface. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen recreational marathon runners (10 females, age = 34.2 [5.67] y; 7 males, age = 47.41 [15.32] y). INTERVENTION Marathon race. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES An inertial measurement unit was placed near the CoM to collect triaxial acceleration data during overground running for PRE, POST2, and POST7 sessions. Twenty-two features were extracted from the acceleration waveforms to characterize different aspects of running gait. Lower-limb musculoskeletal pain was also recorded at each session with a visual analog scale. RESULTS At POST2, runners reported higher self-reported pain and exhibited elevated peak mediolateral acceleration with an increased mediolateral ratio of acceleration root mean square compared with PRE. At POST7, pain was reduced and more similar to PRE, with runners demonstrating increased stride regularity in the vertical direction and decreased peak resultant acceleration. CONCLUSIONS The observed changes in CoM motion at POST2 may be associated with atypical running biomechanics that can translate to greater mediolateral impulses, potentially increasing the risk of injury. This study demonstrates the use of an accelerometer as an effective tool to detect atypical CoM motion for runners due to fatigue, recovery, and musculoskeletal pain in real-world environments.
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Nikolaidis PT, Cuk I, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Villiger E, Knechtle B. Number of finishers and performance of age group women and men in long-distance running: comparison among 10km, half-marathon and marathon races in Oslo. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:56-66. [PMID: 32046506 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1726745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the number of finishers and performance trends in 10 km, half-marathon and marathon races in Oslo. Data (total 115,725 finishers; women, n = 50,595; men, n = 65,130) from 10 km, half-marathon and marathon races in Oslo from 2008 to 2018 were analysed considering number, sex, age and running speed of finishers. The total men-to-women ratio was the smallest in the 10 km race (0.60) and the largest in the marathon (3.86) (p < 0.01, φ = 0.28). In both women and men, the slowest running speed was shown in the older age groups (p < 0.01). Based on the findings of the present study, it was concluded that relatively more women finished a 10 km and less a half-marathon and a marathon. Our results indicated that the sex difference in performance was attenuated in the longer race distances and older age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory , Nikaia, Greece.,School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica , Athens, Greece
| | - Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Management, Singidunum University , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid , Madrid, España.,Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa , Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Elias Villiger
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz , St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Knee Osteoarthritis and Meniscal Injuries in the Runner. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-019-00235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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