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Villarreal EG, Patel RD, Farias JS, Flores S, Loomba RS. Predicting inpatient mortality in pediatric traumatic brain injury: insights from a national database. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:3521-3530. [PMID: 37266680 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine factors significantly associated with mortality and length of stay (LOS) in admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS A cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study that identified PICU admissions with TBI from forty-nine hospitals in the USA using the Pediatric Health Information System database from 2016 to 2021. Univariable analyses comparing those who did and did not experience mortality were performed. The following regression analyses were conducted: logistic regression with mortality as dependent variable; linear regression with LOS as the dependent variable; logistic regression with mortality as the dependent variable but only included patients with cerebral edema; and linear regression with LOS as the dependent variable but only included patients who survived. From the regression analysis for mortality in all TBI patients was utilized to develop a mortality risk score. RESULTS A total of 3041 admissions were included. Those with inpatient mortality (18.5%) tended to be significantly younger (54 vs. 92 months, p < 0.01), have < 9 pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale on admission (100% vs. 52.9%, p < 0.01) and more likely to experience acute renal, hepatic and respiratory failure, acidosis, central diabetes insipidus, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia. Regression analysis identified that pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale, alkalosis and cardiac arrest significantly increased risks of mortality. The TBI mortality risk score had an area under the curve of 0.89 to identify those with mortality; a score of 6 ≤ was associated with 88% mortality. CONCLUSION Patients admitted to the PICU with TBI have 18.5% risk of inpatient mortality with most occurring the first 48 h and these are characterized with greater multisystem organ dysfunction, received medical and mechanical support. TBI mortality risk score suggested is a practical tool to identify patients with an increase likelihood to die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique G Villarreal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Riddhi D Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Saul Flores
- Division of Critical Care, Texas Children's Hospital/Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rohit S Loomba
- Division of Cardiology, Advocate Children's Hospital/Chicago Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Möttönen J, Ponkilainen VT, Iverson GL, Luoto T, Mattila VM, Kuitunen I. Incidence of acute neurosurgery for traumatic brain injury in children-a nationwide analysis from 1998 to 2018. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2023:10.1007/s00701-023-05628-0. [PMID: 37184636 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-023-05628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of moderate and severe pTBIs are managed conservatively, but in some cases neurosurgical interventions are needed. The incidence rates of acute pTBI neurosurgery vary considerably between countries and operation types. Our goal was to assess the incidence of acute pTBI neurosurgery in Finland. METHODS We conducted a retrospective Finnish register-based cohort study from 1998 to 2018. We included all patients that were 0 to 17 years of age at the time of the TBI. The incidence rates of patients with pTBI undergoing neurosurgery and the rates for specific operation types were calculated per 100,000 person-years. We compared the annual incidences with incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We stratified patients to three age categories: (i) 0 to 3 years of age, (ii) 4 to 12 years of age, and (iii) 13 to 17 years of age. RESULTS The total number of neurosurgeries for acute pTBI during the study period was 386, and the cumulative incidence was 1.67 operations per 100,000 person-years. The cumulative incidence during the 21-year follow-up was highest at the age of 16 (IRR 4.78, CI 3.68 to 6.11). Boys had a 2.42-time higher cumulative incidence (IRR 2.35, CI 1.27 to 3.99) than girls (IRR 0.97, CI 0.35 to 2.20). The most common neurosurgery was an evacuation of an intracranial hemorrhage (n = 171; 44.3%). CONCLUSION The incidence of neurosurgeries for pTBIs has been stable from 1998 to 2018. The incidence was highest at the age of 16, and boys had higher incidence than girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Möttönen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | | | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Schoen Adams Research Institute at Spaulding Rehabilitation, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Sports Concussion Program, Mass General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teemu Luoto
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville M Mattila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilari Kuitunen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli, Finland
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3
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Jiang Y, Huang W, Wu XJ, Shi XL, Hu RR, Chen W, Zhang TF, Xu XL, Huang CG, Hou LJ. Invention of a non-invasive intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring system - an enlightenment from a hydrocephalus study. Br J Neurosurg 2022; 36:693-698. [PMID: 35393907 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2022.2059057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical obstruction is the most common cause of shunt failure for hydrocephalic patients. However, the diagnosis is extremely challenging and often requires invasive testing methods. Thus, a simple and non-invasive technique is in urgent need to predict the intracranial pressure (ICP) of hydrocephalic patients during their post-surgical follow-up, which could help neurosurgeons to determine the conditions of the shunt system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups of patients were enrolled in the current study. In group I, patients were enrolled as they were diagnosed with high ICP hydrocephalus and received shunt surgery. The shunt valve pressures were taken for their post-surgical ICP. Meanwhile, the participants of group II exhibited abnormally increased lumbar puncture opening pressure (LPOP; from 180 to 400 mmH2O). Both the ICP and LPOP were used to match with their corresponding tympanic membrane temperature (TMT). RESULTS When patients' ICP were in the normal range (group I, from 50 to 180 mmH2O), the TMT correlated with ICP in a linear regression model (R2 = 0.59, p < 0.001). Interestingly, when patients exhibited above-normal ICP (LPOP was from 180 to 400 mmH2O), their TMT fit well with the ICP in a third-order polynomial regression (R2 = 0.88). When the ICP was 287.98 mmH2O, the TMT approached the vertex, which was 38.54 °C. Based on this TMT-ICP algorithm, we invented a non-invasive ICP monitor system. Interestingly, a tight linear correlation was detected between the ICP data drawn from the non-invasive device and Codman ICP monitoring system (R2 = 0.93, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We believe the TMT-ICP algorithm (the Y-Jiang model) could be used for preliminary prediction of shunt malfunction as well as monitoring ICP changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, The First affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Fu-Dan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lei Shi
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Rong Hu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Chang Hai Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Guang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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4
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Bell MJ, Rosario BL, Kochanek PM, Adelson PD, Morris KP, Au AK, Schober M, Butt W, Edwards RJ, Zimmerman J, Pineda J, Le TM, Dean N, Whalen MJ, Figaji A, Luther J, Beers SR, Gupta DK, Carpenter J, Buttram S, Wisniewski SR. Comparative Effectiveness of Diversion of Cerebrospinal Fluid for Children With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2220969. [PMID: 35802371 PMCID: PMC9270700 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Diversion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been used for decades as a treatment for children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is recommended by evidenced-based guidelines. However, these recommendations are based on limited studies. Objective To determine whether CSF diversion is associated with improved Glasgow Outcome Score-Extended for Pediatrics (GOS-EP) and decreased intracranial pressure (ICP) in children with severe TBI. Design, Setting, and Participants This observational comparative effectiveness study was performed at 51 clinical centers that routinely care for children with severe TBI in 8 countries (US, United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and India) from February 2014 to September 2017, with follow-up at 6 months after injury (final follow-up, October 22, 2021). Children with severe TBI were included if they had Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 8 or lower, had intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor placed on-site, and were aged younger than 18 years. Children were excluded if they were pregnant or an ICP monitor was not placed at the study site. Consecutive children were screened and enrolled, data regarding treatments were collected, and at discharge, consent was obtained for outcomes testing. Propensity matching for pretreatment characteristics was performed to develop matched pairs for primary analysis. Data analyses were completed on April 18, 2022. Exposures Clinical care followed local standards, including the use of CSF diversion (or not), with patients stratified at the time of ICP monitor placement (CSF group vs no CSF group). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was GOS-EP at 6 months, while ICP was considered as a secondary outcome. CSF vs no CSF was treated as an intention-to-treat analysis, and a sensitivity analysis was performed for children who received delayed CSF diversion. Results A total of 1000 children with TBI were enrolled, including 314 who received CSF diversion (mean [SD] age, 7.18 [5.45] years; 208 [66.2%] boys) and 686 who did not (mean [SD] age, 7.79 [5.33] years; 437 [63.7%] boys). The propensity-matched analysis included 98 pairs. In propensity score-matched analyses, there was no difference between groups in GOS-EP (median [IQR] difference, 0 [-3 to 1]; P = .08), but there was a decrease in overall ICP in the CSF group (mean [SD] difference, 3.97 [0.12] mm Hg; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance In this comparative effectiveness study, CSF diversion was not associated with improved outcome at 6 months after TBI, but a decrease in ICP was observed. Given the higher quality of evidence generated by this study, current evidence-based guidelines related to CSF diversion should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Bell
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Bedda L. Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - P. David Adelson
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Kevin P. Morris
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Birmingham Children’s Hospital NHS Foundation, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia K. Au
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Schober
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Warwick Butt
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard J. Edwards
- Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Zimmerman
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jose Pineda
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, St Louis Children’s Hospital, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Truc M. Le
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nathan Dean
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael J. Whalen
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Luther
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sue R. Beers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Deepak K. Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sandra Buttram
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
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Lui A, Kumar KK, Grant GA. Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Pediatric Patients. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:910972. [PMID: 35812167 PMCID: PMC9263560 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.910972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal management of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the pediatric population has not been well studied. There are a limited number of research articles studying the management of TBI in children. Given the prevalence of severe TBI in the pediatric population, it is crucial to develop a reference TBI management plan for this vulnerable population. In this review, we seek to delineate the differences between severe TBI management in adults and children. Additionally, we also discuss the known molecular pathogenesis of TBI. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI will inform clinical management and development of therapeutics. Finally, we propose a clinical algorithm for the management and treatment of severe TBI in children using published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Lui
- Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | - Kevin K. Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Gerald A. Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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6
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Denis M, Lauzier B, Roumeliotis N, Orliaguet G, Emeriaud G, Javouhey E, Brossier D. Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in French-Speaking Pediatric Intensive Care Units: Study of Practices. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1744298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBest strategies for managing severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) are not established, with wide variations among professional practices. The main objective of this study was to assess compliance with updated pediatric TBI management guidelines (2019). A survey was distributed among French-speaking pediatric intensive care physicians from April 1 to June 30, 2019. The survey was based on a clinical case with a total of 70 questions that cover the 15 items of the 2019 TBI guidelines. The questions evaluated the assessment and management of TBI during the acute and intensive care phases. Of 487 e-mails sent, 78 surveys were included. Guidelines were adhered to (> 60%) for 10 of 15 items in the guidelines. Strong adherence to recent guideline changes was achieved for seizure prophylaxis with levetiracetam (n = 21/33, 64%) and partial pressure of carbon dioxide threshold (n = 52, 67%). However, management of the sodium and glucose thresholds and the role of transcranial Doppler were not consistent with the guidelines. Assessment of brain tissue oxygenation (n = 12, 16%) and autoregulation (n = 35, 45%) was not a common practice. There was strong agreement among clinicians on the intracranial pressure (> 80%) and cerebral perfusion pressure (> 70%) thresholds used according to age. Overall, stated practices for the management of TBI appear to be relatively standardized among responders. Variations persist in areas with a lack of evidence and pediatric-specific recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Denis
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, France
- Institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Nantes Université, France
| | | | - Nadia Roumeliotis
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU Sainte Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Orliaguet
- Surgical Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Necker–Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric and Obstetrical Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Necker–Enfants Malades University Hospital, GHU AP-HP Centre - Université de Paris, Paris, France
- EA08 Pharmacologie et évaluation des thérapeutiques chez l'enfant et la femme enceinte, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guillaumes Emeriaud
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU Sainte Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Etienne Javouhey
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - David Brossier
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Caen, Caen, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Medicine, University Caen Normandie, Caen, F-14000, France
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7
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Kanthimathinathan HK, Mehta H, Scholefield BR, Morris KP. Traumatic Brain Injury Practice Guidelines: Variability in U.K. PICUs. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2021; 22:e270-e274. [PMID: 33009356 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Traumatic brain injury in children is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Lack of high-quality evidence may lead to variation in management within and between PICUs. We examined U.K. pediatric traumatic brain injury management guidelines for extent of variability. DESIGN Analysis of U.K. PICU traumatic brain injury guidelines for areas of consistency and variation among each other and against the second edition of Brain Trauma Foundation pediatric traumatic brain injury guidelines. SETTING Not applicable. SUBJECTS Not applicable. INTERVENTIONS Textual analysis of U.K. PICU guidelines. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Twelve key clinical topics in three traumatic brain injury management domains were identified. We performed textual analysis of recommendations from anonymized local guidelines and compared them against each other and the Brain Trauma Foundation pediatric traumatic brain injury guidelines. Fifteen guidelines used by 16 of the 20 U.K. PICUs that manage traumatic brain injury were analyzed. Relatively better consistency was observed for intracranial pressure treatment thresholds (10/15), avoiding prophylactic hyperventilation (15/15), cerebrospinal fluid drainage (13/15), barbiturate (14/15), and decompressive craniectomy (12/15) for intracranial hypertension. There was less consistency in indications for intracranial pressure monitoring (3/15), cerebral perfusion pressure targets (2/15), target osmolarities (7/15), and hyperventilation for intracranial hypertension (2/15). Variability in choice and hierarchy of the interventions for intracranial hypertension were observed, albeit with some points of consistency. CONCLUSIONS Significant variability in pediatric traumatic brain injury management guidelines exists. Despite the heterogeneity, we have highlighted a few points of consistency within the key topic areas of pediatric traumatic brain injury management. We anticipate that this provides impetus for further work around standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Krishnan Kanthimathinathan
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hiren Mehta
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby R Scholefield
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin P Morris
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Honorary Professor in Paediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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West AN, Diaz-Thomas AM, Shafi NI. Evidence Limitations in Determining Sexually Dimorphic Outcomes in Pediatric Post-Traumatic Hypopituitarism and the Path Forward. Front Neurol 2020; 11:551923. [PMID: 33324312 PMCID: PMC7726201 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.551923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine dysfunction can occur as a consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and disruptions to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis can be especially consequential to children. The purpose of our review is to summarize current literature relevant to studying sex differences in pediatric post-traumatic hypopituitarism (PTHP). Our understanding of incidence, time course, and impact is constrained by studies which are primarily small, are disadvantaged by significant methodological challenges, and have investigated limited temporal windows. Because hormonal changes underpin the basis of growth and development, the timing of injury and PTHP testing with respect to pubertal stage gains particular importance. Reciprocal relationships among neuroendocrine function, TBI, adverse childhood events, and physiological, psychological and cognitive sequelae are underconsidered influencers of sexually dimorphic outcomes. In light of the tremendous heterogeneity in this body of literature, we conclude with the common path upon which we must collectively arrive in order to make progress in understanding PTHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Nico West
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Alicia M Diaz-Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nadeem I Shafi
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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9
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Kochanek PM, Jackson TC, Jha RM, Clark RS, Okonkwo DO, Bayır H, Poloyac SM, Wagner AK, Empey PE, Conley YP, Bell MJ, Kline AE, Bondi CO, Simon DW, Carlson SW, Puccio AM, Horvat CM, Au AK, Elmer J, Treble-Barna A, Ikonomovic MD, Shutter LA, Taylor DL, Stern AM, Graham SH, Kagan VE, Jackson EK, Wisniewski SR, Dixon CE. Paths to Successful Translation of New Therapies for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in the Golden Age of Traumatic Brain Injury Research: A Pittsburgh Vision. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2353-2371. [PMID: 30520681 PMCID: PMC7698994 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New neuroprotective therapies for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) have not translated from pre-clinical to clinical success. Numerous explanations have been suggested in both the pre-clinical and clinical arenas. Coverage of TBI in the lay press has reinvigorated interest, creating a golden age of TBI research with innovative strategies to circumvent roadblocks. We discuss the need for more robust therapies. We present concepts for traditional and novel approaches to defining therapeutic targets. We review lessons learned from the ongoing work of the pre-clinical drug and biomarker screening consortium Operation Brain Trauma Therapy and suggest ways to further enhance pre-clinical consortia. Biomarkers have emerged that empower choice and assessment of target engagement by candidate therapies. Drug combinations may be needed, and it may require moving beyond conventional drug therapies. Precision medicine may also link the right therapy to the right patient, including new approaches to TBI classification beyond the Glasgow Coma Scale or anatomical phenotyping-incorporating new genetic and physiologic approaches. Therapeutic breakthroughs may also come from alternative approaches in clinical investigation (comparative effectiveness, adaptive trial design, use of the electronic medical record, and big data). The full continuum of care must also be represented in translational studies, given the important clinical role of pre-hospital events, extracerebral insults in the intensive care unit, and rehabilitation. TBI research from concussion to coma can cross-pollinate and further advancement of new therapies. Misconceptions can stifle/misdirect TBI research and deserve special attention. Finally, we synthesize an approach to deliver therapeutic breakthroughs in this golden age of TBI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Travis C. Jackson
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruchira M. Jha
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert S.B. Clark
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David O. Okonkwo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samuel M. Poloyac
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy K. Wagner
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Philip E. Empey
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yvette P. Conley
- Health Promotion and Development, University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J. Bell
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anthony E. Kline
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Corina O. Bondi
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dennis W. Simon
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaun W. Carlson
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ava M. Puccio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher M. Horvat
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alicia K. Au
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan Elmer
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amery Treble-Barna
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Milos D. Ikonomovic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lori A. Shutter
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D. Lansing Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew M. Stern
- Drug Discovery Institute, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven H. Graham
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edwin K. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen R. Wisniewski
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Nutritional status and nutrition support in critically ill children in Spain: Results of a multicentric study. Nutrition 2020; 84:110993. [PMID: 33109454 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Critically ill children are often malnourished and require nutrition support (NS). Early enteral nutrition (EEN) seems to be safe in critically ill patients. However, there is a scarcity of data about the management of EEN in sick pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional status, NS characteristics, macronutrient supply, and associations between NS and outcomes in critically ill children in Spain. METHODS This was a multicentric, prospective, cross-sectional study involving critically ill children who received NS and with an expected length of stay (LOS) in the pediatric intensive care unit of ≥3 d. Anthropometric variables, characteristics of NS, EEN, nutrient supply, and complications were recorded. RESULTS We enrolled 86 children. Undernutrition and overweight were more prevalent in children ≤2 y of age than in older children (undernutrition: 40 versus 19%, respectively; overweight: 22.2 versus 14.3%, respectively). Being overweight was associated with a shorter PICU LOS (5.8 ± 2 versus 9.8 ± 6.5; P = 0.005). EN was the preferred method for nutrient delivery. EEN was administered to 58.1% of patients and was more common in children >2 y of age than in younger patients (73.1 versus 44.4%; P = 0.015). EEN was safe and was associated with a higher caloric intake (81.6 ± 35.3 versus 59.6 ± 36.6; P = 0.019). There was a negative correlation between mean time to EN initiation and maximum energy supply (r = -0.32; P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Malnutrition was prevalent among critically ill children in Spain. Being overweight was associated with a shorter PICU LOS. EEN was safe and was associated with a higher caloric intake; however, it is rarely used in PICUs in Spain.
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11
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Hyperosmolar Therapy in Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury-A Systematic Review. Crit Care Med 2020; 47:e1022-e1031. [PMID: 31567404 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of hospital visits for children. Hyperosmolar therapy is often used to treat severe traumatic brain injury. Hypertonic saline is used predominantly, yet there remains disagreement about whether hypertonic saline or mannitol is more effective. DATA SOURCES Literature search was conducted using Pubmed, Cochrane, and Embase. Systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. STUDY SELECTION Retrospective and prospective studies assessing use of hyperosmolar therapy in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury were included. DATA EXTRACTION Two independent authors performed article review. Two-thousand two-hundred thirty unique articles were initially evaluated, 11 were included in the final analysis, with a total of 358 patients. Study quality was assessed using Modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Jadad score. DATA SYNTHESIS Of the 11 studies, all evaluated hypertonic saline and four evaluated both hypertonic saline and mannitol. Nine reported that hypertonic saline lowered intracranial pressure and two reported that mannitol lowered intracranial pressure. The studies varied significantly in dose, concentration, and administrations schedule for both hypertonic saline and mannitol. Five studies were prospective, but only one directly compared mannitol to hypertonic saline. The prospective comparison study found no difference in physiologic outcomes. Clinical outcomes were reported using different measures across studies. For hypertonic saline-treated patients, mechanical ventilation was required for 6.9-9 days, decompressive craniectomy was required for 6.25-29.3% of patients, ICU length of stay was 8.0-10.6 days, in-hospital mortality was 10-48%, and 6-month mortality was 7-17%. In mannitol-treated patients, ICU length of stay was 9.5 days, in-hospital mortality was 56%, and 6-month mortality was 19%. CONCLUSIONS Both hypertonic saline and mannitol appear to lower intracranial pressure and improve clinical outcomes in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury, but the evidence is extremely fractured both in the method of treatment and in the evaluation of outcomes. Given the paucity of high-quality data, it is difficult to definitively conclude which agent is better or what treatment protocol to follow.
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12
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Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Carney N, Totten AM, Adelson PD, Selden NR, Davis-O'Reilly C, Hart EL, Bell MJ, Bratton SL, Grant GA, Kissoon N, Reuter-Rice KE, Vavilala MS, Wainwright MS. Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines, Executive Summary. Neurosurgery 2020; 84:1169-1178. [PMID: 30822776 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to identify and synthesize research produced since the second edition of these Guidelines was published and incorporate new results into revised evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury in pediatric patients. This document provides an overview of our process, lists the new research added, and includes the revised recommendations. Recommendations are only provided when there is supporting evidence. This update includes 22 recommendations, 9 are new or revised from previous editions. New recommendations on neuroimaging, hyperosmolar therapy, analgesics and sedatives, seizure prophylaxis, temperature control/hypothermia, and nutrition are provided. None are level I, 3 are level II, and 19 are level III. The Clinical Investigators responsible for these Guidelines also created a companion algorithm that supplements the recommendations with expert consensus where evidence is not available and organizes possible interventions into first and second tier utilization. The complete guideline document and supplemental appendices are available electronically (https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000001735). The online documents contain summaries and evaluations of all the studies considered, including those from prior editions, and more detailed information on our methodology. New level II and level III evidence-based recommendations and an algorithm provide additional guidance for the development of local protocols to treat pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Our intention is to identify and institute a sustainable process to update these Guidelines as new evidence becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pe-diatrics, Bioengineering, and Clinical and Translational Science, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert C Tasker
- Department of Neurology, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy Carney
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Annette M Totten
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - P David Adelson
- Deptartment of Pediatric Neurosurgery, BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Nathan R Selden
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Cynthia Davis-O'Reilly
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Erica L Hart
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael J Bell
- Department Critical Care Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Susan L Bratton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Gerald A Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Niranjan Kissoon
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Karin E Reuter-Rice
- School of Nursing/School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Monica S Vavilala
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center (HIPRC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark S Wainwright
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
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13
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Emergency Department Implementation of the Brain Trauma Foundation's Pediatric Severe Brain Injury Guideline Recommendations. Pediatr Emerg Care 2020; 36:e239-e241. [PMID: 31804428 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The "Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines" published in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine in 2019 provides new and updated recommendations applicable to the emergency department management of children with severe traumatic brain injury. Practice-changing takeaways include specific recommendations for administration of 3% hypertonic saline, administration of seizure prophylaxis, and avoiding hyperventilation.
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14
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Nielson JL, Cooper SR, Seabury SA, Luciani D, Fabio A, Temkin NR, Ferguson AR. Statistical Guidelines for Handling Missing Data in Traumatic Brain Injury Clinical Research. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:2530-2537. [PMID: 32008424 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Missing data is a persistent and unavoidable problem in even the most carefully designed traumatic brain injury (TBI) clinical research. Missing data patterns may result from participant dropout, non-compliance, technical issues, or even death. This review describes the types of missing data that are common in TBI research, and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the statistical approaches used to draw conclusions and make clinical decisions from these data. We review recent innovations in missing values analysis (MVA), a relatively new branch of statistics, as applied to clinical TBI data. Our discussion focuses on studies from the International Traumatic Brain Injury Research (InTBIR) initiative project: Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in TBI (TRACK-TBI), Collaborative Research on Acute TBI in Intensive Care Medicine in Europe (CREACTIVE), and Approaches and Decisions in Acute Pediatric TBI Trial (ADAPT). In addition, using data from the TRACK-TBI pilot study (n = 586) and the completed clinical trial assessing valproate (VPA) for the treatment of post-traumatic epilepsy (n = 379) we present real-world examples of typical missing data patterns and the application of statistical techniques to mitigate the impact of missing data in order to draw sound conclusions from ongoing clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Nielson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shelly R Cooper
- Cognitive Control and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Seth A Seabury
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Davide Luciani
- Unit of Clinical Knowledge Engineering, Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, IRCCS-Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Anthony Fabio
- Epidemiology Data Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy R Temkin
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California.,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California
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15
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Pedersen SH, Lilja-Cyron A, Astrand R, Juhler M. Monitoring and Measurement of Intracranial Pressure in Pediatric Head Trauma. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1376. [PMID: 32010042 PMCID: PMC6973131 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of Review: Monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) is an important and integrated part of the treatment algorithm for children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Guidelines often recommend ICP monitoring with a treatment threshold of 20 mmHg. This focused review discusses; (1) different ICP technologies and how ICP should be monitored in pediatric patients with severe TBI, (2) existing evidence behind guideline recommendations, and (3) how we could move forward to increase knowledge about normal ICP in children to support treatment decisions. Summary: Current reference values for normal ICP in adults lie between 7 and 15 mmHg. Recent studies conducted in “pseudonormal” adults, however, suggest a normal range below this level where ICP is highly dependent on body posture and decreases to negative values in sitting and standing position. Despite obvious physiological differences between children and adults, no age or body size related reference values exist for normal ICP in children. Recent guidelines for treatment of severe TBI in pediatric patients recommend ICP monitoring to guide treatment of intracranial hypertension. Decision on ICP monitoring modalities are based on local standards, the individual case, and the clinician's choice. The recommended treatment threshold is 20 mmHg for a duration of 5 min. Both prospective and retrospective observational studies applying different thresholds and treatment strategies for intracranial hypertension were included to support this recommendation. While some studies suggest improved outcome related to ICP monitoring (lower rate of mortality and severe disability), most studies identify high ICP as a marker of worse outcome. Only one study applied age-differentiated thresholds, but this study did not evaluate the effect of these different thresholds on outcome. The quality of evidence behind ICP monitoring and treatment thresholds in severe pediatric TBI is low and treatment can potentially be improved by knowledge about normal ICP from observational studies in healthy children and cohorts of pediatric “pseudonormal” patients expected to have normal ICP. Acceptable levels of ICP − and thus also treatment thresholds—probably vary with age, disease and whether the patient has intact cerebral autoregulation. Future treatment algorithms should reflect these differences and be more personalized and dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramona Astrand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Reisner A, Ralston AK, Vats A, Sawvel MS, Blackwell LS. Commentary: Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines, Executive Summary. Neurosurgery 2020; 85:E384-E385. [PMID: 31173145 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Reisner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ashley K Ralston
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Atul Vats
- Department of Pediatric Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael S Sawvel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura S Blackwell
- Department of Neuropsychology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
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17
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Fenn NE, Sierra CM. Hyperosmolar Therapy for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Pediatrics: A Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2019; 24:465-472. [PMID: 31719807 PMCID: PMC6836706 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-24.6.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. The use of hyperosmolar therapy to offset increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is described in pediatric guidelines, yet some controversy remains regarding which option to select. A search was conducted using the PubMed, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, Academic Search Premier, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Library databases. Studies were included if they described the hyperosmolar therapy use, involved severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), and patient age was 0 to 18 years. A total of 331 studies published between 1987 and 2017 were retrieved; of these, 9 met the inclusion criteria. Included studies were evaluated for the type and concentration of hyperosmolar therapy, associated mortality outcomes, ICP and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) measurements, concurrent medications, and reported serum sodium and serum osmolarity or osmolality values. Hypertonic saline was the most commonly reported hyperosmolar therapy. Mannitol was less studied, but collectively demonstrated a higher incidence of mortality than hypertonic saline. There were several studies that did not report monitoring outcomes associated with serum sodium and/or serum osmolarity, despite the use of hyperosmolar therapies. Inconsistencies were noted between the studies in the overall study design as well as reported monitoring parameters and length of stay. Hypertonic saline appears to be safe and efficacious at several concentrations for treatment of increased ICP associated with severe TBI in pediatric patients. The limited available data regarding the use of mannitol do not allow a strong conclusion to be made regarding its use.
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18
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Appavu B, Foldes ST, Adelson PD. Clinical trials for pediatric traumatic brain injury: definition of insanity? J Neurosurg Pediatr 2019; 23:661-669. [PMID: 31153150 DOI: 10.3171/2019.2.peds18384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children both in the United States and throughout the world. Despite valiant efforts and multiple clinical trials completed over the last few decades, there are no high-level recommendations for pediatric TBI available in current guidelines. In this review, the authors explore key findings from the major pediatric clinical trials in children with TBI that have shaped present-day recommendations and the insights gained from them. The authors also offer a perspective on potential efforts to improve the efficacy of future clinical trials in children following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Appavu
- 1Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital; and
- 2University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Child Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Stephen T Foldes
- 1Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital; and
| | - P David Adelson
- 1Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital; and
- 2University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Child Health, Phoenix, Arizona
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19
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Comparison of equiosmolar dose of hyperosmolar agents in reducing intracranial pressure-a randomized control study in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Childs Nerv Syst 2019; 35:999-1005. [PMID: 30879126 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are no comparative studies available for hyperosmolar therapy in children. The present study is a prospective open label randomized control trial to compare the effect of equiosmolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic saline in reducing intracranial pressure in children who sustained severe traumatic brain injury. METHODS This is a prospective open-label randomized controlled trial. Thirty children aged less than or equal to 16 years with severe traumatic brain injury and raised intracranial pressure as measured by ventricular catheter insertion were enrolled. Sixteen children received 20% mannitol, and 14 children received 3% saline as 2.5 ml/kg bolus for episodes of intracranial pressure above cutoff value for age. The mean reduction in intracranial pressure and Glasgow outcome scale at 6 months after injury was measured. RESULTS The mean reduction in intracranial pressure in mannitol group was 7.13 mmHg and in hypertonic saline group was 5.67 mmHg, and the difference was not statistically significant, p = 0.33. The incidence of death or survival in vegetative state was 23.07% in mannitol group and 16.66% in hypertonic saline group, and the difference was not statistically significant, p = 0.69. CONCLUSION Both mannitol and hypertonic saline were equally effective for treatment of raised intracranial pressure in children with severe traumatic brain injury.
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20
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Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: 2019 Consensus and Guidelines-Based Algorithm for First and Second Tier Therapies. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2019; 20:269-279. [PMID: 30830015 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To produce a treatment algorithm for the ICU management of infants, children, and adolescents with severe traumatic brain injury. DATA SOURCES Studies included in the 2019 Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8), consensus when evidence was insufficient to formulate a fully evidence-based approach, and selected protocols from included studies. DATA SYNTHESIS Baseline care germane to all pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury along with two tiers of therapy were formulated. An approach to emergent management of the crisis scenario of cerebral herniation was also included. The first tier of therapy focuses on three therapeutic targets, namely preventing and/or treating intracranial hypertension, optimizing cerebral perfusion pressure, and optimizing partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (when monitored). The second tier of therapy focuses on decompressive craniectomy surgery, barbiturate infusion, late application of hypothermia, induced hyperventilation, and hyperosmolar therapies. CONCLUSIONS This article provides an algorithm of clinical practice for the bedside practitioner based on the available evidence, treatment protocols described in the articles included in the 2019 guidelines, and consensus that reflects a logical approach to mitigate intracranial hypertension, optimize cerebral perfusion, and improve outcomes in the setting of pediatric severe traumatic brain injury.
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21
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Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines, Executive Summary. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2019; 20:280-289. [PMID: 30830016 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this work is to identify and synthesize research produced since the second edition of these Guidelines was published and incorporate new results into revised evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury in pediatric patients. METHODS AND MAIN RESULTS This document provides an overview of our process, lists the new research added, and includes the revised recommendations. Recommendations are only provided when there is supporting evidence. This update includes 22 recommendations, nine are new or revised from previous editions. New recommendations on neuroimaging, hyperosmolar therapy, analgesics and sedatives, seizure prophylaxis, temperature control/hypothermia, and nutrition are provided. None are level I, three are level II, and 19 are level III. The Clinical Investigators responsible for these Guidelines also created a companion algorithm that supplements the recommendations with expert consensus where evidence is not available and organizes possible interventions into first and second tier utilization. The purpose of publishing the algorithm as a separate document is to provide guidance for clinicians while maintaining a clear distinction between what is evidence based and what is consensus based. This approach allows, and is intended to encourage, continued creativity in treatment and research where evidence is lacking. Additionally, it allows for the use of the evidence-based recommendations as the foundation for other pathways, protocols, or algorithms specific to different organizations or environments. The complete guideline document and supplemental appendices are available electronically from this journal. These documents contain summaries and evaluations of all the studies considered, including those from prior editions, and more detailed information on our methodology. CONCLUSIONS New level II and level III evidence-based recommendations and an algorithm provide additional guidance for the development of local protocols to treat pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Our intention is to identify and institute a sustainable process to update these Guidelines as new evidence becomes available.
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22
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Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2019; 20:S1-S82. [PMID: 30829890 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Araki T. Pediatric Neurocritical Care. Neurocrit Care 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7272-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Morrison A, Houtrow A, Zullo J, Kochanek P, Vetterly C, Fink E. Neurostimulant Prescribing Patterns in Children Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:293-299. [PMID: 29756534 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurostimulant medications are commonly prescribed following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults; little is known about their use in children with TBI. Our objective was to analyze neurostimulant prescribing practices from 2005 to 2015 in children admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with TBI. We hypothesized that neurostimulant prescriptions have increased over time and are associated with older age and injury severity. A retrospective cohort study of patients age 1 month to 18 years with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) discharge diagnosis code for TBI admitted to the ICU between 2005 and 2015 in 37 pediatric hospitals included in the Pediatric Health Information System was conducted. Variables examined include patient and injury characteristics and neurostimulant medication use. Descriptive statistics and multi-variable logistic regression testing were used to determine variables associated with neurostimulant prescription. Of 30,881 patients with TBI, most were male (64%) and age 0-4 years (43%). In patients with mechanism of injury reported (n = 21,998), TBI was most frequently due to falls (36%) and motor vehicle collisions (36%). One thousand sixty-four neurostimulants were prescribed to 878 (3%) patients with 41% of prescriptions for amantadine and 38% for methylphenidate. Neurostimulants were prescribed a median (interquartile range) of 17 (8-35) days post-injury and increased over the study decade (R2 = 0.806). In a multi-variable analysis, variables most strongly associated with receipt of a neurostimulant were age 14-18 years (odds ratio 5.8, 95% confidence interval [4.3,7.8]), motor vehicle collision (3.1, [2.4,4.2]), intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor (3.8, [3.1,4.5]), and mechanical ventilation (3.4, [2.7,4.3]). Use of neurostimulants following pediatric TBI is uncommon, has increased over time, and is associated with indicators of higher severity of illness. Knowledge of prescribing practices may assist in optimizing the design of efficacy and outcome studies that will inform clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Morrison
- 1 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy Houtrow
- 2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jim Zullo
- 3 CHP-Data Warehouse, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Kochanek
- 4 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carol Vetterly
- 5 Pharmacy Services, Pediatric Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ericka Fink
- 6 Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Lo T, Piper I, Depreitere B, Meyfroidt G, Poca M, Sahuquillo J, Durduran T, Enblad P, Nilsson P, Ragauskas A, Kiening K, Morris K, Agbeko R, Levin R, Weitz J, Park C, Davis P. KidsBrainIT: A New Multi-centre, Multi-disciplinary, Multi-national Paediatric Brain Monitoring Collaboration. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2018; 126:39-45. [PMID: 29492529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-65798-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Validated optimal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) treatment thresholds in children do not exist. To improve the intensive care unit (ICU) management of the paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) population, we are forming a new paediatric multi-centre collaboration to recruit standardised ICU data for running and reporting upon models for assessing autoregulation and optimal CCP (CPPopt). MATERIALS AND METHODS We are adapting the adult BrainIT group's approach to develop a new Paediatric Brain Monitoring and Information Technology Group (KidsBrainIT), which will include a repository to store prospectively collected high-resolution physiological, clinical, and outcome data. In the first phase of this project there are 7 UK Paediatric Intensive Care Units, 1 Spanish, 1 Belgium, and 1 Romanian Centre interested in participating. In subsequent phases, we plan to open recruitment to other centres both within Europe, US and abroad. We are collaborating with the Leuven Group and plan to use their LAx (low-frequency autoregulation index), DATACAR (dynamic adaptive target of active cerebral autoregulation), CPPopt and visualisation methodologies. We also plan to use the continuous diffuse optical monitoring and tomography technology developed in Barcelona as an acute surrogate end-point for optimising brain perfusion. This technology allows non-invasive continuous monitoring of deep tissue perfusion and oxygenation in adults but its clinical application in infants and children with TBI has not been studied previously. RESULTS We report on the current status of setting up this new collaboration and also on pilot analyses in two centres which are the basis of our rationale for the need for a prospective validation study of CPPopt in children. Specifically, we demonstrated that CPPopt varied with time for each patient during their paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay, and the median overall CPPopt levels for children aged 2-6 years, 7-11 years and 12-16 years were 68.83, 68.09, and 72.17 mmHg respectively. Among survivors and patients with favourable outcome (GOS 4 and 5), there were significantly higher proportions with CPP monitoring time within CPPopt (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01 respectively). CONCLUSIONS There is a need and an interest in forming a multi-centre PICU collaboration for acquiring data and performing analyses for determining validated CPPopt thresholds in the paediatric TBI population. KidsBrainIT is being formed to meet that need.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lo
- Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I Piper
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | | - M Poca
- Val D'hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Sahuquillo
- Val D'hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Durduran
- Val D'hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Enblad
- Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Nilsson
- Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Ragauskas
- Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - K Kiening
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Morris
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Agbeko
- Great Northern Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Levin
- Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Weitz
- Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - C Park
- Alder Hey Childrens NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - P Davis
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a highly prevalent and devastating cause of morbidity and mortality in children. A rapid, stepwise approach to the traumatized child should proceed, addressing life-threatening problems first. Management focuses on preventing secondary injury from physiologic extremes such as hypoxemia, hypotension, prolonged hyperventilation, temperature extremes, and rapid changes in cerebral blood flow. Initial Glasgow Coma Score, hyperglycemia, and imaging are often prognostic of outcome. Surgically amenable lesions should be evacuated promptly. Reduction of intracranial pressure through hyperosmolar therapy, decompressive craniotomy, and seizure prophylaxis may be considered after stabilization. Nonaccidental trauma should be considered when evaluating pediatric trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Leetch
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Arizona, PO Box 245057, Tucson, AZ 85724-5057, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, PO Box 245057, Tucson, AZ 85724-5057, USA.
| | - Bryan Wilson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Arizona, PO Box 245057, Tucson, AZ 85724-5057, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, PO Box 245057, Tucson, AZ 85724-5057, USA
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27
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Figaji AA. Anatomical and Physiological Differences between Children and Adults Relevant to Traumatic Brain Injury and the Implications for Clinical Assessment and Care. Front Neurol 2017; 8:685. [PMID: 29312119 PMCID: PMC5735372 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
General and central nervous system anatomy and physiology in children is different to that of adults and this is relevant to traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury. The controversies and uncertainties in adult neurotrauma are magnified by these differences, the lack of normative data for children, the scarcity of pediatric studies, and inappropriate generalization from adult studies. Cerebral metabolism develops rapidly in the early years, driven by cortical development, synaptogenesis, and rapid myelination, followed by equally dramatic changes in baseline and stimulated cerebral blood flow. Therefore, adult values for cerebral hemodynamics do not apply to children, and children cannot be easily approached as a homogenous group, especially given the marked changes between birth and age 8. Their cranial and spinal anatomy undergoes many changes, from the presence and disappearance of the fontanels, the presence and closure of cranial sutures, the thickness and pliability of the cranium, anatomy of the vertebra, and the maturity of the cervical ligaments and muscles. Moreover, their systemic anatomy changes over time. The head is relatively large in young children, the airway is easily compromised, the chest is poorly protected, the abdominal organs are large. Physiology changes—blood volume is small by comparison, hypothermia develops easily, intracranial pressure (ICP) is lower, and blood pressure normograms are considerably different at different ages, with potentially important implications for cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) thresholds. Mechanisms and pathologies also differ—diffuse injuries are common in accidental injury, and growing fractures, non-accidental injury and spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality are unique to the pediatric population. Despite these clear differences and the vulnerability of children, the amount of pediatric-specific data in TBI is surprisingly weak. There are no robust guidelines for even basics aspects of care in children, such as ICP and CPP management. This is particularly alarming given that TBI is a leading cause of death in children. To address this, there is an urgent need for pediatric-specific clinical research. If this goal is to be achieved, any clinician or researcher interested in pediatric neurotrauma must be familiar with its unique pathophysiological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Figaji
- Neuroscience Institute, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Red Cross Children's Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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28
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Larsen GY, Schober M, Fabio A, Wisniewski SR, Grant MJC, Shafi N, Bennett TD, Hirtz D, Bell MJ. Structure, Process, and Culture Differences of Pediatric Trauma Centers Participating in an International Comparative Effectiveness Study of Children with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care 2017; 24:353-60. [PMID: 26627225 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-015-0218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important worldwide cause of death and disability for children. The Approaches and Decisions for Acute Pediatric TBI (ADAPT) Trial is an observational, cohort study to compare the effectiveness of six aspects of TBI care. Understanding the differences between clinical sites-including their structure, clinical processes, and culture differences-will be necessary to assess differences in outcome from the study and can inform the overall community regarding differences across academic centers. METHODS We developed a survey and queried ADAPT site principal investigators with a focus on six domains: (i) hospital, (ii) pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), (iii) medical staff characteristics, (iv) quality of care, (v) medication safety, and (vi) safety culture. Summary statistics were used to describe differences between centers. RESULTS ADAPT clinical sites that enrolled a subject within the first year (32 US-based, 11 international) were studied. A wide variation in site characteristics was observed in hospital and ICU characteristics, including an almost sevenfold range in ICU size (8-55 beds) and more than fivefold range of overall ICU admissions (537-2623). Nursing staffing (predominantly 1:1 or 1:2) and the presence of pharmacists within the ICU (79 %) were less variable, and most sites "strongly agreed" or "agreed" that Neurosurgery and Critical Care teams worked well together (81.4 %). However, a minority of sites (46 %) used an explicit protocol for treatment of children with severe TBI care. CONCLUSIONS We found a variety of inter-center structure, process, and culture differences. These intrinsic differences between sites may begin to explain why interventional studies have failed to prove efficacy of experimental therapies. Understanding these differences may be an important factor in analyzing future ADAPT trial results and in determining best practices for pediatric severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Y Larsen
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michelle Schober
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony Fabio
- Departments of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Mary Jo C Grant
- Departments of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nadeem Shafi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tellen D Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deborah Hirtz
- Division of Extramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Bell
- Department Critical Care Medicine, Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, 3434 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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Pre-clinical models in pediatric traumatic brain injury-challenges and lessons learned. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:1693-1701. [PMID: 29149385 PMCID: PMC5909721 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the enormity of the problem and the lack of new therapies, research in the pre-clinical arena specifically using pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) models is limited. In this review, some of the key models addressing both the age spectrum of pediatric TBI and its unique injury mechanisms will be highlighted. Four topics will be addressed, namely, (1) unique facets of the developing brain important to TBI model development, (2) a description of some of the most commonly used pre-clinical models of severe pediatric TBI including work in both rodents and large animals, (3) a description of the pediatric models of mild TBI and repetitive mild TBI that are relatively new, and finally (4) a discussion of challenges, gaps, and potential future directions to further advance work in pediatric TBI models. METHODS This narrative review on the topic of pediatric TBI models was based on review of PUBMED/Medline along with a synthesis of information on key factors in pre-clinical and clinical developmental brain injury that influence TBI modeling. RESULTS In the contemporary literature, six types of models have been used in rats including weight drop, fluid percussion injury (FPI), impact acceleration, controlled cortical impact (CCI), mechanical shaking, and closed head modifications of CCI. In mice, studies are largely restricted to CCI. In large animals, FPI and rotational injury have been used in piglets and shake injury has also been used in lambs. Most of the studies have been in severe injury models, although more recently, studies have begun to explore mild and repetitive mild injuries to study concussion. CONCLUSIONS Given the emerging importance of TBI in infants and children, the morbidity and mortality that is produced, along with its purported link to the development of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, studies in these models merit greater systematic investigations along with consortium-type approaches and long-term follow-up to translate new therapies to the bedside.
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30
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Figaji AA, Graham Fieggen A, Mankahla N, Enslin N, Rohlwink UK. Targeted treatment in severe traumatic brain injury in the age of precision medicine. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:1651-1661. [PMID: 28808845 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, much progress has been made in our understanding of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Clinical outcomes have progressively improved, but evidence-based guidelines for how we manage patients remain surprisingly weak. The problem is that the many interventions and strategies that have been investigated in randomized controlled trials have all disappointed. These include many concepts that had become standard care in TBI. And that is just for adult TBI; in children, the situation is even worse. Not only is pediatric care more difficult than adult care because physiological norms change with age, but also there is less evidence for clinical practice. In this article, we discuss the heterogeneity inherent in TBI and why so many clinical trials have failed. We submit that a key goal for the future is to appreciate important clinical differences between patients in their pathophysiology and their responses to treatment. The challenge that faces us is how to rationally apply therapies based on the specific needs of an individual patient. In doing so, we may be able to apply the principles of precision medicine approaches to the patients we treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Figaji
- Division of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - A Graham Fieggen
- Division of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ncedile Mankahla
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nico Enslin
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ursula K Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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31
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Challenges and opportunities for pediatric severe TBI-review of the evidence and exploring a way forward. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:1663-1667. [PMID: 29149394 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading killer of children in the developed and developing world. Despite evidence-based guidelines and several recent clinical trials, the progress in developing best practices for children with severe TBI has been slow. This article describes (i) the burden of the disease, (ii) the inadequacies of the evidence-based guidelines, (iii) the failure of the largest clinical trials to prove their primary hypotheses, and (iv) possible advances from an observational cohort study called the Approaches and Decisions for Acute Pediatric TBI (ADAPT) Trial that has recently completed enrollment.
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32
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Organización de la asistencia y manejo inicial del traumatismo craneoencefálico grave en España: resultados de una encuesta nacional. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2017; 28:167-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucir.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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33
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Curvello V, Hekierski H, Riley J, Vavilala M, Armstead WM. Sex and age differences in phenylephrine mechanisms and outcomes after piglet brain injury. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:108-113. [PMID: 28355201 PMCID: PMC5509507 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of injury-related death in children, with boys and children under 4 years of age having particularly poor outcomes. Cerebral autoregulation is often impaired after TBI, contributing to poor outcome. In prior studies on newborn pigs, phenylephrine (Phe) preferentially protected cerebral autoregulation in female but not in male subjects after TBI. We hypothesized that, in contrast to the newborn, Phe prevents impairment of autoregulation and tissue injury following TBI in both sexes of older pigs.MethodsCerebral autoregulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and endothelin, and histopathology were determined after moderate fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) in male and female juvenile pigs after Phe.ResultsAutoregulation was more impaired in male than in female subjects. Phe protects autoregulation in both sexes after FPI, blocks ERK and endothelin, and decreases the number of necrotic neurons in male and female subjects after FPI.ConclusionsThese data indicate that Phe protects autoregulation and limits neuronal necrosis via blockage of ERK and endothelin after FPI in male and female subjects. Together with prior observations in newborn pigs where Phe protected autoregulation in female but not in male subjects, these data suggest that use of Phe to improve outcomes after TBI is both sex- and age-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Curvello
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hugh Hekierski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Riley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Monica Vavilala
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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34
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Cui X, Song H, Su J. Curcumin attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats through induction of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1512-1518. [PMID: 28781627 PMCID: PMC5526188 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin has previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-infective and immuno-suppressive effects. In the present study, whether the attenuating effects of curcumin against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats are mediated via nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was investigated. A model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury was created using 1-week-old Sprague Dawley rats (weight, 52±1 g). The model rats were treated with 150 mg/kg curcumin by gavage for 3 days. Malondialdehyde levels, and superoxide dismutase and caspase-3 activities were assayed using commercial kits and western blot analysis was used to measure inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Nrf2 and HO-1 expression levels. Treatment with curcumin effectively reduced the brain injury score, increased myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and increased the quantity of neuronal cells in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Furthermore, treatment with curcumin significantly attenuated the changes in SOD activity and MDA levels and suppressed the iNOS protein expression induced in neonatal rats by hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Treatment with curcumin significantly increased Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in the neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. The present study indicated that curcumin attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats through the induction of Nrf2 and HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Cui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Song
- Department of Spleen and Stomach, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Cadres and Health Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, Shandong 250001, P.R. China
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35
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Armstead WM, Riley J, Vavilala MS. K channel impairment determines sex and age differences in epinephrine-mediated outcomes after brain injury. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1917-1926. [PMID: 28397372 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of injury-related death in children, with boys and children under 4 years having particularly poor outcomes. Activation of ATP- and calcium-sensitive (KATP and KCa ) channels produces cerebrovasodilation and contributes to autoregulation, both of which are impaired after TBI, contributing to poor outcomes. Upregulation of the c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) isoform of mitogen-activated protein kinase produces K channel function impairment after CNS injury. Vasoactive agents can be used to normalize cerebral perfusion pressure. Epinephrine (EPI) prevents impairment of cerebral autoregulation and hippocampal neuronal cell necrosis after TBI in female and male newborn and female juvenile but not male juvenile pigs via differential modulation of JNK. The present study used anesthetized pigs equipped with a closed cranial window to address the hypothesis that differential K channel impairment contributes to age and sex differences in EPI-mediated outcomes after brain injury. Results show that pial artery dilation in response to the KATP and KCa channel agonists cromakalim and NS 1619 was impaired after TBI and that such impairment was prevented by EPI in female and male newborn and female juvenile but not male juvenile pigs. Using vasodilation as an index of function, these data indicate that EPI protects cerebral autoregulation and limits histopathology after TBI through protection of K channel function via blockade of JNK in an age- and sex-dependent manner. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - John Riley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Monica S Vavilala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, and Neurological Surgery, and Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
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36
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International Survey of Critically Ill Children With Acute Neurologic Insults: The Prevalence of Acute Critical Neurological Disease in Children: A Global Epidemiological Assessment Study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:330-342. [PMID: 28207570 PMCID: PMC5380574 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The international scope of critical neurologic insults in children is unknown. Our objective was to assess the prevalence and outcomes of children admitted to PICUs with acute neurologic insults. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Multicenter (n = 107 PICUs) and multinational (23 countries, 79% in North America and Europe). PATIENTS Children 7 days to 17 years old admitted to the ICU with new traumatic brain injury, stroke, cardiac arrest, CNS infection or inflammation, status epilepticus, spinal cord injury, hydrocephalus, or brain mass. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We evaluated the prevalence and outcomes of children with predetermined acute neurologic insults. Child and center characteristics were recorded. Unfavorable outcome was defined as change in pre-post insult Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category score greater than or equal to 2 or death at hospital discharge or 3 months, whichever came first. Screening data yielded overall prevalence of 16.2%. Of 924 children with acute neurologic insults, cardiac arrest (23%) and traumatic brain injury (19%) were the most common. All-cause mortality at hospital discharge was 12%. Cardiac arrest subjects had highest mortality (24%), and traumatic brain injury subjects had the most unfavorable outcomes (49%). The most common neurologic insult was infection/inflammation in South America, Asia, and the single African site but cardiac arrest in the remaining regions. CONCLUSIONS Neurologic insults are a significant pediatric international health issue. They are frequent and contribute substantial morbidity and mortality. These data suggest a need for an increased focus on acute critical neurologic diseases in infants and children including additional research, enhanced availability of clinical resources, and the development of new therapies.
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37
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Murphy S, Thomas NJ, Gertz SJ, Beca J, Luther JF, Bell MJ, Wisniewski SR, Hartman AL, Tasker RC. Tripartite Stratification of the Glasgow Coma Scale in Children with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Mortality: An Analysis from a Multi-Center Comparative Effectiveness Study. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2220-2229. [PMID: 28052716 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score has not been validated in children younger than 5 years and the clinical circumstances at the time of assignment can limit its applicability. This study describes the distribution of GCS scores in the population, the relationship between injury characteristics with the GCS score, and the association between the tripartite stratification of the GCS on mortality in children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The first 200 children from a multi-center comparative effectiveness study in severe TBI (inclusion criteria: age 0-18 years, GCS ≤8 at the time of intracranial pressure [ICP] monitoring) were analyzed. After tripartite stratification of GCS scores (Group A, GCS 3; Group B, GCS 4 - 5; and Group C, GCS 6 - 8), analyses of variance and chi-square testing were performed. Mean age was 7.61 years ±5.33 and mortality was 19.1%. There was no difference in etiology or type/mechanism of injury between groups. However, groups demonstrated differences in neuromuscular blockade, endotracheal intubation, pre-hospital events (cardiac arrest and apnea), coagulopathy, and pupil response. Mortality between groups was different (42.2% Group A, 22.6% Group B, and 3.8% Group C; p < 0.001), and adding pupil response improved mortality associations. In children younger than 5 years of age, a similar relationship between GCS and mortality was observed. Overall, GCS score at the time of ICP monitor placement is strongly associated with mortality across the pediatric age range. Development of models with GCS and other factors may allow identification of subtypes of children after severe TBI for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neal J Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Shira J Gertz
- Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - John Beca
- Department of Pediatrics, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James F Luther
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Bell
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Adam L Hartman
- Office of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert C Tasker
- Departments of Anesthesia (Pediatrics) and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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38
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Armstead WM, Riley J, Vavilala MS. Sex and Age Differences in Epinephrine Mechanisms and Outcomes after Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:1666-1675. [PMID: 27912253 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of injury-related death in children, with boys and children <4 years of age having particularly poor outcomes. Cerebral autoregulation is often impaired after TBI, contributing to poor outcome. Cerebral perfusion pressure can be normalized by use of vasoactive agents. The c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK) isoform of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) produces hemodynamic impairment after TBI, but less is known about its role in histopathology. We investigated whether epinephrine (EPI), age, and sex dependently protected cerebral autoregulation and limited histopathology after TBI, and sought to determine the role of JNK in that outcome. Lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) was produced in anesthetized pigs. Pial artery reactivity was measured via a closed cranial window. Phosphorylated JNK MAPK was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results show that EPI preserves autoregulation, prevents histopathology, and blocks phosphorylated JNK upregulation in newborn males and females and juvenile females but not juvenile males after TBI. These data indicate that EPI preserves cerebral autoregulation and limits histopathology after TBI through blockade of JNK in an age- and sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Riley
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Monica S Vavilala
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, and Neurological Surgery, and Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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Young AMH, Adams H, Donnelly J, Guilfoyle MR, Fernandes H, Garnett MR, Czosnyka M, Smielewski P, Plummer M, Agrawal S, Hutchinson PJ. Glycemia Is Related to Impaired Cerebrovascular Autoregulation after Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Retrospective Observational Study. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:205. [PMID: 28993802 PMCID: PMC5622298 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A strong association exists between hyperglycemia and outcome in pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Herein, we describe observations of serum markers of glucose metabolism in a cohort of pediatric TBI patients and how these variables are related to parameters of intracranial pathophysiology. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on pediatric severe TBI patients admitted to Addenbrookes Hospital Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) between January 2001 and December 2013. Demographic, outcome, systemic physiological, and cerebral autoregulatory data were extracted for patients who had received continuous invasive monitoring (ICM+, Cambridge Enterprise, Cambridge, UK). Data were analyzed using a mixed linear model. RESULTS Forty-four patients with an average age of 12.2 years were admitted to the PICU with a TBI requiring invasive neurosurgical monitoring. Thirty-two patients (73%) survived, with favorable outcomes in 62%. The mean (SD) intracranial pressure (ICP) was 17.6 + 9.0 mmHg, MAP was 89.7 + 9.0 mmHg, and pressure-reactivity index (PRx) was -0.01 + 0.23 a.u. The mean (SD) serum lactate was 2.2 (3.3) mmol/L. and the mean (SD) serum glucose was 6.1 (1.6) mmol/L. Early hyperglycemia was strongly associated with both PRx (Pearson correlation 0.351, p < 0.001) and ICP (Pearson correlation 0.240, p = 0.002) death (p = 0.021) and impaired cerebral autoregulation (p = 0.02). There was a strong association between ICP and serum lactate (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Increases in systemic glucose are associated with impaired cerebrovasular autoregulation after severe pediatric TBI. Moreover, deranged blood glucose is a marker of poor prognosis. Further studies are required to delineate putative mechanisms of hyperglycemia induced cerebral harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M H Young
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hadie Adams
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Donnelly
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew R Guilfoyle
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Fernandes
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew R Garnett
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Czosnyka
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Smielewski
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Plummer
- Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shruti Agrawal
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Hutchinson
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Roumeliotis N, Dong C, Pettersen G, Crevier L, Emeriaud G. Hyperosmolar therapy in pediatric traumatic brain injury: a retrospective study. Childs Nerv Syst 2016; 32:2363-2368. [PMID: 27568371 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study are to describe the use of hyperosmolar therapy in pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and examine its effect on intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). DESIGN A retrospective review of patients with severe TBI admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) was conducted. Inclusion criteria were ICP monitoring and administration of a hyperosmolar agent (20 % mannitol or 3 % hypertonic saline) within 48 h of PICU admission; for which dose and timing were recorded. For the first two boluses received for increased ICP (>20 mmHg), the impact on ICP and CPP was assessed during the following 4 h, using repeated measures ANOVA. Co-interventions to control ICP (additional hyperosmolar agent, propofol, or barbiturate bolus) and serum sodium were also documented. SETTING A tertiary care pediatric hospital center. PATIENTS Children aged 1 month to 18 years, with severe traumatic brain injury (Glasgow Coma Score ≤ 8) and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor. RESULTS Sixty-four patients were eligible, of which 16 met inclusion criteria. Average age was 11 years (SD ± 4) and median Glasgow Coma Score was 6 (range 4-7). Seventy percent of boluses were 3 % hypertonic saline, with no identified baseline difference associated with this initial choice. Both mannitol and hypertonic saline were followed by a non-significant decrease in ICP (mannitol, p = 0.055 and hypertonic saline, p = 0.096). There was no significant change in CPP post bolus. A co-intervention occurred in 69 % of patients within the 4 h post hyperosmolar agent, and eight patients received continuous 3 % saline. CONCLUSION In pediatric TBI with intracranial hypertension, mannitol and 3 % hypertonic saline are commonly used, but dose and therapeutic threshold for use vary without clear indications for one versus another. Controlled trials are warranted, but several barriers were identified, including high exclusion rate, multiple co-interventions, and care variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Roumeliotis
- Department of Critial Care, CHU Sainte-Justine, University de Montréal, 3175 Cote Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Christian Dong
- Research Center of CHU Sainte-Justine, University de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Géraldine Pettersen
- Department of Critial Care, CHU Sainte-Justine, University de Montréal, 3175 Cote Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Louis Crevier
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHU Sainte-Justine, University de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Emeriaud
- Department of Critial Care, CHU Sainte-Justine, University de Montréal, 3175 Cote Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Québec, H3T 1C5, Canada
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Dixon RR, Nocera M, Zolotor AJ, Keenan HT. Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Infants and Young Children With Traumatic Brain Injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17:1064-1072. [PMID: 27632060 PMCID: PMC5257177 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the use of intracranial pressure monitors and treatment for elevated intracranial pressure in children 24 months old or younger with traumatic brain injury in North Carolina between April 2009 and March 2012 and compare this with a similar cohort recruited 2000-2001. DESIGN Prospective, observational cohort study. SETTING Twelve PICUs in North Carolina. PATIENTS All children 24 months old or younger with traumatic brain injury, admitted to an included PICU. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS The use of intracranial pressure monitors and treatments for elevated intracranial pressure were evaluated in 238 children with traumatic brain injury. Intracranial pressure monitoring (risk ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.5-9.3) and intracranial pressure therapies were more common in children with Glasgow Coma Scale less than or equal to 8 compared with Glasgow Coma Scale greater than 8. However, only 17% of children with Glasgow Coma Scale less than or equal to 8 received a monitoring device. Treatments for elevated intracranial pressure were more common in children with monitors; yet, some children without monitors received therapies traditionally used to lower intracranial pressure. Unadjusted predictors of monitoring were Glasgow Coma Scale less than or equal to 8, receipt of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, nonwhite race. Logistic regression showed no strong predictors of intracranial pressure monitor use. Compared with the 2000 cohort, children in the 2010 cohort with Glasgow Coma Scale less than or equal to 8 were less likely to receive monitoring (risk ratio, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-1.0), although the estimate was not precise, or intracranial pressure management therapies. CONCLUSION Children in the 2010 cohort with a Glasgow Coma Scale less than or equal to 8 were less likely to receive an intracranial pressure monitor or hyperosmolar therapy than children in the 2000 cohort; however, about 10% of children without monitors received therapies to decrease intracranial pressure. This suggests treatment heterogeneity in children 24 months old or younger with traumatic brain injury and a need for better evidence to support treatment recommendations for this group of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R. Dixon
- Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Maryalice Nocera
- University of North Carolina Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Adam J. Zolotor
- University of North Carolina Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Heather T. Keenan
- Pediatric Critical Care, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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Bell MJ, Wisniewski SR. Severe traumatic brain injury in children: a vision for the future. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42:1618-1620. [PMID: 27256038 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bell
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, 3434 Fifth Avenue, 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Effectiveness of Pharmacological Therapies for Intracranial Hypertension in Children With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury--Results From an Automated Data Collection System Time-Synched to Drug Administration. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17:236-45. [PMID: 26673840 PMCID: PMC4779724 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe acute cerebral hemodynamic effects of medications commonly used to treat intracranial hypertension in children with traumatic brain injury. Currently, data supporting the efficacy of these medications are insufficient. DESIGN In this prospective observational study, intracranial hypertension (intracranial pressure ≥ 20 mm Hg for > 5 min) was treated by clinical protocol. Administration times of medications for intracranial hypertension (fentanyl, 3% hypertonic saline, mannitol, and pentobarbital) were prospectively recorded and synchronized with an automated database that collected intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure every 5 seconds. Intracranial pressure crises confounded by external stimulation or mechanical ventilator adjustments were excluded. Mean intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure from epochs following drug administration were compared with baseline values using Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and Dunn test. Frailty modeling was used to analyze the time to intracranial pressure crisis resolution. Mixed-effect models compared intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure 5 minutes after the medication versus baseline and rates of treatment failure. SETTING A tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS Children with severe traumatic brain injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We analyzed 196 doses of fentanyl, hypertonic saline, mannitol, and pentobarbital administered to 16 children (median: 12 doses per patient). Overall, intracranial pressure significantly decreased following the administration of fentanyl, hypertonic saline, and pentobarbital. After controlling for administration of multiple medications, intracranial pressure was decreased following hypertonic saline and pentobarbital administration; cerebral perfusion pressure was decreased following fentanyl and was increased following hypertonic saline administration. After adjusting for significant covariates (including age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and intracranial pressure), hypertonic saline was associated with a two-fold faster resolution of intracranial hypertension than either fentanyl or pentobarbital. Fentanyl was significantly associated with the most frequent treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS Intracranial pressure decreased after multiple drug administrations, but hypertonic saline may warrant consideration as the first-line drug for treating intracranial hypertension, as it was associated with the most favorable cerebral hemodynamics and fastest resolution of intracranial hypertension.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess current nutritional practices in critically ill children worldwide. DESIGN A two-part online, international survey. The first part, "the survey", was composed of 59 questions regarding nutritional strategies and protocols (July-November 2013). The second part surveyed the "point prevalence" of nutritional data of patients present in a subgroup of the responding PICUs (May-September 2014). SETTING Members of the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies were asked to complete the survey. SUBJECTS Pediatric critical care providers. INTERVENTIONS Survey. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We analyzed 189 responses from 156 PICUs in 52 countries (survey). We received nutritional data on 295 patients from 41 of these 156 responding PICUs in 27 countries (point prevalence). According to the "survey", nutritional protocols and support teams were available in 52% and 57% of the PICUs, respectively. Various equations were in use to estimate energy requirements; only in 14% of PICUs, indirect calorimetry was used. Nutritional targets for macronutrients, corrected for age/weight, varied widely. Enteral nutrition would be started early (within 24 hr of admission) in 60% of PICUs, preferably by the gastric route (88%). In patients intolerant to enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition would be started within 48 hours in 55% of PICUs. Overall, in 72% of PICUs supplemental parenteral nutrition would be used if enteral nutrition failed to meet at least 50% of energy delivery goal. Several differences between the intended (survey) and the actual (point prevalence) nutritional practices were found in the responding PICUs, predominantly overestimating the ability to adequately feed patients. CONCLUSION Nutritional practices vary widely between PICUs worldwide. There are significant differences in macronutrient goals, estimating energy requirements, timing of nutrient delivery, and threshold for supplemental parenteral nutrition. Uniform consensus-based nutrition practices, preferably guided by evidence, are desirable in the PICU.
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Kochanek PM, Bramlett HM, Dixon CE, Shear DA, Dietrich WD, Schmid KE, Mondello S, Wang KKW, Hayes RL, Povlishock JT, Tortella FC. Approach to Modeling, Therapy Evaluation, Drug Selection, and Biomarker Assessments for a Multicenter Pre-Clinical Drug Screening Consortium for Acute Therapies in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Operation Brain Trauma Therapy. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:513-22. [PMID: 26439468 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was the signature injury in both the Iraq and Afghan wars and the magnitude of its importance in the civilian setting is finally being recognized. Given the scope of the problem, new therapies are needed across the continuum of care. Few therapies have been shown to be successful. In severe TBI, current guidelines-based acute therapies are focused on the reduction of intracranial hypertension and optimization of cerebral perfusion. One factor considered important to the failure of drug development and translation in TBI relates to the recognition that TBI is extremely heterogeneous and presents with multiple phenotypes even within the category of severe injury. To address this possibility and attempt to bring the most promising therapies to clinical trials, we developed Operation Brain Trauma Therapy (OBTT), a multicenter, pre-clinical drug screening consortium for acute therapies in severe TBI. OBTT was developed to include a spectrum of established TBI models at experienced centers and assess the effect of promising therapies on both conventional outcomes and serum biomarker levels. In this review, we outline the approach to TBI modeling, evaluation of therapies, drug selection, and biomarker assessments for OBTT, and provide a framework for reports in this issue on the first five therapies evaluated by the consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Kochanek
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- 2 Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , and Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida
| | - C Edward Dixon
- 3 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Deborah A Shear
- 4 In Vivo Neuroprotection Labs, Brain Trauma Neuroprotection & Neurorestoration Branch, Center of Excellence for Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- 5 Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology and Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
| | - Kara E Schmid
- 6 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Department, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Stefania Mondello
- 7 Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- 8 Center of Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ronald L Hayes
- 9 Center for Innovative Research, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Banyan Biomarkers, Inc. , Alachua, Florida
| | - John T Povlishock
- 10 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Frank C Tortella
- 11 Department of Applied Neurobiology and Combat Casualty Care Research Program for Brain Trauma & Neuroprotection Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
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Kochanek PM, Clark RSB. Traumatic brain injury research highlights in 2015. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:13-5. [PMID: 26700899 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
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Horvat CM, Bell MJ. Bringing attention into higher focus within the traumatic brain injury research agenda. Transl Pediatr 2015; 4:320-2. [PMID: 26835394 PMCID: PMC4728995 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2224-4336.2015.10.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Horvat
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Bell
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Tackling the Challenges of Clinical Trials for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: Screening, Phenotyping, and Adapting. Crit Care Med 2015; 43:1544-6. [PMID: 26079237 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Risk factors associated with infections and need for permanent cerebrospinal fluid diversion in pediatric intensive care patients with externalized ventricular drains. Neurocrit Care 2015; 21:294-9. [PMID: 24522759 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-013-9946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Externalized ventricular drains (EVDs) are commonly used in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) but few data are available regarding infection rates, infection risks, or factors associated with conversion to permanent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. METHODS Retrospective observational study of patients managed with EVDs admitted to a tertiary care PICU from January 2005 to December 2009. RESULTS Three hundred eighty patients were identified. Neurologic diagnostic groups were externalization of existing shunt in 196 patients (52 %), brain tumor in 122 patients (32 %), intracranial hemorrhage in 23 patients (6 %), traumatic brain injury in 17 patients (5 %), meningitis in 9 patients (2 %), or other in 13 patients (3 %). Six percent of all patients (24/380) had new infections associated with EVD management for an infection rate of 8.6 per 1,000 catheter days. The median time to positive cultures was 7 days (interquartile range 4.75, 9) after EVD placement. Patients with EVD infections had significantly longer EVD duration 6 versus 11.5 days (p = 0.0001), and higher maximum EVD outputs 1.9 versus 1.5 mL/kg/h (p = 0.0017). Need for permanent CSF diversion was associated with higher maximum EVD drainage (1.3 vs. 1.6 mL/kg/h p < 0.0001), longer EVD duration (5 vs. 4 days, p < 0.005), and younger age (4.5 vs. 8 years, p < 0.02) but not intracranial hypertension (72 vs. 82 % of patients, p = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS In our large pediatric cohort, EVD infections were associated with longer EVD duration and higher maximum EVD output. Permanent CSF diversion was more likely in patients with higher maximum EVD drainage, longer EVD duration, and younger age.
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