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Goker M, Derici US, Gokyer S, Parmaksiz MG, Kaya B, Can A, Yilgor P. Spatial Growth Factor Delivery for 3D Bioprinting of Vascularized Bone with Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells as a Single Cell Source. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1607-1619. [PMID: 38416687 PMCID: PMC10934245 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Encapsulating multiple growth factors within a scaffold enhances the regenerative capacity of engineered bone grafts through their localization and controls the spatiotemporal release profile. In this study, we bioprinted hybrid bone grafts with an inherent built-in controlled growth factor delivery system, which would contribute to vascularized bone formation using a single stem cell source, human adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs) in vitro. The strategy was to provide precise control over the ASC-derived osteogenesis and angiogenesis at certain regions of the graft through the activity of spatially positioned microencapsulated BMP-2 and VEGF within the osteogenic and angiogenic bioink during bioprinting. The 3D-bioprinted vascularized bone grafts were cultured in a perfusion bioreactor. Results proved localized expression of osteopontin and CD31 by the ASCs, which was made possible through the localized delivery activity of the built-in delivery system. In conclusion, this approach provided a methodology for generating off-the-shelf constructs for vascularized bone regeneration and has the potential to enable single-step, in situ bioprinting procedures for creating vascularized bone implants when applied to bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric Goker
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University
Faculty of Engineering, Ankara 06830, Turkey
- Department
of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal
College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Utku Serhat Derici
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University
Faculty of Engineering, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| | - Seyda Gokyer
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University
Faculty of Engineering, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Goktug Parmaksiz
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University
Faculty of Engineering, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| | - Burak Kaya
- Department
of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06620, Turkey
- Ankara
University Medical Design Research and Application Center, MEDITAM, Ankara 06520, Turkey
| | - Alp Can
- Department
of Histology and Embryology, Ankara University
Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Pinar Yilgor
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Ankara University
Faculty of Engineering, Ankara 06830, Turkey
- Ankara
University Medical Design Research and Application Center, MEDITAM, Ankara 06520, Turkey
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2
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Song X, Philpott MA, Best SM, Cameron RE. Controlling the Architecture of Freeze-Dried Collagen Scaffolds with Ultrasound-Induced Nucleation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:213. [PMID: 38257012 PMCID: PMC10820667 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Collagen is a naturally occurring polymer that can be freeze-dried to create 3D porous scaffold architectures for potential application in tissue engineering. The process comprises the freezing of water in an aqueous slurry followed by sublimation of the ice via a pre-determined temperature-pressure regime and these parameters determine the arrangement, shape and size of the ice crystals. However, ice nucleation is a stochastic process, and this has significant and inherent limitations on the ability to control scaffold structures both within and between the fabrication batches. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to overcome the disadvantages of the stochastic process via the use of low-frequency ultrasound (40 kHz) to trigger nucleation, on-demand, in type I insoluble bovine collagen slurries. The application of ultrasound was found to define the nucleation temperature of collagen slurries, precisely tailoring the pore architecture and providing important new structural and mechanistic insights. The parameter space includes reduction in average pore size and narrowing of pore size distributions while maintaining the percolation diameter. A set of core principles are identified that highlight the huge potential of ultrasound to finely tune the scaffold architecture and revolutionise the reproducibility of the scaffold fabrication protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruth E. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK; (X.S.); (S.M.B.)
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3
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Flores-Jiménez MS, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Fuentes-Aguilar RQ. Review on Porous Scaffolds Generation Process: A Tissue Engineering Approach. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1-23. [PMID: 36599046 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Porous scaffolds have been widely explored for tissue regeneration and engineering in vitro three-dimensional models. In this review, a comprehensive literature analysis is conducted to identify the steps involved in their generation. The advantages and disadvantages of the available techniques are discussed, highlighting the importance of considering pore geometrical parameters such as curvature and size, and summarizing the requirements to generate the porous scaffold according to the desired application. This paper considers the available design tools, mathematical models, materials, fabrication techniques, cell seeding methodologies, assessment methods, and the status of pore scaffolds in clinical applications. This review compiles the relevant research in the field in the past years. The trends, challenges, and future research directions are discussed in the search for the generation of a porous scaffold with improved mechanical and biological properties that can be reproducible, viable for long-term studies, and closer to being used in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Flores-Jiménez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Gonzalez
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Rita Q Fuentes-Aguilar
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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4
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Irie MS, Spin-Neto R, Borges JS, Wenzel A, Soares PBF. Effect of data binning and frame averaging for micro-CT image acquisition on the morphometric outcome of bone repair assessment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1424. [PMID: 35082347 PMCID: PMC8791988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the current advances in micro-CT analysis, the influence of some image acquisition parameters on the morphometric assessment outcome have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine whether data binning and frame averaging affect the morphometric outcome of bone repair assessment using micro-CT. Four Wistar rats' tibiae with a surgically created bone defect were imaged with micro-CT six times each, frame averaging set to 1 and 2, and data binning set to 1, 2 and 4, for each of the averaging values. Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni tests assessed the significance of frame averaging and data binning on a set of morphometric parameters assessed in the image volumes (p < 0.01). The effect of frame averaging was not significant for any of the assessed parameters. Increased data binning led to larger trabecular thickness. In contrast, smaller bone volume fraction and bone volume were found as data binning increased. Trabeculae number and trabecular separation were not influenced by any of the parameters. In conclusion, the morphometric outcome of bone repair assessment in micro-CT demonstrated dependency upon data binning, but not frame averaging. Therefore, image acquisition of small anatomical structures (e.g., rat trabeculae) should be performed without data binning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Suemi Irie
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará s/no, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 4L, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Rubens Spin-Neto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Section for Oral Radiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Juliana Simeão Borges
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará s/no, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 4L, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Ann Wenzel
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Section for Oral Radiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Priscilla Barbosa Ferreira Soares
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará s/no, Campus Umuarama, Bloco 4L, Bairro Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38400-902, Brazil.
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5
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Lopez Marquez A, Gareis IE, Dias FJ, Gerhard C, Lezcano MF. Methods to Characterize Electrospun Scaffold Morphology: A Critical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:467. [PMID: 35160457 PMCID: PMC8839183 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospun scaffolds can imitate the hierarchical structures present in the extracellular matrix, representing one of the main concerns of modern tissue engineering. They are characterized in order to evaluate their capability to support cells or to provide guidelines for reproducibility. The issues with widely used methods for morphological characterization are discussed in order to provide insight into a desirable methodology for electrospun scaffold characterization. Reported methods include imaging and physical measurements. Characterization methods harbor inherent limitations and benefits, and these are discussed and presented in a comprehensive selection matrix to provide researchers with the adequate tools and insights required to characterize their electrospun scaffolds. It is shown that imaging methods present the most benefits, with drawbacks being limited to required costs and expertise. By making use of more appropriate characterization, researchers will avoid measurements that do not represent their scaffolds and perhaps might discover that they can extract more characteristics from their scaffold at no further cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lopez Marquez
- Faculty of Engineering and Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 37085 Gottingen, Germany; (A.L.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Iván Emilio Gareis
- Laboratorio de Cibernética, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde 3100, Argentina;
| | - Fernando José Dias
- Research Centre for Dental Sciences CICO, Department of Integral Adults Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Christoph Gerhard
- Faculty of Engineering and Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 37085 Gottingen, Germany; (A.L.M.); (C.G.)
| | - María Florencia Lezcano
- Laboratorio de Cibernética, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde 3100, Argentina;
- Research Centre for Dental Sciences CICO, Department of Integral Adults Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
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6
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Computed Tomography as a Characterization Tool for Engineered Scaffolds with Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226763. [PMID: 34832165 PMCID: PMC8619049 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing field of materials with applications in the biomedical field holds great promise regarding the design and fabrication of devices with specific characteristics, especially scaffolds with personalized geometry and architecture. The continuous technological development pushes the limits of innovation in obtaining adequate scaffolds and establishing their characteristics and performance. To this end, computed tomography (CT) proved to be a reliable, nondestructive, high-performance machine, enabling visualization and structure analysis at submicronic resolutions. CT allows both qualitative and quantitative data of the 3D model, offering an overall image of its specific architectural features and reliable numerical data for rigorous analyses. The precise engineering of scaffolds consists in the fabrication of objects with well-defined morphometric parameters (e.g., shape, porosity, wall thickness) and in their performance validation through thorough control over their behavior (in situ visualization, degradation, new tissue formation, wear, etc.). This review is focused on the use of CT in biomaterial science with the aim of qualitatively and quantitatively assessing the scaffolds’ features and monitoring their behavior following in vivo or in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the paper presents the benefits and limitations regarding the employment of this technique when engineering materials with applications in the biomedical field.
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Ning L, Zhu N, Smith A, Rajaram A, Hou H, Srinivasan S, Mohabatpour F, He L, Mclnnes A, Serpooshan V, Papagerakis P, Chen X. Noninvasive Three-Dimensional In Situ and In Vivo Characterization of Bioprinted Hydrogel Scaffolds Using the X-ray Propagation-Based Imaging Technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25611-25623. [PMID: 34038086 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been illustrated as promising to fabricate tissue scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Notably, bioprinting of hydrated and soft 3D hydrogel scaffolds with desired structural properties has not been fully achieved so far. Moreover, due to the limitations of current imaging techniques, assessment of bioprinted hydrogel scaffolds is still challenging, yet still essential for scaffold design, fabrication, and longitudinal studies. This paper presents our study on the bioprinting of hydrogel scaffolds and on the development of a novel noninvasive imaging method, based on synchrotron propagation-based imaging with computed tomography (SR-PBI-CT), to study the structural properties of hydrogel scaffolds and their responses to environmental stimuli both in situ and in vivo. Hydrogel scaffolds designed with varying structural patterns were successfully bioprinted through rigorous printing process regulations and then imaged by SR-PBI-CT within physiological environments. Subjective to controllable compressive loadings, the structural responses of scaffolds were visualized and characterized in terms of the structural deformation caused by the compressive loadings. Hydrogel scaffolds were later implanted in rats as nerve conduits for SR-PBI-CT imaging, and the obtained images illustrated their high phase contrast and were further processed for the 3D structure reconstruction and quantitative characterization. Our results show that the scaffold design and printing conditions play important roles in the printed scaffold structure and mechanical properties. More importantly, our obtained images from SR-PBI-CT allow us to visualize the details of hydrogel 3D structures with high imaging resolution. It demonstrates unique capability of this imaging technique for noninvasive, in situ characterization of 3D hydrogel structures pre- and post-implantation in diverse physiological milieus. The established imaging platform can therefore be utilized as a robust, high-precision tool for the design and longitudinal studies of hydrogel scaffold in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Ning
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ning Zhu
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - An Smith
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Ajay Rajaram
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Subashree Srinivasan
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Mohabatpour
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Lihong He
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Adam Mclnnes
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
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8
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Sheppard G, Tassenberg K, Nenchev B, Strickland J, Mesalam R, Shepherd J, Williams H. GAKTpore: Stereological Characterisation Methods for Porous Foams in Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1269. [PMID: 33800080 PMCID: PMC7962185 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, scaffolds are a key component that possess a highly elaborate pore structure. Careful characterisation of such porous structures enables the prediction of a variety of large-scale biological responses. In this work, a rapid, efficient, and accurate methodology for 2D bulk porous structure analysis is proposed. The algorithm, "GAKTpore", creates a morphology map allowing quantification and visualisation of spatial feature variation. The software achieves 99.6% and 99.1% mean accuracy for pore diameter and shape factor identification, respectively. There are two main algorithm novelties within this work: (1) feature-dependant homogeneity map; (2) a new waviness function providing insights into the convexity/concavity of pores, important for understanding the influence on cell adhesion and proliferation. The algorithm is applied to foam structures, providing a full characterisation of a 10 mm diameter SEM micrograph (14,784 × 14,915 px) with 190,249 pores in ~9 min and has elucidated new insights into collagen scaffold formation by relating microstructural formation to the bulk formation environment. This novel porosity characterisation algorithm demonstrates its versatility, where accuracy, repeatability, and time are paramount. Thus, GAKTpore offers enormous potential to optimise and enhance scaffolds within tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Sheppard
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (K.T.); (B.N.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Karl Tassenberg
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (K.T.); (B.N.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Bogdan Nenchev
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (K.T.); (B.N.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Joel Strickland
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (K.T.); (B.N.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Ramy Mesalam
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
| | - Jennifer Shepherd
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (K.T.); (B.N.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Hugo Williams
- School of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; (K.T.); (B.N.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (H.W.)
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