Management of Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Academic Hepatologists in Canada: A Nationwide Survey

Disparities in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Prevalence, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes: A Narrative Review

BACKGROUND

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and health disparities have been shown to influence disease burden.

AIM

In this review, we aim to characterize disparities in prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of MASLD, and to make recommendations for next steps to minimize these disparities.

METHODS

Literature search on PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted to identify relevant articles published before September 2, 2024.

RESULTS

Relative to women and White populations, MASLD is more common in men and Hispanic populations and less common in Black populations. It is also more prevalent among those with lower SES. Noninvasive clinical scores may perform differently across groups, and screening practices vary both for initial disease and for progression to metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatohepatitis (MASH), formerly called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Women and Black and Hispanic patients suffer worse outcomes including rates of progression to MASH and mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Health disparities related to race, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors impact multiple stages of care for patients with MASLD.

Diet, exercise, and supplements: what is their role in the management of the metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in children?

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the main cause of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents. Indeed, epidemiological studies have shown that MASLD affects up to 40% of children with obesity. Despite the recent approval of medications that target weight loss in adolescents that could have benefits on pediatric MASLD, lifestyle interventions, such as diet and exercise, remain the mainstay of our therapeutic approach. More specifically, studies on diet alone have focused on the possible role of carbohydrate or fat restriction, albeit without a definite answer on the best approach. Weight loss after dietary intervention in children with obesity and MASLD has a beneficial effect, regardless of the diet used. In relation to the role of exercise in MASLD reversal, indirect evidence comes from studies showing that a sedentary lifestyle leading to poor fitness, and low muscle mass is associated with MASLD. However, research on the direct effect of exercise on MASLD in children is scarce. A combination of diet and exercise seems to be beneficial with several studies showing improvement in surrogate markers of MASLD, such as serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatic fat fraction, the latter evaluated with imaging studies. Several dietary supplements, such as vitamin E, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acid supplements have also been studied in children and adolescents with MASLD, but with equivocal results. This review aims to critically present available data on the effects of lifestyle interventions, including diet, exercise, and dietary supplements, on pediatric MASLD, thus suggesting a frame for future research that could enhance our knowledge on pediatric MASLD management and optimize clinicians' approach to this vexing medical condition.

Non-Invasive Approaches to Estimate Liver Steatosis and Stiffness in Children With Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

OBJECTIVES

To develop pediatric-specific models that predict liver stiffness and hepatic steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), based on clinical and laboratory data.

METHODS

Children with NAFLD, who had undergone magnetic resonance imaging with proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) for steatosis quantification and/or magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) for liver stiffness assessment were included. We used data from patients imaged between April 2009 to July 2018 to develop a predictive model for fat fraction and stiffness. We validated the performance of the models using data from a second cohort, imaged between 2018 and 2019.

RESULTS

The first cohort (n = 344) consisted of predominantly non-Hispanic (80%), male (67%) adolescents. MRE data were available for 343 children, while PDFF data were available for 130. In multivariable regression, ethnicity, insulin levels, platelet count, and aspartate aminotransferase independently predicted liver stiffness and these variables were used to develop the predictive model. Similarly, sex, ethnicity, alanine aminotransferase, and triglycerides levels independently predicted liver PDFF and were used in the PDFF model. The AUC of the optimal cutoff for the model that predicted a stiffness of >2.71 kPa was 0.70 and for the model that predicted PDFF >5% was 0.78. The validation group (n = 110) had similar characteristics. The correlation coefficient of the model with the measured liver stiffness was 0.30 and with the measured liver PDFF was 0.26.

CONCLUSIONS

Pediatric-specific models perform poorly at predicting exact liver stiffness and steatosis; however, in the absence of magnetic resonance imaging can be used to predict the presence of significant steatosis (>5%) and/or significant stiffness (>2.71). Thus, imaging remains an invaluable adjunct to laboratory investigations in determining disease severity.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing. A lot of new data are published regularly. Materials and Methods: Original clinical studies, review articles, and guidelines in children were searched for and the most relevant included in this review. Results: A total of 138 retrieved papers were classified into pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pathogenesis is currently explained with the "multi hit hypothesis", with complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors which trigger inflammation in steatotic liver. The prevalence is rising. A diagnosis can be made with laboratory tests, imaging, and liver biopsy after the exclusion of other causes of liver steatosis. The mainstay of treatment is lifestyle modification consisting of dietary intervention and increased physical activity. The progression to liver cirrhosis can occur even in children. Conclusions: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children is a part of a metabolic syndrome in the majority of patients. Due to its complex etiology and high prevalence, multidisciplinary teams, together with public health professionals, should be involved in its treatment.

Survey on screening for paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in clinical practice in Dutch hospitals

AIM

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent liver disease that affects 34% of children with obesity. Besides the liver-related morbidity, NAFLD also increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases at adult age. Diverse screening recommendations exist on paediatric NAFLD. The aim of this study was to assess screening practices among paediatricians managing children with obesity in the Netherlands.

METHODS

Between 2016 and 2017, an Internet-based survey was sent to all 167 members of the endocrinology section of the Dutch Paediatricians Society, that includes all paediatricians involved in obesity care. Descriptive statistics (frequencies) were used to analyse responses.

RESULTS

In total, 42/167 (25%) of the invited paediatricians responded. Thirty-six of 42 respondents (86%) screen for NAFLD. One-third of those do not follow any guideline. Most respondents use ALT as screening tool, with thresholds varying between 21-80 IU/L. The majority (29/36) indicate they lack guidance on screening and follow-up.

CONCLUSION

In this study sample of Dutch paediatricians, screening for paediatric NAFLD is widely, albeit not universally, performed and in a highly variable way. This underlines the need come to a uniform and comprehensive screening strategy and raise awareness about NAFLD among physicians treating children with obesity.

Childhood Fructoholism and Fructoholic Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging entity, becoming the most prevalent pediatric chronic liver disease. Its broad spectrum of histological findings, comorbidities, and complications, including cirrhosis and liver failure, can occur in childhood, emphasizing the severity of pediatric NAFLD. Current lifestyle and diet modifications have been linked to the increasing prevalence of NAFLD, including the rise of fructose consumption, a monosaccharide present in foods that contain added sugar, such as sugar‐sweetened beverages. Excessive fructose consumption is believed to cause addiction like alcohol and other drugs. As such, the new term “fructoholism” refers to the consumption of a substance (fructose) that can cause psychological and physical damage and become a major public health concern, highlighting the seriousness of the excessive consumption of fructose in the pediatric age. Hepatic fructose metabolization leads to hepatic steatosis and progression to fibrosis through mechanisms comparable to alcoholic liver disease, hence the term “fructoholic liver disease.” Conclusion: The importance of implementing reliable global strategies, such as education campaigns to promote healthy diet, increasing taxes on foods that contain added sugars, subsidies to promote accessibility to fruit and vegetables, and strict food industry regulation to reduce sugar intake in children and adolescents, cannot be overemphasized.

Serum Immunoglobulin A Levels Do Not Correlate With Liver Disease Severity in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a biomarker of liver disease severity in adult nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The objective of this study was to assess whether this is true in pediatric NAFLD. This was a retrospective study of children followed in the Steatohepatitis Center of a tertiary care center (2010-2017). Serum IgA levels, histology and biochemical markers of hepatocellular injury and metabolic dysregulation were collected. Of the 600 children with available serum IgA levels (mean age 14 ± 3 years, 62% boys, 80% non-Hispanic), IgA was elevated in 4%. The group with elevated IgA levels was younger and had a greater representation of Hispanic ethnicity compared with those with normal or low IgA. Body mass index and aminotransferases were not different between the groups. Histology was available for 170 children and was not different in those with elevated, normal and low IgA. In contrast to adults, serum IgA is not a biomarker of liver disease severity in pediatric NAFLD.

Assessment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression in Children Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

OBJECTIVE

To assess liver disease progression using paired magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of liver fat fraction (FF) and stiffness.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study including patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who had undergone repeat MRI studies. Descriptive statistics were used, as well as Pearson or Spearman correlation when appropriate. Mixed model analyses were used to determine relationships between liver FF/stiffness and predictor variables.

RESULTS

Sixty-five patients (80% non-Hispanic, mean age 14 ± 3 years) were included. Time from first to last MRI was 27 ± 14 months. Over time, body mass index z score remained stable, and there were no significant differences in mean serum aminotransferases, insulin, glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. However, the proportion of patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) < 50 U/L increased. MRI FF and stiffness decreased in 29% and 20% of patients, respectively, and increased in 25% and 22% of patients, respectively. There was a weak positive correlation between FF change and ALT change (r = 0.41, P = .053) and a moderate negative correlation between change in FF and change in serum HDL levels (r = -0.58, P = .004). After adjusting for HDL, increase in serum insulin was the only variable predictive of increase in FF (P = .061). There was no correlation between change in liver stiffness and change in ALT (r = .02, P = .910).

CONCLUSIONS

MRI-determined hepatic FF and stiffness improved in a minority of patients overtime. ALT levels were not reflective of the change in FF or stiffness. MRI-based imaging is complementary in the assessment of NAFLD progression.