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Shana SS, Sreenath KR, Sumithra TG, Krishnaveny SMS, Joshi KK, Nameer PO, Gopalakrishnan A. A Global-Scale Ecological Niche Modeling of the Emerging Pathogen Serratia marcescens to Aid in its Spatial Ecology. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:59. [PMID: 36588127 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is a big emerging concern for human health and coral biodiversity. Spatial ecology and the influencing factors on pathogen ecology, however, remain unknown. The study forms the first global risk assessment of S. marcescens. MaxEnt niche modeling was applied using two biotic and sixteen abiotic variables. The world was classified into five risk-level categories based on the pathogen ecology, and the world population exposed to S. marcescens infection was then quantified. The prepared model showed an area under the curve value of 0.918 ± 0.028, implying excellent prediction ability. The highly and moderately suitable areas occupied around 0.52% and 17.9% of the total global land area. The order of probability of having S. marcescens-related infections was Asia > North America > South America > Europe > Africa > Australia. Human population density and temperature were the most influential factors in the distribution. The moderate to high transmission risk zones contained 0.20% (1.61 billion people) of the human population. In brief, these results give novel insights into its spatial ecology and provide the risk maps that can be utilized to plan targeted strategic control measures against future invasions of this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Shana
- Marine Biodiversity and Environment Management Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, 682018, Kerala, India.,College of Climate Change and Environmental Science, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 680656, Kerala, India
| | - K R Sreenath
- Marine Biodiversity and Environment Management Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, 682018, Kerala, India.
| | - T G Sumithra
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, 682018, Kerala, India
| | - S M S Krishnaveny
- Marine Biodiversity and Environment Management Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, 682018, Kerala, India.,Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kalamassery, Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India
| | - K K Joshi
- Marine Biodiversity and Environment Management Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, 682018, Kerala, India
| | - P O Nameer
- College of Climate Change and Environmental Science, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, 680656, Kerala, India
| | - A Gopalakrishnan
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, 682018, Kerala, India
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Mtuy TB, Mepukori J, Seeley J, Burton MJ, Lees S. The role of cultural safety and ethical space within postcolonial healthcare for Maasai in Tanzania. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:e009907. [PMID: 36356986 PMCID: PMC9660600 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of the Maasai tribe in northern Tanzania is characterised by marginalisation, discrimination and political subjugation. Inequities, enacted through power relations, influence healthcare access, practices and outcomes among the Maasai. Cultural safety and ethical space provide lenses into social, political and historical influences on access to care, helping to understand the realities of historically marginalised populations such as the Maasai, and responses to health services. This study aims to examine Maasai experiences of accessing and uptake of health services within a postcolonial discourse in Tanzania. In an ethnographic study examining access and perceptions of healthcare services in Maasai communities, lead authors conducted participant observations and at health facilities to document experiences. Household interviews, a group oral history and interviews with NGOs working with Maasai communities, contributed to the data analysed. Inductive thematic analysis was used to understand healthcare experiences within a framework of cultural safety and ethical space. Despite trust in biomedicine, Maasai people have a strong desire for health services with particular characteristics. Quality of care, including facilities and diagnostics available and used, was important. A sense of fairness was a determinant in respecting services including 'first come first serve' system and transparency when unable to treat a condition. Trust in health services was also influenced by personal interactions with health workers, including provision of health information provided to patients and instances of being mistreated. These findings offer an understanding of ways in which spaces of healthcare can be more approachable and trusted by Maasai. Incorporating cultural safety and ethical spaces to understand healthcare access can help to reduce the power imbalance possibly resulting from a history of marginalisation. This can inform development of culturally appropriate programmes, used to educate healthcare professionals and advocate for improved healthcare services for marginalised groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara B Mtuy
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Institute of Public Health, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Janet Seeley
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shelley Lees
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Thompson JM, Cook R, Person MK, Negrón ME, Traxler RM, Bower WA, Hendricks K. Risk Factors for Death or Meningitis in Adults Hospitalized for Cutaneous Anthrax, 1950-2018: A Systematic Review. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S459-S467. [PMID: 36251551 PMCID: PMC9649426 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous anthrax accounts for approximately 95% of anthrax cases worldwide. About 24% of untreated patients die, and many cases are complicated by meningitis. Here, we explore clinical features of cutaneous disease associated with poor outcomes. METHODS A systematic review identified 303 full-text articles published from 1950 through 2018 that met predefined inclusion criteria. Cases were abstracted, and descriptive analyses and univariate logistic regression were conducted to identify prognostic indicators for cutaneous anthrax. RESULTS Of 182 included patients, 47 (25.8%) died. Previously reported independent predictors for death or meningitis that we confirmed included fever or chills; nausea or vomiting; headache; severe headache; nonheadache, nonmeningeal signs; leukocytosis; and bacteremia. Newly identified predictors included anxiety, abdominal pain, diastolic hypotension, skin trauma, thoracic edema, malignant pustule edema, lymphadenopathy, and evidence of coagulopathy (all with P < .05). CONCLUSIONS We identified patient presentations not previously associated with poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Thompson
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Rachel Cook
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, CDC Fellowship Program, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Marissa K Person
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - María E Negrón
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Rita M Traxler
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - William A Bower
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Katherine Hendricks
- Correspondence: K. Hendricks, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, H24-12, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027 ()
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Mugo BC, Lekopien C, Owiny M. 'We dry contaminated meat to make it safe': An assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices on anthrax during an outbreak, Kisumu, Kenya, 2019. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259017. [PMID: 34735481 PMCID: PMC8568283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anthrax is the highest-ranked priority zoonotic disease in Kenya with about ten human cases annually. Anthrax outbreak was reported in Kisumu East Sub County after some villagers slaughtered and ate beef from a cow suspected to have died of anthrax. We aimed at establishing the magnitude of the outbreak, described associated factors, and assessed community knowledge, attitude, and practices on anthrax. Methods We reviewed human and animal records, conducted case search and contact tracing using standard case definitions in the period from July 1through to July 28, 2019. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess community knowledge, attitude, and practices towards anthrax. The household selection was done using multistage sampling. We cleaned and analyzed data in Ms. Excel and Epi Info. Descriptive statistics were carried out for continuous and categorical variables while analytical statistics for the association between dependent and independent variables were calculated. Results Out of 53 persons exposed through consumption or contact with suspicious beef, 23 cases (confirmed: 1, probable: 4, suspected: 18) were reviewed. The proportion of females was 52.17% (12/23), median age 13.5 years and range 45 years. The attack rate was 43.4% (23/53) and the case fatality rate was 4.35% (1/23). Knowledge level, determined by dividing those considered to be ‘having good knowledge’ on anthrax (numerator) by the total number of respondents (denominator) in the population regarding cause, transmission, symptoms and prevention was 51% for human anthrax and 52% for animal anthrax. Having good knowledge on anthrax was associated with rural residence [OR = 5.5 (95% CI 2.1–14.4; p<0.001)], having seen a case of anthrax [OR = 6.2 (95% CI 2.8–14.2; p<0.001)] and among those who present cattle for vaccination [OR = 2.6 (95% CI 1.2–5.6; p = 0.02)]. About 23.2% (26/112) would slaughter and sell beef to neighbors while 63.4% (71/112) would bury or burn the carcass. Nearly 93.8% (105/112) believed vaccination prevents anthrax. However, 5.4% (62/112) present livestock for vaccination. Conclusion Most anthrax exposures were through meat consumption. Poor knowledge of the disease might hamper prevention and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Chege Mugo
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Cornelius Lekopien
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurice Owiny
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kisaakye E, Ario AR, Bainomugisha K, Cossaboom CM, Lowe D, Bulage L, Kadobera D, Sekamatte M, Lubwama B, Tumusiime D, Tusiime P, Downing R, Buule J, Lutwama J, Salzer JS, Matkovic E, Ritter J, Gary J, Zhu BP. Outbreak of Anthrax Associated with Handling and Eating Meat from a Cow, Uganda, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:2799-2806. [PMID: 33219644 PMCID: PMC7706970 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.191373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On April 20, 2018, the Kween District Health Office in Kween District, Uganda reported 7 suspected cases of human anthrax. A team from the Uganda Ministry of Health and partners investigated and identified 49 cases, 3 confirmed and 46 suspected; no deaths were reported. Multiple exposures from handling the carcass of a cow that had died suddenly were significantly associated with cutaneous anthrax, whereas eating meat from that cow was associated with gastrointestinal anthrax. Eating undercooked meat was significantly associated with gastrointestinal anthrax, but boiling the meat for >60 minutes was protective. We recommended providing postexposure antimicrobial prophylaxis for all exposed persons, vaccinating healthy livestock in the area, educating farmers to safely dispose of animal carcasses, and avoiding handling or eating meat from livestock that died of unknown causes.
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Ntono V, Eurien D, Bulage L, Kadobera D, Harris J, Ario AR. Cutaneous anthrax outbreak associated with handling dead animals, Rhino Camp sub-county: Arua District, Uganda, January-May 2018. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2021; 3:8. [PMID: 33910648 PMCID: PMC8082813 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On 18 January 2018 a 40 year old man presented with skin lesions at Rhino Camp Health Centre. A skin lesion swab was collected on 20 January 2018 and was confirmed by PCR at Uganda Virus Research Institute on 21 January 2018. Subsequently, about 9 persons were reported to have fallen ill after reporting contact with livestock that died suddenly. On 9 February 2018, Arua District notified Uganda Ministry of Health of a confirmed anthrax outbreak among humans in Rhino Camp sub-county. We investigated to determine the scope and mode of transmission and exposures associated with identified anthrax to guide control and prevention measures. METHODS We defined a suspected cutaneous anthrax case as onset of skin lesions (e.g., papule, vesicle, or eschar) in a person residing in Rhino Camp sub-county, Arua District from 25 December 2017 to 31 May 2018. A confirmed case was a suspected case with PCR-positivity for Bacillus anthracis from a clinical sample. We identified cases by reviewing medical records at Rhino Camp Health Centre. We also conducted additional case searches in the affected community with support from Community Health Workers. In a retrospective cohort study, we interviewed all members of households in which at least one person had contact with the carcasses of or meat from animals suspected to have died of anthrax. We collected and tested hides of implicated animals using an anthrax rapid diagnostic test. RESULTS We identified 14 case-patients (1 confirmed, 13 suspected); none died. Only males were affected (affected proportion: 12/10,000). Mean age of case-persons was 33 years (SD: 22). The outbreak lasted for 5 months, from January 2018-May 2018, peaking in February. Skinning (risk ratio = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1-6.7), dissecting (RR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2-7.6), and carrying dead animals (RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1-6.7) were associated with increased risk of illness, as were carrying dissected parts of animals (RR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.5) and preparing and cooking the meat (RR = 2.3, 95% CI 0.9-5.9). We found evidence of animal remains on pastureland. CONCLUSION Multiple exposures to the hides and meat of animals that died suddenly were associated with this cutaneous anthrax outbreak in Arua District. We recommended public education about safe disposal of carcasses of livestock that die suddenly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Ntono
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Eurien
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lilian Bulage
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Kadobera
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julie Harris
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Riolexus Ario
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
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Laing C, Janzen T, Blinov V, Volchek K, Goji N, Thomas M, Telfer M, Rohonczy E, Amoako KK. Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis Spores at Subzero Temperatures by Complete Submersion. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2021; 26:6-13. [DOI: 10.1089/apb.20.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Laing
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Timothy Janzen
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Canada
| | | | | | - Noriko Goji
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Matthew Thomas
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Melissa Telfer
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Rohonczy
- Veterinary Laboratory Authority, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kingsley K. Amoako
- National Centre for Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Canada
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Wang J, Li D, Qiu Y, Liu X, Huang L, Wen H, Hu J. An europium functionalized carbon dot-based fluorescence test paper for visual and quantitative point-of-care testing of anthrax biomarker. Talanta 2020; 220:121377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Romha G, Girmay W. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards anthrax in northern Ethiopia: a mixed approach study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:814. [PMID: 33167885 PMCID: PMC7653774 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthrax is the second most highly prioritized zoonotic disease in Ethiopia due to its negative impact at the household level, causing disease and production losses in livestock and severe disease in humans. This study seeks to assess the knowledge of, attitudes towards, and practices addressing (KAPs) anthrax in the communities of Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted concurrently with focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) between May 2019 and April 2020. A total of 862 respondents participated in the questionnaire survey. Of these, 800 were local community members while 62 were professionals working at health service institutions. In addition, qualitative data were collected using six FGDs and 11 KIIs. RESULTS Sixty-two percent (496/800) of the community respondents said that they were aware of anthrax while 38% (304/800) of them did not. Only 9.3% (74/800) of the respondents reported that the causative agent of anthrax is germs/microbial. About 56.5% (35/62) of professional respondents said that it is bacterial. More than 60% (64.1%, 513/800) of the respondents did not know that whether the disease was zoonotic or not. Regarding clinical signs, 26.3 (210/800) and 36.8% (294/800) of the respondents could identify at least one in animals and humans, respectively, while 21.3 (170/800) and 20.1% (161/800) knew one or more transmission routes in animals and humans, respectively. Moreover, 43.4% (347/800) and 45.6% (365/800) of the respondents mentioned one or more control/prevention method(s) in animals and humans, respectively. Regarding qualitative results, some of the participants knew the disease (in animals) by their local names: Lalish and Tafia (splenomegaly), and Gulbus (abdominal cramps and shivering). Some reported that anthrax was exclusively a human disease while others recognized its zoonotic potential after the clinical signs in both animals and humans were listed. CONCLUSION The KAP of the participants regarding anthrax was low. There was no consistent understanding of the disease among the participants. The study also revealed that the participants did not receive consistent, adequate, and continuous education regarding the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebremedhin Romha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Weldemelak Girmay
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Kiffner C, Latzer M, Vise R, Benson H, Hammon E, Kioko J. Comparative knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies in three districts of northern Tanzania. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1625. [PMID: 31796011 PMCID: PMC6889212 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7900-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys regarding zoonotic diseases are crucial to understanding the extent of knowledge among citizens and for guiding health-related education programs. Method Employing a structured questionnaire, we interviewed residents (n = 388) in three districts of northern Tanzania (Karatu n = 128, Monduli n = 114, Babati n = 146) to assess knowledge, attitudes and reported practices regarding three zoonotic diseases that occur in the region (anthrax, brucellosis, and rabies). We used generalized linear mixed effects models and multi-model inference to identify demographic correlates of knowledge. Results Proportional average district- and disease- specific knowledge scores ranged from 0.14–0.61. We found positive correlations between age and knowledge of symptoms, causes and treatments of anthrax (three districts), brucellosis (three districts), and rabies (one district). Gender, ethnic identity, formal education and ownership of livestock or dogs had variable effects on knowledge among the interviewed population. Risk perceptions regarding different diseases varied across districts and were positively correlated with knowledge of the specific diseases. Direct interactions with livestock and domestic dogs were reported to occur across all demographic groups, suggesting that most people living in rural settings of our study area are potentially exposed to zoonotic diseases. Behaviors which may favor transmission of specific pathogens (such as consumption of raw milk or meat) were occasionally reported and varied by district. Wildlife was generally regarded as negative or neutral with regard to overall veterinary and human health. Conclusion The combination of variable knowledge about zoonotic diseases in the three districts, reported occurrence of practices that are conducive to pathogen transmission, and previously documented circulation of pathogens causing anthrax, brucellosis and rabies in our study system, call for health education programs embedded in a holistic One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kiffner
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School For Field Studies, PO Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania.
| | - Michelle Latzer
- School of Public Health, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
| | - Ruby Vise
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Hayley Benson
- College of Computer, Mathematics, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | | | - John Kioko
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School For Field Studies, PO Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania
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