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Sundin J, Freese M, Marohn L, Blancke T, Hanel R. Occurrence of the pugnose pipefish Bryx dunckeri in the Sargasso Sea. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:1231-1236. [PMID: 38145952 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile specimens of the pugnose pipefish, Bryx dunckeri, were collected during a multipurpose research survey conducted within the Sargasso Sea Subtropical Convergence Zone, extending the known distribution range of this species to include open ocean areas of the Western North Atlantic. Novel spatial data are of scientific interest as information on the distribution, population structure, and population size of this species is limited. Additionally, we present detailed photographs and morphological data on the collected specimens. The results are discussed in relation to the dispersal abilities and population structure in syngnathids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Sundin
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Marko Freese
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Lasse Marohn
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Tina Blancke
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Reinhold Hanel
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Bremerhaven, Germany
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2
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Andersson L, Bekkevold D, Berg F, Farrell ED, Felkel S, Ferreira MS, Fuentes-Pardo AP, Goodall J, Pettersson M. How Fish Population Genomics Can Promote Sustainable Fisheries: A Road Map. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:1-20. [PMID: 37906837 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-102933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of genetic diversity in marine fishes targeted by commercial fishing is a grand challenge for the future. Most of these species are abundant and therefore important for marine ecosystems and food security. Here, we present a road map of how population genomics can promote sustainable fisheries. In these species, the development of reference genomes and whole genome sequencing is key, because genetic differentiation at neutral loci is usually low due to large population sizes and gene flow. First, baseline allele frequencies representing genetically differentiated populations within species must be established. These can then be used to accurately determine the composition of mixed samples, forming the basis for population demographic analysis to inform sustainably set fish quotas. SNP-chip analysis is a cost-effective method for determining baseline allele frequencies and for population identification in mixed samples. Finally, we describe how genetic marker analysis can transform stock identification and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dorte Bekkevold
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Edward D Farrell
- Killybegs Fishermen's Organisation, Killybegs, County Donegal, Ireland
| | - Sabine Felkel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mafalda S Ferreira
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Angela P Fuentes-Pardo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jake Goodall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Mats Pettersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;
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3
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Ulmo‐Diaz G, Engman A, McLarney WO, Lasso Alcalá CA, Hendrickson D, Bezault E, Feunteun E, Prats‐Léon FL, Wiener J, Maxwell R, Mohammed RS, Kwak TJ, Benchetrit J, Bougas B, Babin C, Normandeau E, Djambazian HHV, Chen S, Reiling SJ, Ragoussis J, Bernatchez L. Panmixia in the American eel extends to its tropical range of distribution: Biological implications and policymaking challenges. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1872-1888. [PMID: 38143897 PMCID: PMC10739100 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The American eel (Anguilla rostrata) has long been regarded as a panmictic fish and has been confirmed as such in the northern part of its range. In this paper, we tested for the first time whether panmixia extends to the tropical range of the species. To do so, we first assembled a reference genome (975 Mbp, 19 chromosomes) combining long (PacBio and Nanopore and short (Illumina paired-end) reads technologies to support both this study and future research. To test for population structure, we estimated genotype likelihoods from low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of 460 American eels, collected at 21 sampling sites (in seven geographic regions) ranging from Canada to Trinidad and Tobago. We estimated genetic distance between regions, performed ADMIXTURE-like clustering analysis and multivariate analysis, and found no evidence of population structure, thus confirming that panmixia extends to the tropical range of the species. In addition, two genomic regions with putative inversions were observed, both geographically widespread and present at similar frequencies in all regions. We discuss the implications of lack of genetic population structure for the species. Our results are key for the future genomic research in the American eel and the implementation of conservation measures throughout its geographic range. Additionally, our results can be applied to fisheries management and aquaculture of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ulmo‐Diaz
- Département de BiologieInstitut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Augustin Engman
- University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, School of Natural ResourcesKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | | | | | - Dean Hendrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity CollectionsUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | - Etienne Bezault
- UMR 8067 BOREA, Biologie Organismes Écosystèmes Aquatiques (MNHN, CNRS, SU, IRD, UCN, UA)Université des AntillesPointe‐à‐PitreGuadeloupe
- Caribaea Initiative, Département de BiologieUniversité Des Antilles‐Campus de FouillolePointe‐à‐PitreGuadeloupeFrance
| | - Eric Feunteun
- UMR 7208 BOREABiologie Organismes Écosystèmes Aquatiques (MNHN, CNRS, SU,IRD, UCN, UA)Station Marine de DinardRennesFrance
- EPHE‐PSLCGEL (Centre de Géoécologie Littorale)DinardFrance
| | | | - Jean Wiener
- Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité Marine (FoProBiM)CaracolHaiti
| | - Robert Maxwell
- Inland Fisheries SectionLouisiana Department of Wildlife and FisheriesLouisianaUSA
| | - Ryan S. Mohammed
- The University of the West Indies (UWI)St. AugustineTrinidad and Tobago
- Present address:
Department of Biological SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Thomas J. Kwak
- US Geological SurveyNorth Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitDepartment of Applied EcologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Bérénice Bougas
- Département de BiologieInstitut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Charles Babin
- Département de BiologieInstitut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Eric Normandeau
- Département de BiologieInstitut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecCanada
| | - Haig H. V. Djambazian
- McGIll Genome Centre, Department of Human GeneticsVictor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Shu‐Huang Chen
- McGIll Genome Centre, Department of Human GeneticsVictor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Sarah J. Reiling
- McGIll Genome Centre, Department of Human GeneticsVictor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- McGIll Genome Centre, Department of Human GeneticsVictor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Département de BiologieInstitut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébecCanada
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4
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Danne L, Adamek M, Wonnemann H, Pieper T, Fey D, Hellmann J. Identification of virus infections of European eels intended for stocking measures. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1259-1266. [PMID: 35648620 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The spread of viral diseases in eels is suggested to severely affect the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) panmictic population. The European Commission has initiated the Eel Recovery Plan (Council Regulation No. 1100/2007) to try to return the European eel stock to more sustainable levels within that measures eel restocking. However, scientific evidence evaluating the efficacy of stocking remains scarce. In addition, knowledge about the impact and contribution of eel stocking on the distribution of infectious diseases is insufficient. In this study, we aimed to investigate virus infections in batches of eels intended for restocking. We analysed samples of glass eels from certified fisheries and farmed European eels from different aquaculture farms. All analysed eels were purchased within a North Rhine Westphalian conservation program. Via a combination of cell culture and qPCR-based techniques, we detected infections of glass eels with the rhabdovirus Eel Virus European X and anguillid herpesvirus 1 infections in farmed eels (10-15 cm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Danne
- North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, Kirchhundem, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Theresa Pieper
- North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, Kirchhundem, Germany
| | - Daniel Fey
- North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, Kirchhundem, Germany
| | - John Hellmann
- North Rhine Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Fisheries Ecology and Aquaculture, Kirchhundem, Germany
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5
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Changes in Dendritic Spine Morphology and Density of Granule Cells in the Olfactory Bulb of Anguilla anguilla (L., 1758): A Possible Way to Understand Orientation and Migratory Behavior. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081244. [PMID: 36009870 PMCID: PMC9405168 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The olfactory bulb can process odour cues through granular cells (GCs) and dendritic spines, changing their synaptic plasticity properties and their morphology. The GCs’ dendritic spines density and morphology were analysed in Anguilla anguilla, considering the olfaction as a driver involved in fish orientation and migration. For the head and neck morphology, spines were classified as mushroom, long thin, stubby, and filopodia. Spines’ density decreased from juvenile migrants to no-migrant stages and increased in the adult migrants. Spines’ density was comparable between glass and silver eels as an adaptation to migration, while at non-migrating phases, spines’ density decreased. For its phylogenetic Elopomorph attribution and its complex life cycle, A. anguilla could be recommended as a model species to study the development of dendritic spines in GCs of the olfactory bulb. Considering the role of olfaction in the orientation and migration of A. anguilla, the modification of environmental stimuli (ocean alterations and climate change) could represent contributing factors that threaten this critically endangered species. Abstract Olfaction could represent a pivotal process involved in fish orientation and migration. The olfactory bulb can manage olfactive signals at the granular cell (GC) and dendritic spine levels for their synaptic plasticity properties and changing their morphology and structural stability after environmental odour cues. The GCs’ dendritic spine density and morphology were analysed across the life stages of the catadromous Anguilla anguilla. According to the head and neck morphology, spines were classified as mushroom (M), long thin (LT), stubby (S), and filopodia (F). Total spines’ density decreased from juvenile migrants to no-migrant stages, to increase again in the adult migrant stage. Mean spines’ density was comparable between glass and silver eels as an adaptation to migration. At non-migrating phases, spines’ density decreased for M and LT, while M, LT, and S density increased in silver eels. A great dendritic spine development was found in the two migratory phases, regressing in trophic phases, but that could be recreated in adults, tracing the migratory memory of the routes travelled in juvenile phases. For its phylogenetic Elopomorph attribution and its complex life cycle, A. anguilla could be recommended as a model species to study the development of dendritic spines in GCs of the olfactory bulb as an index of synaptic plasticity involved in the modulation of olfactory stimuli. If olfaction is involved in the orientation and migration of A. anguilla and if eels possess a memory, these processes could be influenced by the modification of environmental stimuli (ocean alterations and rapid climate change) contributing to threatening this critically endangered species.
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6
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Demographic history of two endangered Atlantic eel species, Anguilla anguilla and Anguilla rostrata. CONSERV GENET 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-022-01469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Hanel R, Marohn L, Westerberg H. No new evidence for an Atlantic eels spawning area outside the Sargasso Sea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11778. [PMID: 35821500 PMCID: PMC9276751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Hanel
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Lasse Marohn
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Håkan Westerberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, 178 93, Drottningholm, Sweden
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8
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de Eyto E, Kelly S, Rogan G, French A, Cooney J, Murphy M, Nixon P, Hughes P, Sweeney D, McGinnity P, Dillane M, Poole R. Decadal Trends in the Migration Phenology of Diadromous Fishes Native to the Burrishoole Catchment, Ireland. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.915854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is an important ecological trait that allows animals to exploit resources in different habitats, obtaining extra energy for growth and reproduction. The phenology (or timing) of migration is a highly heritable trait, but is also controlled by environmental factors. Numerous studies have reported the advancement of species life-events with climate change, but the rate and significance of such advancement is likely to be species specific, spatially variable and dependent on interactions with population and ecosystem changes. This is particularly true for diadromous fishes which are sentinels of change in both freshwater and marine domains, and are subject to considerable multiple stressors including overfishing and habitat degradation. Here, we describe trends in the migration phenology of three native Irish migratory fishes over half a century, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla). The trends were derived from daily counts of 745,263 fish moving upstream and downstream through the fish traps of the Burrishoole catchment, an internationally important monitoring infrastructure allowing a full census of migrating fish. We found that the start of the seaward migration of eel has advanced by one month since 1970. The commencement of the salmon smolt migration has advanced by one week, although the rest of the migration, and the entirety of the trout smolt run has remained stable. The beginning of the upstream migration of trout to freshwater has advanced by 20 days, while the end of the run is more than one month later than in the 1970’s. The greatest phenological shift has been in the upstream migration of adult salmon, with at least half of migrating fish returning between one and two months earlier from the marine environment compared to the 1970’s. The earlier return of these salmon is coincident with reduced marine survival and decreasing body size, indicating considerable oceanic challenges for this species. Our results demonstrate that the impacts of climate change on the phenology of diadromous fish are context-dependent and may interact with other factors. The mobilization of long-term datasets are crucial to parse the ecological impacts of climate change from other anthropogenic stresses.
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9
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Pujolar JM, Jacobsen MW, Bertolini F. Comparative genomics and signatures of selection in North Atlantic eels. Mar Genomics 2022; 62:100933. [PMID: 35182837 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2022.100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Comparative genomic approaches can identify putative private and shared signatures of selection. We performed a comparative genomic study of North Atlantic eels, European eel (Anguilla Anguilla) and American eel (A. rostrata). The two sister species are nearly undistinguishable at the phenotypic level and despite a wide non-overlapping continental distribution, they spawn in partial sympatry in the Sargasso Sea. Taking advantage of the newly assembled and annotated genome, we used genome wide RAD sequencing data of 359 individuals retrieved from Sequence Nucleotide Archive and state-of-the-art statistic tests to identify putative genomic signatures of selection in North Atlantic eels. First, using the FST and XP-EHH methods, we detected apparent islands of divergence on a total of 7 chromosomes, particularly on chromosomes 6 and 10. Gene ontology analyses suggested candidate genes mainly related to energy production, development and regulation, which could reflect strong selection on traits related to eel migration and larval duration time. Gene effect prediction using SNPeff showed a high number of SNPs in noncoding regions, pointing to a possible regulatory role. Second, using the iHS method we detected shared regions under selection on a total of 11 chromosomes. Several hypotheses might account for the detection of shared islands of selection in North Atlantic eels, including parallel evolution due to adaptation to similar environments and introgression. Future comparative genomic studies will be needed to further clarify the causes and consequences of introgression, including the directionality of these introgression events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Martin Pujolar
- Centre for Gelatinous Plankton Ecology and Evolution, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Magnus Wulff Jacobsen
- Section for Marine Living Resources, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Francesca Bertolini
- Section for Marine Living Resources, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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10
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Verhelst P, Reubens J, Coeck J, Moens T, Simon J, Van Wichelen J, Westerberg H, Wysujack K, Righton D. Mapping silver eel migration routes in the North Sea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:318. [PMID: 35013394 PMCID: PMC8748739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in tracking technology resulted in the mapping of various marine spawning migration routes of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). However, migration routes in the North Sea have rarely been studied, despite many large European rivers and hence potential eel growing habitat discharge into the North Sea. In this study, we present the most comprehensive map to date with migration routes by silver European eels in the North Sea and document for the first time successful eel migration through the English Channel. Migration tracks were reconstructed for 42 eels tagged in Belgium and 12 in Germany. Additionally, some eels moved up north to exit the North Sea over the British Isles, confirming the existence of two different routes, even for eels exiting from a single river catchment. Furthermore, we observed a wide range in migration speeds (6.8–45.2 km day−1). We hypothesize that these are likely attributed to water currents, with eels migrating through the English Channel being significantly faster than eels migrating northward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Verhelst
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. .,Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Aquatic Management, Havenlaan 88, bus 73, 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jan Reubens
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Johan Coeck
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Aquatic Management, Havenlaan 88, bus 73, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Moens
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Janek Simon
- Institute of Inland Fisheries E.V. Potsdam Sacrow, Im Königswald 2, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jeroen Van Wichelen
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Aquatic Management, Havenlaan 88, bus 73, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Håkan Westerberg
- Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 178 93, Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Klaus Wysujack
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Herwigstraße 31, 27572, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - David Righton
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK
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12
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Amador-Castro F, García-Cayuela T, Alper HS, Rodriguez-Martinez V, Carrillo-Nieves D. Valorization of pelagic sargassum biomass into sustainable applications: Current trends and challenges. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 283:112013. [PMID: 33508553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since long ago, pelagic Sargassum mats have been known to be abundant in the Sargasso Sea, where they provide habitat to diverse organisms. However, over the last few years, massive amounts of pelagic Sargassum have reached the coast of several countries in the Caribbean and West Africa, causing economic and environmental problems. Aiming for lessening the impacts of the blooms, governments and private companies remove the seaweeds from the shore, but this process results expensive. The valorization of this abundant biomass can render Sargassum tides into an economic opportunity and concurrently solve their associated environmental problems. Despite the diverse fields where algae have found applications and the relevance of this recurrent situation, Sargassum biomass remains without large scale applications. Therefore, this review aims to present the potential uses of these algae, identifying the limitations that must be assessed to effectively valorize this bioresource. Due to the constraints identified for each of the presented applications, it is concluded that a biorefinery approach should be developed to effectively valorize this abundant biomass. However, there is an urgent need for investigations focusing on holopelagic Sargassum to be able to truly valorize this seaweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Amador-Castro
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramon Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Tomás García-Cayuela
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramon Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Hal S Alper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Verónica Rodriguez-Martinez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramon Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Danay Carrillo-Nieves
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramon Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
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13
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Enbody ED, Pettersson ME, Sprehn CG, Palm S, Wickström H, Andersson L. Ecological adaptation in European eels is based on phenotypic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022620118. [PMID: 33479174 PMCID: PMC7848574 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022620118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative role of genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity is of fundamental importance in evolutionary ecology [M. J. West-Eberhard, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (suppl. 1), 6543-6549 (2005)]. European eels have a complex life cycle, including transitions between life stages across ecological conditions in the Sargasso Sea, where spawning occurs, and those in brackish and freshwater bodies from northern Europe to northern Africa. Whether continental eel populations consist of locally adapted and genetically distinct populations or comprise a single panmictic population has received conflicting support. Here we use whole-genome sequencing and show that European eels belong to one panmictic population. A complete lack of geographical genetic differentiation is demonstrated. We postulate that this is possible because the most critical life stages-spawning and embryonic development-take place under near-identical conditions in the Sargasso Sea. We further show that within-generation selection, which has recently been proposed as a mechanism for genetic adaptation in eels, can only marginally change allele frequencies between cohorts of eels from different geographic regions. Our results strongly indicate plasticity as the predominant mechanism for how eels respond to diverse environmental conditions during postlarval stages, ultimately solving a long-standing question for a classically enigmatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Enbody
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats E Pettersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Grace Sprehn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Palm
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 178 93 Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Wickström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 178 93 Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Steendam C, Verhelst P, Van Wassenbergh S, De Meyer J. Burrowing behaviour of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla): Effects of life stage. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:1332-1342. [PMID: 32740934 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a fascinating species, exhibiting a complex life cycle. The species is, however, listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List due to an amalgam of factors, including habitat loss. This study investigated the burrowing behaviour and substrate preference of glass, elver and yellow stages of A. anguilla. Preference was determined by introducing eels in aquaria with different substrates and evaluating the chosen substrate for burrowing. In addition, burrowing was recorded using a camera in all substrate types and analysed for kinematics. The experiments showed that all of these life stages sought refuge in the sediments with particle sizes ranging from sand to coarse gravel. Starting from a resting position, they shook their head horizontally in combination with rapid body undulations until half of their body was within the substrate. High-speed X-ray videography revealed that once partly in the sediment, eels used only horizontal head sweeps to penetrate further, without the use of their tail. Of the substrates tested, burrowing performance was highest in fine gravel (diameter 1-2 mm; lower burrowing duration, less body movements and/or lower frequency of movements), and all eels readily selected this substrate for burrowing. However, glass eels and elvers were able to use coarse gravel (diameter >8 mm) because their smaller size allowed manoeuvring through the spaces between the grains. Further, burrowing performance increased with body size: glass eels required more body undulations compared to yellow eels. Interestingly, the urge to hide within the sediment was highest for glass eels and elvers. Documentation of substrate preference and burrowing behaviour of A. anguilla provides new information about their potential habitat use. Considering that habitat alterations and deteriorations are partly responsible for the decline of the eel, this information can contribute to the development of more effective conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Steendam
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jens De Meyer
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Arai T. Ecology and evolution of migration in the freshwater eels of the genus Anguilla Schrank, 1798. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05176. [PMID: 33083623 PMCID: PMC7553983 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists have long sought to uncover the secrets of the migration of anguillid eels, genus Anguilla. As catadromous fishes, anguillid eels spend most of their lives in freshwater until they return to their spawning grounds in the tropics, although part of the population never enters freshwater and instead resides in brackish and marine areas close to coastlines. Molecular phylogenetic research suggests that anguillid eels originated from deep-ocean midwater marine anguilliform species and that tropical eels originating from the Indo-Pacific region are the most basal species of anguillid eels. Anguillid eels left the tropical ocean to colonize temperate areas. The yearly spawning of tropical species and constant larval growth throughout the year extend to periods of recruitment in continental habitats to last all year for tropical eels. Tropical eels such as A. celebesensis and A. borneensis have relatively short migrations periods of less than 100 km to their spawning grounds. Conversely, the temperate European eel A. anguilla travels the longest distances and migrates more than 5000 km across the Atlantic Ocean to spawn in the Sargasso Sea. The ancestral state of migration in the genus Anguilla may have been local, short-scale and nonseasonal spawning migration throughout the year as defined in tropical eels. With the expansion of dispersion of global oceanic migration across the world, migration scales can gradually change. Temperate anguillid eels migrate thousands of kilometres from spawning areas to coastal and inland water habitats while retaining spawning areas in tropical areas, accompanied by seasonal downstream and spawning migrations with consequences for seasonal recruitment. Recent advances and the availability of electronic tags such as pop-up satellite archival tag could reconstruct the entire spawning migration from continental growth habitats to spawning sites with detailed migration behaviours and routes. Migration ecology and mechanisms throughout the life of anguillid eels have gradually been revealed in recent decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Arai
- Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam.,Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60113, Indonesia
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16
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Bertolini F, Jørgensen MGP, Henkel C, Dufour S, Tomkiewicz J. Unravelling the changes during induced vitellogenesis in female European eel through RNA-Seq: What happens to the liver? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236438. [PMID: 32790680 PMCID: PMC7425897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of European eel (Anguilla anguilla), a catadromous species, is complex and enigmatic. In nature, during the silvering process prior to their long spawning migration, reproductive development is arrested, and they cease feeding. In studies of reproduction using hormonal induction, eels are equivalently not feed. Therefore, in female eels that undergo vitellogenesis, the liver plays different, essential roles being involved both in vitellogenins synthesis and in reallocating resources for the maintenance of vital functions, performing the transoceanic reproductive migration and completing reproductive development. The present work aimed at unravelling the major transcriptomic changes that occur in the liver during induced vitellogenesis in female eels. mRNA-Seq data from 16 animals (eight before induced vitellogenesis and eight after nine weeks of hormonal treatment) were generated and differential expression analysis was performed comparing the two groups. This analysis detected 1,328 upregulated and 1,490 downregulated transcripts. Overrepresentation analysis of the upregulated genes included biological processes related to biosynthesis, response to estrogens, mitochondrial activity and localization, while downregulated genes were enriched in processes related to morphogenesis and development of several organs and tissues, including liver and immune system. Among key genes, the upregulated ones included vitellogenin genes (VTG1 and VTG2) that are central in vitellogenesis, together with ESR1 and two novel genes not previously investigated in European eel (LMAN1 and NUPR1), which have been linked with reproduction in other species. Moreover, several upregulated genes, such as CYC1, ELOVL5, KARS and ACSS1, are involved in the management of the effect of fasting and NOTCH, VEGFA and NCOR are linked with development, autophagy and liver maintenance in other species. These results increase the understanding of the molecular changes that occur in the liver during vitellogenesis in this complex and distinctive fish species, bringing new insights on European eel reproduction and broodstock management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bertolini
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Christiaan Henkel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Laboratory BOREA, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Jonna Tomkiewicz
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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First Observation of a Spontaneously Matured Female European Eel (Anguilla anguilla). Sci Rep 2020; 10:2339. [PMID: 32047193 PMCID: PMC7012921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports on the first observation of a spontaneously matured female European eel. The 43-year-old eel, together with eleven other females, resided at an aquarium house since their capture in 2002 and stocking as glass eels in 1978. In June 2019, the girth of the belly of the female increased as a sign of oocyte maturation. The specimen had an estimated gonadosomatic index (GSI) of 47, only half of the oocytes were hydrated and matured, indicating that European eels are polycyclic batch spawners. The live eels of the cohort were still in the previtellogenic phase but their eye sizes were close to that of the matured eel. We hypothesize that substances released by other maturing and spawning fishes may have triggered puberty of the eel. This first observation, and the possibility of more eels maturing in the near future, provides a natural reference for the sexual maturation of the European eel.
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18
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Kuroki M, Miller MJ, Feunteun E, Sasal P, Pikering T, Han YS, Faliex E, Acou A, Dessier A, Schabetsberger R, Watanabe S, Kawakami T, Onda H, Higuchi T, Takeuchi A, Shimizu M, Hewavitharane CA, Hagihara S, Taka T, Kimura S, Mochioka N, Otake T, Tsukamoto K. Distribution of anguillid leptocephali and possible spawning areas in the South Pacific Ocean. PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY 2020; 180:102234. [PMID: 33184522 PMCID: PMC7116347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven South Pacific anguillid eel species live from New Guinea to French Polynesia, but their spawning areas and life histories are mostly unknown despite previous sampling surveys. A July-October 2016 research cruise was conducted to study the spawning areas and times, and larval distributions of South Pacific anguillid eels, which included a short 155°E station-line northeast of New Guinea and five long transects (5-25°S, 160°E-140°W) crossing the South Equatorial (SEC) and other currents. This survey collected nearly 4000 anguilliform leptocephali at 179 stations using an Isaacs-Kidd Midwater Trawl accompanied by 104 CTD casts. Based on mor-phometric observations and DNA sequencing, 74 anguillid leptocephali were collected, which in the southern areas included 29 larvae of six species: Anguilla bicolor pacifica, A. marmorata, A. australis, A. reinhardtii, A. megastoma, and A. obscura (all anguillid species of the region were caught except A. dieffenbachii). Small A. australis (9.0-16.8 mm) and A. reinhardtii (12.4, 12.5 mm) leptocephali were collected south of the Solomon Islands, other A. australis (10.8-12.0 mm) larvae were caught northwest of Fiji along with an A. obscura (20.0 mm) larva, and an A. marmorata (7.8 mm) larva was collected near Samoa. Considering collection sites, larval ages from otolith analysis, and westward SEC drift, multiple spawning locations occurred from south of the Solomon Islands and the Fiji area (16-20 days old larvae) to near Samoa (19 days old larva) during June and July in areas where high-salinity Subtropical Underwater (STUW, ~150 m depth) and the warm, low-salinity surface Fresh Pool were present. Five long hydrographic sections showed the strong Fresh Pool in the west and the STUW formation area in the east.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kuroki
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Eric Feunteun
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, BOREA (Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), Station marine de Dinard, 38 rue du Port Blanc, 35800 Dinard, France
| | - Pierre Sasal
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Timothy Pikering
- Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 3 Luke Street, Nabua, Suva, Fiji
| | - Yu-San Han
- Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Elisabeth Faliex
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Anthony Acou
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, BOREA (Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques), Station marine de Dinard, 38 rue du Port Blanc, 35800 Dinard, France
- UMS Patrimoine Naturel (Patrinat), AFB-MNHN-CNRS, CP 41, 36 rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Dessier
- Université de La Rochelle, Batiment ILE, LIENSs, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | | | - Shun Watanabe
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kawakami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onda
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Higuchi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Aya Takeuchi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Madoka Shimizu
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Chinthaka A. Hewavitharane
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- School of Marine Studies, Faculty of Science, The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Bay Road, Suva, Fiji
| | - Seishi Hagihara
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Terumasa Taka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shingo Kimura
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Noritaka Mochioka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuguo Otake
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Katsumi Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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19
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Nikolic N, Liu S, Jacobsen MW, Jónsson B, Bernatchez L, Gagnaire PA, Hansen MM. Speciation history of European (Anguilla anguilla) and American eel (A. rostrata), analysed using genomic data. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:565-577. [PMID: 31863605 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Speciation in the ocean could differ from terrestrial environments due to fewer barriers to gene flow. Hence, sympatric speciation might be common, with American and European eel being candidates for exemplifying this. They show disjunct continental distributions on both sides of the Atlantic, but spawn in overlapping regions of the Sargasso Sea from where juveniles are advected to North American, European and North African coasts. Hybridization and introgression are known to occur, with hybrids almost exclusively observed in Iceland. Different speciation scenarios have been suggested, involving either vicariance or sympatric ecological speciation. Using RAD sequencing and whole-genome sequencing data from parental species and F1 hybrids, we analysed speciation history based on the joint allele frequency spectrum (JAFS) and pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC) plots. JAFS supported a model involving a split without gene flow 150,000-160,000 generations ago, followed by secondary contact 87,000-92,000 generations ago, with 64% of the genome experiencing restricted gene flow. This supports vicariance rather than sympatric speciation, likely associated with Pleistocene glaciation cycles and ocean current changes. Whole-genome PSMC analysis of F1 hybrids from Iceland suggested divergence 200,000 generations ago and indicated subsequent gene flow rather than strict isolation. Finally, simulations showed that results from both approaches (JAFS and PSMC) were congruent. Hence, there is strong evidence against sympatric speciation in North Atlantic eels. These results reiterate the need for careful consideration of cases of possible sympatric speciation, as even in seemingly barrier-free oceanic environments palaeoceanographic factors may have promoted vicariance and allopatric speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Nikolic
- Agence de Recherche pour la Biodiversité à la Réunion, ARBRE, Saint-Leu, Réunion
| | - Shenglin Liu
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Louis Bernatchez
- IBIS (Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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