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Alsieni M, Esmat A, Bazuhair MA, Altayb HN. Fragment-based drug design of novel inhibitors targeting lipoprotein (a) kringle domain KIV-10-mediated cardiovascular disease. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2024; 56:247-259. [PMID: 38483739 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-024-10013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, attributed to a complex etiology involving metabolic, genetic, and protein-related factors. Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), identified as a genetic risk factor, exhibits elevated levels linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The lipoprotein(a) kringle domains have recently been identified as a potential target for the treatment of CVDs, in this study we utilized a fragment-based drug design approach to design a novel, potent, and safe inhibitor for lipoprotein(a) kringle domain. With the use of fragment library (61,600 fragments) screening, combined with analyses such as MM/GBSA, molecular dynamics simulation (MD), and principal component analysis, we successfully identified molecules effective against the kringle domains of Lipoprotein(a). The hybridization process (Breed) of the best fragments generated a novel 249 hybrid molecules, among them 77 exhibiting superior binding affinity (≤ -7 kcal/mol) compared to control AZ-02 (-6.9 kcal/mol), Importantly, the top ten molecules displayed high similarity to the control AZ-02. Among the top ten molecules, BR1 exhibited the best docking energy (-11.85 kcal/mol ), and higher stability within the protein LBS site, demonstrating the capability to counteract the pathophysiological effects of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted a similar trend of motion during the binding of BR1 and the control compound (AZ-02), limiting protein mobility and reducing conformational space. Moreover, ADMET analysis indicated favorable drug-like properties, with BR1 showing minimal violations of Lipinski's rules. Overall, the identified compounds hold promise as potential therapeutics, addressing a critical need in cardiovascular medicine. Further preclinical and clinical evaluations are needed to validate their efficacy and safety, potentially ushering in a new era of targeted therapies for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsieni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Bazuhair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham N Altayb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 23589, Saudi Arabia.
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Tsamoulis D, Rallidis LS, Kosmas CE. Inclisiran: the preclinical discovery and development of a novel therapy for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38804735 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2360415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Lipid lowering therapy (LLT) constitutes the cornerstone of ASCVD prevention and treatment. However, several patients fail to achieve therapeutic goals due to low treatment adherence or limitations of standard-of-care (SoC) LLTs. Inclisiran represents a pivotal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering agent aiming to address current unmet needs in LLT. It is the first available small interfering RNA (siRNA) LLT, specifically targeting PCSK9 mRNA and leading to post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of the PCSK9 gene. AREAS COVERED Promising phase III trials revealed an ~ 50% reduction in LDL-C levels with subcutaneous inclisiran administration on days 1 and 90, followed by semiannual booster shots. Coupled with inclisiran's favorable safety profile, these findings led to its approval by both the EMA and FDA. Herein, the authors highlight the preclinical discovery and development of this agent and provide the reader with their expert perspectives. EXPERT OPINION The evolution of gene-silencing treatments offers new perspectives in therapeutics. Inclisiran appears to have the potential to revolutionize ASCVD prevention and treatment, benefiting millions of patients. Ensuring widespread availability of Inclisiran, as well as managing additional healthcare costs that may arise, should be of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatos Tsamoulis
- Second Department of Cardiology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Constantine E Kosmas
- Second Department of Cardiology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Arsh H, Manoj Kumar FNU, Simran FNU, Tamang S, Rehman MU, Ahmed G, Khan M, Malik J, Mehmoodi A. Role of PCSK9 inhibition during the inflammatory stage of SARS-COV-2: an updated review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:899-908. [PMID: 38333263 PMCID: PMC10849418 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition in the management of COVID-19 and other medical conditions has emerged as an intriguing area of research. PCSK9 is primarily known for its impact on cholesterol metabolism, but recent studies have unveiled its involvement in various physiological processes, including inflammation, immune regulation, and thrombosis. In this abstract, the authors review the rationale and potential implications of PCSK9 inhibition during the inflammatory stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by an uncontrolled inflammatory response, often referred to as the cytokine storm, which can lead to widespread tissue damage and organ failure. Preclinical studies suggest that PCSK9 inhibition could dampen this inflammatory cascade by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, PCSK9 inhibition may protect against acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) through its effects on lung injury and inflammation. COVID-19 has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, especially in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions or dyslipidemia. PCSK9 inhibitors are known for their ability to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by enhancing the recycling of LDL receptors in the liver. By reducing LDL cholesterol, PCSK9 inhibition might protect blood vessels from further damage and lower the risk of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Moreover, PCSK9 inhibitors have shown potential antithrombotic effects in preclinical studies, making them a potential avenue to mitigate the increased risk of coagulation disorders and thrombotic events observed in COVID-19. While the potential implications of PCSK9 inhibition are promising, safety considerations and possible risks need careful evaluation. Hypocholesterolemia, drug interactions, and long-term safety are some of the key concerns that should be addressed. Clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in COVID-19 patients and to determine the optimal timing and dosing for treatment. Future research opportunities encompass investigating the immune response, evaluating long-term safety, exploring combination therapy possibilities, and advancing personalized medicine approaches. Collaborative efforts from researchers, clinicians, and policymakers are essential to fully harness the therapeutic potential of PCSK9 inhibition and translate these findings into meaningful clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Arsh
- Department of Medicine, THQ Hospital, Pasrur
| | - FNU Manoj Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical College, Karachi
| | - FNU Simran
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical College, Karachi
| | - Sweta Tamang
- Department of Medicine, Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Gulfam Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Muhammad Hospital, Lahore
| | - Masood Khan
- Department of Cardiology, Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Jahanzeb Malik
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Islamabad
| | - Amin Mehmoodi
- Department of Medicine, Ibn e Seena Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan
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4
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Inegbedion ES, Azzopardi M, Inessa T, Chong YJ. Alirocumab-associated unilateral posterior uveitis. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e258183. [PMID: 38272519 PMCID: PMC10826482 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-258183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A man in his mid-40s who had been recently started on alirocumab (a human monoclonal antibody which inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) due to his strong familial cardiovascular risk and refractory hypercholesterolaemia presented with a few-hour history of acute-onset left-sided blurred vision. The best-corrected visual acuities were 6/6 bilaterally and slit-lamp examination was normal. However, optical coherence tomography revealed serous subretinal fluid in the left macula. Optos ultra-widefield retinal imaging and fundus autofluorescence, along with a set of blood tests, did not reveal any alternative causes. A diagnosis of alirocumab-associated uveitis was diagnosed. Alirocumab was stopped and he was followed up in uveitis clinic. Within 4 months following alirocumab cessation, the subretinal fluid resolved completely. This case report emphasises the importance of early multidisciplinary team involvement, since novel therapeutic agents can have unexpected adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracey Inessa
- Pathology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yu Jeat Chong
- Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, UK
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Agarwal H, Tinsley B, Sarecha AK, Ozcan L. Rap1 in the Context of PCSK9, Atherosclerosis, and Diabetes. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:931-937. [PMID: 37979063 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The focus of this article is to highlight the importance of the small GTPase, Ras-associated protein 1 (Rap1), in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulation and atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes etiology and discuss the potential therapeutic implications of targeting Rap1 in these disease areas. REVIEW FINDINGS Cardiometabolic disease characterized by obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remain an important cause of mortality. Evidence using mouse models of obesity and insulin resistance indicates that Rap1 deficiency increases proatherogenic PCSK9 and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and predisposes these mice to develop obesity- and statin-induced hyperglycemia, which highlights Rap1's role in cardiometabolic dysfunction. Rap1 may also contribute to cardiovascular disease through its effects on vascular wall cells involved in the atherosclerosis progression. Rap1 activation, specifically in the liver, could be beneficial in the prevention of cardiometabolic perturbations, including type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brea Tinsley
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Amesh K Sarecha
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Kheirkhah A, Schachtl-Riess JF, Lamina C, Di Maio S, Koller A, Schönherr S, Coassin S, Forer L, Sekula P, Gieger C, Peters A, Köttgen A, Eckardt KU, Kronenberg F. Meta-GWAS on PCSK9 concentrations reveals associations of novel loci outside the PCSK9 locus in White populations. Atherosclerosis 2023; 386:117384. [PMID: 37989062 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key regulator of lipid homeostasis. A few earlier genome-wide association studies (GWAS) investigated genetic variants associated with circulating PCSK9 concentrations. However, uncertainty remains about some of the genetic loci discovered beyond the PCSK9 locus. By conducting the largest PCSK9 meta-analysis of GWAS (meta-GWAS) so far, we aimed to identify novel loci and validate the previously reported loci that regulate PCSK9 concentrations. METHODS We performed GWAS for PCSK9 concentrations in two large cohorts (GCKD (n = 4,963) and KORA F3 (n = 2,895)). These were meta-analyzed with previously published data encompassing together 20,579 individuals. We further conducted a second meta-analysis in statin-naïve individuals (n = 15,390). A genetic risk score (GRS) was constructed on PCSK9-increasing SNPs and assessed its impact on the risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) in 394,943 statin-naïve participants (17,077 with events) of the UK Biobank by performing CAD-free survival analysis. RESULTS Nine loci were genome-wide significantly associated with PCSK9 concentrations. These included the previously described PCSK9, APOB, KCNA1/KCNA5, and TM6SF2/SUGP1 loci. All imputed SNPs in the PCSK9 locus account for ∼15% of variance of PCSK9 concentrations. We further identified FADS2 as a novel locus that was also found in statin-naïve participants. All imputed SNPs within the FADS2 locus explain ∼1.2% of variance of PCSK9 concentrations. Additionally, four further loci (a region on chromosome 5, SDK1, SPATA16 and HPR) were genome-wide significant in either the main model or the statin-naïve subset. The linear increase in a PCSK9 genetic risk score was associated with 1.41-fold (95%CI 1.16-1.72, p < 0.001) higher risk for incident CAD. CONCLUSIONS We identified five novel loci (FADS2, SPATA16, SDK1, HPR and a region on chromosome 5) for PCSK9 concentrations that would require further research. Additionally, we confirm the genome-wide significant loci that were previously detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Kheirkhah
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Claudia Lamina
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvia Di Maio
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adriana Koller
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Schönherr
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Coassin
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Forer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peggy Sekula
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; German Chronic Kidney Disease Study, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Arif M, Matyas C, Mukhopadhyay P, Yokus B, Trojnar E, Paloczi J, Paes-Leme B, Zhao S, Lohoff FW, Haskó G, Pacher P. Data-driven transcriptomics analysis identifies PCSK9 as a novel key regulator in liver aging. GeroScience 2023; 45:3059-3077. [PMID: 37726433 PMCID: PMC10643490 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver, as a crucial metabolic organ, undergoes significant pathological changes during the aging process, which can have a profound impact on overall health. To gain a comprehensive understanding of these alterations, we employed data-driven approaches, along with biochemical methods, histology, and immunohistochemistry techniques, to systematically investigate the effects of aging on the liver. Our study utilized a well-established rat aging model provided by the National Institute of Aging. Systems biology approaches were used to analyze genome-wide transcriptomics data from liver samples obtained from young (4-5 months old) and aging (20-21 months old) Fischer 344 rats. Our findings revealed pathological changes occurring in various essential biological processes in aging livers. These included mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative/nitrative stress, decreased NAD + content, impaired amino acid and protein synthesis, heightened inflammation, disrupted lipid metabolism, enhanced apoptosis, senescence, and fibrosis. These results were validated using independent datasets from both human and rat aging studies. Furthermore, by employing co-expression network analysis, we identified novel driver genes responsible for liver aging, confirmed our findings in human aging subjects, and pointed out the cellular localization of the driver genes using single-cell RNA-sequencing human data. Our study led to the discovery and validation of a liver-specific gene, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), as a potential therapeutic target for mitigating the pathological processes associated with aging in the liver. This finding envisions new possibilities for developing interventions aimed to improve liver health during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arif
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Section On Fibrotic Disorders, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Csaba Matyas
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Burhan Yokus
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eszter Trojnar
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janos Paloczi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruno Paes-Leme
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suxian Zhao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section On Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute On Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Song H, Sontz RA, Vance MJ, Morris JM, Sheriff S, Zhu S, Duan S, Zeng J, Koeppe E, Pandey R, Thorne CA, Stoffel EM, Merchant JL. High-fat diet plus HNF1A variant promotes polyps by activating β-catenin in early-onset colorectal cancer. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167163. [PMID: 37219942 PMCID: PMC10371337 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) is rising and is poorly understood. Lifestyle factors and altered genetic background possibly contribute. Here, we performed targeted exon sequencing of archived leukocyte DNA from 158 EO-CRC participants, which identified a missense mutation at p.A98V within the proximal DNA binding domain of Hepatic Nuclear Factor 1 α (HNF1AA98V, rs1800574). The HNF1AA98V exhibited reduced DNA binding. To test function, the HNF1A variant was introduced into the mouse genome by CRISPR/Cas9, and the mice were placed on either a high-fat diet (HFD) or high-sugar diet (HSD). Only 1% of the HNF1A mutant mice developed polyps on normal chow; however, 19% and 3% developed polyps on the HFD and HSD, respectively. RNA-Seq revealed an increase in metabolic, immune, lipid biogenesis genes, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling components in the HNF1A mutant relative to the WT mice. Mouse polyps and colon cancers from participants carrying the HNF1AA98V variant exhibited reduced CDX2 and elevated β-catenin proteins. We further demonstrated decreased occupancy of HNF1AA98V at the Cdx2 locus and reduced Cdx2 promoter activity compared with WT HNF1A. Collectively, our study shows that the HNF1AA98V variant plus a HFD promotes the formation of colonic polyps by activating β-catenin via decreasing Cdx2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Ricky A. Sontz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Matthew J. Vance
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Julia M. Morris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sulaiman Sheriff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Songli Zhu
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suzann Duan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Jiping Zeng
- Department of Urology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Ritu Pandey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Curtis A. Thorne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Elena M. Stoffel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
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Constantin AT, Streata I, Covăcescu MS, Riza AL, Roșca I, Delia C, Tudor LM, Dorobanțu Ș, Dragoș A, Ristea D, Ioana M, Gherghina I. Genetic Testing for Familial Hypercholesterolemia in a Pediatric Group: A Romanian Showcase. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:1988. [PMID: 37370883 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13121988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease marked by high levels of LDL-cholesterol. This condition has long-term clinical implications, such as cardiovascular events, that are evident during adult life. Here, we report on a single-center cross-sectional showcase study of genetic testing for FH in a Romanian pediatric group. Genetic testing for FH was performed on 20 Romanian pediatric patients, 10 boys and 10 girls, admitted with LDL-cholesterol levels over 130 mg/mL to the National Institute for Mother and Child Health "Alesssandrescu-Rusescu" in 2020. Genetic testing was performed using the Illumina TruSight Cardio panel. We identified pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants that could explain the phenotype in 5/20 cases. The involved genes were LDLR and APOB. Clinical signs that suggest the diagnosis of FH are scarce for the pediatric patient, although it can be diagnosed early during childhood by lipid panel screening. Prevention could prove lifesaving for some of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Teodora Constantin
- Pediatrics Department, National Institute for Mother and Child Health "Alessandrescu-Rusescu", 020395 Bucharest, Romania
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Streata
- Genetics Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center for Medical Genetics Dolj, 200642 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mirela Silvia Covăcescu
- Pediatrics Department, National Institute for Mother and Child Health "Alessandrescu-Rusescu", 020395 Bucharest, Romania
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Lelia Riza
- Genetics Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center for Medical Genetics Dolj, 200642 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ioana Roșca
- Faculty of Midwifery and Nursery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Neonatology Department, Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology "Prof. Dr. P.Sârbu", 060251 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina Delia
- Pediatrics Department, National Institute for Mother and Child Health "Alessandrescu-Rusescu", 020395 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucia Maria Tudor
- Pediatrics Department, National Institute for Mother and Child Health "Alessandrescu-Rusescu", 020395 Bucharest, Romania
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ștefania Dorobanțu
- Genetics Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center for Medical Genetics Dolj, 200642 Craiova, Romania
| | - Adina Dragoș
- Genetics Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center for Medical Genetics Dolj, 200642 Craiova, Romania
| | - Diana Ristea
- Regional Center for Medical Genetics Dolj, 200642 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihai Ioana
- Genetics Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
- Regional Center for Medical Genetics Dolj, 200642 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ioan Gherghina
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Wang ZP, Wu YJ, Gao Y, Qian J, Liu LT, Guo YL, Li JJ, Chen KJ. Different clinical phenotypes of a pair of siblings with familial hypercholesterolemia: a case report and literature review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:227. [PMID: 37127585 PMCID: PMC10150518 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) leads to high plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and early cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We treated a pair of siblings with FH. The cardiovascular manifestations in the proband were more severe than those in his elder sister, although they had almost similar LDL-C levels, ages, and lifestyles. Herein, we report the cases of this family to explore the possible causes of clinical phenotypic differences within the same genetic background. CASE PRESENTATION We treated a 27-year-old male patient and his 30-year-old sister, both with FH. The coronary angiogram in the male patient revealed 80, 70, and 100% stenosis of the initial, distal right coronary artery branch, and left anterior descending branch, respectively, whereas his sister had almost no coronary stenosis. We treated them accordingly and performed family screening. We found that the LDL-C/particle discordance of the proband is much greater than that of his elder sister. In addition, the average size of LDL-C particle in the proband was smaller than that in his sister. CONCLUSIONS Patients with FH have a much higher risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but the clinical manifestations are heterogeneous. The smaller LDL particle size may be the underlying cause for different clinical outcomes in this pair of FH cases and be a potential novel indicator for predicting the prognosis of FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ping Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ya-Jie Wu
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jie Qian
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Long-Tao Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Guo
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- Cardiometabolic Medicine Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Ke-Ji Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China.
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11
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Liu SS, Yu T, Qiao YF, Gu SX, Chai XL. Research on Hepatocyte Regulation of PCSK9-LDLR and Its Related Drug Targets. Chin J Integr Med 2023:10.1007/s11655-023-3545-z. [PMID: 36913119 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of hyperlipidemia has increased significantly due to genetic, dietary, nutritional and pharmacological factors, and has become one of the most common pathological conditions in humans. Hyperlipidemia can lead to a range of diseases such as atherosclerosis, stroke, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, diabetes, and kidney failure, etc. High circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the causes of hyperlipidemia. LDL-C in the blood binds to LDL receptor (LDLR) and regulates cholesterol homeostasis through endocytosis. In contrast, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) mediates LDLR degradation via the intracellular and extracellular pathways, leading to hyperlipidemia. Targeting PCSK9-synthesizing transcription factors and downstream molecules are important for development of new lipid-lowering drugs. Clinical trials regarding PCSK9 inhibitors have demonstrated a reduction in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events. The purpose of this review was to explore the target and mechanism of intracellular and extracellular pathways in degradation of LDLR and related drugs by PCSK9 in order to open up a new pathway for the development of new lipid-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Su Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Tong Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Yan-Fang Qiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Shu-Xiao Gu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102401, China
| | - Xin-Lou Chai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102401, China.
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12
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Berberich AJ, Hegele RA. The advantages and pitfalls of genetic analysis in the diagnosis and management of lipid disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 37:101719. [PMID: 36641373 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The increasing affordability of and access to next-generation DNA sequencing has increased the feasibility of incorporating genetic analysis into the diagnostic pathway for dyslipidaemia. But should genetic diagnosis be used routinely? DNA testing for any medical condition has potential benefits and pitfalls. For dyslipidaemias, the overall balance of advantages versus drawbacks differs according to the main lipid disturbance. For instance, some patients with severely elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels have a monogenic disorder, namely heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. In these patients, DNA diagnosis can be definitive, in turn yielding several benefits for patient care that tend to outweigh any potential disadvantages. In contrast, hypertriglyceridaemia is almost always a polygenic condition without a discrete monogenic basis, except for ultrarare monogenic familial chylomicronaemia syndrome. Genetic testing in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia is therefore predominantly non-definitive and evidence for benefit is presently lacking. Here we consider advantages and limitations of genetic testing in dyslipidaemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Berberich
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 5C1, ON, Canada.
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 5C1, ON, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 5B7, ON, Canada.
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13
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Vuorio A, Ramaswami U, Holven KB. Editorial: Genetics of familial hypercholesterolemia: New insight—Volume II. Front Genet 2022; 13:1041342. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1041342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Abstract
Lipid disorders involving derangements in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, or both are commonly encountered in clinical practice and often have implications for cardiovascular risk and overall health. Recent advances in knowledge, recommendations, and treatment options have necessitated an updated approach to these disorders. Older classification schemes have outlived their usefulness, yielding to an approach based on the primary lipid disturbance identified on a routine lipid panel as a practical starting point. Although monogenic dyslipidemias exist and are important to identify, most individuals with lipid disorders have polygenic predisposition, often in the context of secondary factors such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. With regard to cardiovascular disease, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is essentially causal, and clinical practice guidelines worldwide have recommended treatment thresholds and targets for this variable. Furthermore, recent studies have established elevated triglycerides as a cardiovascular risk factor, whereas depressed high-density lipoprotein cholesterol now appears less contributory than was previously believed. An updated approach to diagnosis and risk assessment may include measurement of secondary lipid variables such as apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein(a), together with selective use of genetic testing to diagnose rare monogenic dyslipidemias such as familial hypercholesterolemia or familial chylomicronemia syndrome. The ongoing development of new agents-especially antisense RNA and monoclonal antibodies-targeting dyslipidemias will provide additional management options, which in turn motivates discussion on how best to incorporate them into current treatment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Berberich
- Department of Medicine; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1.,Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5C1.,Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
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15
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Apostolidis SA, Sarkar A, Giannini HM, Goel RR, Mathew D, Suzuki A, Baxter AE, Greenplate AR, Alanio C, Abdel-Hakeem M, Oldridge DA, Giles JR, Wu JE, Chen Z, Huang YJ, Belman J, Pattekar A, Manne S, Kuthuru O, Dougherty J, Weiderhold B, Weisman AR, Ittner CAG, Gouma S, Dunbar D, Frank I, Huang AC, Vella LA, Reilly JP, Hensley SE, Rauova L, Zhao L, Meyer NJ, Poncz M, Abrams CS, Wherry EJ. Signaling Through FcγRIIA and the C5a-C5aR Pathway Mediate Platelet Hyperactivation in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834988. [PMID: 35309299 PMCID: PMC8928747 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 present with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Thromboembolic events constitute a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Severe COVID-19 has been associated with hyperinflammation and pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Platelets are important mediators and sensors of inflammation and are directly affected by cardiovascular stressors. In this report, we found that platelets from severely ill, hospitalized COVID-19 patients exhibited higher basal levels of activation measured by P-selectin surface expression and had poor functional reserve upon in vitro stimulation. To investigate this question in more detail, we developed an assay to assess the capacity of plasma from COVID-19 patients to activate platelets from healthy donors. Platelet activation was a common feature of plasma from COVID-19 patients and correlated with key measures of clinical outcome including kidney and liver injury, and APACHEIII scores. Further, we identified ferritin as a pivotal clinical marker associated with platelet hyperactivation. The COVID-19 plasma-mediated effect on control platelets was highest for patients that subsequently developed inpatient thrombotic events. Proteomic analysis of plasma from COVID-19 patients identified key mediators of inflammation and cardiovascular disease that positively correlated with in vitro platelet activation. Mechanistically, blocking the signaling of the FcγRIIa-Syk and C5a-C5aR pathways on platelets, using antibody-mediated neutralization, IgG depletion or the Syk inhibitor fostamatinib, reversed this hyperactivity driven by COVID-19 plasma and prevented platelet aggregation in endothelial microfluidic chamber conditions. These data identified these potentially actionable pathways as central for platelet activation and/or vascular complications and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, we reveal a key role of platelet-mediated immunothrombosis in COVID-19 and identify distinct, clinically relevant, targetable signaling pathways that mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis A. Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Heather M. Giannini
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rishi R. Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aae Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amy E. Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Allison R. Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cécile Alanio
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Hakeem
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Derek A. Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Josephine R. Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Wu
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yinghui Jane Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan Belman
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brittany Weiderhold
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ariel R. Weisman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Caroline A. G. Ittner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Debora Dunbar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexander C. Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laura A. Vella
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John P. Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lubica Rauova
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nuala J. Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charles S. Abrams
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Immune Health™, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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16
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Németh Á, Daróczy B, Juhász L, Fülöp P, Harangi M, Paragh G. Assessment of Associations Between Serum Lipoprotein (a) Levels and Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases in Hungarian Patients With Familial Hypercholesterolemia Using Data Mining and Machine Learning. Front Genet 2022; 13:849197. [PMID: 35222552 PMCID: PMC8864223 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.849197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Premature mortality due to atherosclerotic vascular disease is very high in Hungary in comparison with international prevalence rates, though the estimated prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is in line with the data of other European countries. Previous studies have shown that high lipoprotein(a)- Lp(a) levels are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic vascular diseases in patients with FH. We aimed to assess the associations of serum Lp(a) levels and such vascular diseases in FH using data mining methods and machine learning techniques in the Northern Great Plain region of Hungary. Methods: Medical records of 590,500 patients were included in our study. Based on the data from previously diagnosed FH patients using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network scores (≥7 was evaluated as probable or definite FH), we trained machine learning models to identify FH patients. Results: We identified 459 patients with FH and 221 of them had data available on Lp(a). Patients with FH had significantly higher Lp(a) levels compared to non-FH subjects [236 (92.5; 698.5) vs. 167 (80.2; 431.5) mg/L, p < .01]. Also 35.3% of FH patients had Lp(a) levels >500 mg/L. Atherosclerotic complications were significantly more frequent in FH patients compared to patients without FH (46.6 vs. 13.9%). However, contrary to several other previous studies, we could not find significant associations between serum Lp(a) levels and atherosclerotic vascular diseases in the studied Hungarian FH patient group. Conclusion: The extremely high burden of vascular disease is mainly explained by the unhealthy lifestyle of our patients (i.e., high prevalence of smoking, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity resulting in obesity and hypertension). The lack of associations between serum Lp(a) levels and atherosclerotic vascular diseases in Hungarian FH patients may be due to the high prevalence of these risk factors, that mask the deleterious effect of Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Németh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bálint Daróczy
- Institute for Computer Science and Control, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, (MTA SZTAKI), Budapest, Hungary
- Université Catholique de Louvain, INMA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Lilla Juhász
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Fülöp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mariann Harangi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Paragh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: György Paragh,
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17
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Application of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor, evolocumab, in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 135:730-731. [PMID: 34924503 PMCID: PMC9276344 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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18
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Bonaventura A, Vecchié A, Ruscica M, Grossi F, Dentali F. PCSK9 as a new player in cancer: New opportunity or red herring? Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:960-969. [PMID: 34781861 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211115122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Initially described as a factor involved in liver regeneration and neuronal differentiation, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has become one of the key regulators of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Besides that, a number of studies have suggested PCSK9 may play a role in cancer biology. This is particularly true for gastroenteric (gastric and liver cancers) and lung cancers, where higher PCSK9 levels were associated with the increased ability of the tumor to develop and give metastasis as well as with reduced overall survival. Accordingly, monoclonal antibodies blocking PCSK9 were recently shown to synergize with immunotherapy in different types of cancers to achieve tumor growth suppression through an increased intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T cells. Anti-PCSK9 vaccines have been tested in animal models with encouraging results only in colon carcinoma. As most of this evidence is based on pre-clinical studies, this has led to some controversies and inconsistencies, thus suggesting that additional research is needed to clarify the topic. Finally, modulation of intracellular PCSK9 levels by silencing RNA (siRNA) may help understand the physiological and pathological mechanisms of PCSK9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Bonaventura
- Department of Internal Medicine, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese. Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan. Italy
| | - Francesco Grossi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese. Italy
| | - Francesco Dentali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Insubria University, Varese. Italy
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19
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D'Erasmo L, Bini S, Arca M. Rare Treatments for Rare Dyslipidemias: New Perspectives in the Treatment of Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) and Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (FCS). Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021; 23:65. [PMID: 34468855 PMCID: PMC8410715 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-021-00967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review aims to summarize the most recent published literature concerning lomitapide and volanesorsen that are approved for the use in HoFH and FCS patients, respectively. Moreover, it will briefly revise the published evidence on novel, non-approved treatments that are under evaluation for the management of these rare forms of dyslipidemias Recent Findings The definition of rare dyslipidemias identifies a large number of severe disorders of lipid metabolism of genetic origin. Among them were homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) (OMIM #143890) and familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) (OMIM #238600), which are characterized by a markedly impaired cholesterol- and triglyceride-containing lipoproteins metabolism. They are being particularly associated with poor health outcomes and quality of life. Considering the severity of these diseases, common lipid-lowering drugs are often ineffective or do not allow to achieve the recommended lipid targets to prevent the development of complications. Nowadays, several new drugs have been found to effectively treat HoFH and FCS with an acceptable safety profile. Summary Treating patients with HoFH and FCS remains very challenging. However, novel treatment options are emerging and might be considered in addition to conventional therapy for managing these diseases. These novel drugs will possibly change the natural history of these two rare and life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D'Erasmo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Bini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Arca
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Rodriguez-Gil JL, Baxter LL, Watkins-Chow DE, Johnson NL, Davidson CD, Carlson SR, Incao AA, Wallom KL, Farhat NY, Platt FM, Dale RK, Porter FD, Pavan WJ. Transcriptome of HPβCD-treated Niemann-pick disease type C1 cells highlights GPNMB as a biomarker for therapeutics. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:2456-2468. [PMID: 34296265 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) arises from lysosomal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. These subcellular pathologies lead to phenotypes of hepatosplenomegaly, neurological degeneration and premature death. The timing and severity of NPC1 clinical presentation is extremely heterogeneous. This study analyzed RNA-Seq data from 42 NPC1 patient-derived, primary fibroblast cell lines to determine transcriptional changes induced by treatment with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), a compound currently under investigation in clinical trials. A total of 485 HPβCD-responsive genes were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis of these genes showed significant involvement in cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of the cerebellum as well as measurements of serum from Npc1m1N null mice treated with HPβCD and adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy suggests that one of the identified genes, GPNMB, may serve as a useful biomarker of treatment response in NPC1 disease. Overall, this large NPC1 patient-derived dataset provides a comprehensive foundation for understanding the genomic response to HPβCD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Rodriguez-Gil
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health
| | - Laura L Baxter
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Dawn E Watkins-Chow
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Nicholas L Johnson
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Cristin D Davidson
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Steven R Carlson
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Arturo A Incao
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | - Nicole Y Farhat
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Ryan K Dale
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - William J Pavan
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
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21
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Apostolidis SA, Sarkar A, Giannini HM, Goel RR, Mathew D, Suzuki A, Baxter AE, Greenplate AR, Alanio C, Abdel-Hakeem M, Oldridge DA, Giles J, Wu JE, Chen Z, Huang YJ, Pattekar A, Manne S, Kuthuru O, Dougherty J, Weiderhold B, Weisman AR, Ittner CAG, Gouma S, Dunbar D, Frank I, Huang AC, Vella LA, Reilly JP, Hensley SE, Rauova L, Zhao L, Meyer NJ, Poncz M, Abrams CS, Wherry EJ. Signaling through FcγRIIA and the C5a-C5aR pathway mediates platelet hyperactivation in COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.05.01.442279. [PMID: 33972943 PMCID: PMC8109205 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.01.442279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 present with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Thromboembolic events constitute a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Severe COVID-19 has been associated with hyperinflammation and pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Platelets are important mediators and sensors of inflammation and are directly affected by cardiovascular stressors. In this report, we found that platelets from severely ill, hospitalized COVID-19 patients exhibit higher basal levels of activation measured by P-selectin surface expression, and have a poor functional reserve upon in vitro stimulation. Correlating clinical features to the ability of plasma from COVID-19 patients to stimulate control platelets identified ferritin as a pivotal clinical marker associated with platelet hyperactivation. The COVID-19 plasma-mediated effect on control platelets was highest for patients that subsequently developed inpatient thrombotic events. Proteomic analysis of plasma from COVID-19 patients identified key mediators of inflammation and cardiovascular disease that positively correlated with in vitro platelet activation. Mechanistically, blocking the signaling of the FcγRIIa-Syk and C5a-C5aR pathways on platelets, using antibody-mediated neutralization, IgG depletion or the Syk inhibitor fostamatinib, reversed this hyperactivity driven by COVID-19 plasma and prevented platelet aggregation in endothelial microfluidic chamber conditions, thus identifying these potentially actionable pathways as central for platelet activation and/or vascular complications in COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, we reveal a key role of platelet-mediated immunothrombosis in COVID-19 and identify distinct, clinically relevant, targetable signaling pathways that mediate this effect. These studies have implications for the role of platelet hyperactivation in complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVER ILLUSTRATION ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY The FcγRIIA and C5a-C5aR pathways mediate platelet hyperactivation in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis A. Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heather M. Giannini
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rishi R. Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aae Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E. Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison R. Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cécile Alanio
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Hakeem
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Derek A. Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josephine Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Wu
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yinghui Jane Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brittany Weiderhold
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ariel R. Weisman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caroline A. G. Ittner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Debora Dunbar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander C. Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura A. Vella
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - John P. Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lubica Rauova
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nuala J. Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles S. Abrams
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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22
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Lui DTW, Lee ACH, Tan KCB. Management of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Current Status and Future Perspectives. J Endocr Soc 2020; 5:bvaa122. [PMID: 33928199 PMCID: PMC8059332 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common monogenic disorder
associated with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Early
diagnosis and effective treatment can significantly improve prognosis. Recent
advances in the field of lipid metabolism have shed light on the molecular
defects in FH and new therapeutic options have emerged. A search of PubMed
database up to March 2020 was performed for this review using the following
keywords: “familial hypercholesterolemia,” “diagnosis,”
“management,” “guideline,” “consensus,”
“genetics,” “screening,” “lipid lowering
agents.” The prevalence rate of heterozygous FH is approximately 1 in 200
to 250 and FH is underdiagnosed and undertreated in many parts of the world.
Diagnostic criteria have been developed to aid the clinical diagnosis of FH.
Genetic testing is now available but not widely used. Cascade screening is
recommended to identify affected family members, and the benefits of early
interventions are clear. Treatment strategy and target is currently based on
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels as the prognosis of FH largely
depends on the magnitude of LDL cholesterol-lowering that can be achieved by
lipid-lowering therapies. Statins with or without ezetimibe are the mainstay of
treatment and are cost-effective. Addition of newer medications like PCSK9
inhibitors is able to further lower LDL cholesterol levels substantially, but
the cost is high. Lipoprotein apheresis is indicated in homozygous FH or severe
heterozygous FH patients with inadequate response to cholesterol-lowering
therapies. In conclusion, FH is a common, treatable genetic disorder, and
although our understanding of this disease has improved, many challenges still
remain for its optimal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T W Lui
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan C H Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathryn C B Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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