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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pediatric trauma centers (PTCs) have been championed as multidisciplinary facilities specializing in the care of pediatric trauma, the leading cause of childhood mortality in the United States. 1 However, the vast majority of pediatric trauma is still seen in trauma centers focused on treating adults. This article reviews the latest evidence comparing the relative strengths of PTCs and adult trauma centers (ATCs) in treating childhood injury. RECENT FINDINGS Recent multicenter studies comparing outcomes of pediatric injury in PTCs and ATCs have found no differences in mortality or hospital length of stay, contradicting earlier findings. However, fewer invasive procedures and CT scans were performed at PTCs, and more children were discharged back to their homes. SUMMARY It is difficult to demonstrate a difference in outcomes for children treated at PTCs vs. ATCs. However, PTCs do offer a multidisciplinary, nuanced approach to pediatric trauma care, which may result in long term benefits and offer opportunities for regional collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Russell
- University of Utah Health, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Subarna Biswas
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Patterson KN, Beyene TJ, Bergus K, Stafford J, Wurster L, Thakkar RK. Interfacility helicopter transport to a tertiary pediatric trauma center. J Pediatr Surg 2022; 57:637-643. [PMID: 35672168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) are intended to expedite care to definitive management. Studies are inconclusive in demonstrating appropriate use. We aimed to examine emergent interventions after interfacility helicopter transport (IHT) to our pediatric trauma center. METHODS Trauma patients 0-18 years undergoing IHT or interfacility ground transport (IGT) to our institution from January 2011-December 2020 were studied. We evaluated the rate of IHT patients undergoing emergent (1 h), urgent (6 h), and semi urgent (48 h) operating room (OR) intervention compared to IGT as a measure of appropriate transport. RESULTS Inclusion was met by 1003 IHT and 7829 IGT patients. OR intervention was required in 29.6% of IHT patients, emergent in 1.3%, urgent in 12.6%, and semi urgent in 10.6%. Overall, IHT patients had higher mean injury severity score (ISS; IHT:14.5; SD:11.0 vs. IGT:6.0; SD:5.0; p < 0.01) and lower GCS (IHT:12.0; SD:4.9 vs. IGT:14.8; SD:1.4; p < 0.01), though over triage (ISS ≤ 15) occurred in 67.9% of patients. CONCLUSION More interfacility helicopter transport patients underwent emergent and urgent procedures compared to interfacility ground transport patients; however, emergent intervention was not required in 98.7% of interfacility helicopter transport patients and over two thirds had ISS ≤ 15, possibly suggesting overutilization of interfacility helicopter transport for pediatric trauma patients at our center. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli N Patterson
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Tariku J Beyene
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Katherine Bergus
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Jordan Stafford
- Center for Surgical Outcomes Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - LeeAnn Wurster
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Rajan K Thakkar
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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3
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Gurien LA, Nichols L, Williamson P, Letton RW. Rethinking pediatric trauma triage. Semin Pediatr Surg 2022; 31:151214. [PMID: 36371842 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the delivery of trauma care, trauma remains the leading cause of death amongst the pediatric population within the United States and is one of the leading causes of death in children worldwide. Accurately triaging pediatric trauma patients is essential to minimize preventable mortality without burdening the system by utilizing unnecessary resources. This article will review the accuracy of current pediatric trauma triage practices and how it will evolve in the future including moving away from mechanism of injury towards physiologic scoring tools such as the pediatric age-adjust shock index, and intervention-based systems including. Need for Surgeon Presence and Need For Trauma Intervention. This paper will also present evidence regarding over-utilization of air transport for pediatric trauma patients and the associated unnecessary costs placed on the trauma system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Gurien
- Nemours Children's Healthcare, 807 Children's Way, Jacksonville, FL 32207, United States; Wolfson Children's Hospital, 800 Prudential Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32207, United States.
| | - Lisa Nichols
- Wolfson Children's Hospital, 800 Prudential Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32207, United States
| | - Patsy Williamson
- Wolfson Children's Hospital, 800 Prudential Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32207, United States
| | - Robert W Letton
- Nemours Children's Healthcare, 807 Children's Way, Jacksonville, FL 32207, United States; Wolfson Children's Hospital, 800 Prudential Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32207, United States
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Colbachini PCM, Marson FAL, Peixoto AO, Sarti L, Fraga AMA. Air Rescue for Pediatric Trauma in a Metropolitan Region of Brazil: Profiles, Outcomes, and Overtriage Rates. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:890405. [PMID: 35722501 PMCID: PMC9201391 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.890405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides ensuring a quick response and transport of trauma victims, helicopter support also involves risks to patients and professionals and has higher operational costs. Studying prehospital triage criteria and their relationship with patient overtriage and outcomes is important, particularly in newly established services and in developing countries with limited health budgets. This could help improve the use of the helicopter rescue and provide better management of the costs and risks related to it. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiologic and severity profiles of pediatric victims of trauma attended by helicopter in a Brazilian Metropolitan Area to evaluate the outcomes and overtriage rates related to pediatric air rescue in the region. We conducted an observational and retrospective study using 49 hospital and prehospital records from victims of trauma aged <18 years old (yo) assisted by helicopter and then transferred to a tertiary University Hospital. Of the 49 patients, 39 (79.6%) individuals were male, and the mean age was 11.3 yo. Vehicular collisions accounted for 15 (30.6%) of the traumas, and traumatic brain injuries occurred in 28 (57.1%) cases. A total of 29 (59.1%) individuals had severe trauma (Injury Severity Score; ISS >15), and 34 (69.4%) required admission to the intensive care unit. Overtriage varied from 18.4 to 40.8% depending on the criteria used for its definition, being more frequent in individuals aged between 1 and 5 yo. Death occurred in 10 (20.4%) patients. On prehospital evaluation, we classified 29/32 (90.6%) patients with severe trauma according to the Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS ≤8) and 18/25 (72%) according to the Revised Trauma Score (RTS ≤11). Of these, 7/29 (24.1%) and 6/18 (33.3%), respectively, presented ISS <15 at in-hospital evaluation. None of the patients with PTS >8 and 3/7 (42.8%) of those with RTS >11 presented ISS >15. In conclusion, air rescue of pediatric trauma victims was used mainly for critically ill individuals, resulting in rates of overtriage compatible with that found in the literature. PTS showed the lowest rates of overtriage within excellent rates of undertriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C M Colbachini
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando A L Marson
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Department, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Andressa O Peixoto
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luisa Sarti
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Clinical Hospital of University of Campinas, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andrea M A Fraga
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Duffens A, Grigorian A, de Virgilio C, Chin T, Kim D, Lekawa M, Schubl SD, Nahmias J. Association of Risk of Mortality in Pediatric Patients Transferred From Scene by Helicopter With Major But Not Minor Injuries. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38:e287-e291. [PMID: 33105460 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) are used for 16% of pediatric trauma. National HEMS guidelines advised that triage criteria be standardized for pediatric patients. A national report found pediatric HEMS associated with decreased mortality compared with ground emergency medical services (GEMS) but did not control for transport time. We hypothesized that the rate of HEMS has decreased nationally and the mortality risk for HEMS to be similar when adjusting for transport time compared with GEMS. METHODS The Pediatric Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2014-2016) was queried for patients younger than 16 years transported by HEMS or GEMS. A multivariable logistic regression was used. RESULTS From 25,647 patients, 4527 (17.7%) underwent HEMS. The rate of HEMS from scene decreased from 21.2% in 2014 to 18.2% in 2016. The rate of HEMS for minor trauma (Injury Severity Score <15) decreased from 14.9% in 2014 to 13.5% in 2016 and major trauma (Injury Severity Score > 15) from 38.4% in 2014 to 35.9% in 2016. After controlling for predictors of mortality and transport time, HEMS was associated with decreased risk of mortality for only those with major injuries transferred from scene (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.88; P = 0.01) compared with GEMS. CONCLUSIONS The rate of HEMS in pediatric trauma has decreased. However, there is room for improvement as 14% of those with minor trauma are transported by HEMS. Given the similar risk of mortality compared with GEMS, further development of guidelines that avoid the unnecessary use of HEMS appears warranted. However, utilization of HEMS for transport of pediatric major trauma should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Duffens
- From the Division of Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | - Areg Grigorian
- From the Division of Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | | | - Theresa Chin
- From the Division of Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | - Dennis Kim
- Department of Surgery, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles, Torrance, CA
| | - Michael Lekawa
- From the Division of Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | - Sebastian D Schubl
- From the Division of Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
| | - Jeffry Nahmias
- From the Division of Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange
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Enomoto Y, Tsuchiya A, Tsutsumi Y, Kikuchi H, Ishigami K, Osone J, Togo M, Yasuda S, Inoue Y. Characteristics of Children Cared for by a Physician-Staffed Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:365-370. [PMID: 30211837 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effectiveness of Japanese helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) and interventions at the scene is not clear as regard children. For effective use of HEMS at the clinical scene, we need to clarify the characteristics of pediatric patients cared for by HEMS. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of pediatric scene flights and to describe the procedures performed on the patients. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study based on the database for children aged younger than 18 years who were cared for by physician-staffed HEMS of Ibaraki prefecture, in Japan. We reviewed the database for air medical transports conducted at our institution from July 2010 to December 2016. RESULTS During the 6.5-year period, the Ibaraki HEMS attended to 288 children. The median age of the children was 11 (interquartile range, 5-14) years. Of the total, 196 (68.1%) of the children had trauma-related injuries. The head was the most common site of significant injuries (12.4%). The most common cause of nontrauma incidents was seizure (9.0%). In 65.9% of the patients, the injury or illness was of mild or moderate severity at the scene. An intervention was applied at the scene in 76.0% of the cases: 75.1%, intravenous route; 6.9%, intubation; and 13.4%, drug administration. Of those patients, 29.1% were discharged from the emergency department. In-hospital mortality accounted for 1.5% (n = 2) of the cases. CONCLUSIONS Although the condition at the scene of most of the pediatric patients transported by the physician-staffed HEMS was not severe, an intervention was frequently applied from the scene. Improving the dispatch criteria and monitoring compliance are needed for appropriate use of HEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yusuke Tsutsumi
- From the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center
| | - Hitoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Mito Saiseikai General Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koji Ishigami
- From the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center
| | - Junpei Osone
- From the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center
| | - Masahito Togo
- From the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center
| | - Susumu Yasuda
- From the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center
| | - Yoshiaki Inoue
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tsukuba University Hospital, Ibaraki
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Choi PM, Fraser J, Briggs KB, Dekonenko C, Aguayo P, Juang D. Air transportation over-utilization in pediatric trauma patients. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:1035-1038. [PMID: 33008637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air transportation can be a life-saving transfer modality for trauma patients. However, it is also costly and carries risk for air-crews and patients. We sought to examine the incidence of air transportation among pediatric trauma patients as well as the rate of over-triage in utilizing this intervention. METHODS We conducted a single-institution retrospective review of all pediatric trauma patients who utilized air transportation, either from scene to hospital or hospital to hospital Emergency Department (ED) transfers, between 2013 and 2018. RESULTS There were 348 pediatric trauma patients who utilized air transport. More than half of all patients (n = 186, 55.9%) were discharged from the hospital within 48 h, 121 (36.3%) were discharged within 24 h, and 34 (10.2%) were discharged home from the ED. The mean ISS was 11.2 ± 0.5 while only 31% had an ISS ≥15. There were 97 patients (27.9%) with elevated age adjusted shock index, and 101 patients (29.0%) who required time sensitive interventions. More than half of patients (59.3%) were initially taken to an outside hospital (OSH) and were then transferred to our facility by air while 40.4% were transported directly from scene to our institution by air. Patients who were transferred from an OSH were younger (6.8 ± 0.4 vs 11.2 ± 0.4, p < 0.01) and had a higher incidence of an elevated age-adjusted shock index (32.4% vs 19.1%, p = 0.006) as well as mortality (6.3% vs 1.4%, p = 0.03). However, ultimately there were no differences in ISS, rates of operative intervention, PICU utilization, or time sensitive intervention. Both groups had similarly high rates of discharge within 48 h, 24 h, and from the ED. CONCLUSIONS Air transportation among pediatric trauma patients from scene to hospital and hospital to hospital is over-utilized based on multiple metrics including low rates of ISS ≥15, elevated age-adjusted shock indexes, low rates of time sensitive intervention, as well as high rates of discharge within 24 and 48 h. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III TYPE OF STUDY: Clinical Research-retrospective review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Choi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108; LCDR, US Navy, Navy Medicine Professional Development Center, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - James Fraser
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Kayla B Briggs
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Charlene Dekonenko
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Pablo Aguayo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - David Juang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108.
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Oude Alink MB, Moors XRJ, Karrar S, Houmes RJ, Hartog DD, Stolker RJ. Characteristics, management and outcome of prehospital pediatric emergencies by a Dutch HEMS. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2021; 48:989-998. [PMID: 33543366 PMCID: PMC9001565 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-020-01579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background In prehospital care, the Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) can be dispatched for critically injured or ill children. However, little detail is known about dispatches for children, in terms of the incidence of prehospital interventions and overall mortality. The primary objective of this study is to provide an overview of pediatric patient characteristics and incidence of interventions. Methods A retrospective chart review of all patients ≤ 17 years who received medical care by Rotterdam HEMS from 2012 until 2017 was carried out. Results During the study period, 1905 pediatric patients were included. 59.1% of patients were male and mean age was 6.1 years with 53.2% of patients aged ≤ 3 years. 53.6% were traumatic patients and 49.7% were non-traumatic patients. 18.8% of patients were intubated. Surgical procedures were performed in 0.9%. Medication was administered in 58.1% of patients. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was necessary in 12.9% of patients, 19.9% were admitted to the intensive care unit and 14.0% needed mechanical ventilation. Overall mortality was 9.5%. Mortality in trauma patients was 5.5% and in non-trauma group 15.3%. 3.9% of patients died at the scene. Conclusions Patients attended by HEMS are at high risk of prehospital interventions like CPR or intubation. EMS has little exposure to critically ill or injured children. Hence, HEMS expertise is required to perform critical procedures. Trauma patients had higher survival rates than non-traumatic patients. This may be explained by underlying illnesses in non-traumatic patients and CPR as reason for dispatch. Further research is needed to identify options for improving prehospital care in the non trauma pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Berdien Oude Alink
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Xavier Roland Johnny Moors
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,HEMS, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Senned Karrar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Houmes
- HEMS, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Den Hartog
- Department of Surgery-Traumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Jan Stolker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Early Hospital Discharge After Helicopter Transport of Pediatric Trauma Patients: Analysis of Rates of Over and Undertriage. Pediatr Emerg Care 2020; 36:e709-e714. [PMID: 29698341 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Helicopter air ambulance (HAA) of pediatric trauma patients is a life-saving intervention. Triage remains a challenge for both scene transport and interhospital transfer of injured children. We aimed to understand whether overtriage or undertriage was a feature of scene or interhospital transfer and how in or out of state transfers affected these rates. METHODS Children (<18 years) who underwent trauma activation at a level I trauma center between 2011 and 2013 were identified and reviewed. Patients transported by HAA were compared with those transported by ground ambulance (GA). RESULTS Of 399 pediatric patients (median age, 10.4 years; range, 0.1-17 years; 264 male [66%]), 71 (18%) were transported by HAA. Seventy-two percent of HAA patients went to the intensive care unit or the operating room from the trauma bay or suffered in-hospital mortality (vs 42% GA, P < 0.001). More patients were overtriaged (HAA with injury severity score [ISS] of <15) from interhospital transfers than from the scene (25% vs 3%, P = 0.002). Undertriage (GA with ISS >15) was acceptable at 5% from the scene and 14% from interhospital transfers (P = 0.08). Overtriage of patients with ISS less than 15 to HAA was significantly lower from in-state hospitals (22%) than out-of-state hospitals (45%) (P = 0.02). Undertriage of patients with ISS greater than 15 to GA was also lower from in-state hospitals (20%) versus out-of-state hospitals (38%) (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Triage of pediatric trauma patients to HAA remains difficult. There remains potential for improvement, particularly as regards interhospital HAA overtriage, but well developed transfer protocols (such in-state protocols) may help.
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Gray EC, Quinn MA, Yarger JB, Brown SA, Bracken Burns J. A Comparison of Injury Severity Score and Disposition Between Pediatric and Adult Patients Transported to a Rural Trauma Center Via Helicopter. Am Surg 2020; 88:2771-2773. [PMID: 32967456 DOI: 10.1177/0003134820951481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Gray
- 4154 Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, TN, USA
| | - Megan A Quinn
- College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, College of Public Health, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - John B Yarger
- 4154 Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, TN, USA
| | - Seth A Brown
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Niswonger Children's Hospital, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - J Bracken Burns
- 4154 Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, TN, USA
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11
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Enomoto Y, Tsuchiya A, Tsutsumi Y, Ishigami K, Osone J, Togo M, Yasuda S, Inoue Y. Association between physician-staffed helicopter versus ground emergency medical services and mortality for pediatric trauma patients: A retrospective nationwide cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237192. [PMID: 32785294 PMCID: PMC7423096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicopter emergency medical services’ (HEMS) effectiveness for pediatric trauma patients remains unclear. We aimed to examine the relation between HEMS and reduced mortality in pediatric trauma patients. Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the Japan Trauma Data Bank, a national multicenter clinical trauma database. Participants were aged <18 years, admitted between 2004 and 2015, and transported from the scene to the hospital by HEMS or ground emergency medical services (GEMS). We used a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) weight method, and fitted a marginal structural model to adjust for measured confounders. The SMR weight was calculated using the estimation of the propensity scores. A logistic regression model was used with the baseline independent variables to estimate the propensity score. Results Overall, 5,947 patients were identified in our study: 453 were transported by HEMS and 5,494 by GEMS. The mean injury severity score in the HEMS group was significantly higher than that in the GEMS group17.0 (Standard deviation = 11.0) vs 12.2 (Standard deviation = 9.2), p < .001. In-hospital mortality was higher in the HEMS group than that in the GEMS group in the unadjusted analysis (3.8% vs 1.3%, respectively; p < .001). After adjusting for covariates, HEMS transport was not associated with reduced hospital mortality. (odds ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval = 0.42–1.58). Conclusions HEMS was not associated with reduced mortality among pediatric trauma patients compared with GEMS in this nationwide study. Further investigation is necessary to determine who clearly benefits from HEMS as compared to GEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Enomoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Asuka Tsuchiya
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsutsumi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koji Ishigami
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junpei Osone
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahito Togo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Susumu Yasuda
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Hospital Organization Mito Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inoue
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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12
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Helicopter transport in pediatric trauma: A new methodology using Need for Surgeon Presence to evaluate the necessity of air transport. Am J Surg 2020; 220:464-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Grabowski RL, McNett M, Ackerman MH, Schubert C, Mion LC. Critical Care Helicopter Overtriage: A Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. Air Med J 2019; 38:408-420. [PMID: 31843152 DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overtriage (OT) of helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) poses significant burden to multiple stakeholders. The project aims were to identify the following: 1) associated factors, 2) downstream effects, and 3) focus areas for change. METHODS We undertook a failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to evaluate our HEMS interfacility transport process. Data were collected from organizational finances and 3 key stakeholder groups: 1) interfacility patients transferred by HEMS in 2017 who were discharged from the receiving facility within 24 hours (n = 149), 2) flight registered nurses (n = 19), and 3) referring emergency medicine providers (EMPs) (n = 30) from the top HEMS users of 2017. The completed FMEA identified failure modes, the frequency and severity of effects, and unique risk profile numbers (RPNs). RESULTS Twelve failure modes were identified with 30 potential causes. Leading failure modes included inappropriate HEMS requests by EMPs (RPN = 343), inappropriate activation by EMS for interfacility transport (RPN = 343), and minimizing patient/family involvement in decision making (RPN = 315). Significant burdens to organizational finances and flight registered nurse satisfaction were identified. CONCLUSION Associated factors for interfacility HEMS OT, downstream effects, and areas for change were identified. EMP and emergency medical services practices, HEMS processes, and shared decision making may affect regional OT rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly McNett
- Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Lorraine C Mion
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Elswick CM, Wyrick D, Gurien LA, Rettiganti M, Gowen M, Pownall A, Bahgat D, Maxson RT, Öcal E, Albert GW. Resource utilization and indications for helicopter transport of head-injured children. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:1795-1799. [PMID: 29792280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) have provided benefit for severely injured patients. However, HEMS are likely overused for the transportation of both adult and pediatric trauma patients. In this study, we aim to evaluate the degree of overuse of helicopter as a mode of transport for head-injured children. In addition, we propose criteria that can be used to determine if a particular patient is suitable for air versus ground transport. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified patients who were transported to our facility for head injuries. We included only those patients who were transported from another facility and who were seen by the neurosurgical service. We recorded a number of data points including age, gender, race, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), and intubation status. We also collected data on a number of imaging findings such as mass effect, edema, intracranial hemorrhage, and skull fractures. Patients undergoing emergent nonneurosurgical intervention were excluded. RESULTS Of the 373 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 116 (31.1%) underwent a neurosurgical procedure or died and were deemed appropriate for helicopter transport. The remaining 68.9% of patients survived their injuries without neurosurgical intervention and were deemed nonappropriate for helicopter transport. Multivariable logistic regression identified GCS 3-8 and/or presence of mass effect, edema, epidural hematoma (EDH), and open-depressed skull fracture as appropriate indications for helicopter transport. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients transported to our facility by helicopter survived their head injury without need for neurosurgical intervention. Only those patients meeting clinical (GCS 3-8) or radiographic (mass effect, edema, EDH, open-depressed skull fracture) criteria should be transported by air. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III (Diagnostic Study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay M Elswick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Deidre Wyrick
- Division of Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Lori A Gurien
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Malik Rettiganti
- Biostatics Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Marie Gowen
- Biostatics Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Ambre' Pownall
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Diaa Bahgat
- Division of Neurosurgery, John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans' Hospital and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - R Todd Maxson
- Division of Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Eylem Öcal
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Gregory W Albert
- Division of Neurosurgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
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Starnes AB, Oluborode B, Knoles C, Burns B, McGinnis H, Stewart K. Direct Air Versus Ground Transport Predictors for Rural Pediatric Trauma. Air Med J 2018; 37:165-169. [PMID: 29735228 DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic injury is the leading cause of mortality in children and the most common cause of emergency medical services transport in pediatric populations. We aimed to identify what factors are currently associated with selection for helicopter transport (HEMS) over ground ambulance (GEMS) in a primarily rural state. METHODS We performed a retrospective case-control study of trauma patients younger than 18 years old reported to the Oklahoma State Trauma Registry between 2005 and 2014 who received direct transport from the scene of injury to a tertiary trauma center within the state. Factors associated with HEMS transport over GEMS were identified by multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 1,700 patients in the study group, 50.8% were transported by HEMS. Increased distance (odds ratio [OR] = 6.1-18.6), lower Glasgow Coma Scale (OR = 2.5), multisystem injury (OR = 1.5), intubation (OR = 2.7), motor vehicle collision-related injuries (OR = 2.1), and elevated heart rate (OR = 1.8) were all associated with increased odds of HEMS transport, with distance being the strongest factor. CONCLUSION This study found that the principal determinants of triage to HEMS transport in the case of pediatric trauma in a rural state were primarily distance to a major trauma center and clinical factors relating to the type and severity of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Curtis Knoles
- University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK
| | - Boyd Burns
- University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK
| | | | - Kenneth Stewart
- University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK
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Helicopter Transport From the Scene of Injury: Are There Improved Outcomes for Pediatric Trauma Patients? Pediatr Emerg Care 2018; 34:344-348. [PMID: 28590996 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting data to support the routine use of helicopter transport (HT) for the transfer of trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes for trauma patients transported via helicopter from the scene of injury to a regional pediatric trauma center. METHODS The institutional trauma registry was queried for trauma patients presenting from January 2000 through March 2012. Of 9119 patients, 1709 patients who presented from the scene were selected for further evaluation. This cohort was stratified into HT and ground transport (GT) for analysis. Associations between mode of transport and outcomes were estimated using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS Seven hundred twenty-five patients (42.4%) presented via HT, whereas 984 (57.6%) presented via GT. Patients arriving by HT had a higher Injury Severity Score, lower Glasgow Coma Scale, were less likely to undergo surgery within 3 hours, more likely to present after motorized trauma, and had longer intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay (LOS). Multivariate analysis controlling for Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale, mechanism of injury, scene distance, and time to arrive to the hospital revealed that patients arriving by HT were more likely to have longer hospital LOS compared with those arriving by GT (odds ratios = 2.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.00-5.28, P = 0.049). However, no statistically significant association was observed for prehospital intubation, surgery within 3 hours, ICU admissions, or ICU LOS. CONCLUSIONS Although patients arriving by helicopter are more severely injured and arrive from greater distances, when controlling for injuries, scene distance, and time to hospital arrival, only hospital LOS was significantly affected by HT.
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Polites SF, Zielinski MD, Fahy AS, Wagie AE, Moir CR, Jenkins DH, Zietlow SP, Habermann EB. Mortality following helicopter versus ground transport of injured children. Injury 2017; 48:1000-1005. [PMID: 28017330 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injured children may be transported to trauma centers by helicopter air ambulance (HAA); however, a benefit in outcomes to this expensive resource has not been consistently shown in the literature and there is concern that HAA is over-utilized. A study that adequately controls for selection biases in transport mode is needed to determine which injured children benefit from HAA. The purpose of this study was to determine if HAA impacts mortality differently in minimally and severely injured children and if there are predictors of over-triage of HAA in children that can be identified. METHODS Children ≤18 years of age transported by HAA or ground ambulance (GA) from scene to a trauma center were identified from the 2010-2011 National Trauma Data Bank. Analysis was stratified by Injury Severity Score (ISS) into low ISS (≤15) and high ISS (>15) groups. Following propensity score matching of HAA to GA patients, conditional multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine if transport mode independently impacted mortality in each stratum. Rates and predictors of over-triage of HAA were also determined. RESULTS Transport by HAA occurred in 8218 children (5574 low ISS, 2644 high ISS) and by GA in 35305 (30506 low ISS, 4799 high ISS). Overall mortality was greater in HAA patients (4.0 vs 1.4%, p<0.001). After propensity score matching, mortality was equivalent between HAA and GA for low ISS patients (0.2 vs 0.2%, p=0.82) but, for high ISS patients, mortality was lower in HAA (9.0 vs 11.1% p=0.014). On multivariable analysis, HAA was associated with decreased mortality in high ISS patients (OR=0.66, p=0.017) but not in low ISS patients (OR=1.13, p=0.73). Discharge within 24h of HAA transport occurred in 36.5% of low ISS patients versus 7.4% high ISS patients (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Based on a national cohort adjusted for nonrandom assignment of transport mode, a survival benefit to HAA transport exists only for severely injured children with ISS >15. Many children with minor injuries are transported by helicopter despite frequent dismissal within 24h and no mortality benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin D Zielinski
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aodhnait S Fahy
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Amy E Wagie
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Christopher R Moir
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Donald H Jenkins
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Scott P Zietlow
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth B Habermann
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Englum BR, Rialon KL, Kim J, Shapiro ML, Scarborough JE, Rice HE, Adibe OO, Tracy ET. Current use and outcomes of helicopter transport in pediatric trauma: a review of 18,291 transports. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:140-144. [PMID: 27852453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) in pediatric trauma remains controversial. We examined its use in pediatric trauma and its effectiveness in children with moderate/severe injuries. METHODS All blunt/penetrating trauma patients ≤18years old in the National Trauma Data Bank were evaluated for use of HEMS and in-hospital mortality. In a comparative effectiveness study, only patients treated at level I/II pediatric centers with injury severity score (ISS)≥9 were included. RESULTS Of 127,489 included patients, 18,291 (14%) arrived via HEMS, compared to 56% by ground ambulance and 29% by private vehicle/walk-in. HEMS patients had more severe injuries (ISS≥25; 28% vs. 14%) and altered mental status (GCS≤8; 29% vs. 11%), but also contained many patients with only minor injuries or no major physiologic derangements. In unadjusted analysis, HEMS was associated with increased mortality (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4-1.7). However, it had decreased mortality by regression (0.5; 0.4-0.6) and propensity analysis (0.7; 0.6-0.8) to adjust for confounders. CONCLUSION We found multiple indicators for overuse of HEMS, with nearly 40% of children having only minor injuries. In moderate/severe injuries, HEMS is associated with decreased mortality, potentially saving one life for every 47 flights. Research is needed to determine appropriate criteria for helicopter triage. COMPARATIVE STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Englum
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Kristy L Rialon
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jina Kim
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mark L Shapiro
- Division of Trauma, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - John E Scarborough
- Division of Trauma, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Henry E Rice
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Obinna O Adibe
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Elisabeth T Tracy
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Helicopters and injured kids: Improved survival with scene air medical transport in the pediatric trauma population. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 80:702-10. [PMID: 26808033 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) are frequently used to transport injured children, despite unclear evidence of benefit. The study objective was to evaluate the association of HEMS compared with ground emergency medical services (GEMS) transport with outcomes in a national sample of pediatric trauma patients. METHODS Patients 15 years or younger undergoing scene transport by HEMS or GEMS in the National Trauma Data Bank from 2007 to 2012 were included. Propensity score matching was used to match HEMS and GEMS patients for likelihood of HEMS transport based on demographics, prehospital physiology and time, injury severity, and geographic region. Absolute standardized differences of less than 0.1 indicated adequate covariate balance between groups after matching. The primary outcome was in-hospital survival, while the secondary outcome was discharge disposition in survivors. Conditional logistic regression determined the association between HEMS versus GEMS transport with outcomes while controlling for demographics, admission physiology, injury severity, nonaccidental trauma, and in-hospital complications not accounted for in the propensity score. Subgroup analysis was performed in patients with a transport time of greater than 15 minutes to capture patients with the potential for HEMS transport. RESULTS A total of 25,700 HEMS/GEMS pairs were matched from 166,594 patients. Groups were well matched, with all propensity score variables having absolute standardized differences of less than 0.1. In matched patients, HEMS was associated with a 72% increase in odds of survival compared with GEMS (adjusted odds ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-2.36; p < 0.01). Transport mode was not associated with discharge disposition (p = 0.47). Subgroup analysis included 17,657 HEMS/GEMS pairs. HEMS was again associated with a significant increase in odds of survival (adjusted odds ratio, 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-2.65; p < 0.01), while transport mode was not associated with discharge disposition (p = 0.58). CONCLUSION Scene transport by HEMS was associated with improved odds of survival compared with GEMS in pediatric trauma patients. Further study is warranted to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop specific triage criteria for HEMS transport in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic study, level III.
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Curtis K, McCarthy A, Mitchell R, Black D, Foster K, Jan S, Burns B, Tall G, Rigby O, Gruen R, Kennedy B, Holland AJA. Paediatric trauma systems and their impact on the health outcomes of severely injured children: protocol for a mixed methods cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2016; 24:69. [PMID: 27178408 PMCID: PMC4866432 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-016-0260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury is a leading cause of death and disability for children. Regionalised trauma systems have improved outcomes for severely injured adults, however the impact of adult orientated trauma systems on the outcomes of severely injured children remains unclear. The objective of this study is to review the processes of care and describe the impacts of a regionalised trauma system on the outcomes of severely injured children. METHODS This article describes the design of a mixed methods cohort study evaluating the paediatric trauma system in New South Wales (NSW), the most populous state in Australia. Recommendations and an implementation strategy will be developed for aspects of the paediatric trauma care system that require change. All injured children (aged <16 years) requiring intensive care, or with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 9 treated in NSW, or who died following injury in NSW in the 2015-16 financial year, will be eligible for participation. Injury treatment and processes will be examined via retrospective medical record review. Quality of care will be measured via peer review and staff interviews, utilising a human factors framework. Health service and cost outcomes will be calculated using activity based funding data provided by the Ministry of Health. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) proxy measures will occur at baseline, 6 and 12 months to measure child HRQoL and functional outcomes. DISCUSSION This will be the first comprehensive analysis undertaken in Australia of the processes and systems of care for severe paediatric injury. The collaborative research method will encourage clinician, consumer and clinical networks to lead the clinical reform process and will ultimately enable policy makers and service providers to ensure that children seriously injured in Australia have the best opportunity for survival, improved functional outcome and long-term quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Curtis
- Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amy McCarthy
- Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rebecca Mitchell
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deborah Black
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Foster
- Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stephen Jan
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian Burns
- NSW Aeromedical and Medical Retrieval Services, NSW Ambulance, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary Tall
- NSW Aeromedical and Medical Retrieval Services, NSW Ambulance, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oran Rigby
- NSW Institute of Trauma and Injury Management, NSW Ministry of Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell Gruen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Belinda Kennedy
- Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J A Holland
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney and The Children's Hospital at Westmead Burns Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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McCarthy A, Curtis K, Holland AJA. Paediatric trauma systems and their impact on the health outcomes of severely injured children: An integrative review. Injury 2016; 47:574-85. [PMID: 26794709 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury is a leading cause of death and disability for children. Regionalised trauma systems have improved outcomes for severely injured adults, however the impact of adult orientated trauma systems on the outcomes of severely injured children remains unclear. AIMS This research aims to identify the impact of trauma systems on the health outcomes of children following severe injury. METHODS Integrative review with data sourced from Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus and hand searched references. Abstracts were screened for inclusion/exclusion criteria with fifty nine articles appraised for quality, analysed and synthesised into 3 main categories. RESULTS The key findings from this review include: (1) a lack of consistency of prehospital and inhospital triage criteria for severely injured children leading to missed injuries, secondary transfer and poor utilisation of finite resources; (2) severely injured children treated at paediatric trauma centres had improved outcomes when compared to those treated at adult trauma centres, particularly younger children; (3) major causes of delays to secondary transfer are unnecessary imaging and failure to recognise the need for transfer; (4) a lack of functional or long term outcomes measurements identified in the literature. CONCLUSIONS Research designed to identify the best processes of care and describe the impacts of trauma systems on the long term health outcomes of severely injured children is required. Ideally all phases of care including prehospital, paediatric triage trauma criteria, hospital type and interfacility transfer should be included, focusing on timeliness and appropriateness of care. Outcome measures should include long term functional outcomes in addition to mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McCarthy
- Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kate Curtis
- Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J A Holland
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Burns Research Institute, NSW, Australia
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Stewart CL, Metzger RR, Pyle L, Darmofal J, Scaife E, Moulton SL. Helicopter versus ground emergency medical services for the transportation of traumatically injured children. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:347-52. [PMID: 25638635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) are a common mode of transportation for pediatric trauma patients. We hypothesized that HEMS improve outcomes for traumatically injured children compared to ground emergency medical services (GEMS). METHODS We queried trauma registries of two level 1 pediatric trauma centers for children 0-17 years, treated from 2003 to 2013, transported by HEMS or GEMS, with known transport starting location and outcome. A geocoding service estimated travel distance and time. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to adjust for injury severity variables and travel distance/time. RESULTS We identified 14,405 traumatically injured children; 3870 (26.9%) transported by HEMS and 10,535 (73.1%) transported by GEMS. Transport type was not significantly associated with survival, ICU length of stay, or discharge disposition. Transport by GEMS was associated with a 68.6%-53.1% decrease in hospital length of stay, depending on adjustment for distance/time. Results were similar for children with severe injuries, and with propensity score matched cohorts. Of note, 862/3850 (22.3%) of HEMS transports had an ISS<10 and hospitalization<1 day. CONCLUSIONS HEMS do not independently improve outcomes for traumatically injured children, and 22.3% of children transported by HEMS are not significantly injured. These factors should be considered when requesting HEMS for transport of traumatically injured children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Stewart
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 E. 17th Ave, C302, Aurora, CO 80045; Children's Hospital Colorado, Division of Pediatric Surgery, 13123 E. 16th Ave, B232, Aurora, CO 80045.
| | - Ryan R Metzger
- Primary Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Surgery, 100 N Mario Capecchi Dr, Suite 2600, Salt Lake City, UT 84113.
| | - Laura Pyle
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 13001 E. 17th Place, C290, Aurora, CO 80045.
| | - Joe Darmofal
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Transport & EMS Outreach and Education, 13123 E. 16th Ave, B245, Aurora, CO 80045.
| | - Eric Scaife
- Primary Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Surgery, 100 N Mario Capecchi Dr, Suite 2600, Salt Lake City, UT 84113.
| | - Steven L Moulton
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 E. 17th Ave, C302, Aurora, CO 80045; Children's Hospital Colorado, Division of Pediatric Surgery, 13123 E. 16th Ave, B232, Aurora, CO 80045.
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Nabaweesi R, Morlock L, Lule C, Ziegfeld S, Gielen A, Colombani PM, Bowman SM. Do prehospital criteria optimally assign injured children to the appropriate level of trauma team activation and emergency department disposition at a level I pediatric trauma center? Pediatr Surg Int 2014; 30:1097-102. [PMID: 25142797 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-014-3587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association of prehospital criteria with the appropriate level of trauma team activation (TTA) and emergency department (ED) disposition among injured children at a level I pediatric trauma center. METHODS Injured children younger than 15 years and transported by emergency medical services (EMS) from the scene of injury between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2011 were identified using the institution's trauma registry. Logistic regression was used to study the main outcomes of interest, full TTA (FTTA) and ED disposition. RESULTS Out of 3,213 children, 1,991 were eligible and analyzed. Only 279 children initiated the FTTA and 73.9% were admitted. Having a chest injury, abnormal heart rate or Glasgow Coma Scale less than 9 (GCSLT9) in the field was associated with higher odds of initiating the FTTA (odds ratio [OR] = 3.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.54-7.20; OR = 2.59, CI 1.15-5.79 and OR = 2.67, CI 1.14-6.22, respectively). Children with the criteria above in addition to abdominal injury were more likely to be discharged to the ICU, OR or morgue compared to those without them. CONCLUSION Children with GCSLT9, abnormal heart rate, chest and abdominal injury showed a strong association with FTTA and higher resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Nabaweesi
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA,
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Michailidou M, Goldstein SD, Salazar J, Aboagye J, Stewart D, Efron D, Abdullah F, Haut ER. Helicopter overtriage in pediatric trauma. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:1673-7. [PMID: 25475816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) have been designed to provide faster access to trauma center care in cases of life-threatening injury. However, the ideal recipient population is not fully characterized, and indications for helicopter transport in pediatric trauma vary dramatically by county, state, and region. Overtriage, or unnecessary utilization, can lead to additional patient risk and expense. In this study we perform a nationwide descriptive analysis of HEMS for pediatric trauma and assess the incidence of overtriage in this group. METHODS We reviewed records from the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank (2008-11) and included patients less than 16 years of age who were transferred from the scene of injury to a trauma center via HEMS. Overtriage was defined as patients meeting all of the following criteria: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) equal to 15, absence of hypotension, an Injury Severity Score (ISS) less than 9, no need for procedure or critical care, and a hospital length of stay of less than 24 hours. RESULTS A total of 19,725 patients were identified with a mean age of 10.5 years. The majority of injuries were blunt (95.6%) and resulted from motor vehicle crashes (48%) and falls (15%). HEMS transported patients were predominately normotensive (96%), had a GCS of 15 (67%), and presented with minor injuries (ISS<9, 41%). Overall, 28 % of patients stayed in the hospital for less than 24 hours, and the incidence of overtriage was 17%. CONCLUSIONS Helicopter overtriage is prevalent among pediatric trauma patients nationwide. The ideal model to predict need for HEMS must consider clinical outcomes in the context of judicious resource utilization. The development of guidelines for HEMS use in pediatric trauma could potentially limit unnecessary transfers while still identifying children who require trauma center care in a timely fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michailidou
- Center for Pediatric Surgical Trials & Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
| | - Seth D Goldstein
- Center for Pediatric Surgical Trials & Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Jose Salazar
- Center for Pediatric Surgical Trials & Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Jonathan Aboagye
- Center for Pediatric Surgical Trials & Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Dylan Stewart
- Center for Pediatric Surgical Trials & Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - David Efron
- Center for Pediatric Surgical Trials & Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Fizan Abdullah
- Center for Pediatric Surgical Trials & Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Elliot R Haut
- Center for Pediatric Surgical Trials & Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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26
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DO HQ, HESSELFELDT R, STEINMETZ J, RASMUSSEN LS. Is paediatric trauma severity overestimated at triage? An observational follow-up study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58:98-105. [PMID: 24308697 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe paediatric trauma is rare, and pre-hospital and local hospital personnel experience with injured children is often limited. We hypothesised that a higher proportion of paediatric trauma victims were taken to the regional trauma centre (TC). METHODS This is an observational follow-up study that involves one level I TC and seven local hospitals. We included paediatric (< 16 years) and adult (≥ 16-≤ 79 years) trauma patients with a driving distance to the TC > 30 minutes. The primary end-point was the proportion of trauma patients arriving in the TC. RESULTS We included 1934 trauma patients, 238 children and 1696 adults. A total of 33/238 children (13.9%) vs. 304/1696 adults (17.9%) were transported to the TC post-injury (P = 0.14). Among these, children were significantly less injured than adults [median Injury Severity Score (ISS) 9 vs. 14, P < 0.01]. There was no significant difference between the groups in the proportion of seriously injured trauma victims (ISS > 15) taken to the TC [8/11 (72.7%) vs. 139/182 (76.4%)]. The corresponding figures for ISS < 15 were 25/227 (11.0%) and 164/1509 (10.9%), respectively. No significant difference was found in intensive care unit length of stay or time to TC arrival. No paediatric vs. 36/1671 (2.2%) adult deaths were observed at 30-day follow-up (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in the proportion of paediatric and adult trauma patients transported to the TC, neither overall nor among severely injured patients. Paediatric trauma patients admitted to the TC were, however, significantly less injured than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Q. DO
- Department of Anaesthesia; Centre of Head and Orthopaedics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
- Trauma Centre; Centre of Head and Orthopaedics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - R. HESSELFELDT
- Department of Anaesthesia; Centre of Head and Orthopaedics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. STEINMETZ
- Department of Anaesthesia; Centre of Head and Orthopaedics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
- Trauma Centre; Centre of Head and Orthopaedics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
- Helicopter Emergency Medical Service; Ringsted Denmark
| | - L. S. RASMUSSEN
- Department of Anaesthesia; Centre of Head and Orthopaedics; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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27
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Kelleher DC, Jagadeesh Chandra Bose RP, Waterhouse LJ, Carter EA, Burd RS. Effect of a checklist on advanced trauma life support workflow deviations during trauma resuscitations without pre-arrival notification. J Am Coll Surg 2013; 218:459-66. [PMID: 24468229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma resuscitations without pre-arrival notification are often initially chaotic, which can potentially compromise patient care. We hypothesized that trauma resuscitations without pre-arrival notification are performed with more variable adherence to ATLS protocol and that implementation of a checklist would improve performance. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed event logs of trauma resuscitations from two 4-month periods before (n = 222) and after (n = 215) checklist implementation. Using process mining techniques, individual resuscitations were compared with an ideal workflow model of 6 ATLS primary survey tasks performed by the bedside evaluator and given model fitness scores (range 0 to 1). Mean fitness scores and frequency of conformance (fitness = 1) were compared (using Student's t-test or chi-square test, as appropriate) for activations with and without notification both before and after checklist implementation. Multivariable linear regression, controlling for patient and resuscitation characteristics, was also performed to assess the association between pre-arrival notification and model fitness before and after checklist implementation. RESULTS Fifty-five (12.6%) resuscitations lacked pre-arrival notification (23 pre-implementation and 32 post-implementation; p = 0.15). Before checklist implementation, resuscitations without notification had lower fitness (0.80 vs 0.90; p < 0.001) and conformance (26.1% vs 50.8%; p = 0.03) than those with notification. After checklist implementation, the fitness (0.80 vs 0.91; p = 0.007) and conformance (26.1% vs 59.4%; p = 0.01) improved for resuscitations without notification, but still remained lower than activations with notification. In multivariable analysis, activations without notification had lower fitness both before (b = -0.11, p < 0.001) and after checklist implementation (b = -0.04, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Trauma resuscitations without pre-arrival notification are associated with a decreased adherence to key components of the ATLS primary survey protocol. The addition of a checklist improves protocol adherence and reduces the effect of notification on task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre C Kelleher
- Division of Trauma and Burn Surgery, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - R P Jagadeesh Chandra Bose
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren J Waterhouse
- Division of Trauma and Burn Surgery, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Elizabeth A Carter
- Division of Trauma and Burn Surgery, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Randall S Burd
- Division of Trauma and Burn Surgery, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.
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