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Liu JH, Liu DY, Yuan YF, Sun XJ, Shan SM. Comparison of the performance of MS enteroscope series and Japanese double- and single-balloon enteroscopes. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1329-1337. [PMID: 35645541 PMCID: PMC9099188 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i13.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small intestine disease endangers human health and is not easy to locate and diagnose.
AIM To observe the effect of the MS series of small intestine endoscopes on the gastrointestinal tract, the changes in serum gastrin levels and intestinal tissue, and the time required for the examination.
METHODS In vivo experiments in 20 Living pigs were conducted, Bowel preparation was routinely performed, Intravenous anesthesia with propofol and ketamine was applied, the condition of the small intestine was observed and the detection time of the MS series of small intestine endoscopes were recorded, The changes in intestinal tissue using the MS series of small intestine endoscopes observed and compared before and after the examination, Venous blood (3-5 mL) from pigs was collected before and after the experiment; changes in intestinal tissue after use of the MS series of small intestine endoscopes observed after examination. After completion of each type of small intestine endoscope experiment, the pigs were allowed to rest and the next type of small intestine endoscope experiment was performed after 15 days of normal feeding. The detection time data of the single-balloon small intestine endoscope and double-balloon small intestine endoscope were collected from four hospitals.
RESULTS One case of Ascarislumbricoides, one of suspected Crohn's disease, one small intestinal diverticulum and one anesthesia accident were observed in pigs. The small intestine showed no differences in the MS series of small intestine endoscopes and there were no differences in serum gastrin between the groups (P > 0.05). The time required for inspection was recorded, and the overall detection time for the Japanese small intestine endoscopes was approximately 1.68 ± 0.16 h.
CONCLUSION Intestinal ascariasis is a common disease in pigs. Some pigs have abnormal intestinal variation. After continuous upgrade and improvement, the MS-3 and MS-4 small intestine endoscope appear superior in terms of detection time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Dalian Municipal Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dan-Yang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Dalian Municipal Friendship Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yong-Feng Yuan
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shu-Mei Shan
- General Manager Office, Dalian Ming Sheng Technology Development Co., Ltd., Dalian 116001, Liaoning Province, China
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Wang J, Zhang W, Wang M, Wei J, Yang L, Wu G. Perioperative alterations in the intestinal microbiota and functional changes mediate innate immune activation after small bowel transplantation. Life Sci 2021; 277:119468. [PMID: 33811901 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Small bowel transplantation (SBT) is the only therapy for end-stage short bowel syndrome. However, complicated pathological changes and an increased risk of postoperative infections in the perioperative period are major obstacles to patient survival, but the associated mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS To explore perioperative alterations in the intestinal microbiota and their functional changes after SBT, 16S rRNA sequencing of ileostomy effluents and plasma analysis were performed pre-SBT and periodically post-SBT. RESULTS The results suggested that the presence of Proteobacteria accelerated bacterial motility and chemotaxis during the first week in post-SBT recipients. Altered gut microbiota impaired intestinal barrier integrity and upregulated 16S rDNA, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and pattern-recognition molecule (PRM) levels in peripheral circulation. Importantly, the levels of neutrophils, monocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines were increased in the peripheral blood and had potential roles in activating innate immune-mediated inflammatory injury after SBT. CONCLUSION Together, our results suggest that altered microbiota and functional changes are probably related to innate immune-mediated inflammatory injury and graft survival after SBT, suggesting that the monitoring and regulation of intestinal microbiota are necessary for SBT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 127th Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentong Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79th Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mian Wang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 127th Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiangpeng Wei
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 127th Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 127th Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guosheng Wu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, 127th Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China; Department of Colorectal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79th Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Smith J, Godfrey E, Bowden D, Hickman K, Sharkey L, Butler A, Upponi S. Imaging of intestinal transplantation. Clin Radiol 2019; 74:613-622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Mustansir F, Farooq A, Baqir H, Gondal SA, Khan S. A Rare Case of Primary Midgut Volvulus Necessitating Extensive Bowel Resection in an Adult. Cureus 2019; 11:e4833. [PMID: 31403019 PMCID: PMC6682344 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A cause of acute intestinal obstruction in adults, midgut volvulus can be categorized into two types: primary type with no identifiable underlying cause, and secondary type that occurs in the presence of a predisposing condition such as, postoperative adhesions. Primary midgut volvulus can lead to bowel ischemia and necrosis, making an extensive bowel resection imminent. A potential consequence of bowel resection is short-bowel syndrome - a failure of digestion and absorption by the intestines, leading to malnutrition and other complications. As such, we report the diagnosis and management of primary midgut volvulus - a rare entity in adults - occurring in an adult patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huma Baqir
- Psychiatry, Aga Khan University, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Sadaf Khan
- Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, PAK
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Huard G, Fiel MI, Moon J, Iyer K, Schiano TD. Prevalence, Evolution, and Risk Factors for Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Adults Undergoing Intestinal Transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Huard
- Department of Medicine; Division of Liver Diseases; Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - M. Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology; Division of Liver Pathology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
| | - Jang Moon
- Recanati-Miller Transplantation Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
- Department of Surgery; Intestinal Transplantation and Rehabilitation Program; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
| | - Kishore Iyer
- Recanati-Miller Transplantation Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
- Department of Surgery; Intestinal Transplantation and Rehabilitation Program; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
| | - Thomas D. Schiano
- Recanati-Miller Transplantation Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
- Department of Medicine; Division of Liver Diseases; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York USA
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Transplantation and Transfusion. CHIMERISM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89866-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Huard G, Iyer K, Moon J, Doucette JT, Nair V, Schiano TD. The high incidence of severe chronic kidney disease after intestinal transplantation and its impact on patient and graft survival. Clin Transplant 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Huard
- Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute; Mount Sinai Hospital; New York NY USA
- Department of Medicine; Division of Liver Diseases; Mount Sinai Hospital; New York NY USA
- Department of Medicine; Division of Liver Diseases; Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Kishore Iyer
- Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute; Mount Sinai Hospital; New York NY USA
- Department of Surgery; Intestinal Rehabilitation and Transplantation Program; Mount Sinai Hospital; New York NY USA
| | - Jang Moon
- Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute; Mount Sinai Hospital; New York NY USA
- Department of Surgery; Intestinal Rehabilitation and Transplantation Program; Mount Sinai Hospital; New York NY USA
| | - John T. Doucette
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Division of Biostatistics; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - Vinay Nair
- Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute; Mount Sinai Hospital; New York NY USA
- Department of Medicine; Division of Nephrology; Mount Sinai Hospital; New York NY USA
| | - Thomas D. Schiano
- Recanati-Miller Transplant Institute; Mount Sinai Hospital; New York NY USA
- Department of Medicine; Division of Liver Diseases; Mount Sinai Hospital; New York NY USA
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Øhrstrøm CC, Worm D, Hansen DL. Postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: an update. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017; 13:345-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Choice of Allograft in Patients Requiring Intestinal Transplantation: A Critical Review. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2017:1069726. [PMID: 28553630 PMCID: PMC5434314 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1069726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal transplantation (ITx) is indicated in patients with irreversible intestinal failure (IF) and life-threatening complications related to total parenteral nutrition (TPN). ITx can be classified into three main types. Isolated intestinal transplantation (IITx), that is, transplantation of the jejunoileum, is indicated in patients with preserved liver function. Combined liver-intestine transplantation (L-ITx), that is, transplantation of the liver and the jejunoileum, is indicated in patients with liver failure related to TPN. Thus, patients with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis should receive a combined allograft, while patients with lower grades of liver fibrosis can usually safely undergo ITx. Reflecting their degree of sickness, the waitlist mortality rate and the early posttransplant outcomes of patients receiving L-ITx are worse than IITx. However, L-ITx is associated with better long-term graft and patient survival. Multivisceral transplantation (MVTx), that is, transplantation of the organs dependent on the celiac axis and superior mesenteric artery, can be classified into full MVTx if it includes the liver and modified MVTx if it does not. The most common indications for MVTx are extensive portomesenteric thrombosis and diffuse gastrointestinal pathology such as motility disorders and polyposis syndrome. Every patient with IF should undergo a multidisciplinary evaluation by an experienced ITx team.
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Barron L, Sun RC, Aladegbami B, Erwin CR, Warner BW, Guo J. Intestinal Epithelial-Specific mTORC1 Activation Enhances Intestinal Adaptation After Small Bowel Resection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:231-244. [PMID: 28275690 PMCID: PMC5331783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal adaptation is a compensatory response to the massive loss of small intestine after surgical resection. We investigated the role of intestinal epithelial cell-specific mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (i-mTORC1) in intestinal adaptation after massive small bowel resection (SBR). METHODS We performed 50% proximal SBR on mice to study adaptation. To manipulate i-mTORC1 activity, Villin-CreER transgenic mice were crossed with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)1flox/flox or Raptorflox/flox mice to inducibly activate or inactivate i-mTORC1 activity with tamoxifen. Western blot was used to confirm the activity of mTORC1. Crypt depth and villus height were measured to score adaptation. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate differentiation and rates of crypt proliferation. RESULTS After SBR, mice treated with systemic rapamycin showed diminished structural adaptation, blunted crypt cell proliferation, and significant body weight loss. Activating i-mTORC1 via TSC1 deletion induced larger hyperproliferative crypts and disorganized Paneth cells without a significant change in villus height. After SBR, ablating TSC1 in intestinal epithelium induced a robust villus growth with much stronger crypt cell proliferation, but similar body weight recovery. Acute inactivation of i-mTORC1 through deletion of Raptor did not change crypt cell proliferation or mucosa structure, but significantly reduced lysozyme/matrix metalloproteinase-7-positive Paneth cell and goblet cell numbers, with increased enteroendocrine cells. Surprisingly, ablation of intestinal epithelial cell-specific Raptor after SBR did not affect adaptation or crypt proliferation, but dramatically reduced body weight recovery after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Systemic, but not intestinal-specific, mTORC1 is important for normal adaptation responses to SBR. Although not required, forced enterocyte mTORC1 signaling after resection causes an enhanced adaptive response.
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Key Words
- Differentiation
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Raptor
- S6K, S6 kinase
- SBR, small bowel resection
- TAM, tamoxifen
- TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex
- TSC1
- WT, wild type
- i-TSC-/-, intestinal epithelial cell–specific tuberous sclerosis complex 1 null mice
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mTORC, mammalian target of rapamycin complex
- p-HH3, phosphorylated histone H3
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Guo
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Jun Guo, PhD, BJC Institute of Health Room 7118, 425 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. fax: (314) 747–0610.BJC Institute of Health Room 7118425 South Euclid AvenueSt. LouisMissouri 63110
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11
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Jonkers DMAE. Microbial perturbations and modulation in conditions associated with malnutrition and malabsorption. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 30:161-72. [PMID: 27086883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem, which can be considered an accessory organ. It involves complex microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions with indispensable functions for the human host with regard to the intestinal epithelium and barrier function, the innate and adaptive immune system, and its large metabolic capacity. Saccharolytic fermentation results in the production of short chain fatty acids, which exert an array of beneficial effects, while proteolytic fermentation leads to an increase in potentially harmful metabolites. In addition, numerous other microbial metabolites are being produced with various intestinal as well as extra-intestinal effects. Their generation depends on the composition of the microbiota as well as the availability of substrates, which both vary along the GI tract. Diet impacts the intestinal microbiota composition and activity in early infancy as well as in adults. Microbial perturbations have been demonstrated in subjects with under-nutrition and/or malabsorption. The bidirectional interactions between the microbiome, nutrient availability and GI function, can contribute to a vicious circle, further impairing health outcome in conditions associated with malnutrition and/or malabsorption. Integrated multivariate approaches are needed to further unravel the complex interaction between microbiome, diet and host factors, as well as possible modulation thereof by prebiotics or probiotics. The present overview will briefly outline the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota, its association with nutrient intake and availability, and will address the role of the intestinal microbiota in malnutrition and malabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the known mechanisms of alloimmunity that occur after transplantation and what is being done in order to improve graft and patient survival, particularly in the long term. RECENT FINDINGS The presence of mismatched antigens and epitopes might relate directly to the development of de-novo donor-specific antibodies (DSA), and thus, rejection. In an abdominal wall transplant, the skin graft could be the first to show signs of rejection. The epithelial or endothelial cells are the main targets in acute and chronic rejection, respectively. Possible therapeutical targets are gut homing T cells and cells of the innate immune system. Chimerism development might mostly occur in isolated lymph nodes, but also in the epithelium, particularly after transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. SUMMARY Ischemia-reperfusion, surgical injury, and bacterial translocation trigger the innate immune system, starting acute rejection. Interaction between donor and recipient immune cells generate injury and tolerance, which occur mostly in secondary lymphoid organs, lamina propria, and epithelium. Chronic rejection mostly affects the endothelial cells, generating graft dysfunction. DSA increase the risk of graft rejection both acutely and chronically, and the liver protects against their effects. Induction therapies deplete lymphocytes prior to implantation, and maintenance therapies inhibit T-cell expansion. Rejection rates are the lowest when depleting drugs and a combination of interleukin 2 receptor blockade, inhibition of T-cell expansion, and steroids are used as maintenance therapy. Chimerism and tolerogenic regiments that induce Tregs and prevent the development of DSA are important treatment goals for the future.
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Goichon A, Bertrand J, Chan P, Lecleire S, Coquard A, Cailleux AF, Vaudry D, Déchelotte P, Coëffier M. Enteral delivery of proteins enhances the expression of proteins involved in the cytoskeleton and protein biosynthesis in human duodenal mucosa. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:359-67. [PMID: 26109581 PMCID: PMC7109707 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.104216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acids are well known to be key effectors of gut protein turnover. We recently reported that enteral delivery of proteins markedly stimulated global duodenal protein synthesis in carbohydrate-fed healthy humans, but specifically affected proteins remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the influence of an enteral protein supply on the duodenal mucosal proteome in carbohydrate-fed humans. DESIGN Six healthy volunteers received for 5 h, on 2 occasions and in random order, either an enteral infusion of maltodextrins alone (0.25 g · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹) mimicking the fed state or maltodextrins with a protein powder (0.14 g proteins · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹). Endoscopic duodenal biopsy specimens were then collected and frozen until analysis. A 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-based comparative proteomics analysis was then performed, and differentially expressed proteins (at least ±1.5-fold change; Student's t test, P < 0.05) were identified by mass spectrometry. Protein expression changes were confirmed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Thirty-two protein spots were differentially expressed after protein delivery compared with maltodextrins alone: 28 and 4 spots were up- or downregulated, respectively. Among the 22 identified proteins, 11 upregulated proteins were involved either in the cytoskeleton (ezrin, moesin, plastin 1, lamin B1, vimentin, and β-actin) or in protein biosynthesis (glutamyl-prolyl-transfer RNA synthetase, glutaminyl-transfer RNA synthetase, elongation factor 2, elongation factor 1δ, and eukaryotic translation and initiation factor 3 subunit f). CONCLUSIONS Enteral delivery of proteins altered the duodenal mucosal proteome and mainly stimulated the expression of proteins involved in cytoskeleton and protein biosynthesis. These results suggest that protein supply may affect intestinal morphology by stimulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Goichon
- INSERM Unit 1073, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen University, Rouen, France
| | - Julien Bertrand
- INSERM Unit 1073, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen University, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Chan
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen University, Rouen, France; Platform of Proteomics PISSARO, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Stéphane Lecleire
- INSERM Unit 1073, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen University, Rouen, France; Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | - Anne-Françoise Cailleux
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen University, Rouen, France; Clinical Investigation Centre CIC 1404-INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - David Vaudry
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen University, Rouen, France; INSERM Unit 982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; and Platform of Proteomics PISSARO, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- INSERM Unit 1073, Rouen, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen University, Rouen, France; Departments of Nutrition,
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- INSERM Unit 1073, Rouen, France; Clinical Investigation Centre CIC 1404-INSERM, Rouen, France
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