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Yu Y, Liu S, Yang L, Song P, Liu Z, Liu X, Yan X, Dong Q. Roles of reactive oxygen species in inflammation and cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e519. [PMID: 38576456 PMCID: PMC10993368 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) constitute a spectrum of oxygenic metabolites crucial in modulating pathological organism functions. Disruptions in ROS equilibrium span various diseases, and current insights suggest a dual role for ROS in tumorigenesis and the immune response within cancer. This review rigorously examines ROS production and its role in normal cells, elucidating the subsequent regulatory network in inflammation and cancer. Comprehensive synthesis details the documented impacts of ROS on diverse immune cells. Exploring the intricate relationship between ROS and cancer immunity, we highlight its influence on existing immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockade, chimeric antigen receptors, and cancer vaccines. Additionally, we underscore the promising prospects of utilizing ROS and targeting ROS modulators as novel immunotherapeutic interventions for cancer. This review discusses the complex interplay between ROS, inflammation, and tumorigenesis, emphasizing the multifaceted functions of ROS in both physiological and pathological conditions. It also underscores the potential implications of ROS in cancer immunotherapy and suggests future research directions, including the development of targeted therapies and precision oncology approaches. In summary, this review emphasizes the significance of understanding ROS-mediated mechanisms for advancing cancer therapy and developing personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Yu
- Department of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shengzhuo Liu
- Department of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Luchen Yang
- Department of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Pan Song
- Department of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhenghuan Liu
- Department of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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2
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Wu K, El Zowalaty AE, Sayin VI, Papagiannakopoulos T. The pleiotropic functions of reactive oxygen species in cancer. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:384-399. [PMID: 38531982 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-024-00738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cellular redox homeostasis is an essential, dynamic process that ensures the balance between reducing and oxidizing reactions within cells and thus has implications across all areas of biology. Changes in levels of reactive oxygen species can disrupt redox homeostasis, leading to oxidative or reductive stress that contributes to the pathogenesis of many malignancies, including cancer. From transformation and tumor initiation to metastatic dissemination, increasing reactive oxygen species in cancer cells can paradoxically promote or suppress the tumorigenic process, depending on the extent of redox stress, its spatiotemporal characteristics and the tumor microenvironment. Here we review how redox regulation influences tumorigenesis, highlighting therapeutic opportunities enabled by redox-related alterations in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed Ezat El Zowalaty
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Volkan I Sayin
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Thales Papagiannakopoulos
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Radyk MD, Nelson BS, Halbrook CJ, Wood A, Lavoie B, Salvatore L, Corfas G, Colacino JA, Shah YM, Crawford HC, Lyssiotis CA. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency accelerates pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.06.565895. [PMID: 37986898 PMCID: PMC10659312 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.06.565895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in KRAS extensively reprogram cellular metabolism to support the continuous growth, proliferation, and survival of pancreatic tumors. Targeting these metabolic dependencies are promising approaches for the treatment of established tumors. However, metabolic reprogramming is required early during tumorigenesis to provide transformed cells selective advantage towards malignancy. Acinar cells can give rise to pancreatic tumors through acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM). Dysregulation of pathways that maintain acinar homeostasis accelerate tumorigenesis. During ADM, acinar cells transdifferentiate to duct-like cells, a process driven by oncogenic KRAS. The metabolic reprogramming that is required for the transdifferentiation in ADM is unclear. We performed transcriptomic analysis on mouse acinar cells undergoing ADM and found metabolic programs are globally enhanced, consistent with the transition of a specialized cell to a less differentiated phenotype with proliferative potential. Indeed, we and others have demonstrated how inhibiting metabolic pathways necessary for ADM can prevent transdifferentiation and tumorigenesis. Here, we also find NRF2-target genes are differentially expressed during ADM. Among these, we focused on the increase in the gene coding for NADPH-producing enzyme, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Using established mouse models of KrasG12D-driven pancreatic tumorigenesis and G6PD-deficiency, we find that mutant G6pd accelerates ADM and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Acceleration of cancer initiation with G6PD-deficiency is dependent on its NADPH-generating function in reactive oxygen species (ROS) management, as opposed to other outputs of the pentose phosphate pathway. Together, this work provides new insights into the function of metabolic pathways during early tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D. Radyk
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Barbara S. Nelson
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Christopher J. Halbrook
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- University of California Irvine Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Wood
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brooke Lavoie
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lucie Salvatore
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Dept. of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin A. Colacino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in the Environment, College of Literature, Sciences, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yatrik M. Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard C. Crawford
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Pancreatic Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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4
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Lan T, Arastu S, Wang S, Lam J, Wang W, Bhatt V, Lopes EC, Hu Z, Sun M, Luo X, Ghergurovich JM, Li C, Su X, Rabinowitz JD, White E, Guo JY. G6PD Maintains Redox Homeostasis and Biosynthesis in LKB1-Deficient KRAS-Driven Lung Cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.06.561131. [PMID: 37873106 PMCID: PMC10592603 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to combat oxidative stress and support reductive biosynthesis. One major NAPDH production route is the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (committed step: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD). Alternatives exist and can compensate in some tumors. Here, using genetically-engineered lung cancer model, we show that ablation of G6PD significantly suppresses KrasG12D/+;Lkb1-/- (KL) but not KrasG12D/+;p53-/- (KP) lung tumorigenesis. In vivo isotope tracing and metabolomics revealed that G6PD ablation significantly impaired NADPH generation, redox balance and de novo lipogenesis in KL but not KP lung tumors. Mechanistically, in KL tumors, G6PD ablation caused p53 activation that suppressed tumor growth. As tumor progressed, G6PD-deficient KL tumors increased an alternative NADPH source, serine-driven one carbon metabolism, rendering associated tumor-derived cell lines sensitive to serine/glycine depletion. Thus, oncogenic driver mutations determine lung cancer dependence on G6PD, whose targeting is a potential therapeutic strategy for tumors harboring KRAS and LKB1 co-mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijin Lan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sara Arastu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Samuel Wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Jarrick Lam
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Wenping Wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Eduardo Cararo Lopes
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Zhixian Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Michael Sun
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Xuefei Luo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | | | - Changlong Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Joshua D. Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jessie Yanxiang Guo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
- Ludwig Princeton Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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5
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Israel A, Schäffer AA, Berkovitch M, Ozeri DJ, Merzon E, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Ruppin E, Vinker S, Magen E. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and long-term risk of immune-related disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232560. [PMID: 37753082 PMCID: PMC10518697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked enzymatic disorder that is particularly prevalent in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This study aimed to assess the long-term health risks associated with G6PD deficiency. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from a national healthcare provider in Israel (Leumit Health Services). A total of 7,473 G6PD-deficient individuals were matched with 29,892 control subjects in a 1:4 ratio, based on age, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnic groups. The exposure of interest was recorded G6PD diagnosis or positive G6PD diagnostic test. The main outcomes and measures included rates of infectious diseases, allergic conditions, and autoimmune disorders between 2002 and 2022. Results Significantly increased rates were observed for autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and allergic conditions in G6PD-deficient individuals compared to the control group. Specifically, notable increases were observed for rheumatoid arthritis (odds ratio [OR] 2.41, p<0.001), systemic lupus erythematosus (OR 4.56, p<0.001), scleroderma (OR 6.87, p<0.001), pernicious anemia (OR 18.70, p<0.001), fibromyalgia (OR 1.98, p<0.001), Graves' disease (OR 1.46, p=0.001), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (OR 1.26, p=0.001). These findings were supported by elevated rates of positive autoimmune serology and higher utilization of medications commonly used to treat autoimmune conditions in the G6PD-deficient group. Discussion In conclusion, individuals with G6PD deficiency are at a higher risk of developing autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and allergic conditions. This large-scale observational study provides valuable insights into the comprehensive association between G6PD deficiency and infectious and immune-related diseases. The findings emphasize the importance of considering G6PD deficiency as a potential risk factor in clinical practice and further research is warranted to better understand the underlying mechanisms of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Israel
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Alejandro A. Schäffer
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matitiahu Berkovitch
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - David J. Ozeri
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Division of Rheumatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Ilan Green
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Eli Magen
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Medicine A Department, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheba, Israel
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6
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TeSlaa T, Ralser M, Fan J, Rabinowitz JD. The pentose phosphate pathway in health and disease. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1275-1289. [PMID: 37612403 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a glucose-oxidizing pathway that runs in parallel to upper glycolysis to produce ribose 5-phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Ribose 5-phosphate is used for nucleotide synthesis, while NADPH is involved in redox homoeostasis as well as in promoting biosynthetic processes, such as the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, deoxyribonucleotides, proline, fatty acids and cholesterol. Through NADPH, the PPP plays a critical role in suppressing oxidative stress, including in certain cancers, in which PPP inhibition may be therapeutically useful. Conversely, PPP-derived NADPH also supports purposeful cellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) for signalling and pathogen killing. Genetic deficiencies in the PPP occur relatively commonly in the committed pathway enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). G6PD deficiency typically manifests as haemolytic anaemia due to red cell oxidative damage but, in severe cases, also results in infections due to lack of leucocyte oxidative burst, highlighting the dual redox roles of the pathway in free radical production and detoxification. This Review discusses the PPP in mammals, covering its roles in biochemistry, physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara TeSlaa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jing Fan
- Morgride Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Aldossari RM, Ali A, Rehman MU, Rashid S, Ahmad SB. Computational Approaches for Identification of Potential Plant Bioactives as Novel G6PD Inhibitors Using Advanced Tools and Databases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073018. [PMID: 37049781 PMCID: PMC10096328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In glucose metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is the major metabolic pathway that plays a crucial role in cancer growth and metastasis. Although it has been pointed out that blockade of the PPP is a promising approach against cancer, in the clinical setting, effective anti-PPP agents are still not available. Dysfunction of the G6PD enzyme in this pathway leads to cancer development as this enzyme possesses oncogenic activity. In the present study, an attempt was made to identify bioactive compounds that can be developed as potential G6PD inhibitors. In the present study, 11 natural compounds and a controlled drug were taken. The physicochemical and toxicity properties of the compounds were determined via ADMET and ProTox-II analysis. In the present study, the findings of docking studies revealed that staurosporine was the most effective compound with the highest binding energy of −9.2 kcal/mol when docked against G6PD. Homology modeling revealed that 97.56% of the residues were occupied in the Ramachandran-favored region. The modeled protein gave a quality Z-score of −10.13 by ProSA tool. iMODS server provided significant insights into the mobility, stability and flexibility of the G6PD protein that described the collective functional protein motion. In the present study, the physical and functional interactions between proteins were determined by STRING. CASTp server determined the topological and geometric properties of the G6PD protein. The findings of the present study revealed that staurosporine could be developed as a potential G6PD inhibitor; however, further in vivo and in vitro studies are needed for further validation of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M. Aldossari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aarif Ali
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Alustang, Shuhama 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Alustang, Shuhama 190006, Jammu & Kashmir, India
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8
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Israel A, Schäffer AA, Berkovitch M, Ozeri DJ, Merzon E, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Ruppin E, Vinker S, Magen E. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency and Long-Term Risk of Immune-Related diseases. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.23.23287616. [PMID: 37090544 PMCID: PMC10120794 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.23287616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked recessive enzymatic disorder, particularly prevalent in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. In the US, about 14% of black men are affected. Individuals with G6PD deficiency are often asymptomatic but may develop hemolysis following an infection or upon consumption of specific medications. Despite some evidence that G6PD deficiency affects the immune system, the long- term health risks associated with G6PD deficiency had not been studied in a large population. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, health records from G6PD deficient individuals were compared to matched controls in a national healthcare provider in Israel (Leumit Health Services). Rates of infectious diseases, allergic conditions and autoimmune disorders were compared between groups. RESULTS The cohort included 7,473 G6PD deficient subjects (68.7% men) matched with 29,892 control subjects (4:1 ratio) of the same age, gender, socioeconomic status and ethnic group, followed during 14.3±6.2 years.Significantly increased rates for autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases and allergic conditions were observed throughout this period. Notable increases were observed for rheumatoid arthritis (OR 2.41, p<0.001), systemic lupus erythematosus (OR 4.56, p<0.001), scleroderma (OR 6.87, p<0.001), pernicious anemia (OR=18.70, P<0.001), fibromyalgia (OR 1.98, p<0.001), Graves' disease (OR 1.46, P=0.001), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (OR 1.26, P=0.001). These findings were corroborated with elevated rates of positive autoimmune serology and higher rates of treatment with medications commonly used to treat autoimmune conditions in the G6PD deficient group. CONCLUSION G6PD deficient individuals suffer from higher rates of autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and allergic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Israel
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801 Israel
| | - Alejandro A Schäffer
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - David J. Ozeri
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Division of Rheumatology, Sheba Medical Center
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Ilan Green
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801 Israel
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801 Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801 Israel
| | - Eli Magen
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Medicine A Department, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheba 8410501, Israel
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9
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Bahari Khasraghi L, Nouri M, Vazirzadeh M, Hashemipour N, Talebi M, Aghaei Zarch F, Majidpoor J, Kalhor K, Farnia P, Najafi S, Aghaei Zarch SM. MicroRNA-206 in human cancer: Mechanistic and clinical perspectives. Cell Signal 2023; 101:110525. [PMID: 36400383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs approximately 20-25 nt in length, play important roles via directly binding to the corresponding 3' UTR of target mRNAs. Recent research has shown that miRNAs cover a wide range of diseases, including several types of cancer. It is interesting to note that miR-206 operates as a tumor suppressor and is downregulated in abundant cancer types, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and so forth. Interestingly, a growing number of studies have also reported that miR-206 could function as an oncogene and promote tumor cell proliferation. Thereby, miR-206 may act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors under certain conditions. In addition, it was widely acknowledged that restoring tumor-suppressor miR-206 has emerged as an unconventional cancer therapy strategy. Therefore, miR-206 might be a newfangled procedure for achieving a more significant treatment outcome for cancer patients. This review summarizes the role of miR-206 in several cancer types and the contributions made between miR-206 and the diagnosis, treatment, and drug resistance of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Bahari Khasraghi
- 15 khordad Educational Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Nouri
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Vazirzadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Talebi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
| | - Kambiz Kalhor
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Poopak Farnia
- Mycobacteriology Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohsen Aghaei Zarch
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Serra R, D’Amico Ricci G, Dore S, Coscas F, Pinna A. Evaluation of Radial Peripapillary Capillary Density in G6PD Deficiency: An OCT Angiography Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123282. [PMID: 35743352 PMCID: PMC9224991 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an inherited enzymatic disorder causing hemolytic anemia. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare vascular density (VD) values of the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) plexus in G6PD-deficient and G6PD-normal men, using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS 46 G6PD-deficient men and 23 age-matched male controls were included. A complete ophthalmological evaluation, consisting of slit-lamp biomicroscopy, best-corrected visual acuity, intra-ocular pressure measurement, structural optical coherence tomography, and OCTA scanning of the optic nerve head, was performed. The en-face angioflow images were carefully analyzed and the VD values of the RPC plexus were measured using the AngioAnalytics™ software embedded in the OCTA device. Medical conditions, including systemic hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus, were also investigated. RESULTS G6PD-deficient eyes showed higher values of VD in all peripapillary sectors, but a statistical significance (p = 0.03) was reached only in the infero-temporal sector. There were no significant differences in terms of hypercholesterolemia, systemic arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus between the two study groups. CONCLUSION Results show that VD values of the RPC plexus are higher in G6PD-deficient men than in G6PD-normal subjects, but a statistically significant difference was found only in the inferior temporal sector. Overall, our preliminary findings support the hypothesis that the RPC layer of G6PD-deficient men consists of a denser vascular network, which may contribute to offering protection against ocular atherosclerotic vasculopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Cittadella Universitaria di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
- Centre Ophtalmologique de l’Odeon, 113 bd Saint Germain, 75006 Paris, France;
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe D’Amico Ricci
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.D.R.); (S.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Stefano Dore
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.D.R.); (S.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Florence Coscas
- Centre Ophtalmologique de l’Odeon, 113 bd Saint Germain, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Antonio Pinna
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.D.R.); (S.D.); (A.P.)
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11
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Loss of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase function increases oxidative stress and glutaminolysis in metastasizing melanoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2120617119. [PMID: 35110412 PMCID: PMC8833200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120617119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma metastasis is limited by oxidative stress. Cells that enter the blood experience high levels of reactive oxygen species and usually die of ferroptosis. We found that melanoma cells become more dependent upon the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to manage oxidative stress during metastasis. When pentose phosphate pathway function was impaired by reduced glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) function, melanoma cells increased malic enzyme activity and glutamine consumption. Melanoma cells thus have redundant and layered protection against oxidative stress. The pentose phosphate pathway is a major source of NADPH for oxidative stress resistance in cancer cells but there is limited insight into its role in metastasis, when some cancer cells experience high levels of oxidative stress. To address this, we mutated the substrate binding site of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which catalyzes the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway, in patient-derived melanomas. G6PD mutant melanomas had significantly decreased G6PD enzymatic activity and depletion of intermediates in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Reduced G6PD function had little effect on the formation of primary subcutaneous tumors, but when these tumors spontaneously metastasized, the frequency of circulating melanoma cells in the blood and metastatic disease burden were significantly reduced. G6PD mutant melanomas exhibited increased levels of reactive oxygen species, decreased NADPH levels, and depleted glutathione as compared to control melanomas. G6PD mutant melanomas compensated for this increase in oxidative stress by increasing malic enzyme activity and glutamine consumption. This generated a new metabolic vulnerability as G6PD mutant melanomas were more dependent upon glutaminase than control melanomas, both for oxidative stress management and anaplerosis. The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, malic enzyme, and glutaminolysis thus confer layered protection against oxidative stress during metastasis.
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12
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Ghanem N, El-Baba C, Araji K, El-Khoury R, Usta J, Darwiche N. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Cancer: Regulation and Therapeutic Opportunities. Chemotherapy 2021; 66:179-191. [PMID: 34775382 DOI: 10.1159/000519784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumorigenesis is associated with deregulation of nutritional requirements, intermediary metabolites production, and microenvironment interactions. Unlike their normal cell counterparts, tumor cells rely on aerobic glycolysis, through the Warburg effect. SUMMARY The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a major glucose metabolic shunt that is upregulated in cancer cells. The PPP comprises an oxidative and a nonoxidative phase and is essential for nucleotide synthesis of rapidly dividing cells. The PPP also generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, which is required for reductive metabolism and to counteract oxidative stress in tumor cells. This article reviews the regulation of the PPP and discusses inhibitors that target its main pathways. Key Message: Exploiting the metabolic vulnerability of the PPP offers potential novel therapeutic opportunities and improves patients' response to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorhan Ghanem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chirine El-Baba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Khaled Araji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Riyad El-Khoury
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Julnar Usta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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13
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Polat IH, Tarrado-Castellarnau M, Benito A, Hernandez-Carro C, Centelles J, Marin S, Cascante M. Glutamine Modulates Expression and Function of Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase via NRF2 in Colon Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091349. [PMID: 34572981 PMCID: PMC8472416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide pools need to be constantly replenished in cancer cells to support cell proliferation. The synthesis of nucleotides requires glutamine and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate produced from ribose-5-phosphate via the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (ox-PPP). Both PPP and glutamine also play a key role in maintaining the redox status of cancer cells. Enhanced glutamine metabolism and increased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) expression have been related to a malignant phenotype in tumors. However, the association between G6PD overexpression and glutamine consumption in cancer cell proliferation is still incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrated that both inhibition of G6PD and glutamine deprivation decrease the proliferation of colon cancer cells and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, we unveiled that glutamine deprivation induce an increase of G6PD expression that is mediated through the activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2). This crosstalk between G6PD and glutamine points out the potential of combined therapies targeting oxidative PPP enzymes and glutamine catabolism to combat colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim H. Polat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.H.P.); (M.T.-C.); (A.B.); (C.H.-C.); (J.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Equipe Environnement et Prédiction de la Santé des Populations, Laboratoire TIMC (UMR 5525), CHU de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEDEX, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Míriam Tarrado-Castellarnau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.H.P.); (M.T.-C.); (A.B.); (C.H.-C.); (J.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Benito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.H.P.); (M.T.-C.); (A.B.); (C.H.-C.); (J.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Hernandez-Carro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.H.P.); (M.T.-C.); (A.B.); (C.H.-C.); (J.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Centelles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.H.P.); (M.T.-C.); (A.B.); (C.H.-C.); (J.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.H.P.); (M.T.-C.); (A.B.); (C.H.-C.); (J.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.H.P.); (M.T.-C.); (A.B.); (C.H.-C.); (J.C.)
- Institute of Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (M.C.)
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14
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Blood 2021; 136:1225-1240. [PMID: 32702756 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is 1 of the commonest human enzymopathies, caused by inherited mutations of the X-linked gene G6PD. G6PD deficiency makes red cells highly vulnerable to oxidative damage, and therefore susceptible to hemolysis. Over 200 G6PD mutations are known: approximately one-half are polymorphic and therefore common in various populations. Some 500 million persons with any of these mutations are mostly asymptomatic throughout their lifetime; however, any of them may develop acute and sometimes very severe hemolytic anemia when triggered by ingestion of fava beans, by any of a number of drugs (for example, primaquine, rasburicase), or, more rarely, by infection. Approximately one-half of the G6PD mutations are instead sporadic: rare patients with these mutations present with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Almost all G6PD mutations are missense mutations, causing amino acid replacements that entail deficiency of G6PD enzyme activity: they compromise the stability of the protein, the catalytic activity is decreased, or a combination of both mechanisms occurs. Thus, genotype-phenotype correlations have been reasonably well clarified in many cases. G6PD deficiency correlates remarkably, in its geographic distribution, with past/present malaria endemicity: indeed, it is a unique example of an X-linked human polymorphism balanced through protection of heterozygotes from malaria mortality. Acute hemolytic anemia can be managed effectively provided it is promptly diagnosed. Reliable diagnostic procedures are available, with point-of-care tests becoming increasingly important where primaquine and its recently introduced analog tafenoquine are required for the elimination of malaria.
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15
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Comprehensive Review of Methodology to Detect Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Mammalian Species and Establish Its Relationship with Antioxidants and Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010128. [PMID: 33477494 PMCID: PMC7831054 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate tissue homeostasis, cellular signaling, differentiation, and survival. ROS and antioxidants exert both beneficial and harmful effects on cancer. ROS at different concentrations exhibit different functions. This creates necessity to understand the relation between ROS, antioxidants, and cancer, and methods for detection of ROS. This review highlights various sources and types of ROS, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; types of antioxidants, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; and abnormal ROS detoxification in cancer; and methods to measure ROS. We conclude that improving genetic screening methods and bringing higher clarity in determination of enzymatic pathways and scale-up in cancer models profiling, using omics technology, would support in-depth understanding of antioxidant pathways and ROS complexities. Although numerous methods for ROS detection are developing very rapidly, yet further modifications are required to minimize the limitations associated with currently available methods.
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16
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Sankaranarayanan R, Kumar DR, Altinoz MA, Bhat GJ. Mechanisms of Colorectal Cancer Prevention by Aspirin-A Literature Review and Perspective on the Role of COX-Dependent and -Independent Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239018. [PMID: 33260951 PMCID: PMC7729916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin, synthesized and marketed in 1897 by Bayer, is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. It has a well-recognized role in decreasing inflammation, pain and fever, and in the prevention of thrombotic cardiovascular diseases. Its anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective actions have been well studied and occur through inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX). Interestingly, a vast amount of epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies have revealed aspirin as a promising chemopreventive agent, particularly against colorectal cancers (CRC); however, the primary mechanism by which it decreases the occurrences of CRC has still not been established. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed for aspirin’s chemopreventive properties among which the inhibition of COX enzymes has been widely discussed. Despite the wide attention COX-inhibition has received as the most probable mechanism of cancer prevention by aspirin, it is clear that aspirin targets many other proteins and pathways, suggesting that these extra-COX targets may also be equally important in preventing CRC. In this review, we discuss the COX-dependent and -independent pathways described in literature for aspirin’s anti-cancer effects and highlight the strengths and limitations of the proposed mechanisms. Additionally, we emphasize the potential role of the metabolites of aspirin and salicylic acid (generated in the gut through microbial biotransformation) in contributing to aspirin’s chemopreventive actions. We suggest that the preferential chemopreventive effect of aspirin against CRC may be related to direct exposure of aspirin/salicylic acid or its metabolites to the colorectal tissues. Future investigations should shed light on the role of aspirin, its metabolites and the role of the gut microbiota in cancer prevention against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjini Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Translational Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - D. Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Meric A. Altinoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Acibadem M.A.A. University, Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - G. Jayarama Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Translational Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-605-688-6894
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17
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Kitagawa A, Kizub I, Jacob C, Michael K, D'Alessandro A, Reisz JA, Grzybowski M, Geurts AM, Rocic P, Gupte R, Miano JM, Gupte SA. CRISPR-Mediated Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Modeling in Rats Reveals Insight Into Reduced Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Mediterranean G6PD Variant. Hypertension 2020; 76:523-532. [PMID: 32507041 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that individuals in the Mediterranean region with a loss-of-function, nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (S188F), in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd) are less susceptible to vascular diseases. However, this association has not yet been experimentally proven. Here, we set out to determine whether the Mediterranean mutation confers protection from vascular diseases and to discover the underlying protective mechanism. We generated a rat model with the Mediterranean single nucleotide polymorphism (G6PDS188F) using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. In rats carrying the mutation, G6PD activity, but not expression, was reduced to 20% of wild-type (WT) littermates. Additionally, unbiased metabolomics analysis revealed that the pentose phosphate pathway and other ancillary metabolic pathways connected to the pentose phosphate pathway were reduced (P<0.05) in the arteries of G6PDS188F versus WT rats. Intriguingly, G6PDS188F mutants, as compared with WT rats, developed less large arterial stiffness and hypertension evoked by high-fat diet and nitric oxide synthase inhibition with L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester. Intravenous injection of a voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel agonist (methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate; Bay K8644) acutely increased blood pressure in WT but not in G6PDS188F rats. Finally, our results suggested that (1) lower resting membrane potential of smooth muscle caused by increased expression of K+ channel proteins and (2) decreased voltage-gated Ca2+ channel activity in smooth muscle contributed to reduced hypertension and arterial stiffness evoked by L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester and high-fat diet to G6PDS188F mutants as compared with WT rats. In summary, a mutation resulting in the replacement of a single amino acid (S188F) in G6PD, the rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, ascribed properties to the vascular smooth muscle that shields the organism from risk factors associated with vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kitagawa
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| | - Igor Kizub
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| | - Christina Jacob
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| | - Kevin Michael
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (A.D., J.A.R.)
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (A.D., J.A.R.)
| | - Michael Grzybowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G., A.M.G.)
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.G., A.M.G.)
| | - Petra Rocic
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
| | | | - Joseph M Miano
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (J.M.M.)
| | - Sachin A Gupte
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.K., I.K., C.J., K.M., P.R., S.A.G.)
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Abstract
Nearly 100 years ago, Otto Warburg undertook a study of tumor metabolism, and discovered increased lactate caused by increased glycolysis in cancer cells. His experiments were conducted in the presence of excess oxygen, but today tumor tissue is known to be a hypoxic environment. However, an increase of glycolysis and lactate production is still a valid observation. Numerous abnormalities and mutations of metabolic enzymes have been found in many cancers. For example, pyruvate kinase M2 has been associated with many cancers and is a major contributor to directing glycolysis into fermentation, forming lactate. Increases in several enzymes, including glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase M2, Rad6, or deficiency of other enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, all may contribute directly or indirectly to increases in lactate associated with the Warburg effect. In addition, the increased lactate and acid-base changes are modified further by monocarboxylate transporters and carbonic anhydrase, which contribute to alkalinizing tumor cells while acidifying the tumor extracellular environment. This acidification leads to cancer spread. Fully understanding the mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect should provide new approaches to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya Y Spencer
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Robert C Stanton
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Nephrology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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19
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Harris IS, DeNicola GM. The Complex Interplay between Antioxidants and ROS in Cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:440-451. [PMID: 32303435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in tissue homeostasis, cellular signaling, differentiation, and survival. In this review, we discuss the types ofROS, their impact on cellular processes, and their pro- and antitumorigenic effects. Further, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of both endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in tumorigenic processes. Finally, wediscuss how aberrant activation of antioxidant programs by the transcription factor NFE2-related factor 2 (NRF2) influences tumorigenesis and metastasis, and where the current gaps in our knowledge remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac S Harris
- Department of Biomedical Genetics and Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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20
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Dore MP, Longo NP, Manca A, Pes GM. The impact of body weight on dysplasia of colonic adenomas: a case-control study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:460-465. [PMID: 32233893 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1746393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common across countries in males and females. Most cases originate from adenomas harboring high grade dysplasia. Among risk factors, weight excess has been suggested to positively influence dysplasia progression. In this study, the relationship between dysplasia grade of adenomas and body mass index (BMI) categories was analyzed. METHODS This was a retrospective case-control study. A total of 4745 charts (59.8% females) from patients undergoing colonoscopy were collected. Data regarding age, sex, smoking habits, occupation, residence, personal history of CRC, personal history of polyps and BMI were retrieved. Adenomas with high-grade dysplasia were labeled as advanced. RESULTS They were 970 (20.4%) subjects with adenomas (cases: mean age 64.67 ± 11.35 years) and 3775 without (controls: mean age 56.43 ± 16.56 years). As expected, adenomas were significantly associated with overweight or obesity. After adjusting for all covariates the presence of advanced adenoma was significantly associated with age, male sex, smoking habits, personal history of CRC, overweight (OR = 1.298, IC 95% 1.092-1.697) and obesity (OR = 1.780, IC 95% 1.260-2.515). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the protective effect a normal weight against advanced adenomas. Reduction of BMI value should be pursued in healthy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pina Dore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nunzio Pio Longo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Manca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mario Pes
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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21
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[Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency management in western countries. A literature review]. Semergen 2020; 46:68-74. [PMID: 31337588 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most prevalent abnormal enzyme condition in the general population, but most patients are asymptomatic (crises are triggered by certain drugs or foods). The clinical consequences are greater in patients coming from endemic areas of malaria (antimalarial medication can trigger a crisis). The increase in migratory flows has led to an increase in the number of people affected by the deficiency in our practice, which makes it interesting to carry out a literature review of this condition. Some authors have communicated that patients with G6PD deficiency have an increase in prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, which requires the strict control of cardiovascular risk factors. However, these patients show a decrease in colorectal cancer prevalence. In addition, donations of bone marrow and haematopoietic derivatives could be performed safely.
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22
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Incidence of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency among Swedish Newborn Infants. Int J Neonatal Screen 2019; 5:38. [PMID: 33072997 PMCID: PMC7510223 DOI: 10.3390/ijns5040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweden has 10.2 million inhabitants and more than 2.4 million have a foreign background. A substantial number of immigrants come from countries where glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDD) is frequent. The total birth rate annually in Sweden is approximately 117,000 and newborn screening is centralized to one laboratory. We determined glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in 10,098 dried blood spot samples (DBS) from the whole country with a fluorometric assay (LabSystems Diagnostics Oy, Finland). The first 5451 samples were anonymised and run as singletons, whilst the following 4647 samples were coded. Enzyme activity ≤40% of the mean of the day was found in 58 samples (1/170) and among these, 29 had activities ≤10% (1/350). Twenty-nine samples with residual activities between 2-39% in the coded cohort were subjected to Sanger sequencing. Disease-causing variants were identified in 26 out of 29 infants, of which six were girls. In three patients, we did not find any disease-causing variants, although two patients were hemizygous for the known polymorphisms c.1311T>C and c.1365-13C>T. The most common disease-causing variant found in 15 of the 29 samples (12 hemizygotes, two heterozygotes, one homozygote) was the Mediterranean mutation, c.563C>T (p.(Ser188Phe)) in exon 6. G6PDD is thus a surprisingly prevalent disorder in Sweden.
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Yang HC, Wu YH, Yen WC, Liu HY, Hwang TL, Stern A, Chiu DTY. The Redox Role of G6PD in Cell Growth, Cell Death, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091055. [PMID: 31500396 PMCID: PMC6770671 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of reducing equivalent NADPH via glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is critical for the maintenance of redox homeostasis and reductive biosynthesis in cells. NADPH also plays key roles in cellular processes mediated by redox signaling. Insufficient G6PD activity predisposes cells to growth retardation and demise. Severely lacking G6PD impairs embryonic development and delays organismal growth. Altered G6PD activity is associated with pathophysiology, such as autophagy, insulin resistance, infection, inflammation, as well as diabetes and hypertension. Aberrant activation of G6PD leads to enhanced cell proliferation and adaptation in many types of cancers. The present review aims to update the existing knowledge concerning G6PD and emphasizes how G6PD modulates redox signaling and affects cell survival and demise, particularly in diseases such as cancer. Exploiting G6PD as a potential drug target against cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chen Yen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ya Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Arnold Stern
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel Tsun-Yee Chiu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Pes GM, Errigo A, Soro S, Longo NP, Dore MP. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency reduces susceptibility to cancer of endodermal origin. Acta Oncol 2019; 58:1205-1211. [PMID: 31109224 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2019.1616815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common inherited enzyme defect worldwide. There is a growing scientific evidence for a protective role of G6PD deficiency against carcinogenesis. In this retrospective analysis, we tested the hypothesis that G6PD deficiency may reduce the risk of developing cancer in a tissue-specific manner. Material and methods: The study was conducted using data from 11,708 subjects undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures between 2002 and 2018 and tested for G6PD status in a teaching hospital of Northern Sardinia, Italy. Results: A 40% reduction of risk for cancer of endodermal origin was observed among G6PD-deficient patients compared with subjects with normal enzyme activity (relative risk (RR) 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47-0.80) in both genders, confirmed by multivariable generalized linear regression after adjusting for age, sex, smoking habits, body mass index, diabetes and socio-economic status. The 'protective' effect of G6PD deficiency was larger for gastric cancer (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.18-0.99), hepatocellular carcinoma (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.92) and colorectal cancer (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53-0.98), while a non-significant risk was observed for breast, prostate, lung, hematopoietic and metastases (primary site unknown). Conclusions: Our results suggest a reduced susceptibility to develop cancers, mostly of endodermal origin (stomach, colon and liver), but not of ectodermal/mesodermal origin, in carriers of G6PD deficiency. The effects of G6PD deficiency on carcinogenesis need further studies to better understand how cancer cells originating from different germ layers use pentose phosphate pathway to proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mario Pes
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Errigo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Soro
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Pio Longo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Dore
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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25
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease: A propensity score-matched study. Atherosclerosis 2019; 282:148-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Yang HC, Yu H, Liu YC, Chen TL, Stern A, Lo SJ, Chiu DTY. IDH-1 deficiency induces growth defects and metabolic alterations in GSPD-1-deficient Caenorhabditis elegans. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:385-396. [PMID: 30661088 PMCID: PMC6394583 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-01740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NADPH is a reducing equivalent that maintains redox homeostasis and supports reductive biosynthesis. Lack of major NADPH-producing enzymes predisposes cells to growth retardation and demise. It was hypothesized that double deficiency of the NADPH-generating enzymes, GSPD-1 (Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase), a functional homolog of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, and IDH-1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase-1) affect growth and development in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The idh-1;gspd-1(RNAi) double-deficient C. elegans model displayed shrinkage of body size, growth retardation, slowed locomotion, and impaired molting. Global metabolomic analysis was employed to address whether or not metabolic pathways were altered by severe NADPH insufficiency by the idh-1;gspd-1(RNAi) double-deficiency. The principal component analysis (PCA) points to a distinct metabolomic profile of idh-1;gspd-1(RNAi) double-deficiency. Further metabolomic analysis revealed that NADPH-dependent and glutamate-dependent amino acid biosynthesis were significantly affected. The reduced pool of amino acids may affect protein synthesis, as indicated by the absence of NAS-37 expression during the molting process. In short, double deficiency of GSPD-1 and IDH-1 causes growth retardation and molting defects, which are, in part, attributed to defective protein synthesis, possibly mediated by altered amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang Yu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ling Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Arnold Stern
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Szecheng J Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Tsun-Yee Chiu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Pinna A, Solinas G, Giancipoli E, Porcu T, Zinellu A, D'Amico-Ricci G, Boscia F, Lanzetta P, Avitabile T, Schwartz AG, Carru C. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency and Late-stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:623-629. [PMID: 31217728 PMCID: PMC6566738 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.30155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly in Western Countries. Evidence indicates that Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, a common genetic abnormality, may protect against ischemic heart and cerebrovascular disease, ocular vascular disorders, and colorectal cancer. This study was undertaken to ascertain whether G6PD deficiency may protect against AMD. Materials and Methods: 79 men with late-stage AMD and 79 male, age-matched cataract controls without AMD were recruited in March-December 2016. Smoking status, clinical history, and drug use were recorded. A blood sample was taken from each participant. Complete blood count, hemoglobin, glucose, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, transaminases, bilirubin, and erythrocyte G6PD activity were measured. Stepwise logistic regression was used to investigate the association between G6PD deficiency and AMD. Results: G6PD deficiency was found in 7 (8.9%) AMD patients and 8 (10.1%) controls, a not statistically significant difference. Stepwise logistic regression disclosed that AMD was significantly associated with increased diastolic blood pressure (OR=1.09, 95% CI=1.03-1.15, P=0.02) and LDL-cholesterol (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.0001-1.03, P=0.049) and lower values of white blood cell (WBC) count (OR=0.71, 95% CI=0.56-0.88, P=0.02) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (OR=0.92, 95% CI=0.85-0.99, P=0.044). Conclusion: Results suggest that G6PD deficiency has no protective effect on nor is a risk factor for AMD. Larger studies are necessary to confirm whether increased diastolic blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol and lower values of WBC count and AST are risk factors for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pinna
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuliana Solinas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ermete Giancipoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Porcu
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Boscia
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Lanzetta
- Department of Medicine - Ophthalmology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Arthur G Schwartz
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Yang CA, Huang HY, Lin CL, Chang JG. G6PD as a predictive marker for glioma risk, prognosis and chemosensitivity. J Neurooncol 2018; 139:661-670. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dore MP, Vidili G, Marras G, Assy S, Pes GM. Inverse Association between Glucose‒6‒Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:1069-1073. [PMID: 29699064 PMCID: PMC6031774 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.4.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies in experimental models and humans suggest that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, an inherited condition, may be inversely related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We tested this hypothesis in a large cohort of Sardinian patients. Methods: A case-control study was performed using data from 11,143 records of patients who underwent upper endoscopy between 2002 and 2017. Gender, age, G6PD status and information regarding the presence of HCC, were recorded. Cases (HCC positive) and controls (HCC negative) were compared for the presence of G6PD deficiency adjusting for major HCC risk factors using logistic regression. Results: Overall, 114 HCC cases and 11,029 controls were identified. G6PD deficiency was detected in 11.5% of study participants, and was associated with a reduced risk of HCC [odds ratio (OR); 0.451; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.207−0.982] after adjusting for all covariates. Factors significantly associated with HCC were cirrhosis (OR, 23.30; 95% CI, 11.48−47.25), diabetes (OR, 2.396; 95% CI, 1.449−3.963), among infection hepatitis HBV with an OR of 2.326, age ≥65 years (OR, 1.941; 95% CI, 1.234−2.581) and male gender (OR, 1.611; 95% CI, 1.006−3.081). Conclusions: Our study revealed a significant inverse association between G6PD deficiency and risk of HCC. These findings need to be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pina Dore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy.,Baylor College of Medicine, 77030 Houston, Texas, USA.
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De Santis MC, Porporato PE, Martini M, Morandi A. Signaling Pathways Regulating Redox Balance in Cancer Metabolism. Front Oncol 2018; 8:126. [PMID: 29740540 PMCID: PMC5925761 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between rewiring tumor metabolism and oncogenic driver mutations is only beginning to be appreciated. Metabolic deregulation has been described for decades as a bystander effect of genomic aberrations. However, for the biology of malignant cells, metabolic reprogramming is essential to tackle a harsh environment, including nutrient deprivation, reactive oxygen species production, and oxygen withdrawal. Besides the well-investigated glycolytic metabolism, it is emerging that several other metabolic fluxes are relevant for tumorigenesis in supporting redox balance, most notably pentose phosphate pathway, folate, and mitochondrial metabolism. The relationship between metabolic rewiring and mutant genes is still unclear and, therefore, we will discuss how metabolic needs and oncogene mutations influence each other to satisfy cancer cells’ demands. Mutations in oncogenes, i.e., PI3K/AKT/mTOR, RAS pathway, and MYC, and tumor suppressors, i.e., p53 and liver kinase B1, result in metabolic flexibility and may influence response to therapy. Since metabolic rewiring is shaped by oncogenic driver mutations, understanding how specific alterations in signaling pathways affect different metabolic fluxes will be instrumental for the development of novel targeted therapies. In the era of personalized medicine, the combination of driver mutations, metabolite levels, and tissue of origins will pave the way to innovative therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara De Santis
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Ettore Porporato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Miriam Martini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Morandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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31
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Pes GM, Ganau A, Tognotti E, Errigo A, Rocchi C, Dore MP. The association of adult height with the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in the population of Sardinia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190888. [PMID: 29677219 PMCID: PMC5909893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between body height and the risk of non‒communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer has been the subject of much debate in the epidemiological literature. Concerns have recently arisen over spurious associations due to confounding factors like birth cohort, especially in the context of epidemiological transition. The population of Sardinia represents an interesting case study, as the average physical stature of inhabitants was the lowest recorded in Europe until a few decades ago. In this population we tested whether height is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cancer. We analysed the stature of 10,427 patients undergoing endoscopy for any reason, for whom a detailed clinical history of cardiovascular disease and/or malignancies had been documented. Poisson regression modelling was used to test the association between stature and disease risk. When patients were subdivided according to sex and height tertiles, the risk of cardiovascular disease proved significantly greater for subjects in the lowest tertile irrespective of sex (men: 1.87; 95%CI 1.41‒2.47; women: 1.23; 95%CI 0.92‒1.66) and smaller for those in the highest tertile (men: 0.51; 95%CI 0.35‒0.75; women: 0.41; 95%CI 0.27‒0.61). However, after adjusting the risk for birth cohort and established risk factors, it mostly resulted in non-significant values, although the overall trend persisted. Similar results were obtained for all-cancer risk (relative risk for men and women in the lowest tertile: 1.44; 95%CI 1.09–1.90 and 1.17; 95%CI 0.93–1.48, in the highest tertile: 0.51; 95%CI 0.36–0.72 and 0.62; 95%CI 0.47–0.81, respectively) as well as for some of the most common types of cancer. We concluded that the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and malignancies does not vary significantly with stature in the Sardinian population, after adjusting for birth cohort and more obvious risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mario Pes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Sardinia Longevity Blue Zone Observatory, Ogliastra, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonello Ganau
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eugenia Tognotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Errigo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Chiara Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Dore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Buj R, Aird KM. Deoxyribonucleotide Triphosphate Metabolism in Cancer and Metabolic Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:177. [PMID: 29720963 PMCID: PMC5915462 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of a healthy deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) pool is critical for the proper replication and repair of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Temporal, spatial, and ratio imbalances of the four dNTPs have been shown to have a mutagenic and cytotoxic effect. It is, therefore, essential for cell homeostasis to maintain the balance between the processes of dNTP biosynthesis and degradation. Multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, such as c-Myc, p53, and mTORC1 feed into dNTP metabolism, and there is a clear role for dNTP imbalances in cancer initiation and progression. Additionally, multiple chemotherapeutics target these pathways to inhibit nucleotide synthesis. Less is understood about the role for dNTP levels in metabolic disorders and syndromes and whether alterations in dNTP levels change cancer incidence in these patients. For instance, while deficiencies in some metabolic pathways known to play a role in nucleotide synthesis are pro-tumorigenic (e.g., p53 mutations), others confer an advantage against the onset of cancer (G6PD). More recent evidence indicates that there are changes in nucleotide metabolism in diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance; however, whether these changes play a mechanistic role is unclear. In this review, we will address the complex network of metabolic pathways, whereby cells can fuel dNTP biosynthesis and catabolism in cancer, and we will discuss the potential role for this pathway in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine M. Aird
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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33
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Pes GM, Errigo A, Bitti A, Dore MP. Effect of age, period and birth-cohort on the frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Sardinian adults. Ann Med 2018; 50:68-73. [PMID: 28985689 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2017.1390247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an inherited disorder common in Sardinia. In this study, the frequency variation of G6PD-deficiency across age groups and birth cohorts was investigated using Age-Period-Cohort analysis. METHODS Data were collected from the clinical records of 11,252 patients (6975 women, age range 17-94 years) who underwent endoscopy between 2000 and 2016 at a teaching hospital (University of Sassari), Italy. G6PD status was assessed by enzymatic assay based on G6PD/6GPD ratio. A Poisson log-linear regression model was used to identify age and time trend in G6PD deficiency. RESULTS Enzyme deficiency was detected in 11.4% of the entire cohort (men: 7.9%; women: 13.6%). Age-Period-Cohort analysis showed no inflection points across age groups, especially after age 80. The effects of time period and birth cohorts on G6PD deficiency were negligible (frequencies before and after 1950 were 11.0% and 11.8%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the frequency of G6PD deficiency does not vary significantly in oldest subjects. The lack of evidence for selection across the malaria eradication time may be explained by other factors, including somatic cell selection or misclassification of heterozygotes women as G6PD normal in the older birth cohorts. Additional molecular studies may help clarify these issues. Key message The frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is stable across age groups and does not vary in generations born before or after malaria eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mario Pes
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy.,b Sardinia Longevity Blue Zone Observatory , Ogliastra, Italy
| | | | - Angela Bitti
- c Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria , Sassari , Italy
| | - Maria Pina Dore
- a Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy.,d Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
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Cho ES, Cha YH, Kim HS, Kim NH, Yook JI. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:29-38. [PMID: 29212304 PMCID: PMC5746035 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During cancer progression, cancer cells are repeatedly exposed to metabolic stress conditions in a resource-limited environment which they must escape. Increasing evidence indicates the importance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) homeostasis in the survival of cancer cells under metabolic stress conditions, such as metabolic resource limitation and therapeutic intervention. NADPH is essential for scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly derived from oxidative phosphorylation required for ATP generation. Thus, metabolic reprogramming of NADPH homeostasis is an important step in cancer progression as well as in combinational therapeutic approaches. In mammalian, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and one-carbon metabolism are major sources of NADPH production. In this review, we focus on the importance of glucose flux control towards PPP regulated by oncogenic pathways and the potential therein for metabolic targeting as a cancer therapy. We also summarize the role of Snail (Snai1), an important regulator of the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), in controlling glucose flux towards PPP and thus potentiating cancer cell survival under oxidative and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunae Sandra Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hoon Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sil Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Pes GM, Bassotti G, Dore MP. Colorectal Cancer Mortality in Relation to Glucose - 6 - Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Consanguinity in Sardinia: A Spatial Correlation Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:2403-2407. [PMID: 28950694 PMCID: PMC5720643 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.9.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most diffuse malignancy in the world. In Southern Europe, the incidence and prevalence are lower than in most Western countries, although some hot spots of increased risk are emerging. In Sardinia, the cancer rate has risen steeply in the last years. Among risk factors for CRC, genomic homozygosity has been postulated. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency has been hypothesized to decrease CRC risk. In Sardinians, this disorder has a frequency of 12-24% due to selection by past malaria. In this study the relationship between mortality for CRC, homozygosity and G6PD deficiency was analysed using spatial analysis. Methods: The spatial association between CRC mortality and G6PD deficiency and homozygosity was assessed in the 377 municipalities of the island using ordinary least squares regression and geographically weighted regression. Results: A consanguinity index, available across all municipalities, was used as a proxy for homozygosity. A significant inverse correlation was found between CRC mortality and G6PD deficiency (ρ = ‒0.216; p = 0.002) whereas no association was found for consanguinity (ρ = ‒0.077; p = 0.498). The geographical map of CRC mortality showed a significant clustering in mountain areas compared to the population living in lowlands, whereas hot spot areas of G6PD deficiency were observed on the south-western side of Sardinia. Conclusions: These results indicate that G6PD deficiency might contribute to reduce colon carcinogenesis, and is in line with in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mario Pes
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy.
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