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Fam YQ, Jamaluddin JAF, Muhammad-Rasul AH, Ilham-Norhakim ML, Rosely NFN, Lavoué S. Contrasting genetic and morphological differentiation among geographical lineages of a stenotopic miniature rasborine, Boraras maculatus, in Peninsular Malaysia. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:171-183. [PMID: 37775959 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The variability in the stenotopic miniature rasborine Boraras maculatus (Cypriniformes: Danionidae: Rasborinae) across acidic-water habitats of Peninsular Malaysia (PM) was investigated using two molecular markers (the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [COI] gene and the nuclear rhodopsin gene), as well as morphological evidence. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed differentiation among populations of B. maculatus in PM with the distinction of four allopatric lineages. Each of them was recognized as a putative species by automatic species delimitation methods. These lineages diverged from each other between 7.4 and 1.9 million years ago. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to examine the multivariate variation in 11 morphometric measurements among three of these lineages. PCA results showed a significant overlap in morphological characteristics among these lineages. Additionally, a photograph-based machine learning approach failed to fully differentiate these lineages, suggesting limited morphological differentiation. B. maculatus represents a case of morphological stasis in a stenotopic miniature species. Strong habitat preference, coupled with long-term habitat fragmentation, may explain why each lineage of B. maculatus has a restricted distribution and did not disperse to other regions within and outside of PM, despite ample possibilities when the Sunda shelf was emerged and drained by large paleodrainages for most of the past 7 million years. The conservation status of B. maculatus and its peat swamp habitats are discussed, and it is concluded that peat swamps comprise several evolutionary units. Each of these units is considered a conservation unit and deserves appropriate protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qing Fam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Mohd Lokman Ilham-Norhakim
- Environmental Management and Conservation Research Unit (eNCORe), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (Pagoh Campus), Johor, Malaysia
- Kim Ichthyologist Centre, Kg Parit Samsu, Jalan Temenggong Ahmad, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Fadzly N Rosely
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sébastien Lavoué
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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2
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Yoğurtçuoğlu B, Kaya C, Atalay MA, Ekmekçi FG, Freyhof J. Two new freshwater blennies from the Eastern Mediterranean basin (Teleostei: Blenniidae). Zootaxa 2023; 5311:85-104. [PMID: 37518654 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Two new species of Salariopsis are described from the Eastern Mediterranean basin. Salariopsis burcuae, new species, from the Bay of Antalya east to the Jordan, is characterised by having a short cirrus, usually not overlapping the 9th circum-orbital sensory pore, and many tiny black dots on the cheek not organised in rows or bands. The new species shows a 4.1% K2P sequence divergence on the cytochrome-c-oxidase subunit 1 (COI) barcoding region from its closest relative, S. fluviatilis. Salariopsis renatorum, new species, from the upper Ceyhan drainage and a coastal stream in Arsuz, is distinguished by having an unbranched supraocular tentacle, black lateral line pores, a short snout, and no black dots on the upper part of the flank and on the cheek. It is also distinguished from its geographically closest congener, S. burcuae, by a molecular distance of 8.8% K2P in its COI barcode region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baran Yoğurtçuoğlu
- Hacettepe University; Faculty of Science; Biology Department; 06800 Ankara; Türkiye.
| | - Cüneyt Kaya
- Recep Tayyip Erdogan University; Faculty of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences; 53100 Rize; Türkiye.
| | - Mustafa Altuğ Atalay
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; General Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture; 06800; Ankara; Türkiye.
| | - Fitnat Güler Ekmekçi
- Hacettepe University; Faculty of Science; Biology Department; 06800 Ankara; Türkiye.
| | - Jörg Freyhof
- Museum für Naturkunde; Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science; 10115 Berlin; Germany.
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3
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Raghavan R, Sundar RL, Arjun C, Britz R, Dahanukar N. Evolution in the dark: Unexpected genetic diversity and morphological stasis in the blind, aquifer-dwelling catfish Horaglanis. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e98367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The lateritic aquifers of the southern Indian state of Kerala harbour a unique assemblage of enigmatic stygobitic fishes which are encountered very rarely, only when they surface during the digging and cleaning of homestead wells. Here, we focus on one of the most unusual members of this group, the catfish Horaglanis, a genus of rarely-collected, tiny, blind, pigment less, and strictly aquifer-residing species. A six-year exploratory and citizen-science backed survey supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis reveals novel insights into the diversity, distribution and population structure of Horaglanis. The genus is characterized by high levels of intraspecific and interspecific genetic divergence, with phylogenetically distinct species recovered above a 7.0% genetic-distance threshold in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene. Contrasting with this deep genetic divergence, however, is a remarkable stasis in external morphology. We identify and describe a new cryptic species, Horaglanis populi, a lineage that is the sister group of all currently known species. All four species are represented by multiple haplotypes. Mismatch distribution reveals that populations have not experienced recent expansions.
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4
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James ME, O'Brien NLV, Bukkuri A. Digest: Stable phenotypes, fluid genotypes: how stochasticity impacts network evolution and speciation. Evolution 2022; 76:821-823. [PMID: 35149989 PMCID: PMC9303642 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A longstanding goal of evolutionary biology is to understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Schiffman and Ralph use mathematical modeling to theoretically examine how the genetic network underlying a conserved phenotype can change over time. They found that when phenotypically identical populations with different gene network configurations interbreed, hybrid incompatibilities can arise. These results suggest that neutral processes could play a major role in driving speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddie E. James
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and AgricultureThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia,School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Nicholas L. V. O'Brien
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and AgricultureThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia,School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Anuraag Bukkuri
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program and Department of Integrated Mathematical OncologyMoffitt Cancer CenterTampaFlorida33612
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5
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Peterson RD, Sullivan JP, Hopkins CD, Santaquiteria A, Dillman CB, Pirro S, Betancur-R R, Arcila D, Hughes LC, Ortí G. Phylogenomics of bonytongue fishes (Osteoglossomorpha) shed light on the craniofacial evolution and biogeography of the weakly electric clade Mormyridae. Syst Biol 2022; 71:1032-1044. [PMID: 35041001 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bonytongues (Osteoglossomorpha) constitute an ancient clade of teleost fishes distributed in freshwater habitats throughout the world. The group includes well-known species such as arowanas, featherbacks, pirarucus, and the weakly electric fishes in the family Mormyridae. Their disjunct distribution, extreme morphologies, and electrolocating capabilities (Gymnarchidae and Mormyridae) have attracted much scientific interest, but a comprehensive phylogenetic framework for comparative analysis is missing, especially for the species-rich family Mormyridae. Of particular interest are disparate craniofacial morphologies among mormyrids which might constitute an exceptional model system to study convergent evolution. We present a phylogenomic analysis based on 546 exons of 179 species (out of 260), 28 out of 29 genera, and all six families of extant bonytongues. Based on a recent reassessment of the fossil record of osteoglossomorphs, we inferred dates of divergence among trans-continental clades and the major groups. The estimated ages of divergence among extant taxa (e.g., Osteoglossomorpha, Osteoglossiformes, Mormyroidea) are older than previous reports, but most of the divergence dates obtained for clades on separate continents are too young to be explained by simple vicariance hypotheses. Biogeographic analysis of mormyrids indicates that their high species diversity in the Congo Basin is a consequence of range reductions of previously widespread ancestors and that the highest diversity of craniofacial morphologies among mormyrids originated in this basin. Special emphasis on a taxon-rich representation for mormyrids revealed pervasive misalignment between our phylogenomic results and mormyrid taxonomy due to repeated instances of convergence for extreme craniofacial morphologies. Estimation of ancestral phenotypes revealed contingent evolution of snout elongation and unique projections from the lower jaw to form the distinctive Schnauzenorgan. Synthesis of comparative analyses suggests that the remarkable craniofacial morphologies of mormyrids evolved convergently due to niche partitioning, likely enabled by interactions between their exclusive morphological and electrosensory adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose D Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - John P Sullivan
- Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Carl D Hopkins
- Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | - Casey B Dillman
- Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | | | - Dahiana Arcila
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA.,Department of Ichthyology, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Lily C Hughes
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Guillermo Ortí
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA.,National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC USA
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6
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Flury JM, Haas A, Brown RM, Das I, Pui YM, Boon-Hee K, Scheidt U, Iskandar DT, Jankowski A, Hertwig ST. Unexpectedly high levels of lineage diversity in Sundaland puddle frogs (Dicroglossidae: Occidozyga Kuhl and van Hasselt, 1822). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 163:107210. [PMID: 34029720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the most urgent contemporary tasks for taxonomists and evolutionary biologists is to estimate the number of species on earth. Recording alpha diversity is crucial for protecting biodiversity, especially in areas of elevated species richness, which coincide geographically with increased anthropogenic environmental pressures - the world's so-called biodiversity hotspots. Although the distribution of Puddle frogs of the genus Occidozyga in South and Southeast Asia includes five biodiversity hotspots, the available data on phylogeny, species diversity, and biogeography are surprisingly patchy. Samples analyzed in this study were collected throughout Southeast Asia, with a primary focus on Sundaland and the Philippines. A mitochondrial gene region comprising ~ 2000 bp of 12S and 16S rRNA with intervening tRNA Valine and three nuclear loci (BDNF, NTF3, POMC) were analyzed to obtain a robust, time-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis. We found a surprisingly high level of genetic diversity within Occidozyga, based on uncorrected p-distance values corroborated by species delimitation analyses. This extensive genetic diversity revealed 29 evolutionary lineages, defined by the > 5% uncorrected p-distance criterion for the 16S rRNA gene, suggesting that species diversity in this clade of phenotypically homogeneous forms probably has been underestimated. The comparison with results of other anuran groups leads to the assumption that anuran species diversity could still be substantially underestimated in Southeast Asia in general. Many genetically divergent lineages of frogs are phenotypically similar, indicating a tendency towards extensive morphological conservatism. We present a biogeographic reconstruction of the colonization of Sundaland and nearby islands which, together with our temporal framework, suggests that lineage diversification centered on the landmasses of the northern Sunda Shelf. This remarkably genetically structured group of amphibians could represent an exceptional case for future studies of geographical structure and diversification in a widespread anuran clade spanning some of the most pronounced geographical barriers on the planet (e.g., Wallace's Line). Studies considering gene flow, morphology, ecological and bioacoustic data are needed to answer these questions and to test whether observed diversity of Puddle frog lineages warrants taxonomic recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M Flury
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse 15, 3005 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Haas
- Centrum für Naturkunde, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rafe M Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd, Dyche Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Indraneil Das
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yong Min Pui
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kueh Boon-Hee
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Ulrich Scheidt
- Naturkundemuseum Erfurt, Große Arche 14, 99084 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Djoko T Iskandar
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - André Jankowski
- Centrum für Naturkunde, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan T Hertwig
- Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bernastrasse 15, 3005 Bern, Switzerland; University of Bern, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3006 Bern, Switzerland.
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7
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Capillo G, Zaccone G, Cupello C, Fernandes JMO, Viswanath K, Kuciel M, Zuwala K, Guerrera MC, Aragona M, Icardo JM, Lauriano ER. Expression of acetylcholine, its contribution to regulation of immune function and O 2 sensing and phylogenetic interpretations of the African butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi (Osteoglossiformes, Pantodontidae). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:189-200. [PMID: 33588082 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (Ach) is the main neurotransmitter in the neuronal cholinergic system and also works as a signaling molecule in non-neuronal cells and tissues. The diversity of signaling pathways mediated by Ach provides a basis for understanding the biology of the cholinergic epithelial cells and immune cells in the gill of the species studied. NECs in the gill were not found surprisingly, but specialized cells showing the morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of eosinophils were located in the gill filaments and respiratory lamellae. Much remains unknown about the interaction between the nerves and eosinophils that modulate both the release of acetylcholine and its nicotinic and muscarinic receptors including the role of acetylcholine in the mechanisms of O2 chemosensing. In this study we report for the first time the expression of Ach in the pavement cells of the gill lamellae in fish, the mast cells associated with eosinophils and nerve interaction for both immune cell types, in the gill of the extant butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi. Multiple roles have been hypothesized for Ach and alpha nAChR in the gills. Among these there are the possible involvement of the pavement cells of the gill lamellae as O2 chemosensitive cells, the interaction of Ach positive mast cells with eosinophils and interaction of eosinophils with nerve terminals. This could be related to the use of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and the alpha 2 subunit of the acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (alpha 2 nAChR). These data demonstrate the presence of Ach multiple sites of neuronal and non-neuronal release and reception within the gill and its ancestral signaling that arose during the evolutionary history of this conservative fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy.
| | - Camila Cupello
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia-IBRAG, Universidade de Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Sao Francisco Xavier, 524, 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Kiron Viswanath
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Michal Kuciel
- Poison Information Centre, Department of Toxicology and Environmental Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 15, 30-501, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Zuwala
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maria Cristina Guerrera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Aragona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell'Annunziata, I-98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Jose Manuel Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Poligono de Cazona, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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8
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Cerca J, Rivera-Colón AG, Ferreira MS, Ravinet M, Nowak MD, Catchen JM, Struck TH. Incomplete lineage sorting and ancient admixture, and speciation without morphological change in ghost-worm cryptic species. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10896. [PMID: 33614296 PMCID: PMC7879940 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphologically similar species, that is cryptic species, may be similar or quasi-similar owing to the deceleration of morphological evolution and stasis. While the factors underlying the deceleration of morphological evolution or stasis in cryptic species remain unknown, decades of research in the field of paleontology on punctuated equilibrium have originated clear hypotheses. Species are expected to remain morphologically identical in scenarios of shared genetic variation, such as hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting, or in scenarios where bottlenecks reduce genetic variation and constrain the evolution of morphology. Here, focusing on three morphologically similar Stygocapitella species, we employ a whole-genome amplification method (WGA) coupled with double-digestion restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the species complex. We explore population structure, use population-level statistics to determine the degree of connectivity between populations and species, and determine the most likely demographic scenarios which generally reject for recent hybridization. We find that the combination of WGA and ddRAD allowed us to obtain genomic-level data from microscopic eukaryotes (∼1 millimetre) opening up opportunities for those working with population genomics and phylogenomics in such taxa. The three species share genetic variance, likely from incomplete lineage sorting and ancient admixture. We speculate that the degree of shared variation might underlie morphological similarity in the Atlantic species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cerca
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Angel G. Rivera-Colón
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Champaign, IL, United States of America
| | - Mafalda S. Ferreira
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States of America
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mark Ravinet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Julian M. Catchen
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Champaign, IL, United States of America
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9
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Neves JMM, Almeida JPFA, Sturaro MJ, FabrÉ NN, Pereira RJ, Mott T. Deep genetic divergence and paraphyly in cryptic species of Mugil fishes (Actinopterygii: Mugilidae). SYST BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2020.1729892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika M. M. Neves
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - JoÃo P. F. A. Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo J. Sturaro
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nidia N. FabrÉ
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Peixes e Pesca, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J. Pereira
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - TamÍ Mott
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
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Esquivel‐Ramírez A, Hornung‐Leoni CT, Manríquez‐Morán NL. Morphological variation and sexual dimorphism in the
Aspidoscelis gularis
complex (Squamata: Teiidae) from Mexico. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anahí Esquivel‐Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo México
| | - Claudia T. Hornung‐Leoni
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo México
| | - Norma L. Manríquez‐Morán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo México
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11
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Abstract
Abstract
The Afrotropics house a diverse freshwater ichthyofauna with > 3000 species, almost all of which are endemic. Recent progress in dated phylogenetics and palaeontology of several groups of Afrotropical freshwater fishes (AFFs) has allowed the testing of palaeoecology- and palaeogeography-based hypotheses explaining their early presence in Africa. Seven hypotheses were tested for 37 most-inclusive monophyletic groups of AFFs. Results indicated that ten lineages originated from direct, but asynchronous, marine-to-freshwater shifts. These lineages contribute < 2% to the current AFF species richness. Eleven lineages colonized the Afrotropics from the Orient after the Afro-Arabian plate collided with Eurasia in the early Oligocene. These lineages contribute ~20% to the total diversity. There are seven sister relationships between Afrotropical and Neotropical taxa. For only three of them (4% of the species diversity), the continental drift vicariance hypothesis was not rejected. Distributions of the other four younger trans-Atlantic lineages are better explained by post-drifting long-distance dispersal. In those cases, I discuss the possibility of dispersal through the Northern Hemisphere as an alternative to direct trans-Atlantic dispersal. The origins of ten AFF lineages, including the most species-rich Pseudocrenilabrinae (> 1100 species), are not yet established with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lavoué
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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12
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Arroyave J, Martinez CM, Stiassny MLJ. DNA barcoding uncovers extensive cryptic diversity in the African long-fin tetra Bryconalestes longipinnis (Alestidae: Characiformes). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:379-392. [PMID: 31001832 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the presence of cryptic diversity in the African longfin-tetra Bryconalestes longipinnis, we employed DNA barcoding in a phylogeographic context, as well as geometric morphometrics, documenting for the first time genetic and body shape variation in the species. Analysis of cytochrome oxidase I gene (coI) sequence variation exposed extremely high levels of genetic differentiation among samples from across the geographic range of the species (up to 18%), certainly much greater than the traditionally employed c. 3% sequence divergence heuristic threshold for conspecifics. Phylogeographic analyses of coI data revealed eight clusters/clades that diverge by >4% and up to 18% (p-distance), potentially representing cryptic members of a species complex. A clear biogeographic pattern was also uncovered, in which the two main coI lineages corresponded geographically with the upper Guinea (UG) and lower Guinea (LG) ichthyofaunal provinces of continental Africa, respectively. Within each of these main lineages, however, no apparent phylogeographic structuring was found. Despite strong genetic differentiation, there is considerable overlap in body shape variation between UG and LG populations. For the most part, morphological variation does not match the strength of the molecular phylogeographic signal. Therefore, the ability to reliably utilise external body shape for regional delimitation remains elusive. Further anatomical investigation appears necessary to establish whether compelling diagnostic morphological features do exist between the divergent lineages of the B. longipinnis complex uncovered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Arroyave
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Melanie L J Stiassny
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Liu DW, Wang FY, Lin JJ, Thompson A, Lu Y, Vo D, Yan HY, Zakon H. The Cone Opsin Repertoire of Osteoglossomorph Fishes: Gene Loss in Mormyrid Electric Fish and a Long Wavelength-Sensitive Cone Opsin That Survived 3R. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:447-457. [PMID: 30590689 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates have four classes of cone opsin genes derived from two rounds of genome duplication. These are short wavelength sensitive 1(SWS1), short wavelength sensitive 2(SWS2), medium wavelength sensitive (RH2), and long wavelength sensitive (LWS). Teleosts had another genome duplication at their origin and it is believed that only one of each cone opsin survived the ancestral teleost duplication event. We tested this by examining the retinal cones of a basal teleost group, the osteoglossomorphs. Surprisingly, this lineage has lost the typical vertebrate green-sensitive RH2 opsin gene and, instead, has a duplicate of the LWS opsin that is green sensitive. This parallels the situation in mammalian evolution in which the RH2 opsin gene was lost in basal mammals and a green-sensitive opsin re-evolved in Old World, and independently in some New World, primates from an LWS opsin gene. Another group of fish, the characins, possess green-sensitive LWS cones. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the evolution of green-sensitive LWS opsins in these two teleost groups derives from a common ancestral LWS opsin that acquired green sensitivity. Additionally, the nocturnally active African weakly electric fish (Mormyroideae), which are osteoglossomorphs, show a loss of the SWS1 opsin gene. In comparison with the independently evolved nocturnally active South American weakly electric fish (Gymnotiformes) with a functionally monochromatic LWS opsin cone retina, the presence of SWS2, LWS, and LWS2 cone opsins in mormyrids suggests the possibility of color vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yu Wang
- Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, National Applied Research Laboratories, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Jy Lin
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ammon Thompson
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Derek Vo
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Hong Young Yan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Chencheng, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Harold Zakon
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas, Austin, TX
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14
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Kordbacheh A, Wallace RL, Walsh EJ. Evidence supporting cryptic species within two sessile microinvertebrates, Limnias melicerta and L. ceratophylli (Rotifera, Gnesiotrocha). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205203. [PMID: 30379825 PMCID: PMC6209156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms, including rotifers, are thought to be capable of long distance dispersal. Therefore, they should show little population genetic structure due to high gene flow. Nevertheless, substantial genetic structure has been reported among populations of many taxa. In rotifers, genetic studies have focused on planktonic taxa leaving sessile groups largely unexplored. Here, we used COI gene and ITS region sequences to study genetic structure and delimit cryptic species in two sessile species (Limnias melicerta [32 populations]; L. ceratophylli [21 populations]). Among populations, ITS region sequences were less variable as compared to those of the COI gene (ITS; L. melicerta: 0-3.1% and L. ceratophylli: 0-4.4%; COI; L. melicerta: 0-22.7% and L. ceratophylli: 0-21.7%). Moreover, L. melicerta and L. ceratophylli were not resolved in phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences. Thus, we used COI sequences for species delimitation. Bayesian Species Delimitation detected nine putative cryptic species within L. melicerta and four putative cryptic species for L. ceratophylli. The genetic distance in the COI gene was 0-15.4% within cryptic species of L. melicerta and 0.5-0.6% within cryptic species of L. ceratophylli. Among cryptic species, COI genetic distance ranged 8.1-21.9% for L. melicerta and 15.1-21.2% for L. ceratophylli. The correlation between geographic and genetic distance was weak or lacking; thus geographic isolation cannot be considered a strong driver of genetic variation. In addition, geometric morphometric analyses of trophi did not show significant variation among cryptic species. In this study we used a conservative approach for species delimitation, yet we were able to show that species diversity in these sessile rotifers is underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Kordbacheh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Wallace
- Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Walsh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
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15
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Hilton EJ, Lavoué S. A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei). NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha, have been the focus of a great deal of morphological, systematic, and evolutionary study, due in part to their basal position among extant teleostean fishes. This group includes the mooneyes (Hiodontidae), knifefishes (Notopteridae), the abu (Gymnarchidae), elephantfishes (Mormyridae), arawanas and pirarucu (Osteoglossidae), and the African butterfly fish (Pantodontidae). This morphologically heterogeneous group also has a long and diverse fossil record, including taxa from all continents and both freshwater and marine deposits. The phylogenetic relationships among most extant osteoglossomorph families are widely agreed upon. However, there is still much to discover about the systematic biology of these fishes, particularly with regard to the phylogenetic affinities of several fossil taxa, within Mormyridae, and the position of Pantodon. In this paper we review the state of knowledge for osteoglossomorph fishes. We first provide an overview of the diversity of Osteoglossomorpha, and then discuss studies of the phylogeny of Osteoglossomorpha from both morphological and molecular perspectives, as well as biogeographic analyses of the group. Finally, we offer our perspectives on future needs for research on the systematic biology of Osteoglossomorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sébastien Lavoué
- National Taiwan University, Taiwan; Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
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16
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Moriyama Y, Koshiba-Takeuchi K. Significance of whole-genome duplications on the emergence of evolutionary novelties. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 17:329-338. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Moriyama
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
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17
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Congreve CR, Falk AR, Lamsdell JC. Biological hierarchies and the nature of extinction. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:811-826. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis R. Congreve
- Department of Geosciences; 510 Deike Building, Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 U.S.A
| | - Amanda R. Falk
- Department of Biology; Centre College, 600 West Walnut Street; Danville KY 40422 U.S.A
| | - James C. Lamsdell
- Department of Geology and Geography, 98 Beechurst Avenure, Brooks Hall; West Virginia University; Morgantown WV 26506 U.S.A
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18
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Arnold P, Amson E, Fischer MS. Differential scaling patterns of vertebrae and the evolution of neck length in mammals. Evolution 2017; 71:1587-1599. [PMID: 28323340 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Almost all mammals have seven vertebrae in their cervical spines. This consistency represents one of the most prominent examples of morphological stasis in vertebrae evolution. Hence, the requirements associated with evolutionary modifications of neck length have to be met with a fixed number of vertebrae. It has not been clear whether body size influences the overall length of the cervical spine and its inner organization (i.e., if the mammalian neck is subject to allometry). Here, we provide the first large-scale analysis of the scaling patterns of the cervical spine and its constituting cervical vertebrae. Our findings reveal that the opposite allometric scaling of C1 and C2-C7 accommodate the increase of neck bending moment with body size. The internal organization of the neck skeleton exhibits surprisingly uniformity in the vast majority of mammals. Deviations from this general pattern only occur under extreme loading regimes associated with particular functional and allometric demands. Our results indicate that the main source of variation in the mammalian neck stems from the disparity of overall cervical spine length. The mammalian neck reveals how evolutionary disparity manifests itself in a structure that is otherwise highly restricted by meristic constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Arnold
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbert-Straße 1, D-07743, Jena, Germany.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eli Amson
- AG Morphologie und Formengeschichte, Bild Wissen Gestaltung-ein interdisziplinäres Labor & Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 12/13, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin S Fischer
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbert-Straße 1, D-07743, Jena, Germany
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19
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Martin KJ, Holland PWH. Diversification of Hox Gene Clusters in Osteoglossomorph Fish in Comparison to Other Teleosts and the Spotted Gar Outgroup. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:638-644. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Martin
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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20
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Chakona A, Skelton PH. A review of the Pseudobarbus afer (Peters, 1864) species complex (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) in the eastern Cape Fold Ecoregion of South Africa. Zookeys 2017:109-140. [PMID: 28331412 PMCID: PMC5345373 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.657.11076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eastern Cape redfin, Pseudobarbus afer, has long been considered to be a single widespread and variable species occurring in multiple isolated river systems in the Cape Fold Ecoregion (CFE) at the southern tip of Africa. Mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region sequence data of individuals from populations currently assigned to Pseudobarbus afer across the species' distribution range revealed existence of four deeply divergent taxonomic units: (i) the Mandela lineage confined to the Sundays, Swartkops and Baakens river systems, (ii) the Krom lineage endemic to the Krom River system, (iii) the St Francis lineage occurring in the Gamtoos and adjacent river systems, and (iv) the Forest lineage occurring in several coastal river systems from the Tsitsikamma to the Klein Brak River system. The Forest lineage is closely related to Pseudobarbus phlegethon from the Olifants River system on the west coast of South Africa, suggesting that it does not belong to Pseudobarbus afer s.l. Herein we focus on the three lineages within the Pseudobarbus afer s.l. complex and provide new diagnosis for Pseudobarbus afer s.s (Mandela lineage), revalidate Pseudobarbus senticeps (Krom lineage) as a distinct species, and describe a new species Pseudobarbus swartzi (St Francis lineage). The three species exhibit subtle differences, which explains why they were previously considered to represent a single variable and widespread species. Pseudobarbus senticeps differs from both Pseudobarbus afer and Pseudobarbus swartzi by having fewer (i.e. larger) scales (25-33, mode 29 lateral line scale series; 10-12, mode 11 circumpeduncular scales) and presence of a lateral stripe which terminates in a conspicuous triangular blotch at the base of the caudal fin. Long barbels which reach or surpass the vertical through the posterior edge of the eye further separate Pseudobarbus senticeps from Pseudobarbus afer s.s. which possesses simple short barbels which do not reach the vertical through the posterior margin of the eye. Pseudobarbus afer s.s differs from Pseudobarbus swartzisp. n. by possession of fewer scale rows along the lateral line (29-35, mode 32 vs 34-37, mode 36 in Pseudobarbus swartzi), fewer scales around the caudal peduncle (12-16, mode 12 vs 13-17, mode 16 in Pseudobarbus swartzi) and a distinct mesh or net-like pigmentation pattern on latero-ventral scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Chakona
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Paul H Skelton
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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Karyotype description of the African weakly electric fish Campylomormyrus compressirostris in the context of chromosome evolution in Osteoglossiformes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 110:273-280. [PMID: 28108417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Karyotyping is a basic method to investigate chromosomal evolution and genomic rearrangements. Sixteen genera within the basal teleost order Osteoglossiformes are currently described cytogenetically. Our study adds information to this chromosomal dataset by determining the karyotype of Campylomormyrus compressirostris, a genus of African weakly electric fish that has not been previously examined. Our results indicate a diploid chromosome number of 2n=48 (4sm+26m+18a) with a fundamental number of FN=72. This chromosome number is identical to the number documented for the sister taxon of the genus Campylomormyrus, i.e., Gnathonemus petersii (2n=48). These results support the close relationship of Campylomormyrus and Gnathonemus. However, the karyotype formula of C. compressirostris is different from Gnathonemus petersii, thereby confirming the high variability of karyotype formulae within the Mormyridae. We infer that the differences in chromosome number and formula of Campylomormyrus relative to other mormyrids may be caused by Robertsonian fusion and pericentric inversion. In addition to the karyotype description and classification of Campylomormyrus, a ChromEvol analysis was used to determine the ancestral haploid chromosome number of osteoglossiform taxa. Our results indicate a relatively conservative haploid chromosome number of n=24 for the most recent common ancestor of Osteoglossiformes and for most of the internal nodes of osteoglossiform phylogeny. Hence, we presume that the high chromosome variability evolved recently on multiple independent occasions. Furthermore, we suggest that the most likely ancestral chromosome number of Mormyridae is either n=24 or n=25. To the best of our knowledge this is the first attempt to determine and classify the karyotype of the weakly electric fish genus Campylomormyrus and to analyze chromosomal evolution within the Osteoglossiformes based on Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses.
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22
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Ráb P, Yano CF, Lavoué S, Jegede OI, Bertollo LAC, Ezaz T, Majtánová Z, de Oliveira EA, Cioffi MB. Karyotype and Mapping of Repetitive DNAs in the African Butterfly Fish Pantodon buchholzi, the Sole Species of the Family Pantodontidae. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:312-320. [PMID: 27710958 DOI: 10.1159/000450534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The monophyletic order Osteoglossiformes represents one of the most ancestral groups of teleosts and has at least 1 representative in all continents of the southern hemisphere, with the exception of Antarctica. However, despite its phylogenetic and biogeographical importance, cytogenetic data in Osteoglossiformes are scarce. Here, karyotype and chromosomal characteristics of the lower Niger River population of the African butterfly fish Pantodon buchholzi, the sole species of the family Pantodontidae (Osteoglossiformes), were examined using conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches. All specimens examined had 2n = 46 chromosomes, with a karyotype composed of 5 pairs of metacentric, 5 pairs of submetacentric, and 13 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes in both sexes. No morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes were identified. C-bands were located in the centromeric/pericentromeric region of all chromosomes and were associated with the single AgNOR site. FISH with ribosomal DNA probes revealed that both 5S and 18S rDNA were present in only 1 pair of chromosomes each, but did not colocalize. CMA3+ bands were observed near the telomeres in several chromosome pairs and also at the 18S rDNA sites. The mapping of di- and trinucleotide repeat motifs, Rex6 transposable element, and U2 snRNA showed a scattered distribution over most of the chromosomes, but for some microsatellites and the U2 snRNA also a preferential accumulation at telomeric regions. This study presents the first detailed cytogenetic analysis in the African butterfly fish by both conventional and molecular cytogenetic protocols. This is the first of a series of further cytogenetic and cytogenomic studies on osteoglossiforms, aiming to comprehensively examine the chromosomal evolution in this phylogenetically important fish order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
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23
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Lavoué S. Was Gondwanan breakup the cause of the intercontinental distribution of Osteoglossiformes? A time-calibrated phylogenetic test combining molecular, morphological, and paleontological evidence. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 99:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Hiebert TC, Maslakova S. Integrative Taxonomy of the Micrura alaskensis Coe, 1901 Species Complex (Nemertea: Heteronemertea), with Descriptions of a New Genus Maculaura gen. nov. and Four New Species from the NE Pacific. Zoolog Sci 2016; 32:615-37. [PMID: 26654045 DOI: 10.2108/zs150011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Micrura alaskensis Coe, 1901 is a common intertidal heteronemertean known from eastern and northwest Pacific (Alaska to Ensenada, Mexico and Akkeshi, Japan, respectively). It is an emerging model system in developmental biology research. We present evidence from morphology of the adults, gametes, and sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA genes that it is not one, but a complex of five, cryptic species. All five of these species co-occur at least in part of their geographic range (e.g. southern Oregon). Preliminary cross-hybridization experiments suggest that at least some of these species are reproductively isolated. The five species share characteristics of adult morphology (e.g. accessory buccal glands) and at least four are known to possess a unique larval morphotype--pilidium maculosum. We propose that these characters define a new genus, Maculaura gen. nov., which contains the following five species: Maculaura alaskensis comb. nov., Maculaura aquilonia sp. nov., Maculaura cerebrosa sp. nov., Maculaura oregonensis sp. nov., and Maculaura magna sp. nov. It is unclear which of the five species Coe originally encountered and described. We chose to retain the name "alaskensis" for the species that current researchers know as "Micrura alaskensis", although, presently, it is only known from Washington and Oregon, and has not been collected from Alaska. Maculaura aquilonia sp. nov. is the only member of the genus we have encountered in Alaska, and we show that it also occurs in the Sea of Okhotsk, Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Maslakova
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
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25
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Ruskey JA, Taylor EB. Morphological and genetic analysis of sympatric dace within the Rhinichthys cataractaespecies complex: a case of isolation lost. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Ruskey
- Department of Zoology; Biodiversity Research Centre and Beaty Biodiversity Museum; University of British Columbia; #4200-6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Eric B. Taylor
- Department of Zoology; Biodiversity Research Centre and Beaty Biodiversity Museum; University of British Columbia; #4200-6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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26
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Santamaria CA, Mateos M, DeWitt TJ, Hurtado LA. Constrained body shape among highly genetically divergent allopatric lineages of the supralittoral isopod Ligia occidentalis (Oniscidea). Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1537-54. [PMID: 26900449 PMCID: PMC4747314 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple highly divergent lineages have been identified within Ligia occidentalis sensu lato, a rocky supralittoral isopod distributed along a ~3000 km latitudinal gradient that encompasses several proposed marine biogeographic provinces and ecoregions in the eastern Pacific. Highly divergent lineages have nonoverlapping geographic distributions, with distributional limits that generally correspond with sharp environmental changes. Crossbreeding experiments suggest postmating reproductive barriers exist among some of them, and surveys of mitochondrial and nuclear gene markers do not show evidence of hybridization. Populations are highly isolated, some of which appear to be very small; thus, the effects of drift are expected to reduce the efficiency of selection. Large genetic divergences among lineages, marked environmental differences in their ranges, reproductive isolation, and/or high isolation of populations may have resulted in morphological differences in L. occidentalis, not detected yet by traditional taxonomy. We used landmark‐based geometric morphometric analyses to test for differences in body shape among highly divergent lineages of L. occidentalis, and among populations within these lineages. We analyzed a total of 492 individuals from 53 coastal localities from the southern California Bight to Central Mexico, including the Gulf of California. We conducted discriminant function analyses (DFAs) on body shape morphometrics to assess morphological variation among genetically differentiated lineages and their populations. We also tested for associations between phylogeny and morphological variation, and whether genetic divergence is correlated to multivariate morphological divergence. We detected significant differences in body shape among highly divergent lineages, and among populations within these lineages. Nonetheless, neither lineages nor populations can be discriminated on the basis of body shape, because correct classification rates of cross‐validated DFAs were low. Genetic distance and phylogeny had weak to no effect on body shape variation. The supralittoral environment appears to exert strong stabilizing selection and/or strong functional constraints on body shape in L. occidentalis, thereby leading to morphological stasis in this isopod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Santamaria
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas; Biology Faculty College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee Sarasota Florida
| | - Mariana Mateos
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Thomas J DeWitt
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Luis A Hurtado
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
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27
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Matamoro-Vidal A, Prieu C, Furness CA, Albert B, Gouyon PH. Evolutionary stasis in pollen morphogenesis due to natural selection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:376-394. [PMID: 26248868 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of developmental constraints and selective forces to the determination of evolutionary patterns is an important and unsolved question. We test whether the long-term evolutionary stasis observed for pollen morphogenesis (microsporogenesis) in eudicots is due to developmental constraints or to selection on a morphological trait shaped by microsporogenesis: the equatorial aperture pattern. Most eudicots have three equatorial apertures but several taxa have independently lost the equatorial pattern and have microsporogenesis decoupled from aperture pattern determination. If selection on the equatorial pattern limits variation, we expect to see increased variation in microsporogenesis in the nonequatorial clades. Variation of microsporogenesis was studied using phylogenetic comparative analyses in 83 species dispersed throughout eudicots including species with and without equatorial apertures. The species that have lost the equatorial pattern have highly variable microsporogenesis at the intra-individual and inter-specific levels regardless of their pollen morphology, whereas microsporogenesis remains stable in species with the equatorial pattern. The observed burst of variation upon loss of equatorial apertures shows that there are no strong developmental constraints precluding variation in microsporogenesis, and that the stasis is likely to be due principally to selective pressure acting on pollen morphogenesis because of its implication in the determination of the equatorial aperture pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Matamoro-Vidal
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39 F-75005, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079 CNRS-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud, 11, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Charlotte Prieu
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39 F-75005, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079 CNRS-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud, 11, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Carol A Furness
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Béatrice Albert
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079 CNRS-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud, 11, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Gouyon
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP39 F-75005, Paris, France
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Habel JC, Borghesio L, Newmark WD, Day JJ, Lens L, Husemann M, Ulrich W. Evolution along the Great Rift Valley: phenotypic and genetic differentiation of East African white-eyes (Aves, Zosteropidae). Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4849-62. [PMID: 26640665 PMCID: PMC4662327 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The moist and cool cloud forests of East Africa represent a network of isolated habitats that are separated by dry and warm lowland savannah, offering an opportunity to investigate how strikingly different selective regimes affect species diversification. Here, we used the passerine genus Zosterops (white-eyes) from this region as our model system. Species of the genus occur in contrasting distribution settings, with geographical mountain isolation driving diversification, and savannah interconnectivity preventing differentiation. We analyze (1) patterns of phenotypic and genetic differentiation in high- and lowland species (different distribution settings), (2) investigate the potential effects of natural selection and temporal and spatial isolation (evolutionary drivers), and (3) critically review the taxonomy of this species complex. We found strong phenotypic and genetic differentiation among and within the three focal species, both in the highland species complex and in the lowland taxa. Altitude was a stronger predictor of phenotypic patterns than the current taxonomic classification. We found longitudinal and latitudinal phenotypic gradients for all three species. Furthermore, wing length and body weight were significantly correlated with altitude and habitat type in the highland species Z. poliogaster. Genetic and phenotypic divergence showed contrasting inter- and intraspecific structures. We suggest that the evolution of phenotypic characters is mainly driven by natural selection due to differences in the two macro-habitats, cloud forest and savannah. In contrast, patterns of neutral genetic variation appear to be rather driven by geographical isolation of the respective mountain massifs. Populations of the Z. poliogaster complex, as well as Z. senegalensis and Z. abyssinicus, are not monophyletic based on microsatellite data and have higher levels of intraspecific differentiation compared to the currently accepted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Christian Habel
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technische Universität München D-85354 Freising Germany
| | | | - William D Newmark
- Natural History Museum of Utah University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84108
| | - Julia J Day
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment University College London London WC1E 6BT U.K
| | - Luc Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Martin Husemann
- General Zoology Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Werner Ulrich
- Chair of Ecology and Biogeography Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Pl-87-100 Toruń Poland
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29
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Characterization of the mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of the black arowana (Osteoglossum ferreirai). Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Mu XD, Yang YX, Liu Y, Song HM, Luo JR, Hu YC. Complete mitochondrial genome of northern spotted barramundi, Scleropages jardinii. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA 2013; 26:698-9. [PMID: 24325672 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.843080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced the complete mitogenome of northern spotted barramundi Scleropages jardinii, an ancestral bonytongue with economic and conservation value. The mitogenome is 16,670 bp in length with an A + T content of 52.9%, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and a control region. The gene order and arrangement is similar to that of other Osteoglossidae species, as is base composition and codon usage. These data will provide useful molecular information for phylogenetic relationships within the family Osteoglossidae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Dong Mu
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ye-Xin Yang
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yi Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hong-Mei Song
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jian-Ren Luo
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yin-Chang Hu
- a Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation , Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , China
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31
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Stevens JA, Sukhum KV, Carlson BA. Independent evolution of visual and electrosensory specializations in different lineages of mormyrid electric fishes. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2013; 82:185-98. [PMID: 24192131 DOI: 10.1159/000355369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
African mormyrid fishes are by far the most diverse group of osteoglossomorph (bony tongue) fishes. Mormyrids communicate using pulses of electricity, and they process electric communication signals in the midbrain exterolateral nucleus (EL). In its ancestral form, the EL is relatively small and homogenous. In two different lineages, however, the EL expanded in size and increased in cytological complexity. This evolutionary change established the perceptual ability to distinguish variation in electric pulse waveform, which plays an important role in species recognition and mate choice. However, the sensory basis of social behavior in species with a small, homogenous EL remains unknown. Using published species descriptions, we found that species in one of these lineages have relatively large eyes. Using sectioned brains, we measured the volume of a major visual region, the optic tectum (OT), and found that this same lineage also has an enlarged OT. We also found that eye size and OT size are highly correlated across species. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that a reduced visual system evolved with the origins of an active electrosense, and that this one particular lineage secondarily evolved an enlarged visual system. Behavioral tests revealed that this enlargement of the visual system established increased visual acuity. Thus, our findings demonstrate that different lineages of mormyrids have evolved visual or electrosensory specializations, but that no lineages have specialized in both. This sensory divergence likely reflects fundamentally different ecologies and suggests that vision may play an especially important role in the social behavior of mormyrids that cannot detect variation in electric signal waveform. Our findings provide an example of evolutionary change in multiple sensory systems among closely related species that lays a foundation for relating ecological adaptation to evolutionary change in multisensory perception and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Stevens
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo., USA
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32
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Campbell MA, López JA, Sado T, Miya M. Pike and salmon as sister taxa: detailed intraclade resolution and divergence time estimation of Esociformes + Salmoniformes based on whole mitochondrial genome sequences. Gene 2013; 530:57-65. [PMID: 23954876 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of taxa and loci in molecular phylogenetic studies of basal euteleosts has brought stability in a controversial area. A key emerging aspect to these studies is a sister Esociformes (pike) and Salmoniformes (salmon) relationship. We evaluate mitochondrial genome support for a sister Esociformes and Salmoniformes hypothesis by surveying many potential outgroups for these taxa, employing multiple phylogenetic approaches, and utilizing a thorough sampling scheme. Secondly, we conduct a simultaneous divergence time estimation and phylogenetic inference in a Bayesian framework with fossil calibrations focusing on relationships within Esociformes+Salmoniformes. Our dataset supports a sister relationship between Esociformes and Salmoniformes; however the nearest relatives of Esociformes+Salmoniformes are inconsistent among analyses. Within the order Esociformes, we advocate for a single family, Esocidae. Subfamily relationships within Salmonidae are poorly supported as Salmoninae sister to Thymallinae+Coregoninae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Campbell
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, 211 Irving I Building, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA.
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Abstract
Morphology-based phylogenetic analyses are the only option for reconstructing relationships among extinct lineages, but often find support for conflicting hypotheses of relationships. The resulting lack of phylogenetic resolution is generally explained in terms of data quality and methodological issues, such as character selection. A previous suggestion is that sampling ancestral morphotaxa or sampling multiple taxa descended from a long-lived, unchanging lineage can also yield clades which have no opportunity to share synapomorphies. This lack of character information leads to a lack of 'intrinsic' resolution, an issue that cannot be solved with additional morphological data. It is unclear how often we should expect clades to be intrinsically resolvable in realistic circumstances, as intrinsic resolution must increase as taxonomic sampling decreases. Using branching simulations, I quantify intrinsic resolution across several models of morphological differentiation and taxonomic sampling. Intrinsically unresolvable clades are found to be relatively frequent in simulations of both extinct and living taxa under realistic sampling scenarios, implying that intrinsic resolution is an issue for morphology-based analyses of phylogeny. Simulations which vary the rates of sampling and differentiation were tested for their agreement to observed distributions of durations from well-sampled fossil records and also having high intrinsic resolution. This combination only occurs in those datasets when differentiation and sampling rates are both unrealistically high relative to branching and extinction rates. Thus, the poor phylogenetic resolution occasionally observed in morphological phylogenetics may result from a lack of intrinsic resolvability within groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Bapst
- Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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34
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Hancock‐Hanser BL, Frey A, Leslie MS, Dutton PH, Archer FI, Morin PA. Targeted multiplex next‐generation sequencing: advances in techniques of mitochondrial and nuclear
DNA
sequencing for population genomics. Mol Ecol Resour 2013; 13:254-68. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Hancock‐Hanser
- Protected Resources Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Amy Frey
- Protected Resources Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Matthew S. Leslie
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0202 La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Peter H. Dutton
- Protected Resources Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Frederick I. Archer
- Protected Resources Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Phillip A. Morin
- Protected Resources Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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Carlson BA, Arnegard ME. Neural innovations and the diversification of African weakly electric fishes. Commun Integr Biol 2012; 4:720-5. [PMID: 22446537 DOI: 10.4161/cib.17483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In African mormyrid fishes, evolutionary change in a sensory region of the brain established an ability to detect subtle variation in electric communication signals. In one lineage, this newfound perceptual ability triggered a dramatic increase in the rates of signal evolution and species diversification. This particular neural innovation is just one in a series of nested evolutionary novelties that characterize the sensory and motor systems of mormyrids, the most speciose group of extant osteoglossomorph fishes. Here we discuss the behavioral significance of these neural innovations, relate them to differences in extant species diversity, and outline possible scenarios by which some of these traits may have fueled diversification. We propose that sensory and motor capabilities limit the extent to which signals evolve and, by extension, the role of communication behavior in the process of speciation. By expanding these capabilities, neural innovations increase the potential for signal evolution and species diversification.
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36
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Kano Y, Kimura S, Kimura T, Warén A. Living Monoplacophora: morphological conservatism or recent diversification? ZOOL SCR 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Lavoué S, Miya M, Arnegard ME, Sullivan JP, Hopkins CD, Nishida M. Comparable ages for the independent origins of electrogenesis in African and South American weakly electric fishes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36287. [PMID: 22606250 PMCID: PMC3351409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most remarkable examples of convergent evolution among vertebrates is illustrated by the independent origins of an active electric sense in South American and African weakly electric fishes, the Gymnotiformes and Mormyroidea, respectively. These groups independently evolved similar complex systems for object localization and communication via the generation and reception of weak electric fields. While good estimates of divergence times are critical to understanding the temporal context for the evolution and diversification of these two groups, their respective ages have been difficult to estimate due to the absence of an informative fossil record, use of strict molecular clock models in previous studies, and/or incomplete taxonomic sampling. Here, we examine the timing of the origins of the Gymnotiformes and the Mormyroidea using complete mitogenome sequences and a parametric bayesian method for divergence time reconstruction. Under two different fossil-based calibration methods, we estimated similar ages for the independent origins of the Mormyroidea and Gymnotiformes. Our absolute estimates for the origins of these groups either slightly postdate, or just predate, the final separation of Africa and South America by continental drift. The most recent common ancestor of the Mormyroidea and Gymnotiformes was found to be a non-electrogenic basal teleost living more than 85 millions years earlier. For both electric fish lineages, we also estimated similar intervals (16-19 or 22-26 million years, depending on calibration method) between the appearance of electroreception and the origin of myogenic electric organs, providing rough upper estimates for the time periods during which these complex electric organs evolved de novo from skeletal muscle precursors. The fact that the Gymnotiformes and Mormyroidea are of similar age enhances the comparative value of the weakly electric fish system for investigating pathways to evolutionary novelty, as well as the influences of key innovations in communication on the process of species radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lavoué
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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38
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Revell LJ, Mahler DL, Peres-Neto PR, Redelings BD. A NEW PHYLOGENETIC METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING EXCEPTIONAL PHENOTYPIC DIVERSIFICATION. Evolution 2011; 66:135-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Townsend TM, Leavitt DH, Reeder TW. Intercontinental dispersal by a microendemic burrowing reptile (Dibamidae). Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:2568-74. [PMID: 21270029 PMCID: PMC3136834 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercontinental dispersal via land bridge connections has been important in the biogeographic history of many Holarctic plant and animal groups. Likewise, some groups appear to have accomplished trans-oceanic dispersal via rafting. Dibamid lizards are a clade of poorly known fossorial, essentially limbless species traditionally split into two geographically disjunct genera: Dibamus comprises approximately 20 Southeast Asian species, many of which have very limited geographical distributions, and the monotypic genus Anelytropsis occupies a small area of northeastern Mexico. Although no formal phylogeny of the group exists, a sister-taxon relationship between the two genera has been assumed based on biogeographic considerations. We used DNA sequence data from one mitochondrial and six nuclear protein-coding genes to construct a phylogeny of Dibamidae and to estimate divergence times within the group. Surprisingly, sampled Dibamus species form two deeply divergent, morphologically conserved and geographically concordant clades, one of which is the sister taxon of Anelytropsis papillosus. Our analyses indicate Palaearctic to Nearctic Beringian dispersal in the Late Palaeocene to Eocene. Alternatively, a trans-Pacific rafting scenario would extend the upper limit on dispersal to the Late Cretaceous. Either scenario constitutes a remarkable long-distance dispersal in what would seem an unlikely candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Townsend
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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40
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Carlson BA, Hasan SM, Hollmann M, Miller DB, Harmon LJ, Arnegard ME. Brain Evolution Triggers Increased Diversification of Electric Fishes. Science 2011; 332:583-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1201524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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41
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Old gene duplication facilitates origin and diversification of an innovative communication system--twice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22172-7. [PMID: 21127261 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011803107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of parallel innovation remains poorly understood due to the rarity of independent origins of the same complex trait among model organisms. We focus on two groups of teleost fishes that independently gained myogenic electric organs underlying electrical communication. Earlier work suggested that a voltage-gated sodium channel gene (Scn4aa), which arose by whole-genome duplication, was neofunctionalized for expression in electric organ and subsequently experienced strong positive selection. However, it was not possible to determine if these changes were temporally linked to the independent origins of myogenic electric organs in both lineages. Here, we test predictions of such a relationship. We show that Scn4aa co-option and rapid sequence evolution were tightly coupled to the two origins of electric organ, providing strong evidence that Scn4aa contributed to parallel innovations underlying the evolutionary diversification of each electric fish group. Independent evolution of electric organs and Scn4aa co-option occurred more than 100 million years following the origin of Scn4aa by duplication. During subsequent diversification of the electrical communication channels, amino acid substitutions in both groups occurred in the same regions of the sodium channel that likely contribute to electric signal variation. Thus, the phenotypic similarities between independent electric fish groups are also associated with striking parallelism at genetic and molecular levels. Our results show that gene duplication can contribute to remarkably similar innovations in repeatable ways even after long waiting periods between gene duplication and the origins of novelty.
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