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Xu B, Liu M, Ma S, Ma Y, Liu S, Shang L, Zhu C, Ye S, Wang Y. 4-Iminooxazolidin-2-One as a Bioisostere of Cyanohydrin Suppresses EV71 Proliferation by Targeting 3C pro. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0102521. [PMID: 34787443 PMCID: PMC8597634 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01025-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatal pathogen enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which leads to serious neurological syndromes. While there are no effective clinical agents available for EV71 treatment thus far, EV71 3C protease (3Cpro), a cysteine protease encoded by the virus, has become a promising drug target for discovery of antiviral drugs, given that it plays a crucial role in virus proliferation and interferes with host cell function. Here, we report two inhibitors of EV71 3Cpro, FOPMC and FIOMC, that were developed from previously reported cyanohydrin derivative (R)-1 by replacing the acyl cyanohydrin group with 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one. FOPMC and FIOMC have potent antiviral activity and dramatically improved metabolic stability. These two inhibitors demonstrated broad anti-EV effects on various cell lines and five epidemic viral strains. We further illuminated the binding models between 3Cpro and FOPMC/FIOMC through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The substitution of an acyl cyanohydrin group with 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one does make FOPMC and FIOMC potent anti-EV71 drug candidates as universal nonclassical bioisosteres with a cyanohydrin moiety. IMPORTANCE EV71 is one of the most epidemic agents of HFMD. Thus far, there are no antiviral drugs available for clinical usage. The conserved EV71 3Cpro plays pivotal roles in virus proliferation and defense host immunity, as well as having no homology in host cells, making it a most promising antiviral target. In this work, we identified that propyl- and isopropyl-substituted 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one moieties (FOPMC and FIOMC) effectively inhibited five epidemic viral strains in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD), HEK-293T, and VeroE6 cell lines. The inhibition mechanism was also illustrated with molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The successful replacement of the labile cyanohydrin greatly improved the stability and pharmacokinetic properties of (R)-1, making 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one a nonclassical bioisosteric moiety of cyanohydrin. This discovery addressed a critical issue of the primitive structural scaffold of these promising anti-EV71 inhibitors and could lead to their development as broad-spectrum anti-EV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sen Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Si Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Koch G, Jost K, Schulzke SM, Koch R, Pfister M, Datta AN. The rhythm of a preterm neonate's life: ultradian oscillations of heart rate, body temperature and sleep cycles. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 48:401-410. [PMID: 33523331 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-020-09735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objectives are to characterize oscillations of physiological functions such as heart rate and body temperature, as well as the sleep cycle from behavioral states in generally stable preterm neonates during the first 5 days of life. Heart rate, body temperature as well as behavioral states were collected during a daily 3-h observation interval in 65 preterm neonates within the first 5 days of life. Participants were born before 32 weeks of gestational age or had a birth weight below 1500 g; neonates with asphyxia, proven sepsis or malformation were excluded. In total 263 observation intervals were available. Heart rate and body temperature were analyzed with mathematical models in the context of non-linear mixed effects modeling, and the sleep cycles were characterized with signal processing methods. The average period length of an oscillation in this preterm neonate population was 159 min for heart rate, 290 min for body temperature, and the average sleep cycle duration was 19 min. Oscillation of physiological functions as well as sleep cycles can be characterized in very preterm neonates within the first few days of life. The observed parameters heart rate, body temperature and sleep are running in a seemingly uncorrelated pace at that stage of development. Knowledge about such oscillations may help to guide nursing and medical care in these neonates as they do not yet follow a circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Koch
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Kerstin Jost
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven M Schulzke
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc Pfister
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre N Datta
- Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine Department, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
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Li W, Zhu Y, Li Y, Shu M, Wen Y, Gao X, Wan C. The gut microbiota of hand, foot and mouth disease patients demonstrates down-regulated butyrate-producing bacteria and up-regulated inflammation-inducing bacteria. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:1133-1139. [PMID: 30427066 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study explored the gut microbiota of children with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). METHODS We enrolled 15 cases with HFMD admitted to the West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, China, from July to September 2016 at a median age of three years. The controls were 15 healthy children of a similar age who underwent routine health examinations at the hospital during the same period. Gut microbiota was analysed using high throughput 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing. RESULTS The gut microbiota in the HFMD patients was distinct from the controls. Compared with the controls, the composition of gut microbiota in the HFMD cases represented a reduction of two butyrate-producing bacteria, Ruminococcus (0.73 ± 1.28 versus 7.78 ± 20.01, p = 0.026) and Roseburia (0.67 ± 1.69 versus 1.61 ± 3.27, p = 0.024) and an up-regulation of Escherichia (5.26 ± 10.50 versus 1.59 ± 5.90,p < 0.01) and Enterococcus (4.12 ± 12.49 versus 0.12 ± 0.41, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION The dysbiosis of gut microbiota of the HFMD cases included a reduction of butyrate-producing bacteria and an up-regulation of inflammation-inducing bacteria. These may have impaired the intestinal biological mucosal barrier and host immune functions, promoting the invasion of the enterovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Li
- Department of Paediatrics West China Second Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education Chengdu China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Paediatrics West China Second Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education Chengdu China
| | - Yiyuan Li
- Department of Paediatrics West China Second Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education Chengdu China
| | - Min Shu
- Department of Paediatrics West China Second Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education Chengdu China
| | - Yang Wen
- Department of Paediatrics West China Second Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education Chengdu China
| | - Xiaolin Gao
- Department of Paediatrics West China Second Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education Chengdu China
| | - Chaomin Wan
- Department of Paediatrics West China Second Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education Chengdu China
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Ma Y, Shang C, Yang P, Li L, Zhai Y, Yin Z, Wang B, Shang L. 4-Iminooxazolidin-2-one as a Bioisostere of the Cyanohydrin Moiety: Inhibitors of Enterovirus 71 3C Protease. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10333-10339. [PMID: 30365311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A recently reported potent inhibitor of enterovirus 71 3C protease, ( R)-1, was found to have stability and potential toxicity issues due to the presence of a cyanohydrin moiety. Modifying the labile cyanohydrin moiety, by serendipity, led to the discovery of 4-iminooxazolidin-2-one-based inhibitors 4e and 4g with potent inhibitory activity and significantly improved stability. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of 4e also demonstrated high plasma exposure and moderate half-life. These compounds have shown potential of becoming anti-EV71 drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Ma
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Chengyou Shang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Yangyang Zhai
- Medical College , Henan Polytechnic University , Jiaozuo 454000 , China
| | - Zheng Yin
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia 30303 , United States
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
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Barone MTU, Gonçalves B, Menna-Barreto L. Peripheral body temperature impairment in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Sleep Sci 2018; 11:137-140. [PMID: 30455844 PMCID: PMC6201516 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20180026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the peripheral temperature rhythmicity and control in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Twelve non-obese adults (20-40 years old) with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and eight control individuals, matched for age and BMI, wore a wrist temperature recorder for 10 consecutive days. Recorded data were aggregated to calculate M10 (ten hours of highest temperature) and L5 (five hours of lowest temperature) of wrist temperature values for both groups. RESULTS Mean wrist temperature and M10 were not different when comparing the groups. The wrist temperature amplitude was reduced in the T1D group (p=0.039), due to a higher L5 (p=0.038). DISCUSSION While the higher L5 observed in T1D could be explained by less efficient heat dissipation, the amplitude flattening coincides with that observed in elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de
São Paulo, Grupo Multidisciplinar de Desenvolvimento e Ritmos
Biológicos (GMDRB) - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
- ADJ Diabetes Brasil, Research and Education - São Paulo - SP
- Brazil
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de
São Paulo, Grupo Multidisciplinar de Desenvolvimento e Ritmos
Biológicos (GMDRB) - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
| | - Luiz Menna-Barreto
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de
São Paulo, Grupo Multidisciplinar de Desenvolvimento e Ritmos
Biológicos (GMDRB) - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Reinberg A, Sackett-Lundeen L, Portaluppi F. Circadian disruption: New clinical perspective of disease pathology and basis for chronotherapeutic intervention. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:1101-19. [PMID: 27308960 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1184678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biological processes are organized in time as innate rhythms defined by the period (τ), phase (peak [Φ] and trough time), amplitude (A, peak-trough difference) and mean level. The human time structure in its entirety is comprised of ultradian (τ < 20 h), circadian (20 h > τ < 28 h) and infradian (τ > 28 h) bioperiodicities. The circadian time structure (CTS) of human beings, which is more complicated than in lower animals, is orchestrated and staged by a brain central multioscillator system that includes a prominent pacemaker - the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Additional pacemaker activities are provided by the pineal hormone melatonin, which circulates during the nighttime, and the left and right cerebral cortices. Under ordinary circumstances this system coordinates the τ and Φ of rhythms driven by subservient peripheral cell, tissue and organ clock networks. Cyclic environmental, feeding and social time cues synchronize the endogenous 24 h clocks and rhythms. Accordingly, processes and functions of the internal environment are integrated in time for maximum biological efficiency, and they are also organized and synchronized in time to the external environment to ensure optimal performance and response to challenge. Artificial light at night (ALAN) exposure can alter the CTS as can night work, which, like rapid transmeridian displacement by air travel, necessitates realignment of the Φ of the multitude of 24 h rhythms. In 2001, Stevens and Rea coined the phrase "circadian disruption" (CD) to label the CTS misalignment induced by ALAN and shift work (SW) as a potential pathologic mechanism of the increased risk for cancer and other medical conditions. Current concerns relating to the effects of ALAN exposure on the CTS motivated us to renew our long-standing interest in the possible role of CD in the etiopathology of common human diseases and patient care. A surprisingly large number of medical conditions involve CD: adrenal insufficiency; nocturia; sleep-time non-dipping and rising blood pressure 24 h patterns (nocturnal hypertension); delayed sleep phase syndrome, non-24 h sleep/wake disorder; recurrent hypersomnia; SW intolerance; delirium; peptic ulcer disease; kidney failure; depression; mania; bipolar disorder; Parkinson's disease; Smith-Magenis syndrome; fatal familial insomnia syndrome; autism spectrum disorder; asthma; byssinosis; cancers; hand, foot and mouth disease; post-operative state; and ICU outcome. Poorly conceived medical interventions, for example nighttime dosing of synthetic corticosteroids and certain β-antagonists and cyclic nocturnal enteral or parenteral nutrition, plus lifestyle habits, including atypical eating times and chronic alcohol consumption, also can be causal of CD. Just as surprisingly are the many proven chronotherapeutic strategies available today to manage the CD of several of these medical conditions. In clinical medicine, CD seems to be a common, yet mostly unrecognized, pathologic mechanism of human disease as are the many effective chronotherapeutic interventions to remedy it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Smolensky
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Ramon C Hermida
- b Bioengineering and Chronobiology Laboratories , Atlantic Research Center for Information and Communication Technologies (AtlantTIC), University of Vigo , Vigo , Spain
| | - Alain Reinberg
- c Unité de Chronobiologie , Fondation A de Rothschild , Paris , Cedex , France
| | - Linda Sackett-Lundeen
- d American Association for Clinical Chronobiology and Chronotherapeutics, Roseville , MN , USA
| | - Francesco Portaluppi
- e Hypertension Center, University Hospital S. Anna and Department of Medical Sciences , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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