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Ding J, Wei C, Xu Y, Dai W, Chen R. 3D printing of Ceffe-infused scaffolds for tailored nipple-like cartilage development. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:25. [PMID: 38689309 PMCID: PMC11059701 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of a stable, nipple-shaped cartilage graft that precisely matches the natural nipple in shape and size on the contralateral side is a clinical challenge. While 3D printing technology can efficiently and accurately manufacture customized complex structures, it faces limitations due to inadequate blood supply, which hampers the stability of nipple-shaped cartilage grafts produced using this technology. To address this issue, we employed a biodegradable biomaterial, Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), loaded with Cell-Free Fat Extract (Ceffe). Ceffe has demonstrated the ability to promote angiogenesis and cell proliferation, making it an ideal bio-ink for bioprinting precise nipple-shaped cartilage grafts. We utilized the Ceffe/PLGA scaffold to create a porous structure with a precise nipple shape. This scaffold exhibited favorable porosity and pore size, ensuring stable shape maintenance and satisfactory biomechanical properties. Importantly, it could release Ceffe in a sustained manner. Our in vitro results confirmed the scaffold's good biocompatibility and its ability to promote angiogenesis, as evidenced by supporting chondrocyte proliferation and endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Furthermore, after 8 weeks of in vivo culture, the Ceffe/PLGA scaffold seeded with chondrocytes regenerated into a cartilage support structure with a precise nipple shape. Compared to the pure PLGA group, the Ceffe/PLGA scaffold showed remarkable vascular formation, highlighting the beneficial effects of Ceffe. These findings suggest that our designed Ceffe/PLGA scaffold with a nipple shape represents a promising strategy for precise nipple-shaped cartilage regeneration, laying a foundation for subsequent nipple reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Ding
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Hainan General Hospital), Haikou, China
| | - Chuanzhi Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Hainan General Hospital), Haikou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wufei Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Hainan General Hospital), Haikou, China.
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Maistriaux L, Foulon V, Fievé L, Xhema D, Evrard R, Manon J, Coyette M, Bouzin C, Poumay Y, Gianello P, Behets C, Lengelé B. Reconstruction of the human nipple-areolar complex: a tissue engineering approach. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1295075. [PMID: 38425730 PMCID: PMC10902434 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1295075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nipple-areolar complex (NAC) reconstruction after breast cancer surgery is challenging and does not always provide optimal long-term esthetic results. Therefore, generating a NAC using tissue engineering techniques, such as a decellularization-recellularization process, is an alternative option to recreate a specific 3D NAC morphological unit, which is then covered with an in vitro regenerated epidermis and, thereafter, skin-grafted on the reconstructed breast. Materials and methods: Human NACs were harvested from cadaveric donors and decellularized using sequential detergent baths. Cellular clearance and extracellular matrix (ECM) preservation were analyzed by histology, as well as by DNA, ECM proteins, growth factors, and residual sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) quantification. In vivo biocompatibility was evaluated 30 days after the subcutaneous implantation of native and decellularized human NACs in rats. In vitro scaffold cytocompatibility was assessed by static seeding of human fibroblasts on their hypodermal side for 7 days, while human keratinocytes were seeded on the scaffold epidermal side for 10 days by using the reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) technique to investigate the regeneration of a new epidermis. Results: The decellularized NAC showed a preserved 3D morphology and appeared white. After decellularization, a DNA reduction of 98.3% and the absence of nuclear and HLA staining in histological sections confirmed complete cellular clearance. The ECM architecture and main ECM proteins were preserved, associated with the detection and decrease in growth factors, while a very low amount of residual SDS was detected after decellularization. The decellularized scaffolds were in vivo biocompatible, fully revascularized, and did not induce the production of rat anti-human antibodies after 30 days of subcutaneous implantation. Scaffold in vitro cytocompatibility was confirmed by the increasing proliferation of seeded human fibroblasts during 7 days of culture, associated with a high number of living cells and a similar viability compared to the control cells after 7 days of static culture. Moreover, the RHE technique allowed us to recreate a keratinized pluristratified epithelium after 10 days of culture. Conclusion: Tissue engineering allowed us to create an acellular and biocompatible NAC with a preserved morphology, microarchitecture, and matrix proteins while maintaining their cell growth potential and ability to regenerate the skin epidermis. Thus, tissue engineering could provide a novel alternative to personalized and natural NAC reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Maistriaux
- Pole of Morphology (MORF), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Pole of Experimental Surgery and Transplantation (CHEX), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Foulon
- Pole of Morphology (MORF), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lies Fievé
- Pole of Morphology (MORF), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daela Xhema
- Pole of Experimental Surgery and Transplantation (CHEX), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robin Evrard
- Pole of Experimental Surgery and Transplantation (CHEX), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Manon
- Pole of Morphology (MORF), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maude Coyette
- Pole of Morphology (MORF), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- IREC Imaging Platform (2IP), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Poumay
- Research Unit for Molecular Physiology (URPhyM), Department of Medicine, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), UNamur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Pierre Gianello
- Pole of Experimental Surgery and Transplantation (CHEX), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Behets
- Pole of Morphology (MORF), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Lengelé
- Pole of Morphology (MORF), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Berkane Y, Kostyra DM, Chrelias T, Randolph MA, Lellouch AG, Cetrulo CL, Uygun K, Uygun BE, Bertheuil N, Duisit J. The Autonomization Principle in Vascularized Flaps: An Alternative Strategy for Composite Tissue Scaffold In Vivo Revascularization. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1440. [PMID: 38136031 PMCID: PMC10740989 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomization is a physiological process allowing a flap to develop neo-vascularization from the reconstructed wound bed. This phenomenon has been used since the early application of flap surgeries but still remains poorly understood. Reconstructive strategies have greatly evolved since, and fasciocutaneous flaps have progressively replaced muscle-based reconstructions, ensuring better functional outcomes with great reliability. However, plastic surgeons still encounter challenges in complex cases where conventional flap reconstruction reaches its limitations. Furthermore, emerging bioengineering applications, such as decellularized scaffolds allowing a complex extracellular matrix to be repopulated with autologous cells, also face the complexity of revascularization. The objective of this article is to gather evidence of autonomization phenomena. A systematic review of flap autonomization is then performed to document the minimum delay allowing this process. Finally, past and potential applications in bio- and tissue-engineering approaches are discussed, highlighting the potential for in vivo revascularization of acellular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Berkane
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Rennes University Hospital Center, Rennes University, 16 Boulevard de Bulgarie, 35000 Rennes, France (T.C.); (N.B.)
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.R.); (A.G.L.); (C.L.C.J.)
- Shriners Children’s Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (K.U.); basa (B.E.U.)
- SITI Laboratory, UMR1236, INSERM, Rennes University, 2 Rue Henri le Guillou, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - David M. Kostyra
- Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Theodoros Chrelias
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Rennes University Hospital Center, Rennes University, 16 Boulevard de Bulgarie, 35000 Rennes, France (T.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Mark A. Randolph
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.R.); (A.G.L.); (C.L.C.J.)
- Shriners Children’s Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (K.U.); basa (B.E.U.)
- Plastic Surgery Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Alexandre G. Lellouch
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.R.); (A.G.L.); (C.L.C.J.)
- Shriners Children’s Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (K.U.); basa (B.E.U.)
| | - Curtis L. Cetrulo
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.R.); (A.G.L.); (C.L.C.J.)
- Shriners Children’s Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (K.U.); basa (B.E.U.)
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Shriners Children’s Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (K.U.); basa (B.E.U.)
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Basak E. Uygun
- Shriners Children’s Boston, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (K.U.); basa (B.E.U.)
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nicolas Bertheuil
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Rennes University Hospital Center, Rennes University, 16 Boulevard de Bulgarie, 35000 Rennes, France (T.C.); (N.B.)
- SITI Laboratory, UMR1236, INSERM, Rennes University, 2 Rue Henri le Guillou, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Duisit
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Rennes University Hospital Center, Rennes University, 16 Boulevard de Bulgarie, 35000 Rennes, France (T.C.); (N.B.)
- IRIS Sud Hospitals, Rue Baron Lambert 38, 1040 Etterbeek, Belgium
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