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Torralvo K, Fraga R, Lima AP, Dayrell J, Magnusson WE. Environmental filtering and deforestation shape frog assemblages in Amazonia: An empirical approach assessing species abundances and functional traits. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Torralvo
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil
| | - Rafael Fraga
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará Santarém Brazil
| | - Albertina P. Lima
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil
| | - Jussara Dayrell
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil
| | - William E. Magnusson
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus Brazil
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2
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Gjerde I, Grytnes JA, Heegaard E, Sætersdal M, Tingstad L. Red List updates and the robustness of sites selected for conservation of red-listed species. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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3
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Persistence-Based Area Prioritization for Conservation: Applying Occupancy and Habitat Threats and Risks Analyses. JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.3996/112017-jfwm-089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Effective habitat conservation is predicated on maintaining high levels or increasing local persistence probability of the species it purports to protect. Thus, methodological approaches that improve the inferential value of local persistence are of utmost value to guide conservation planning as they inform area selection processes. Herein we used the painted bunting Passerina ciris, a species of conservation interest in North Carolina, as an illustrative case that combined single-season, single-species occupancy analyses and a threats and risk decision support tool to rank five areas of conservation interest in terms of local persistence probability. We used survey data from two seasons (2008–2009) grouped into 21 natal dispersal sampling units and land-cover data from 12 habitat classes to establish the relationship between local occupancy probability and habitat. Occupancy increased most strongly with increasing amount of maritime forest. Projections to year 2050, relative to year 2000, indicated that a potential loss of maritime forest of 200–1,300 ha, depending on the area of interest. Projected loss was lowest at Bald Head Island–Wilmington (2%) and highest at Camp Lejune (27%). Bald Head Island–Wilmington ranked highest in projected local persistence probability (0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.53–0.99), whereas Top Sail–Hammocks Beach Park ranked lowest (0.28; 95% CI = 0.03–0.82). Estimates of local persistence offer decision-makers another criterion to prioritize areas for conservation and help guide efforts aimed at maintaining or enhancing local persistence. These include in situ habitat management, expanding or connecting existing areas of interest. In the future, we recommend the use of multiseason occupancy models, coupled with measures of uncertainty of land-cover projections, to strengthen inferences about local persistence, particularly useful in nonstationary landscapes driven by human activities.
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Stewart DR, Underwood ZE, Rahel FJ, Walters AW. The effectiveness of surrogate taxa to conserve freshwater biodiversity. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2018; 32:183-194. [PMID: 28612963 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Establishing protected areas has long been an effective conservation strategy and is often based on readily surveyed species. The potential of any freshwater taxa to be a surrogate for other aquatic groups has not been explored fully. We compiled occurrence data on 72 species of freshwater fishes, amphibians, mussels, and aquatic reptiles for the Great Plains, Wyoming (U.S.A.). We used hierarchical Bayesian multispecies mixture models and MaxEnt models to describe species' distributions and the program Zonation to identify areas of conservation priority for each aquatic group. The landscape-scale factors that best characterized aquatic species' distributions differed among groups. There was low agreement and congruence among taxa-specific conservation priorities (<20%), meaning no surrogate priority areas would include or protect the best habitats of other aquatic taxa. Common, wideranging aquatic species were included in taxa-specific priority areas, but rare freshwater species were not included. Thus, the development of conservation priorities based on a single freshwater aquatic group would not protect all species in the other aquatic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Stewart
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-3166, U.S.A
| | - Zachary E Underwood
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-3166, U.S.A
| | - Frank J Rahel
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-3166, U.S.A
| | - Annika W Walters
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-3166, U.S.A
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Jacinto-Flores NE, Sánchez-González LA, Almazán-Núñez RC. Patrones de distribución y zonas prioritarias para la conservación de la avifauna de la costa del Pacífico de Guerrero, México. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2017.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Liu G, Yang Z, Chen B, Gao S, Su M, Zhang Y. Designing a multi-species spatially explicit nature reserve network construction framework based on extinction probability: A case study of Wuyishan city. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Suárez-Mota ME, Villaseñor JL, López-Mata L. La región del Bajío, México y la conservación de su diversidad florística. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Matthews TJ, Whittaker RJ. REVIEW: On the species abundance distribution in applied ecology and biodiversity management. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Matthews
- Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Group; School of Geography and the Environment; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QY UK
- Azorean Biodiversity Group (ABG; CITA-A) and Portuguese Platform for Enhancing Ecological Research & Sustainability (PEERS); Departamento de Ciências Agrárias; University of the Azores; Rua Capitão João d′Ávila Pico da Urze 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Robert J. Whittaker
- Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Group; School of Geography and the Environment; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QY UK
- Center for Macroecology; Evolution and Climate; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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Leroux SJ, Rayfield B. Methods and tools for addressing natural disturbance dynamics in conservation planning for wilderness areas. DIVERS DISTRIB 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J. Leroux
- Department of Biology; Memorial University of Newfoundland; 232 Elizabeth Ave St John's NL A1B 3X9 Canada
| | - Bronwyn Rayfield
- Department of Biology; McGill University; 1205 Docteur Penfield Montreal QC H3A 1B1 Canada
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Di Virgilio G, Laffan SW, Ebach MC. Quantifying high resolution transitional breaks in plant and mammal distributions at regional extent and their association with climate, topography and geology. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59227. [PMID: 23560044 PMCID: PMC3613380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We quantify spatial turnover in communities of 1939 plant and 59 mammal species at 2.5 km resolution across a topographically heterogeneous region in south-eastern Australia to identify distributional breaks and low turnover zones where multiple species distributions overlap. Environmental turnover is measured to determine how climate, topography and geology influence biotic turnover differently across a variety of biogeographic breaks and overlaps. We identify the genera driving turnover and confirm the versatility of this approach across spatial scales and locations. METHODS Directional moving window analyses, rotated through 360°, were used to measure spatial turnover variation in different directions between gridded cells containing georeferenced plant and mammal occurrences and environmental variables. Generalised linear models were used to compare taxic turnover results with equivalent analyses for geology, regolith weathering, elevation, slope, solar radiation, annual precipitation and annual mean temperature, both uniformly across the entire study area and by stratifying it into zones of high and low turnover. Identified breaks and transitions were compared to a conservation bioregionalisation framework widely used in Australia. RESULTS/SIGNIFICANCE Detailed delineations of plant and mammal turnover zones with gradational boundaries denoted subtle variation in species assemblages. Turnover patterns often diverged from bioregion boundaries, though plant turnover adhered most closely. A prominent break zone contained either comparable or greater numbers of unique genera than adjacent overlaps, but these were concentrated in a small subsection relatively under-protected by conservation reserves. The environmental correlates of biotic turnover varied for different turnover zones in different subsections of the study area. Topography and temperature showed much stronger relationships with plant turnover in a topographically complex overlap, relative to a lowland overlap where weathering was most predictive. This method can quantify transitional turnover patterns from small to broad extents, at different resolutions for any location, and complements broad-scale bioregionalisation schemes in conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Virgilio
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Hamann A, Aitken SN. Conservation planning under climate change: accounting for adaptive potential and migration capacity in species distribution models. DIVERS DISTRIB 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hamann
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; 739 General Services Building; T6G 2H1; Edmonton; AB; Canada
| | - Sally N. Aitken
- Centre for Forest Conservation Genetics and Department of Forest Sciences; University of British Columbia; 3041-2424 Main Mall; V6T 1Z4; Vancouver; BC; Canada
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Larsen FW, Bladt J, Balmford A, Rahbek C. Birds as biodiversity surrogates: will supplementing birds with other taxa improve effectiveness? J Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Humphries HC, Bourgeron PS, Reynolds KM. Sensitivity analysis of land unit suitability for conservation using a knowledge-based system. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2010; 46:225-236. [PMID: 20623353 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-010-9520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The availability of spatially continuous data layers can have a strong impact on selection of land units for conservation purposes. The suitability of ecological conditions for sustaining the targets of conservation is an important consideration in evaluating candidate conservation sites. We constructed two fuzzy logic-based knowledge bases to determine the conservation suitability of land units in the interior Columbia River basin using NetWeaver software in the Ecosystem Management Decision Support application framework. Our objective was to assess the sensitivity of suitability ratings, derived from evaluating the knowledge bases, to fuzzy logic function parameters and to the removal of data layers (land use condition, road density, disturbance regime change index, vegetation change index, land unit size, cover type size, and cover type change index). The amount and geographic distribution of suitable land polygons was most strongly altered by the removal of land use condition, road density, and land polygon size. Removal of land use condition changed suitability primarily on private or intensively-used public land. Removal of either road density or land polygon size most strongly affected suitability on higher-elevation US Forest Service land containing small-area biophysical environments. Data layers with the greatest influence differed in rank between the two knowledge bases. Our results reinforce the importance of including both biophysical and socio-economic attributes to determine the suitability of land units for conservation. The sensitivity tests provided information about knowledge base structuring and parameterization as well as prioritization for future data needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope C Humphries
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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PAYET KARINE, ROUGET MATHIEU, LAGABRIELLE ERWANN, ESLER KARENJ. Measuring the effectiveness of regional conservation assessments at representing biodiversity surrogates at a local scale: A case study in Réunion Island (Indian Ocean). AUSTRAL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Grouios CP, Manne LL. Utility of measuring abundance versus consistent occupancy in predicting biodiversity persistence. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2009; 23:1260-1269. [PMID: 19500122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The primary goals of reserve selection are to represent all chosen units of biodiversity and to ensure their long-term persistence while minimizing costs. We considered two simple proxies of species persistence: a time series of point-count data to calculate abundance and a time series of presence-absence data to calculate permanence (a measure of consistent occupancy over time). Using two 10-year intervals of data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, we compared the performance of each measure at predicting persistence 18 years later. For nonrare species, abundance and permanence predicted persistence similarly well. We performed complementarity-based reserve selections with data on species abundance and permanence (from 1970 to 1979) and then evaluated the effectiveness of the reserve networks at maintaining species populations and efficiency in land use (data from 1997 to 2006). Abundance proved a better predictor of future local persistence than permanence, which justifies the relatively larger financial and temporal costs of collecting a time series of point-count data to estimate abundance. If future extinction events were used as a measure of reserve-network effectiveness, the performance of abundance and permanence did not differ markedly. Nevertheless, when future abundance, which is a more sensitive measure of network effectiveness, was used, abundance was significantly better than permanence at selecting longer-term, high-quality, species-specific habitat but required larger reserves to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Grouios
- Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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Langford WT, Gordon A, Bastin L. When do conservation planning methods deliver? Quantifying the consequences of uncertainty. ECOL INFORM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Knight AT, Cowling RM, Rouget M, Balmford A, Lombard AT, Campbell BM. Knowing but not doing: selecting priority conservation areas and the research-implementation gap. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2008; 22:610-7. [PMID: 18477033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Conservation assessment is a rapidly evolving discipline whose stated goal is the design of networks of protected areas that represent and ensure the persistence of nature (i.e., species, habitats, and environmental processes) by separating priority areas from the activities that degrade or destroy them. Nevertheless, despite a burgeoning scientific literature that ever refines these techniques for allocating conservation resources, it is widely believed that conservation assessments are rarely translated into actions that actually conserve nature. We reviewed the conservation assessment literature in peer-reviewed journals and conducted survey questionnaires of the authors of these studies. Two-thirds of conservation assessments published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature do not deliver conservation action, primarily because most researchers never plan for implementation. This research-implementation gap between conservation science and real-world action is a genuine phenomenon and is a specific example of the "knowing-doing gap" that is widely recognized in management science. Given the woefully inadequate resources allocated for conservation, our findings raise questions over the utility of conservation assessment science, as currently practiced, to provide useful, pragmatic solutions to conservation planning problems. A reevaluation of the conceptual and operational basis of conservation planning research is urgently required. We recommend the following actions for beginning a process for bridging the research-implementation gap in conservation planning: (1) acknowledge the research-implementation gap is real, (2) source research questions from practitioners, (3) situate research within a broader conservation planning model, (4) expand the social dimension of conservation assessments, (5) support conservation plans with transdisciplinary social learning institutions, (6) reward academics for societal engagement and implementation, and (7) train students in skills for "doing" conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Knight
- Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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Rodrigues AS, Brooks TM. Shortcuts for Biodiversity Conservation Planning: The Effectiveness of Surrogates. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana S.L. Rodrigues
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom;
| | - Thomas M. Brooks
- Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia 22202;
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
- School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
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Arponen A, Kondelin H, Moilanen A. Area-based refinement for selection of reserve sites with the benefit-function approach. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2007; 21:527-33. [PMID: 17391202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of resource use is necessary for efficient conservation planning. Many reserve-selection algorithms aim to identify representative but inexpensive networks, which may lead to selecting small sites due to their lower costs and collectively higher species richness. Nevertheless, larger sites would be preferable regarding species' long-term persistence. An area-based refinement can be used to overcome this problem. We used a reserve-planning framework in which continuous benefit functions valued representation (numbers of populations), and differential species weights were based on a species' local rarity and threatened status. We introduced a refinement based on the species-area relationship that provides relatively higher values for larger sites. We applied the proposed method to rich fen vegetation in southern Finland. The species-area refinement resulted in a network of significantly larger sites with minor trade-offs with representation (numbers of populations). Giving endangered species higher weights ensured that the trade-off occurred mostly between site size and representation of low-priority species. We recommend using a species-area refinement for practical, maximum-coverage conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Arponen
- Metapopulation Research Group, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Rondinini C, Wilson KA, Boitani L, Grantham H, Possingham HP. Tradeoffs of different types of species occurrence data for use in systematic conservation planning. Ecol Lett 2006; 9:1136-45. [PMID: 16972877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Data on the occurrence of species are widely used to inform the design of reserve networks. These data contain commission errors (when a species is mistakenly thought to be present) and omission errors (when a species is mistakenly thought to be absent), and the rates of the two types of error are inversely related. Point locality data can minimize commission errors, but those obtained from museum collections are generally sparse, suffer from substantial spatial bias and contain large omission errors. Geographic ranges generate large commission errors because they assume homogenous species distributions. Predicted distribution data make explicit inferences on species occurrence and their commission and omission errors depend on model structure, on the omission of variables that determine species distribution and on data resolution. Omission errors lead to identifying networks of areas for conservation action that are smaller than required and centred on known species occurrences, thus affecting the comprehensiveness, representativeness and efficiency of selected areas. Commission errors lead to selecting areas not relevant to conservation, thus affecting the representativeness and adequacy of reserve networks. Conservation plans should include an estimation of commission and omission errors in underlying species data and explicitly use this information to influence conservation planning outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Rondinini
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Rothley KD. Finding the tradeoffs between the reserve design and representation. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2006; 38:327-37. [PMID: 16688511 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-005-0258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many reserve selection tools have been created to solve the minimum representation problem, selecting the least costly set of sites such that all conservation surrogate targets are met. However, there are practical problems and risks associated with this method for finding reserve network alternatives, including the treatment of persistence-promoting design considerations as secondary objectives. Here, reserve networks are generated for a hypothetical landscape where the objectives are to maximize representation and to maximize conformance with persistence-promoting design principles, subject to a constraint on the number of sites in the networks. The efficiency of potential networks is calculated as the total number of species captured in the included sites. Effectiveness is measured as a function of the size of individual patches, total reserve size, and extent of interpatch connectivity. A series of tradeoff curves are produced showing the nondominated compromise alternatives between representation and design for organisms with varying dispersal capabilities. Each alternative comprises a list of selected sites and covers species, as well as the identities and locations of the interpatch edges connecting the sites. Potential ways to use the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina D Rothley
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
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Cooper CB, Hochachka WM, Butcher G, Dhondt AA. SEASONAL AND LATITUDINAL TRENDS IN CLUTCH SIZE: THERMAL CONSTRAINTS DURING LAYING AND INCUBATION. Ecology 2005. [DOI: 10.1890/03-8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Penteriani V, Otalora F, Sergio F, Ferrer M. Environmental stochasticity in dispersal areas can explain the "mysterious" disappearance of breeding populations. Proc Biol Sci 2005; 272:1265-9. [PMID: 16024391 PMCID: PMC1564103 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the results of an individual-based simulation model, showing that increasing the mortality of non-breeding dispersers within settlement areas can lead to the extinction of species and (meta)populations in a subtle way. This is because the areas where dispersers settle are generally unknown or difficult to detect. Consequently, fewer efforts are devoted to the conservation of these sites than to the conservation of breeding territories. Additionally, high mortality rates affecting the floater sector of a population become evident in the breeding sector only after several of years, when it is too difficult or too late to halt the decline. As a result, because most conservation projects on endangered species and populations mainly focus on breeding areas, many current efforts may be wasted in locations other than those in which conservation would be really necessary and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Penteriani
- Department of Applied Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Avda. María Luisa s/n, Pabellón del Perú, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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Araújo MB, Williams PH, Fuller RJ. Dynamics of extinction and the selection of nature reserves. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:1971-80. [PMID: 12396495 PMCID: PMC1691129 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Familiar quantitative reserve-selection techniques are tailored to simple decision problems, where the representation of species is sought at minimum cost. However, conservationists have begun to ask whether representing species in reserve networks is sufficient to avoid local extinctions within selected areas. An attractive, but previously untested idea is to model current species' probabilities of occurrence as an estimate of local persistence in the near future. Using distribution data for passerine birds in Great Britain, we show that (i) species' probabilities of occurrence are negatively related to local probabilities of extinction, at least when a particular 20-year period is considered, and (ii) local extinctions can be reduced if areas are selected to maximize current species' probabilities of occurrence We suggest that more extinctions could be avoided if even a simple treatment of persistence were to be incorporated within reserve selection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel B Araújo
- Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, The Natural History Museum, London SW5 5BD, UK.
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Gaston KJ, Pressey RL, Margules CR. Persistence and vulnerability: retaining biodiversity in the landscape and in protected areas. J Biosci 2002; 27:361-84. [PMID: 12177535 DOI: 10.1007/bf02704966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An objective of biodiversity conservation activities is to minimize the exposure of biodiversity features to threatening processes and to ensure, as far as possible, that biodiversity persists in the landscape. We discuss how issues of vulnerability and persistence can and should be addressed at all stages of the conservation planning and implementation process. Procedures for estimating the likelihood of persistence and for measuring degrees of vulnerability at different spatial and temporal scales using subjective assessments, rules of thumb and analytical and simulation models are reviewed. The application of information on vulnerability and persistence to conservation planning and management is discussed under the headings of natural dynamics, replication of protection, levels of representation, source and sink population structures, refuges and critical resources, reserve design, habitat fragmentation and levels of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Gaston
- Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Abstract
Sophisticated computational methods have been developed to help us to identify sets of nature reserves that maximize the representation of regional diversity, but, until recently, the methods have not dealt explicitly and directly with the main goal of reserve networks, that of the long-term maintenance of biodiversity. Furthermore, the successful application of current methods requires reliable information about species distributions, which is not always available. Recent results show that data quality, as well as the choice of surrogates for biodiversity, could be critical for successful reserve design. Because of these problems and a lack of communication between scientists and managers, the impact of computational site-selection tools in applied conservation planning has been minimal.
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Gaston K, Rodrigues A, van Rensburg B, Koleff P, Chown S. Complementary representation and zones of ecological transition. Ecol Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rodrigues AS, Gaston KJ, Gregory RD. Using presence-absence data to establish reserve selection procedures that are robust to temporal species turnover. Proc Biol Sci 2000; 267:897-902. [PMID: 10853732 PMCID: PMC1690620 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that a network of nature reserves with maximum efficiency (obtained by selecting the minimum area such that each species is represented once) is likely to be insufficient to maintain species in the network over time. Here, we test the performance of three selection strategies which require presence-absence data, two of them previously proposed (multiple representations and selecting an increasing percentage of each species' range) and a novel one based on selecting the site where each species has exhibited a higher permanence rate in the past. Multiple representations appear to be a safer strategy than selecting a percentage of range because the former gives priority to rarer species while the latter favours the most widespread. The most effective strategy was the one based on the permanence rate, indicating that the robustness of reserve networks can be improved by adopting reserve selection procedures that integrate information about the relative value of sites. This strategy was also very efficient, suggesting that the investment made in the monitoring schemes may be compensated for by a lower cost in reserve acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Rodrigues
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK.
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