1
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Baum M, Dobler S. Fecal Deployment: An Alternative Way of Defensive Host Plant Cardenolide Use by Lilioceris merdigera Larvae. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:63-70. [PMID: 38062246 PMCID: PMC10991028 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The brilliant red Lilioceris merdigera (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) can spend its entire life cycle on the cardenolide-containing plant Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley) and forms stable populations on this host. Yet, in contrast to many other insects on cardenolide-containing plants L. merdigera does not sequester these plant toxins in the body but rather both adult beetles and larvae eliminate ingested cardenolides with the feces. Tracer feeding experiments showed that this holds true for radioactively labeled ouabain and digoxin, a highly polar and a rather apolar cardenolide. Both compounds or their derivatives are incorporated in the fecal shields of the larvae. The apolar digoxin, but not the polar ouabain, showed a deterrent effect on the generalist predatory ant Myrmica rubra, which occurs in the habitat of L. merdigera. The deterrent effect was detected for digoxin both in choice and feeding time assays. In a predator choice assay, a fecal shield derived from a diet of cardenolide-containing C. majalis offered L. merdigera larvae better protection from M. rubra than one derived from non-cardenolide Allium schoenoprasum (chives) or no fecal shield at all. Thus, we here present data suggesting a new way how insects may gain protection by feeding on cardenolide-containing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baum
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
- Chemistry Education Department, IPN, Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Olshausenstraße 62, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Yang L, Borne F, Betz A, Aardema ML, Zhen Y, Peng J, Visconti R, Wu M, Roland BP, Talsma AD, Palladino MJ, Petschenka G, Andolfatto P. Predatory fireflies and their toxic firefly prey have evolved distinct toxin resistance strategies. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.08.531760. [PMID: 36945443 PMCID: PMC10028858 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.08.531760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cardiotonic steroids (CTS) act as a defense mechanism in many firefly species (Lampyridae) by inhibiting a crucial enzyme called Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA). While most fireflies produce these toxins internally, species of the genus Photuris acquire them from a surprising source: predation on other fireflies. The contrasting physiology of toxin exposure and sequestration between Photuris and other firefly genera suggests that distinct strategies may be required to prevent self-intoxication. Our study demonstrates that both Photuris and their firefly prey have evolved highly-resistant NKAs. Using an evolutionary analysis of the specific target of CTS (ATPα) in fireflies, and gene-editing in Drosophila, we find that the initial steps towards resistance were shared among Photuris and other firefly lineages. However, the Photuris lineage subsequently underwent multiple rounds of gene duplication and neofunctionalization, resulting in the development of ATPα paralogs that are differentially expressed and exhibit increasing resistance to CTS. In contrast, other firefly species have maintained a single copy. Our results implicate gene duplication as a facilitator in the transition of Photuris to its distinct ecological role as predator of toxic firefly prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Flora Borne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Anja Betz
- Department of Applied Entomology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthew L Aardema
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, USA
| | - Ying Zhen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julie Peng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Regina Visconti
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Mariana Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, USA
| | - Bartholomew P Roland
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Aaron D Talsma
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Mike J Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Andolfatto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
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3
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Maiwald F, Haas J, Hertlein G, Lueke B, Roesner J, Nauen R. Expression profile of the entire detoxification gene inventory of the western honeybee, Apis mellifera across life stages. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 192:105410. [PMID: 37105637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The western honeybee, Apis mellifera, is a managed pollinator of many crops and potentially exposed to a wide range of foreign compounds, including pesticides throughout its life cycle. Honeybees as well as other insects recruit molecular defense mechanisms to facilitate the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. The inventory of detoxification genes (DETOXome) is comprised of five protein superfamilies: cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450), carboxylesterases, glutathione S-transferases (GST), UDP-glycosyl transferases (UGT) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Here we characterized the gene expression profile of the entire honeybee DETOXome by analyzing 47 transcriptomes across the honeybee life cycle, including different larval instars, pupae, and adults. All life stages were well separated by principal component analysis, and K-means clustering revealed distinct temporal patterns of gene expression. Indeed, >50% of the honeybee detoxification gene inventory is found in one cluster and follows strikingly similar expression profiles, i.e., increased expression during larval development, followed by a sharp decline after pupation and a steep increase again in adults. This cluster includes 29 P450 genes dominated by CYP3 and CYP4 clan members, 15 ABC transporter genes mostly belonging to the ABCC subfamily and 13 carboxylesterase genes including almost all members involved in dietary/detox and hormone/semiochemical processing. RT-qPCR analysis of selected detoxification genes from all families revealed high expression levels in various tissues, especially Malpighian tubules, fatbody and midgut, supporting the view that these tissues are essential for metabolic clearance of environmental toxins and pollutants in honeybees. Our study is meant to spark further research on the molecular basis of detoxification in this critical pollinator to better understand and evaluate negative impacts from potentially toxic substances. Additionally, the entire gene set of 47 transcriptomes collected and analyzed provides a valuable resource for future honeybee research across different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Maiwald
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Julian Haas
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Gillian Hertlein
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Bettina Lueke
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Janin Roesner
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Pest Control, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
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4
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Petzel-Witta S, Wunder C, Pogoda W, Toennes SW, Mebs D. Missed chances? Sequestration and non-sequestration of alkaloids by moths (Lepidoptera). Toxicon 2023; 227:107098. [PMID: 36990229 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Some butterflies and moths sequester and retain noxious phytochemicals for defence against predators. In the present study, three moth species, the garden tiger moth, Arctia caja, the death hawk moth, Acherontia atropos, and the oleander hawk moth, Daphnis nerii, were tested whether they sequester alkaloids from their host plants. Whereas A. caja consistently sequestered atropine from Atropa belladonna, also when atropine sulfate was added to the alkaloid-free diet of the larvae, A. atropos and D. nerii were found to be unable to sequester alkaloids, neither atropine nor eburnamenine from Vinca major, respectively. Instead of acquiring toxicity as chemical defence, nocturnal lifestyle and cryptic attitudes may improve their chances of survival.
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5
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Jeckel AM, Beran F, Züst T, Younkin G, Petschenka G, Pokharel P, Dreisbach D, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Robert CAM. Metabolization and sequestration of plant specialized metabolites in insect herbivores: Current and emerging approaches. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1001032. [PMID: 36237530 PMCID: PMC9552321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects encounter diverse plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) in their diet, that have deterrent, anti-nutritional, or toxic properties. Understanding how they cope with PSMs is crucial to understand their biology, population dynamics, and evolution. This review summarizes current and emerging cutting-edge methods that can be used to characterize the metabolic fate of PSMs, from ingestion to excretion or sequestration. It further emphasizes a workflow that enables not only to study PSM metabolism at different scales, but also to tackle and validate the genetic and biochemical mechanisms involved in PSM resistance by herbivores. This review thus aims at facilitating research on PSM-mediated plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Moriguchi Jeckel
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Prayan Pokharel
- Department of Applied Entomology, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Domenic Dreisbach
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Christine Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert
- Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christelle Aurélie Maud Robert,
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6
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Premachandran K, Srinivasan TS. Polyphagous insect Olepa sps . feeding on cardenolide rich Calotropis gigantea (L.) leaves and detoxification mechanism involving GST. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10596. [PMID: 36177231 PMCID: PMC9513775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardenolides, a group of cardiac glycosides are potent inhibitors of Na+/K+ ATPase pump in mammals, animals including insects. Some insects can circumvent the toxicity of cardenolides by mechanisms like target site resistance and metabolic resistance resulting in enhanced tolerance or adaptation. In this paper, we report an intriguing observation of a polyphagous feeder feeding gregariously on the leaves of Calotropis gigantea (L.) without any apparent adverse effect. No choice feeding assay showed higher larval biomass and reduced number of days to develop on C. gigantea leaves compared to Ricinus and banana. We found the activity of GST higher in C. gigantea fed larva and HR LC-MS analysis of Olepa sps. revealed the presence of glutathione-strophanthidin conjugate in larval body tissue. In silico molecular simulation results confirmed strong interaction between delta variant GST and glutathione-strophanthidin complex. The sequestration site and cost benefit of glutathione-strophanthidin sequestration in body tissues of Olepa sps. needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamanikumar Premachandran
- Centre for Climate Change Studies, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanga Suja Srinivasan
- Centre for Climate Change Studies, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Barve PR, Tellis MB, Barvkar VT, Joshi RS, Giri AP, Kotkar HM. Functional Diversity of the Lepidopteran ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters. J Mol Evol 2022. [PMID: 35513601 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-022-10056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene family is ubiquitous in the living world. ABC proteins bind and hydrolyze ATP to transport a myriad of molecules across various lipid-containing membrane systems. They have been studied well in plants for transport of a variety of compounds and particularly, in vertebrates due to their direct involvement in resistance mechanisms against several toxic molecules/metabolites. ABC transporters in insects are found within large multigene families involved in the efflux of chemical insecticides and toxic/undesired metabolites originating from food and endogenous metabolism. This review deals with ABC transporter subfamilies of few agronomically important Lepidopteran pests. The transcriptional dynamics and regulation of ABC transporters during insect development emphasizes their functional diversity against insecticides, Cry toxins, and plant specialized metabolites. To generate insights about molecular function and physiological roles of ABCs, functional and structural characterization is necessary. Also, expansion and divergence of ABC transporter gene subfamilies in Lepidopteran insects needs more systematic investigation. We anticipate that newer methods of insect control in agriculture can benefit from an understanding of ABC transporter interactions with a vast range of natural specialized molecules and synthetic compounds.
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8
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Mirzaei M, Züst T, Younkin GC, Hastings AP, Alani ML, Agrawal AA, Jander G. Less Is More: a Mutation in the Chemical Defense Pathway of Erysimum cheiranthoides (Brassicaceae) Reduces Total Cardenolide Abundance but Increases Resistance to Insect Herbivores. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:1131-1143. [PMID: 33180277 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Erysimum cheiranthoides L (Brassicaceae; wormseed wallflower) accumulates not only glucosinolates, which are characteristic of the Brassicaceae, but also abundant and diverse cardenolides. These steroid toxins, primarily glycosylated forms of digitoxigenin, cannogenol, and strophanthidin, inhibit the function of essential Na+/K+-ATPases in animal cells. We screened a population of 659 ethylmethanesulfonate-mutagenized E. cheiranthoides plants to identify isolates with altered cardenolide profiles. One mutant line exhibited 66% lower cardenolide content, resulting from greatly decreased cannogenol and strophanthidin glycosides, partially compensated for by increases in digitoxigenin glycosides. This phenotype was likely caused by a single-locus recessive mutation, as evidenced by a wildtype phenotype of F1 plants from a backcross, a 3:1 wildtype:mutant segregation in the F2 generation, and genetic mapping of the altered cardenolide phenotype to one position in the genome. The mutation created a more even cardenolide distribution, decreased the average cardenolide polarity, but did not impact most glucosinolates. Growth of generalist herbivores from two feeding guilds, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae; green peach aphid) and Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae; cabbage looper), was decreased on the mutant line compared to wildtype. Both herbivores accumulated cardenolides in proportion to the plant content, with T. ni accumulating higher total concentrations than M. persicae. Helveticoside, a relatively abundant cardenolide in E. cheiranthoides, was not detected in M. persicae feeding on these plants. Our results support the hypothesis that increased digitoxigenin glycosides provide improved protection against M. persicae and T. ni, despite an overall decrease in cardenolide content of the mutant line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Mirzaei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Tobias Züst
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Amy P Hastings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Martin L Alani
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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9
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Kowalski P, Baum M, Körten M, Donath A, Dobler S. ABCB transporters in a leaf beetle respond to sequestered plant toxins. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201311. [PMID: 32873204 PMCID: PMC7542790 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophagous insects can tolerate and detoxify toxic compounds present in their host plants and have evolved intricate adaptations to this end. Some insects even sequester the toxins for their defence. This necessitates specific mechanisms, especially carrier proteins that regulate uptake and transport to specific storage sites or protect sensitive tissues from noxious compounds. We identified three ATP-binding cassette subfamily B (ABCB) transporters from the transcriptome of the cardenolide-sequestering leaf beetle Chrysochus auratus and analysed their functional role in the sequestration process. These were heterologously expressed and tested for their ability to interact with various potential substrates: verapamil (standard ABCB substrate), the cardenolides digoxin (commonly used), cymarin (present in the species's host plant) and calotropin (present in the ancestral host plants). Verapamil stimulated all three ABCBs and each was activated by at least one cardenolide, however, they differed as to which they were activated by. While the expression of the most versatile transporter fits with a protective role in the blood-brain barrier, the one specific for cymarin shows an extreme abundance in the elytra, coinciding with the location of the defensive glands. Our data thus suggest a key role of ABCBs in the transport network needed for cardenolide sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kowalski
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Baum
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Körten
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Donath
- ZFMK, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Karageorgi M, Groen SC, Sumbul F, Pelaez JN, Verster KI, Aguilar JM, Hastings AP, Bernstein SL, Matsunaga T, Astourian M, Guerra G, Rico F, Dobler S, Agrawal AA, Whiteman NK. Genome editing retraces the evolution of toxin resistance in the monarch butterfly. Nature 2019; 574:409-412. [PMID: 31578524 PMCID: PMC7039281 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the genetic mechanisms of adaptation requires the elucidation of links between the evolution of DNA sequence, phenotype, and fitness1. Convergent evolution can be used as a guide to identify candidate mutations that underlie adaptive traits2-4, and new genome editing technology is facilitating functional validation of these mutations in whole organisms1,5. We combined these approaches to study a classic case of convergence in insects from six orders, including the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), that have independently evolved to colonize plants that produce cardiac glycoside toxins6-11. Many of these insects evolved parallel amino acid substitutions in the α-subunit (ATPα) of the sodium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase)7-11, the physiological target of cardiac glycosides12. Here we describe mutational paths involving three repeatedly changing amino acid sites (111, 119 and 122) in ATPα that are associated with cardiac glycoside specialization13,14. We then performed CRISPR-Cas9 base editing on the native Atpα gene in Drosophila melanogaster flies and retraced the mutational path taken across the monarch lineage11,15. We show in vivo, in vitro and in silico that the path conferred resistance and target-site insensitivity to cardiac glycosides16, culminating in triple mutant 'monarch flies' that were as insensitive to cardiac glycosides as monarch butterflies. 'Monarch flies' retained small amounts of cardiac glycosides through metamorphosis, a trait that has been optimized in monarch butterflies to deter predators17-19. The order in which the substitutions evolved was explained by amelioration of antagonistic pleiotropy through epistasis13,14,20-22. Our study illuminates how the monarch butterfly evolved resistance to a class of plant toxins, eventually becoming unpalatable, and changing the nature of species interactions within ecological communities2,6-11,15,17-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianthi Karageorgi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Marianthi Karageorgi, Simon C. Groen
| | - Simon C. Groen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Marianthi Karageorgi, Simon C. Groen
| | - Fidan Sumbul
- LAI, U1067 Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Julianne N. Pelaez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten I. Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jessica M. Aguilar
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amy P. Hastings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Susan L. Bernstein
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Teruyuki Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Astourian
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Geno Guerra
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Felix Rico
- LAI, U1067 Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Biocenter Grindel, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Noah K. Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to N.K.W.
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11
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Taverner AM, Yang L, Barile ZJ, Lin B, Peng J, Pinharanda AP, Rao AS, Roland BP, Talsma AD, Wei D, Petschenka G, Palladino MJ, Andolfatto P. Adaptive substitutions underlying cardiac glycoside insensitivity in insects exhibit epistasis in vivo. eLife 2019; 8:48224. [PMID: 31453806 PMCID: PMC6733596 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting how species will respond to selection pressures requires understanding the factors that constrain their evolution. We use genome engineering of Drosophila to investigate constraints on the repeated evolution of unrelated herbivorous insects to toxic cardiac glycosides, which primarily occurs via a small subset of possible functionally-relevant substitutions to Na+,K+-ATPase. Surprisingly, we find that frequently observed adaptive substitutions at two sites, 111 and 122, are lethal when homozygous and adult heterozygotes exhibit dominant neural dysfunction. We identify a phylogenetically correlated substitution, A119S, that partially ameliorates the deleterious effects of substitutions at 111 and 122. Despite contributing little to cardiac glycoside-insensitivity in vitro, A119S, like substitutions at 111 and 122, substantially increases adult survivorship upon cardiac glycoside exposure. Our results demonstrate the importance of epistasis in constraining adaptive paths. Moreover, by revealing distinct effects of substitutions in vitro and in vivo, our results underscore the importance of evaluating the fitness of adaptive substitutions and their interactions in whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Taverner
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Zachary J Barile
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Becky Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Julie Peng
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Ana P Pinharanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Arya S Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Bartholomew P Roland
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Aaron D Talsma
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Daniel Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Michael J Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (PIND), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Peter Andolfatto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
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12
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Wu C, Chakrabarty S, Jin M, Liu K, Xiao Y. Insect ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters: Roles in Xenobiotic Detoxification and Bt Insecticidal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112829. [PMID: 31185645 PMCID: PMC6600440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a large class of transmembrane proteins, are widely found in organisms and play an important role in the transport of xenobiotics. Insect ABC transporters are involved in insecticide detoxification and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin perforation. The complete ABC transporter is composed of two hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TMDs) and two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs). Conformational changes that are needed for their action are mediated by ATP hydrolysis. According to the similarity among their sequences and organization of conserved ATP-binding cassette domains, insect ABC transporters have been divided into eight subfamilies (ABCA–ABCH). This review describes the functions and mechanisms of ABC transporters in insecticide detoxification, plant toxic secondary metabolites transport and insecticidal activity of Bt toxin. With improved understanding of the role and mechanisms of ABC transporter in resistance to insecticides and Bt toxins, we can identify valuable target sites for developing new strategies to control pests and manage resistance and achieve green pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Swapan Chakrabarty
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Minghui Jin
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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13
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Yang L, Ravikanthachari N, Mariño-Pérez R, Deshmukh R, Wu M, Rosenstein A, Kunte K, Song H, Andolfatto P. Predictability in the evolution of Orthopteran cardenolide insensitivity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180246. [PMID: 31154978 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The repeated evolutionary specialization of distantly related insects to cardenolide-containing host plants provides a stunning example of parallel adaptation. Hundreds of herbivorous insect species have independently evolved insensitivity to cardenolides, which are potent inhibitors of the alpha-subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase (ATPα). Previous studies investigating ATPα-mediated cardenolide insensitivity in five insect orders have revealed remarkably high levels of parallelism in the evolution of this trait, including the frequent occurrence of parallel amino acid substitutions at two sites and recurrent episodes of duplication followed by neo-functionalization. Here we add data for a sixth insect order, Orthoptera, which includes an ancient group of highly aposematic cardenolide-sequestering grasshoppers in the family Pyrgomorphidae. We find that Orthopterans exhibit largely predictable patterns of evolution of insensitivity established by sampling other insect orders. Taken together the data lend further support to the proposal that negative pleiotropic constraints are a key determinant in the evolution of cardenolide insensitivity in insects. Furthermore, analysis of our expanded taxonomic survey implicates positive selection acting on site 111 of cardenolide-sequestering species with a single-copy of ATPα, and sites 115, 118 and 122 in lineages with neo-functionalized duplicate copies, all of which are sites of frequent parallel amino acid substitution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Convergent evolution in the genomics era: new insights and directions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544 , USA
| | - Nitin Ravikanthachari
- 2 National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Bengaluru , India
| | - Ricardo Mariño-Pérez
- 3 Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843 , USA
| | - Riddhi Deshmukh
- 2 National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Bengaluru , India
| | - Mariana Wu
- 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544 , USA
| | - Adam Rosenstein
- 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544 , USA
| | - Krushnamegh Kunte
- 2 National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Bengaluru , India
| | - Hojun Song
- 3 Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843 , USA
| | - Peter Andolfatto
- 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University , New York, NY 10027 , USA
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14
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Meinzer F, Dobler S, Donath A, Lohr JN. Robust reference gene design and validation for expression studies in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, upon cardiac glycoside stress. Gene 2019; 710:66-75. [PMID: 31108166 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite its history as a developmental and evolutionary model organism, gene expression analysis in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, has rarely been explored using quantitative real-time PCR. The strength of this method depends greatly on the endogenous controls used for normalization, which are lacking for the milkweed bug system. Here, to fill in this gap in our knowledge, we validated the stability of a set of ten candidate reference genes identified from the O. fasciatus transcriptome, and did so upon exposure to a dietary toxin, a cardiac glycoside, and across four different exposure periods. To increase robustness against gDNA contaminants, genome resources were used to design intron-bridging primers. A comprehensive stability validation by the Bestkeeper, Normfinder, geNorm and comparative ΔCt methods identified ef1a and tubulin as the most stable genes across treatments and time points, whereas 18S rRNA was the most unstable. However, accounting for the temporal scale indicated that time point confined normalizers might enable higher quantification accuracy for treatment comparison. Overall this study demonstrates: (i) a robust RT-qPCR primer design approach is possible for non-model organisms where genome annotation is often incomplete, and (ii) the importance of detailed reference gene stability exploration in multifactorial experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fee Meinzer
- Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Institut für Zoologie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Institut für Zoologie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Donath
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer N Lohr
- Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Institut für Zoologie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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15
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El-Mallakh RS, Brar KS, Yeruva RR. Cardiac Glycosides in Human Physiology and Disease: Update for Entomologists. Insects 2019; 10:E102. [PMID: 30974764 DOI: 10.3390/insects10040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides, cardenolides and bufadienolides, are elaborated by several plant or animal species to prevent grazing or predation. Entomologists have characterized several insect species that have evolved the ability to sequester these glycosides in their tissues to reduce their palatability and, thus, reduce predation. Cardiac glycosides are known to interact with the sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, or sodium pump, through a specific receptor-binding site. Over the last couple of decades, and since entomologic studies, it has become clear that mammals synthesize endogenous cardenolides that closely resemble or are identical to compounds of plant origin and those sequestered by insects. The most important of these are ouabain-like compounds. These compounds are essential for the regulation of normal ionic physiology in mammals. Importantly, at physiologic picomolar or nanomolar concentrations, endogenous ouabain, a cardenolide, stimulates the sodium pump, activates second messengers, and may even function as a growth factor. This is in contrast to the pharmacologic or toxic micromolar or milimolar concentrations achieved after consumption of exogenous cardenolides (by consuming medications, plants, or insects), which inhibit the pump and result in either a desired medical outcome, or the toxic consequence of sodium pump inhibition.
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16
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Petschenka G, Fei CS, Araya JJ, Schröder S, Timmermann BN, Agrawal AA. Relative Selectivity of Plant Cardenolides for Na +/K +-ATPases From the Monarch Butterfly and Non-resistant Insects. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1424. [PMID: 30323822 PMCID: PMC6172315 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A major prediction of coevolutionary theory is that plants may target particular herbivores with secondary compounds that are selectively defensive. The highly specialized monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) copes well with cardiac glycosides (inhibitors of animal Na+/K+-ATPases) from its milkweed host plants, but selective inhibition of its Na+/K+-ATPase by different compounds has not been previously tested. We applied 17 cardiac glycosides to the D. plexippus-Na+/K+-ATPase and to the more susceptible Na+/K+-ATPases of two non-adapted insects (Euploea core and Schistocerca gregaria). Structural features (e.g., sugar residues) predicted in vitro inhibitory activity and comparison of insect Na+/K+-ATPases revealed that the monarch has evolved a highly resistant enzyme overall. Nonetheless, we found evidence for relative selectivity of individual cardiac glycosides reaching from 4- to 94-fold differences of inhibition between non-adapted Na+/K+-ATPase and D. plexippus-Na+/K+-ATPase. This toxin receptor specificity suggests a mechanism how plants could target herbivores selectively and thus provides a strong basis for pairwise coevolutionary interactions between plants and herbivorous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petschenka
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Colleen S. Fei
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Juan J. Araya
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales, Escuela de Química, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Susanne Schröder
- Institut für Medizinische Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara N. Timmermann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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17
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Abstract
Drug resistance, especially antibiotic resistance, is a growing threat to human health. To overcome this problem, it is significant to know precisely the mechanisms of drug resistance and/or self-resistance in various kingdoms, from bacteria through plants to animals, once more. This review compares the molecular mechanisms of the resistance against phycotoxins, toxins from marine and terrestrial animals, plants and fungi, and antibiotics. The results reveal that each kingdom possesses the characteristic features. The main mechanisms in each kingdom are transporters/efflux pumps in phycotoxins, mutation and modification of targets and sequestration in marine and terrestrial animal toxins, ABC transporters and sequestration in plant toxins, transporters in fungal toxins, and various or mixed mechanisms in antibiotics. Antibiotic producers in particular make tremendous efforts for avoiding suicide, and are more flexible and adaptable to the changes of environments. With these features in mind, potential alternative strategies to overcome these resistance problems are discussed. This paper will provide clues for solving the issues of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ogawara
- HO Bio Institute, Yushima-2, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio-2, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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18
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Sajitha TP, Manjunatha BL, Siva R, Gogna N, Dorai K, Ravikanth G, Uma Shaanker R. Mechanism of Resistance to Camptothecin, a Cytotoxic Plant Secondary Metabolite, by Lymantria sp. Larvae. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:611-620. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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19
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Agrawal AA, Ali A, Daisy Johnson M, Hastings AP, Burge D, Weber MG. Toxicity of the spiny thick-foot Pachypodium. Am J Bot 2018; 105:677-686. [PMID: 29683473 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Pachypodium (Apocynaceae) is a genus of iconic stem-succulent and poisonous plants endemic to Madagascar and southern Africa. We tested hypotheses about the mode of action and macroevolution of toxicity in this group. We further hypothesized that while monarch butterflies are highly resistant to cardenolide toxins (a type of cardiac glycoside) from American Asclepias, they may be negatively affected by Pachypodium defenses, which evolved independently. METHODS We grew 16 of 21 known Pachypodium spp. and quantified putative cardenolides by HPLC and also by inhibition of animal Na+ /K+ -ATPase (the physiological target of cardiac glycosides) using an in vitro assay. Pachypodium extracts were tested against monarch caterpillars in a feeding bioassay. We also tested four Asclepias spp. and five Pachypodium spp. extracts, contrasting inhibition of the cardenolide-sensitive porcine Na+ /K+ -ATPase to the monarch's resistant form. KEY RESULTS We found evidence for low cardenolides by HPLC, but substantial toxicity when extracts were assayed on Na+ /K+ -ATPases. Toxicity showed phylogenetic signal, and taller species showed greater toxicity (this was marginal after phylogenetic correction). Application of Pachypodium extracts to milkweed leaves reduced monarch growth, and this was predicted by inhibition of the sensitive Na+ /K+ -ATPase in phylogenetic analyses. Asclepias extracts were 100-fold less potent against the monarch compared to the porcine Na+ /K+ -ATPase, but this difference was absent for Pachypodium extracts. CONCLUSIONS Pachypodium contains potent toxicity capable of inhibiting sensitive and cardenolide-adapted Na+ /K+ -ATPases. Given the monarch's sensitivity to Pachypodium, we suggest that these plants contain novel cardiac glycosides or other compounds that facilitate toxicity by binding to Na+ /K+ -ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Aliya Ali
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - M Daisy Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Amy P Hastings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Dylan Burge
- Southern Oregon University, 1250 Siskiyou Boulevard, Ashland, Oregon, 97520, USA
| | - Marjorie G Weber
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA
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20
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Pignatelli P, Ingham VA, Balabanidou V, Vontas J, Lycett G, Ranson H. The Anopheles gambiae ATP-binding cassette transporter family: phylogenetic analysis and tissue localization provide clues on function and role in insecticide resistance. Insect Mol Biol 2018; 27:110-122. [PMID: 29068552 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in conferring insecticide resistance has received much attention recently. Here we identify ABC transporters differentially expressed in insecticide-resistant populations of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. Although we found little evidence that the orthologues of the multidrug resistance proteins described in other species are associated with resistance in An. gambiae we did identify a subset of ABC proteins consistently differentially expressed in pyrethroid-resistant populations from across Africa. We present information on the phylogenetic relationship, primary sites of expression and potential role of ABC transporters in mediating the mosquito's response to insecticides. Furthermore we demonstrate that a paralogous group of eight ABCG transporters, clustered on chromosome 3R, are highly enriched in the legs of An. gambiae mosquitoes, consistent with a proposed role for this ABC subfamily in transport of lipids to the outer surface of the cuticle. Finally, antibodies raised against one of the most highly expressed ABC transporters in adult females, ABCG7 (AGAP009850), localized this transporter to the pericardial cells. These data will help prioritize members of this gene family for further localization and functional validation studies to identify the in vivo function of these transporters in the mosquito and determine whether elevated expression of members of this family contribute to insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pignatelli
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - V A Ingham
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - V Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - J Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Faculty of Crop Science, Pesticide Science Lab, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Lycett
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - H Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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21
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Lohr JN, Meinzer F, Dalla S, Romey-Glüsing R, Dobler S. The function and evolutionary significance of a triplicated Na,K-ATPase gene in a toxin-specialized insect. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:256. [PMID: 29246105 PMCID: PMC5732401 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Na,K-ATPase is a vital animal cell-membrane protein that maintains the cell’s resting potential, among other functions. Cardenolides, a group of potent plant toxins, bind to and inhibit this pump. The gene encoding the α-subunit of the pump has undergone duplication events in some insect species known to feed on plants containing cardenolides. Here we test the function of these duplicated gene copies in the cardenolide-adapted milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, which has three known copies of the gene: α1A, α1B and α1C. Results Using RT-qPCR analyses we demonstrate that the α1C is highly expressed in neural tissue, where the pump is generally thought to be most important for neuron excitability. With the use of in vivo RNAi in adult bugs we found that α1C knockdowns suffered high mortality, where as α1A and α1B did not, supporting that α1C is most important for effective ion pumping. Next we show a role for α1A and α1B in the handling of cardenolides: expression results find that both copies are primarily expressed in the Malpighian tubules, the primary insect organ responsible for excretion, and when we injected either α1A or α1B knockdowns with cardenolides this proved fatal (whereas not in controls). Conclusions These results show that the Na,K-ATPα gene-copies have taken on diverse functions. Having multiple copies of this gene appears to have allowed the newly arisen duplicates to specialize on resistance to cardenolides, whereas the ancestral copy of the pump remains comparatively sensitive, but acts as a more efficient ion carrier. Interestingly both the α1A and α1B were required for cardenolide handling, suggesting that these two copies have separate and vital functions. Gene duplications of the Na,K-ATPase thus represent an excellent example of subfunctionalization in response to a new environmental challenge. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-017-1097-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Lohr
- Universität Hamburg, Biozentrum Grindel, Zoologisches Institut, Martin-Luther-King Pl. 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
| | - Fee Meinzer
- Universität Hamburg, Biozentrum Grindel, Zoologisches Institut, Martin-Luther-King Pl. 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Safaa Dalla
- Universität Hamburg, Biozentrum Grindel, Zoologisches Institut, Martin-Luther-King Pl. 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renja Romey-Glüsing
- Universität Hamburg, Biozentrum Grindel, Zoologisches Institut, Martin-Luther-King Pl. 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Universität Hamburg, Biozentrum Grindel, Zoologisches Institut, Martin-Luther-King Pl. 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Mohammadi S, Gompert Z, Gonzalez J, Takeuchi H, Mori A, Savitzky AH. Toxin-resistant isoforms of Na+/K+-ATPase in snakes do not closely track dietary specialization on toads. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.2111. [PMID: 27852804 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Toads are chemically defended by bufadienolides, a class of cardiotonic steroids that exert toxic effects by binding to and disabling the Na+/K+-ATPases of cell membranes. Some predators, including a number of snakes, have evolved resistance to the toxic effects of bufadienolides and prey regularly on toads. Resistance in snakes to the acute effects of these toxins is conferred by at least two amino acid substitutions in the cardiotonic steroid binding pocket of the Na+/K+-ATPase. We surveyed 100 species of snakes from a broad phylogenetic range for the presence or absence of resistance-conferring mutations. We found that such mutations occur in a much wider range of taxa than previously believed. Although all sequenced species known to consume toads exhibited the resistance mutations, many of the species possessing the mutations do not feed on toads, much less specialize on that food source. This suggests that either there is little performance cost associated with these mutations or they provide an unknown benefit. Furthermore, the distribution of the mutation among major clades of advanced snakes suggests that the origin of the mutation reflects evolutionary retention more than dietary constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA .,The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.,The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | | | - Hirohiko Takeuchi
- Department of Zoology, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, 459 Shirahama, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan
| | - Akira Mori
- Department of Zoology, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Alan H Savitzky
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA .,The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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23
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Birnbaum SSL, Rinker DC, Gerardo NM, Abbot P. Transcriptional profile and differential fitness in a specialist milkweed insect across host plants varying in toxicity. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6742-6761. [PMID: 29110382 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and herbivorous insects have been models for theories of specialization and co-evolution for over a century. Phytochemicals govern many aspects of these interactions and have fostered the evolution of adaptations by insects to tolerate or even specialize on plant defensive chemistry. While genomic approaches are providing new insights into the genes and mechanisms insect specialists employ to tolerate plant secondary metabolites, open questions remain about the evolution and conservation of insect counterdefences, how insects respond to the diversity defences mounted by their host plants, and the costs and benefits of resistance and tolerance to plant defences in natural ecological communities. Using a milkweed-specialist aphid (Aphis nerii) model, we test the effects of host plant species with increased toxicity, likely driven primarily by increased secondary metabolites, on aphid life history traits and whole-body gene expression. We show that more toxic plant species have a negative effect on aphid development and lifetime fecundity. When feeding on more toxic host plants with higher levels of secondary metabolites, aphids regulate a narrow, targeted set of genes, including those involved in canonical detoxification processes (e.g., cytochrome P450s, hydrolases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and ABC transporters). These results indicate that A. nerii marshal a variety of metabolic detoxification mechanisms to circumvent milkweed toxicity and facilitate host plant specialization, yet, despite these detoxification mechanisms, aphids experience reduced fitness when feeding on more toxic host plants. Disentangling how specialist insects respond to challenging host plants is a pivotal step in understanding the evolution of specialized diet breadths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Rinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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24
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Dalla S, Baum M, Dobler S. Substitutions in the cardenolide binding site and interaction of subunits affect kinetics besides cardenolide sensitivity of insect Na,K-ATPase. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 89:43-50. [PMID: 28866054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Substitutions within the cardenolide target site of several insects' Na,K-ATPase α-subunits may confer resistance against toxic cardenolides. However, to which extent these substitutions alter the Na,K-ATPase's kinetic properties and how they interact with different β-subunits is not clear. The cardenolide-adapted milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus possesses three paralogs of the α-subunit (A, B, and C) that differ in number and identity of resistance-conferring substitutions. We introduced these substitutions into the α-subunit of Drosophila melanogaster and combined them with the β-subunits Nrv2.2 and Nrv3. The substitutions Q111T-N122H-F786N-T797A (A-copy mimic) and Q111T-N122H-F786N (B-copy mimic) mediated high insensitivity to ouabain, yet they drastically lowered ATPase activity. Remarkably, the identity of the β-subunit was decisive and all α-subunits were less active when combined with Nrv3 than when combined with Nrv2.2. Both the substitutions and the co-expressed β-subunit strongly affected the enyzme's affinity for Na+ and K+. Na+ affinity was considerably higher for all enzymes expressed with nrv3 while expression with nrv2.2 mostly increased K+ affinity. Our results provide the first evidence that resistance against cardenolides comes at the cost of significantly altered kinetic properties of the Na,K-ATPase. The β-subunit can strongly modulate these properties but cannot fully compensate for the effect of the substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Dalla
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Pl. 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Baum
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Pl. 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Pl. 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Petschenka G, Wagschal V, von Tschirnhaus M, Donath A, Dobler S. Convergently Evolved Toxic Secondary Metabolites in Plants Drive the Parallel Molecular Evolution of Insect Resistance. Am Nat 2017; 190:S29-S43. [DOI: 10.1086/691711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Groen SC, LaPlante ER, Alexandre NM, Agrawal AA, Dobler S, Whiteman NK. Multidrug transporters and organic anion transporting polypeptides protect insects against the toxic effects of cardenolides. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 81:51-61. [PMID: 28011348 PMCID: PMC5428987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the struggle against dietary toxins, insects are known to employ target site insensitivity, metabolic detoxification, and transporters that shunt away toxins. Specialized insects across six taxonomic orders feeding on cardenolide-containing plants have convergently evolved target site insensitivity via specific amino acid substitutions in the Na/K-ATPase. Nonetheless, in vitro pharmacological experiments have suggested a role for multidrug transporters (Mdrs) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (Oatps), which may provide a basal level of protection in both specialized and non-adapted insects. Because the genes coding for these proteins are evolutionarily conserved and in vivo genetic evidence in support of this hypothesis is lacking, here we used wildtype and mutant Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) in capillary feeder (CAFE) assays to quantify toxicity of three chemically diverse, medically relevant cardenolides. We examined multiple components of fitness, including mortality, longevity, and LD50, and found that, while the three cardenolides each stimulated feeding (i.e., no deterrence to the toxin), all decreased lifespan, with the most apolar cardenolide having the lowest LD50 value. Flies showed a clear non-monotonic dose response and experienced high levels of toxicity at the cardenolide concentration found in plants. At this concentration, both Mdr and Oatp knockout mutant flies died more rapidly than wildtype flies, and the mutants also experienced more adverse neurological effects on high-cardenolide-level diets. Our study further establishes Drosophila as a model for the study of cardenolide pharmacology and solidifies support for the hypothesis that multidrug and organic anion transporters are key players in insect protection against dietary cardenolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Groen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Erika R LaPlante
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicolas M Alexandre
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Biocenter Grindel, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Pl. 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Barthel A, Vogel H, Pauchet Y, Pauls G, Kunert G, Groot AT, Boland W, Heckel DG, Heidel-Fischer HM. Immune modulation enables a specialist insect to benefit from antibacterial withanolides in its host plant. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12530. [PMID: 27561781 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel plant chemical defenses and counter adaptations by herbivorous insect could continually drive speciation, producing more insect specialists than generalists. One approach to test this hypothesis is to compare closely related generalist and specialist species to reveal the associated costs and benefits of these different adaptive strategies. We use the specialized moth Heliothis subflexa, which feeds exclusively on plants in the genus Physalis, and its close generalist relative H. virescens. Specialization on Physalis plants necessitates the ability to tolerate withanolides, the secondary metabolites of Physalis species that are known to have feeding deterrent and immune inhibiting properties for other insects. Here we find that only H. subflexa benefits from the antibacterial properties of withanolides, and thereby gains a higher tolerance of the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. We argue that the specialization in H. subflexa has been guided to a large extent by a unique role of plant chemistry on ecological immunology.
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Kang XL, Zhang M, Wang K, Qiao XF, Chen MH. MOLECULAR CLONING, EXPRESSION PATTERN OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 (MRP1, ABCC1) GENE, AND THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF VERAPAMIL ON TOXICITY OF TWO INSECTICIDES IN THE BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2016; 92:65-84. [PMID: 27110952 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are important transmembrane proteins encoded by a supergene family. The majority of ABC proteins are primary active transporters that bind and hydrolyze ATP to mediate the efflux of a diverse range of substrates across lipid membranes. In this study, we cloned and characterized a putative multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1) from Rhopalosiphum padi encoded by ABCC1. Structural analysis showed that this protein has structural features typical of the ABC transporter family. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the amino acid sequence was highly similar that of the corresponding protein from Acyrthosiphon pisum. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that ABCC1 was expressed throughout all R. padi developmental stages, with the highest level of expression in the fourth larval instar. We also examined ABCC1 expression in four different tissue types and found that it was most highly expressed in the midgut. Exposing R. padi to imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos increased ABCC1 expression. Furthermore, ABCC1 expression was higher in the imidacloprid-resistant (IR) and chlorpyrifos-resistant (CR) strains than in an insecticide-susceptible strain (SS) of R. padi. Exposing R. padi to verapamil in combination with insecticides significantly increased the toxicity of the insecticides. The respective synergy factor of CR and IR R. padi strain was 1.33 and 1.26, which was lower than that (2.72 and 1.64, respectively) of the SS. Our results clarify the biological function of ABCC1 in R. padi, particularly its role in insecticide resistance, and suggest novel strategies for pest management that use ABC transporter inhibitors to increase the effectiveness of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Le Kang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xian-Feng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mao-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Tarvin RD, Santos JC, O'Connell LA, Zakon HH, Cannatella DC. Convergent Substitutions in a Sodium Channel Suggest Multiple Origins of Toxin Resistance in Poison Frogs. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1068-81. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Complex phenotypes typically have a correspondingly multifaceted genetic component. However, the genotype–phenotype association between chemical defense and resistance is often simple: genetic changes in the binding site of a toxin alter how it affects its target. Some toxic organisms, such as poison frogs (Anura: Dendrobatidae), have defensive alkaloids that disrupt the function of ion channels, proteins that are crucial for nerve and muscle activity. Using protein-docking models, we predict that three major classes of poison frog alkaloids (histrionicotoxins, pumiliotoxins, and batrachotoxins) bind to similar sites in the highly conserved inner pore of the muscle voltage-gated sodium channel, Nav1.4. We predict that poison frogs are somewhat resistant to these compounds because they have six types of amino acid replacements in the Nav1.4 inner pore that are absent in all other frogs except for a distantly related alkaloid-defended frog from Madagascar, Mantella aurantiaca. Protein-docking models and comparative phylogenetics support the role of these replacements in alkaloid resistance. Taking into account the four independent origins of chemical defense in Dendrobatidae, phylogenetic patterns of the amino acid replacements suggest that 1) alkaloid resistance in Nav1.4 evolved independently at least five times in these frogs, 2) variation in resistance-conferring replacements is likely a result of differences in alkaloid exposure across species, and 3) functional constraint shapes the evolution of the Nav1.4 inner pore. Our study is the first to demonstrate the genetic basis of autoresistance in frogs with alkaloid defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan C Santos
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo
| | | | - Harold H Zakon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas—Austin
| | - David C Cannatella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas—Austin
- Biodiversity Collections, University of Texas—Austin
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Kant MR, Jonckheere W, Knegt B, Lemos F, Liu J, Schimmel BCJ, Villarroel CA, Ataide LMS, Dermauw W, Glas JJ, Egas M, Janssen A, Van Leeuwen T, Schuurink RC, Sabelis MW, Alba JM. Mechanisms and ecological consequences of plant defence induction and suppression in herbivore communities. Ann Bot 2015; 115:1015-51. [PMID: 26019168 PMCID: PMC4648464 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are hotbeds for parasites such as arthropod herbivores, which acquire nutrients and energy from their hosts in order to grow and reproduce. Hence plants are selected to evolve resistance, which in turn selects for herbivores that can cope with this resistance. To preserve their fitness when attacked by herbivores, plants can employ complex strategies that include reallocation of resources and the production of defensive metabolites and structures. Plant defences can be either prefabricated or be produced only upon attack. Those that are ready-made are referred to as constitutive defences. Some constitutive defences are operational at any time while others require activation. Defences produced only when herbivores are present are referred to as induced defences. These can be established via de novo biosynthesis of defensive substances or via modifications of prefabricated substances and consequently these are active only when needed. Inducibility of defence may serve to save energy and to prevent self-intoxication but also implies that there is a delay in these defences becoming operational. Induced defences can be characterized by alterations in plant morphology and molecular chemistry and are associated with a decrease in herbivore performance. These alterations are set in motion by signals generated by herbivores. Finally, a subset of induced metabolites are released into the air as volatiles and function as a beacon for foraging natural enemies searching for prey, and this is referred to as induced indirect defence. SCOPE The objective of this review is to evaluate (1) which strategies plants have evolved to cope with herbivores and (2) which traits herbivores have evolved that enable them to counter these defences. The primary focus is on the induction and suppression of plant defences and the review outlines how the palette of traits that determine induction/suppression of, and resistance/susceptibility of herbivores to, plant defences can give rise to exploitative competition and facilitation within ecological communities "inhabiting" a plant. CONCLUSIONS Herbivores have evolved diverse strategies, which are not mutually exclusive, to decrease the negative effects of plant defences in order to maximize the conversion of plant material into offspring. Numerous adaptations have been found in herbivores, enabling them to dismantle or bypass defensive barriers, to avoid tissues with relatively high levels of defensive chemicals or to metabolize these chemicals once ingested. In addition, some herbivores interfere with the onset or completion of induced plant defences, resulting in the plant's resistance being partly or fully suppressed. The ability to suppress induced plant defences appears to occur across plant parasites from different kingdoms, including herbivorous arthropods, and there is remarkable diversity in suppression mechanisms. Suppression may strongly affect the structure of the food web, because the ability to suppress the activation of defences of a communal host may facilitate competitors, whereas the ability of a herbivore to cope with activated plant defences will not. Further characterization of the mechanisms and traits that give rise to suppression of plant defences will enable us to determine their role in shaping direct and indirect interactions in food webs and the extent to which these determine the coexistence and persistence of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kant
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Jonckheere
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B Knegt
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Lemos
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Liu
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B C J Schimmel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C A Villarroel
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L M S Ataide
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Dermauw
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J Glas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Egas
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Janssen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Van Leeuwen
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R C Schuurink
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M W Sabelis
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J M Alba
- Department of Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium and Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Bramer C, Dobler S, Deckert J, Stemmer M, Petschenka G. Na+/K+-ATPase resistance and cardenolide sequestration: basal adaptations to host plant toxins in the milkweed bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Lygaeinae). Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142346. [PMID: 25808891 PMCID: PMC4389604 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite sequestration of toxins being a common coevolutionary response to plant defence in phytophagous insects, the macroevolution of the traits involved is largely unaddressed. Using a phylogenetic approach comprising species from four continents, we analysed the ability to sequester toxic cardenolides in the hemipteran subfamily Lygaeinae, which is widely associated with cardenolide-producing Apocynaceae. In addition, we analysed cardenolide resistance of their Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases, the molecular target of cardenolides. Our data indicate that cardenolide sequestration and cardenolide-resistant Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase are basal adaptations in the Lygaeinae. In two species that shifted to non-apocynaceous hosts, the ability to sequester was secondarily reduced, yet Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase resistance was maintained. We suggest that both traits evolved together and represent major coevolutionary adaptations responsible for the evolutionary success of lygaeine bugs. Moreover, specialization on cardenolides was not an evolutionary dead end, but enabled this insect lineage to host shift to cardenolide-producing plants from distantly related families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Bramer
- Biozentrum Grindel, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Biozentrum Grindel, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Georg Petschenka
- Biozentrum Grindel, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Heidel-Fischer HM, Vogel H. Molecular mechanisms of insect adaptation to plant secondary compounds. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2015; 8:8-14. [PMID: 32846688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
During feeding, herbivorous insects are exposed to an array of plant defensive compounds. In this review, we examine molecular mechanisms of insect adaptation to these toxic metabolites. We discuss both the importance of evolutionary variation of existing detoxification gene families, as well as the evolution of novel mechanisms through gene recruitment, neofunctionalization and horizontal gene transfer. The ability of insects to cope with the chemical diversity of their host plants and the different mechanisms that insects use to resist these toxins open new avenues for understanding fundamental aspects of insect-plant coevolutionary adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Heidel-Fischer
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Mebs D, Petschenka G, Pogoda W, Toennes SW, Amendt J, Zajac BK, Dobler S. Amphibian myiasis. Blowfly larvae (Lucilia bufonivora, Diptera: Calliphoridae) coping with the poisonous skin secretion of the common toad (Bufo bufo). CHEMOECOLOGY 2014; 24:159-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-014-0157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Strauss AS, Wang D, Stock M, Gretscher RR, Groth M, Boland W, Burse A. Tissue-specific transcript profiling for ABC transporters in the sequestering larvae of the phytophagous leaf beetle Chrysomela populi. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98637. [PMID: 24887102 PMCID: PMC4041752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects evolved ingenious adaptations to use extraordinary food sources. Particularly, the diet of herbivores enriched with noxious plant secondary metabolites requires detoxification mechanisms. Sequestration, which involves the uptake, transfer, and concentration of occasionally modified phytochemicals into specialized tissues or hemolymph, is one of the most successful detoxification strategies found in most insect orders. Due to the ability of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) carriers to transport a wide range of molecules including phytochemicals and xenobiotics, it is highly likely that they play a role in this sequestration process. To shed light on the role of ABC proteins in sequestration, we describe an inventory of putative ABC transporters in various tissues in the sequestering juvenile poplar leaf beetle, Chrysomela populi. RESULTS In the transcriptome of C. populi, we predicted 65 ABC transporters. To link the proteins with a possible function, we performed comparative phylogenetic analyses with ABC transporters of other insects and of humans. While tissue-specific profiling of each ABC transporter subfamily suggests that ABCB, C and G influence the plant metabolite absorption in the gut, ABCC with 14 members is the preferred subfamily responsible for the excretion of these metabolites via Malpighian tubules. Moreover, salicin, which is sequestered from poplar plants, is translocated into the defensive glands for further deterrent production. In these glands and among all identified ABC transporters, an exceptionally high transcript level was observed only for Cpabc35 (Cpmrp). RNAi revealed the deficiency of other ABC pumps to compensate the function of CpABC35, demonstrating its key role during sequestration. CONCLUSION We provide the first comprehensive phylogenetic study of the ABC family in a phytophagous beetle species. RNA-seq data from different larval tissues propose the importance of ABC pumps to achieve a homeostasis of plant-derived compounds and offer a basis for future analyses of their physiological function in sequestration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja S. Strauss
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Ding Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Magdalena Stock
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - René R. Gretscher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - Antje Burse
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Thuringia, Germany
- * E-mail:
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35
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Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. The ABC gene family in arthropods: comparative genomics and role in insecticide transport and resistance. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 45:89-110. [PMID: 24291285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
About a 100 years ago, the Drosophila white mutant marked the birth of Drosophila genetics. The white gene turned out to encode the first well studied ABC transporter in arthropods. The ABC gene family is now recognized as one of the largest transporter families in all kingdoms of life. The majority of ABC proteins function as primary-active transporters that bind and hydrolyze ATP while transporting a large diversity of substrates across lipid membranes. Although extremely well studied in vertebrates for their role in drug resistance, less is known about the role of this family in the transport of endogenous and exogenous substances in arthropods. The ABC families of five insect species, a crustacean and a chelicerate have been annotated in some detail. We conducted a thorough phylogenetic analysis of the seven arthropod and human ABC protein subfamilies, to infer orthologous relationships that might suggest conserved function. Most orthologous relationships were found in the ABCB half transporter, ABCD, ABCE and ABCF subfamilies, but specific expansions within species and lineages are frequently observed and discussed. We next surveyed the role of ABC transporters in the transport of xenobiotics/plant allelochemicals and their involvement in insecticide resistance. The involvement of ABC transporters in xenobiotic resistance in arthropods is historically not well documented, but an increasing number of studies using unbiased differential gene expression analysis now points to their importance. We give an overview of methods that can be used to link ABC transporters to resistance. ABC proteins have also recently been implicated in the mode of action and resistance to Bt toxins in Lepidoptera. Given the enormous interest in Bt toxicology in transgenic crops, such findings will provide an impetus to further reveal the role of ABC transporters in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Petschenka G, Fandrich S, Sander N, Wagschal V, Boppré M, Dobler S. STEPWISE EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE TO TOXIC CARDENOLIDES VIA GENETIC SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE NA+/K+-ATPASE OF MILKWEED BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: DANAINI). Evolution 2013; 67:2753-61. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petschenka
- Biozentrum Grindel; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3; 20146; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Steffi Fandrich
- Biozentrum Grindel; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3; 20146; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Nils Sander
- Biozentrum Grindel; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3; 20146; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Vera Wagschal
- Biozentrum Grindel; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3; 20146; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Michael Boppré
- Forstzoologisches Institut; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität; 79085; Freiburg; Germany
| | - Susanne Dobler
- Biozentrum Grindel; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3; 20146; Hamburg; Germany
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