1
|
Eccles R. Common cold. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1224988. [PMID: 37426629 PMCID: PMC10324571 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1224988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The common cold is a unique human disease, as it is arguably the most common disease and because of the large number of respiratory viruses causing colds it is one of the most complex of human diseases. This review discusses the respiratory viruses and notes that all these viruses may cause the illness complex recognised as the common cold. The common cold is discussed as part of the "iceberg concept" of disease which ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe illness and death. The factors influencing the incidence of colds are discussed: crowding and sociability, stress, smoking and alcohol, immune status, sex, age, sleep, season, chilling, nutrition and exercise. The mechanism of symptoms related to the innate immune response is explained and symptomatic treatments are tabulated. Morbidity associated with common cold is discussed and possible vaccines.
Collapse
|
2
|
Jenkins BN, Cross MP, Donaldson CD, Pressman SD, Fortier MA, Kain ZN, Cohen S, Martin LT, Farkas G. The subcomponents of affect scale (SAS): validating a widely used affect scale. Psychol Health 2021:1-19. [PMID: 34846253 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.2000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a need for a brief affect scale that also encompasses different components of affect relevant for researchers interested in physiological and health outcomes. The Subcomponents of Affect Scale (SAS) meets this need. This 18-item scale has nine positive and nine negative affect items encompassing six subscales (calm, well-being, vigour, depression, anxiety, anger). Previous research using the SAS has demonstrated its predictive validity, but no work has tested its subscale structure or longitudinal validity. DESIGN Data from the Common Cold Project in which individuals (N = 610) completed the SAS over the course of seven days were used. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the reliability of the subscale structure of the SAS across seven days (positive affect subscale structure: CFIs ≥ 0.98; negative affect subscale structure: CFIs ≥ 0.94 with day 6 CFI = 0.91) and tests of factorial invariance showed the scale is valid to use over time. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the psychometric validity of the subscale structure of the SAS and imply that the subscales can be used longitudinally, allowing for its use in health research as well as non-health research that can benefit from its subscale structure and longitudinal capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.,Center on Stress & Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marie P Cross
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Candice D Donaldson
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.,Center on Stress & Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sarah D Pressman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michelle A Fortier
- Center on Stress & Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatric Psychology, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Zeev N Kain
- Center on Stress & Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, CHOC Children's, Orange, CA, USA.,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Logan T Martin
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - George Farkas
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Type I interferon antiviral gene program is impaired by lockdown and preserved by caregiving. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105803118. [PMID: 34272291 PMCID: PMC8307615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105803118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has linked perceived social isolation (loneliness) to reduced antiviral immunity, but the immunologic effects of the objective social isolation imposed by pandemic "shelter in place" (SIP) policies is unknown. We assessed the immunologic impact of SIP by relocating 21 adult male rhesus macaques from 2,000-m2 field cage communities of 70 to 132 other macaques to 2 wk of individual housing in indoor shelters. SIP was associated with 30% to 50% reductions in all circulating immune cell populations (lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes), down-regulation of Type I interferon (IFN) antiviral gene expression, and a relative up-regulation of CD16- classical monocytes. These effects emerged within the first 48 h of SIP, persisted for at least 2 wk, and abated within 4 wk of return to social housing. A subsequent round of SIP in the presence of a novel juvenile macaque showed comparable reductions in circulating immune cell populations but reversal of Type I IFN reductions and classical monocyte increases observed during individual SIP. Analyses of lymph node tissues showed parallel up-regulation of Type I IFN genes and enhanced control of viral gene expression during juvenile-partnered SIP compared to isolated SIP. These results identify a significant adverse effect of SIP social isolation on antiviral immune regulation in both circulating immune cells and lymphoid tissues, and they suggest a potential behavioral strategy for ameliorating gene regulatory impacts (but not immune cell declines) by promoting prosocial engagement during SIP.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ishioka T, Ito A, Miyaguchi H, Nakamura H, Sawamura D. Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Occupational Therapists: An Online Survey in Japan. Am J Occup Ther 2021; 75:12532. [PMID: 34780619 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2021.046813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a severe psychological impact on frontline and second-line medical workers. However, few empirical reports have been published on its impact on occupational therapists. Clarifying the mental health status of occupational therapists is important to maintain care quality and prevent psychological problems in this population. OBJECTIVE To investigate the psychological impact of COVID-19 on Japanese occupational therapists in prefectures with and without severe pandemic-related restrictions and elucidate factors associated with psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, and insomnia. DESIGN A cross-sectional online survey using region-stratified two-stage cluster sampling conducted May 28-31, 2020. PARTICIPANTS The sample included 371 participants (63.1% women) in the prefectures under specific cautions (i.e., where residents were strictly advised to refrain from outings) and 1,312 in the prefectures without such cautions (61.9% women). RESULTS The increase in workload due to the pandemic was significantly related to an increase in anxiety, depression, and insomnia, and an attempt to avoid talking face to face with others was significantly related to an increase in anxiety regardless of area. In prefectures under specific cautions as of May 25, 2020, the provision of sufficient information on COVID-19 by the workplace significantly reduced the risk of insomnia. In other prefectures, the provision of sufficient information significantly reduced the risk of depression. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results demonstrate the severe negative psychological impact of the increase in workload resulting from COVID-19 and suggest the importance of psychological support for occupational therapists, such as the provision of sufficient information by the workplace. What This Article Adds: This study highlights the importance of providing psychological support for occupational therapists worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ishioka
- Toshiyuki Ishioka, PhD, is Registered Occupational Therapist, Department of Occupational Therapy, Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Ayahito Ito
- Ayahito Ito, PhD, is Registered Occupational Therapist, Research Institute for Future Design, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Japan;
| | - Hideki Miyaguchi
- Hideki Miyaguchi, PhD, is Registered Occupational Therapist, Department of Human Behavior Science of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruki Nakamura
- Haruki Nakamura, PhD, is Registered Occupational Therapist, Japanese Association of Occupational Therapists, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawamura
- Daisuke Sawamura, PhD, is Registered Occupational Therapist, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nitschke JP, Forbes PAG, Ali N, Cutler J, Apps MAJ, Lockwood PL, Lamm C. Resilience during uncertainty? Greater social connectedness during COVID-19 lockdown is associated with reduced distress and fatigue. Br J Health Psychol 2021; 26:553-569. [PMID: 33099800 PMCID: PMC8247344 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social connections are crucial for our health and well-being. This is especially true during times of high uncertainty and distress, such as during the COVID-19 lockdown. This period was characterized by unprecedented physical distancing (often communicated as social distancing) measures resulting in significant changes to people's usual social lives. Given the potential effects of this disruption on people's well-being, it is crucial to identify factors which are associated with negative health outcomes, and conversely, those that promote resilience during times of adversity. AIMS We examined the relationship between individuals' levels of social connectedness during lockdown and self-reported stress, worry, and fatigue. METHOD Survey data were collected from 981 individuals in a representative sample of Austrian citizens. Data collection occurred during the last week of a six-week nationwide lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The final sample consisted of 902 participants. Participants were asked to complete validated questionnaires to assess levels of social connectedness as well as measures of perceived stress, worry-both general and COVID-19 specific-and symptoms of fatigue during the previous two weeks. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that greater social connectedness during the lockdown period was associated with lower levels of perceived stress, as well as general and COVID-19-specific worries. Furthermore, we found a negative relationship between fatigue and social connectedness, which was mediated by feelings of stress, general worries, and COVID-19-specific worries-respectively, indicating that individuals with smaller network sizes, who were highly distressed during the pandemic, were also likely to report feeling more fatigued. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the important role that social connections play in promoting resilience by buffering against negative physical and mental health outcomes, particularly in times of adversity in times of adversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas P. Nitschke
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in PsychologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of PsychologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Paul A. G. Forbes
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in PsychologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Nida Ali
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Clinical and Health PsychologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jo Cutler
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of PsychologyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Matthew A. J. Apps
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of PsychologyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Patricia L. Lockwood
- Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of PsychologyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Claus Lamm
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in PsychologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leschak CJ, Eisenberger NI. Two Distinct Immune Pathways Linking Social Relationships With Health: Inflammatory and Antiviral Processes. Psychosom Med 2019; 81:711-719. [PMID: 31600173 PMCID: PMC7025456 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Social relationships can both influence and be influenced by immune processes. Past work implicates two distinct pathways along which this interaction may occur: inflammatory processes and antiviral processes. This article reviews how social behavior is modulated by these two immune processes and how such processes may in turn regulate social behavior. METHODS This narrative review outlines existing work on social behavior and both inflammatory and antiviral processes. We propose an evolutionary framework that aims to integrate these findings. Specifically, social isolation has evolutionarily increased the likelihood of wounding and therefore increased the need for inflammation, which works to promote healing. Conversely, broader social networks provide protection from physical threats but also lead to increased pathogen exposure, necessitating a more robust antiviral response. RESULTS This review highlights that social adversity, such as social exclusion or loneliness, is associated with increased inflammation, whereas social contact is associated with increased antiviral immunity. Furthermore, increased inflammation leads to sensitivity to social stimuli, presumably to avoid hostile conspecifics and approach allies who may provide care while vulnerable. Individuals with inadequate antiviral immunity engage in behaviors that minimize pathogen exposure, such as reduced affiliative behavior. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that adverse social experiences (social isolation, perceived social threat) may induce inflammatory responses while suppressing antiviral immunity, whereas positive experiences of social connection may reduce inflammation and bolster antiviral responses. Although acutely elevated inflammation would be adaptive under conditions where wounding is likely, chronic inflammation related to continued social adversity may have detrimental health consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrianne J Leschak
- From the Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the association of self-rated health (SRH) with host resistance to illness after exposure to a common cold virus and identify mechanisms linking SRH to future health status. METHODS We analyzed archival data from 360 healthy adults (mean [standard deviation] age = 33.07 [10.69] years, 45.6% women). Each person completed validated questionnaires that assessed SRH (excellent, very good, good, fair, poor), socioemotional factors, and health practices and was subsequently exposed to a common cold virus and monitored for 5 days for clinical illness (infection and objective signs of illness). RESULTS Poorer SRH was associated in a graded fashion with greater susceptibility to developing clinical illness (good/fair versus excellent: odds ratio = 3.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.47-6.99; very good versus excellent: odds ratio = 2.60, 95% confidence interval = 1.27-5.32), independent of age, sex, race, prechallenge immunity (specific antibody), body mass, season, education, and income. Greater illness risk was not attributable to infection, but to increased likelihood of developing objective signs of illness once infected. Poorer SRH also correlated with poorer health practices, increased stress, lower positive emotions, and other socioemotional factors. However, none of these (alone or together) accounted for the association between SRH and host resistance. Additional data (separate study) indicated that history of having colds was unrelated to susceptibility and hence also did not account for the SRH link with immunocompetence. CONCLUSIONS Poorer SRH is associated with poorer immunocompetence, possibly reflecting sensitivity to sensations associated with premorbid immune dysfunction. In turn, poorer immune function may be a major contributing mechanism linking SRH to future health.
Collapse
|
8
|
Crittenden CN, Pressman SD, Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Smith BW, Seeman TE. Social integration and pulmonary function in the elderly. Health Psychol 2014; 33:535-43. [PMID: 24884907 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine whether social integration, defined as number of social roles, is associated with better pulmonary function in the elderly and which roles are associated with greatest benefit. It also examined pathways that connect social integration to better lung health. METHODS High functioning men (n = 518) and women (n = 629) ages 70-79 were recruited as part of the MacArthur Study of Successful Aging, and data were collected on social roles as well as pulmonary function as assessed by peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Multiple regressions predicting PEFR from the number of social roles controlled for age, sex, race, education, weight, and height. Physiological, behavioral, social, and psychological factors were tested as mediators of the association between the number of social roles and PEFR. RESULTS More social roles were associated with better PEFR. Analysis of specific roles indicated that marriage was the strongest positive correlate of PEFR. However, greater numbers of roles were also associated with better PEFR independent of marriage. Being a relative or friend were each also individually associated with better PEFR. Even so, greater numbers of social roles were associated with better PEFR independent of relative and friend. The data were consistent with greater happiness, not smoking, and more physical activity acting as pathways linking the number of roles to PEFR. CONCLUSIONS Number of social roles is an important correlate of healthy lung function in the elderly. This association may be driven by healthier behaviors and greater feelings of well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah D Pressman
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University
| | | | | | - Teresa E Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Testosterone, Immune Function, and Life History Transitions in Filipino Males (Homo sapiens). INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
10
|
Rhinoviruses. VIRAL INFECTIONS OF HUMANS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120790 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
11
|
|