1
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Chang LA, Schotsaert M. Ally, adversary, or arbitrator? The context-dependent role of eosinophils in vaccination for respiratory viruses and subsequent breakthrough infections. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:224-243. [PMID: 38289826 PMCID: PMC11288382 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are a critical type of immune cell and central players in type 2 immunity. Existing literature suggests that eosinophils also can play a role in host antiviral responses, typically type 1 immune events, against multiple respiratory viruses, both directly through release of antiviral mediators and indirectly through activation of other effector cell types. One way to prime host immune responses toward effective antiviral responses is through vaccination, where typically a type 1-skewed immunity is desirable in the context of intracellular pathogens like respiratory viruses. In the realm of breakthrough respiratory viral infection in vaccinated hosts, an event in which virus can still establish productive infection despite preexisting immunity, eosinophils are most prominently known for their link to vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease upon natural respiratory syncytial virus infection. This was observed in a pediatric cohort during the 1960s following vaccination with formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus. More recent research has unveiled additional roles of the eosinophil in respiratory viral infection and breakthrough infection. The specific contribution of eosinophils to the quality of vaccine responses, vaccine efficacy, and antiviral responses to infection in vaccinated hosts remains largely unexplored, especially regarding their potential roles in protection. On the basis of current findings, we will speculate upon the suggested function of eosinophils and consider the many potential ways by which eosinophils may exert protective and pathological effects in breakthrough infections. We will also discuss how to balance vaccine efficacy with eosinophil-related risks, as well as the use of eosinophils and their products as potential biomarkers of vaccine efficacy or adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Chang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Marc and Jennifer Lipschultz Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1630, New York, NY 10029, United States
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
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2
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Wang Y, Wei X, Liu Y, Li S, Pan W, Dai J, Yang Z. Towards broad-spectrum protection: the development and challenges of combined respiratory virus vaccines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1412478. [PMID: 38903942 PMCID: PMC11188343 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1412478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the post-COVID-19 era, the co-circulation of respiratory viruses, including influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), continues to have significant health impacts and presents ongoing public health challenges. Vaccination remains the most effective measure for preventing viral infections. To address the concurrent circulation of these respiratory viruses, extensive efforts have been dedicated to the development of combined vaccines. These vaccines utilize a range of platforms, including mRNA-based vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and subunit vaccines, providing opportunities in addressing multiple pathogens at once. This review delves into the major advancements in the field of combined vaccine research, underscoring the strategic use of various platforms to tackle the simultaneous circulation of respiratory viruses effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Respiratory Disease AI Laboratory on Epidemic and Medical Big Data Instrument Applications, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Respiratory Disease AI Laboratory on Epidemic and Medical Big Data Instrument Applications, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
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3
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Yan R, Liu J, Chen Z, Wan P, Liang T, Li K, Liu D, Ma M, Chen X, Li A, He Y, Li H, Mao Y. Rapid production of COVID-19 subunit vaccine candidates and their immunogenicity evaluation in pigs. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132798. [PMID: 38838896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of various variants of concern (VOCs) necessitates the development of more efficient vaccines for COVID-19. In this study, we established a rapid and robust production platform for a novel subunit vaccine candidate based on eukaryotic HEK-293 T cells. The immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate was evaluated in pigs. The results demonstrated that the pseudovirus neutralizing antibody (pNAb) titers reached 7751 and 306 for the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants, respectively, after the first boost. Subsequently, pNAb titers further increased to 10,201 and 1350, respectively, after the second boost. Additionally, ELISPOT analysis revealed a robust T-cell response characterized by IFN-γ (171 SFCs/106 cells) and IL-2 (101 SFCs/106 cells) production. Our study demonstrates that a vaccine candidate based on the Delta variant spike protein may provide strong and broad protection against the prototype SARS-CoV-2 and VOCs. Moreover, the strategy for the efficient and stable expression of recombinant proteins utilizing HEK-293 T cells can be employed as a universal platform for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhe Yan
- Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology CO., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zedian Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Pengfei Wan
- Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology CO., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Tiekun Liang
- Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology CO., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Kanhe Li
- Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology CO., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology CO., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Manxin Ma
- Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology CO., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xueji Chen
- South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Andrew Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore 21205, USA
| | - Yuezhong He
- South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yingying Mao
- Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology CO., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510000, China; South China Institute of Biomedicine, Guangzhou 510000, China.
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4
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Movahed F, Darzi S, Mahdavi P, Salih Mahdi M, Qutaiba B Allela O, Naji Sameer H, Adil M, Zarkhah H, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O. The potential use of therapeutics and prophylactic mRNA vaccines in human papillomavirus (HPV). Virol J 2024; 21:124. [PMID: 38822328 PMCID: PMC11143593 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) and other malignant malignancies are acknowledged to be primarily caused by persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Historically, vaccinations against viruses that produce neutralizing antibodies unique to the virus have been an affordable way to manage viral diseases. CC risk is decreased, but not eliminated, by HPV vaccinations. Since vaccinations have been made available globally, almost 90% of HPV infections have been successfully avoided. On the lesions and diseases that are already present, however, no discernible treatment benefit has been shown. As a result, therapeutic vaccines that elicit immune responses mediated by cells are necessary for the treatment of established infections and cancers. mRNA vaccines possess remarkable potential in combating viral diseases and malignancy as a result of their superior industrial production, safety, and efficacy. Furthermore, considering the expeditiousness of production, the mRNA vaccine exhibits promise as a therapeutic approach targeting HPV. Given that the HPV-encoded early proteins, including oncoproteins E6 and E7, are consistently present in HPV-related cancers and pre-cancerous lesions and have crucial functions in the progression and persistence of HPV-related diseases, they serve as ideal targets for therapeutic HPV vaccines. The action mechanism of HPV and HPV-related cancer mRNA vaccines, their recent advancements in clinical trials, and the potential for their therapeutic applications are highlighted in this study, which also offers a quick summary of the present state of mRNA vaccines. Lastly, we highlight a few difficulties with mRNA HPV vaccination clinical practice and provide our thoughts on further advancements in this quickly changing sector. It is expected that mRNA vaccines will soon be produced quickly for clinical HPV prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Movahed
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Satinik Darzi
- Department Of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Parya Mahdavi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | | | - Hayder Naji Sameer
- Collage of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, 64001, Iraq
| | - Mohaned Adil
- Pharmacy college, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hasna Zarkhah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tabriz University of Medical Siences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
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5
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Bloom DE, Pecetta S, Scorza FB, Carfi A, Carleton B, Cipriano M, Edwards K, Gasperini G, Malley R, Nandi A, Nguyen A, Stuart L, Black S, Rappuoli R. Vaccination for healthy aging. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadm9183. [PMID: 38691620 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adm9183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
As the world's population grows older, vaccination is becoming a key strategy for promoting healthy aging. Despite scientific progress in adult vaccine development, obstacles such as immunosenescence and vaccine hesitancy remain. To unlock the potential of adult vaccines fully, we must enhance immunization programs, dispel misinformation, and invest in research that deepens our understanding of aging and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Bloom
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Malley
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steve Black
- Global Vaccine Data Network, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Faherty EAG, Wilkins KJ, Jones S, Challa A, Qin Q, Chan LE, Olson-Chen C, Tarleton JL, Liebman MN, Mariona F, Hill EL, Patel RC. Pregnancy Outcomes among Pregnant Persons after COVID-19 Vaccination: Assessing Vaccine Safety in Retrospective Cohort Analysis of U.S. National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:289. [PMID: 38543923 PMCID: PMC10975285 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing severe illness, including among pregnant persons. The vaccines appear to be safe in pregnancy, supporting a continuously favorable overall risk/benefit profile, though supportive data for the U.S. over different periods of variant predominance are lacking. We sought to analyze the association of adverse pregnancy outcomes with COVID-19 vaccinations in the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants' dominant periods (constituting 50% or more of each pregnancy) for pregnant persons in a large, nationally sampled electronic health record repository in the U.S. Our overall analysis included 311,057 pregnant persons from December 2020 to October 2023 at a time when there were approximately 3.6 million births per year. We compared rates of preterm births and stillbirths among pregnant persons who were vaccinated before or during pregnancy to persons vaccinated after pregnancy or those who were not vaccinated. We performed a multivariable Poisson regression with generalized estimated equations to address data site heterogeneity for preterm births and unadjusted exact models for stillbirths, stratified by the dominant variant period. We found lower rates of preterm birth in the majority of modeled periods (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] range: 0.42 to 0.85; p-value range: <0.001 to 0.06) and lower rates of stillbirth (IRR range: 0.53 to 1.82; p-value range: <0.001 to 0.976) in most periods among those who were vaccinated before or during pregnancy compared to those who were vaccinated after pregnancy or not vaccinated. We largely found no adverse associations between COVID-19 vaccination and preterm birth or stillbirth; these findings reinforce the safety of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and bolster confidence for pregnant persons, providers, and policymakers in the importance of COVID-19 vaccination for this group despite the end of the public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. G. Faherty
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Wilkins
- Biostatistics Program, Office of the Director, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Sara Jones
- Office of Data Science and Emerging Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Anup Challa
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA;
| | - Qiuyuan Qin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (Q.Q.); (E.L.H.)
| | - Lauren E. Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Courtney Olson-Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA;
| | - Jessica L. Tarleton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | | | - Federico Mariona
- Beaumont Hospital, Dearborn, MI 48124, USA;
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Elaine L. Hill
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (Q.Q.); (E.L.H.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA;
| | - Rena C. Patel
- Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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7
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Horvat C, Casalegno JS, Masson E, Benveniste C, Haesebaert J, Paget J, Ploin D. Contribution of Infant Rhinovirus Bronchiolitis to Hospital Bed and Ventilation Use. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2355033. [PMID: 38324316 PMCID: PMC10851092 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This cohort study compares the use of hospital resources related to human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants during 3 consecutive seasons before nirsevimab implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Côme Horvat
- Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique et d’Accueil des Urgences, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Jean-Sebastien Casalegno
- Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Centre de Biologie Nord, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Elsa Masson
- Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique et d’Accueil des Urgences, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Clémence Benveniste
- Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique et d’Accueil des Urgences, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Julie Haesebaert
- Research on Healthcare Performance, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle Santé Publique, Service Recherche et Epidémiologie Cliniques, Lyon, France
| | - John Paget
- Nivel, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Ploin
- Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique et d’Accueil des Urgences, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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8
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Wang H, Wang S, Fang R, Li X, Xing J, Li Z, Song N. Enhancing TB Vaccine Efficacy: Current Progress on Vaccines, Adjuvants and Immunization Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:38. [PMID: 38250851 PMCID: PMC10820143 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global infectious disease primarily transmitted via respiratory tract infection. Presently, vaccination stands as the primary method for TB prevention, predominantly reliant on the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Although it is effective in preventing disseminated diseases in children, its impact on adults is limited. To broaden vaccine protection, efforts are underway to accelerate the development of new TB vaccines. However, challenges arise due to the limited immunogenicity and safety of these vaccines, necessitating adjuvants to bolster their ability to elicit a robust immune response for improved and safer immunization. These adjuvants function by augmenting cellular and humoral immunity against M. tuberculosis antigens via different delivery systems, ultimately enhancing vaccine efficacy. Therefore, this paper reviews and summarizes the current research progress on M. tuberculosis vaccines and their associated adjuvants, aiming to provide a valuable reference for the development of novel TB vaccines and the screening of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Ren Fang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiayin Xing
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Zhaoli Li
- SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (H.W.); (S.W.); (R.F.); (X.L.); (J.X.)
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9
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Ruckwardt TJ. The road to approved vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:138. [PMID: 37749081 PMCID: PMC10519952 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
After decades of work, several interventions to prevent severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in high-risk infant and older adult populations have finally been approved. There were many setbacks along the road to victory. In this review, I will discuss the impact of RSV on human health and how structure-based vaccine design set the stage for numerous RSV countermeasures to advance through late phase clinical evaluation. While there are still many RSV countermeasures in preclinical and early-stage clinical trials, this review will focus on products yielding long-awaited efficacy results. Finally, I will discuss some challenges and next steps needed to declare a global victory against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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