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Bharti DK, Pawar PY, Edgecombe GD, Joshi J. Genetic diversity varies with species traits and latitude in predatory soil arthropods (Myriapoda: Chilopoda). GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY : A JOURNAL OF MACROECOLOGY 2023; 32:1508-1521. [PMID: 38708411 PMCID: PMC7615927 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the drivers of intra-specific genetic diversity in centipedes, a group of ancient predatory soil arthropods. Location Asia, Australasia and Europe. Time Period Present. Major Taxa Studied Centipedes (Class: Chilopoda). Methods We assembled a database of 1245 mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences representing 128 centipede species from all five orders of Chilopoda. This sequence dataset was used to estimate genetic diversity for centipede species and compare its distribution with estimates from other arthropod groups. We studied the variation in centipede genetic diversity with species traits and biogeography using a beta regression framework, controlling for the effect of shared evolutionary history within a family. Results A wide variation in genetic diversity across centipede species (0-0.1713) falls towards the higher end of values among arthropods. Overall, 27.57% of the variation in mitochondrial COI genetic diversity in centipedes was explained by a combination of predictors related to life history and biogeography. Genetic diversity decreased with body size and latitudinal position of sampled localities, was greater in species showing maternal care and increased with geographic distance among conspecifics. Main Conclusions Centipedes fall towards the higher end of genetic diversity among arthropods, which may be related to their long evolutionary history and low dispersal ability. In centipedes, the negative association of body size with genetic diversity may be mediated by its influence on local abundance or the influence of ecological strategy on long-term population history. Species with maternal care had higher genetic diversity, which goes against expectations and needs further scrutiny. Hemispheric differences in genetic diversity can be due to historic climatic stability and lower seasonality in the southern hemisphere. Overall, we find that despite the differences in mean genetic diversity among animals, similar processes related to life-history strategy and biogeography are associated with the variation within them.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Bharti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Jahnavi Joshi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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2
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Ottati S, Eberle J, Rulik B, Köhler F, Ahrens D. From DNA barcodes to ecology: Meta-analysis of central European beetles reveal link with species ecology but also to data pattern and gaps. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9650. [PMID: 36568864 PMCID: PMC9771709 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA barcoding has been used worldwide to identify biological specimens and to delimit species. It represents a cost-effective, fast, and efficient way to assess biodiversity with help of the public Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) accounting for more than 236,000 animal species and more than 10 million barcode sequences. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of available barcode data of central European Coleoptera to detect intraspecific genetic patterns among ecological groups in relation to geographic distance with the aim to investigate a possible link between infraspecific variation and species ecology. We collected information regarding feeding style, body size, as well as habitat and biotope preferences. Mantel tests and two variants of Procrustes analysis, both involving the Principal Coordinates Neighborhood Matrices (PCNM) approach, were applied on genetic and geographic distance matrices. However, significance levels were too low to further use the outcome for further trait investigation: these were in mean for all ecological guilds only 7.5, 9.4, or 15.6% for PCNM + PCA, NMDS + PCA, and Mantel test, respectively, or at best 28% for a single guild. Our study confirmed that certain ecological traits were associated with higher species diversity and foster stronger genetic differentiation. Results suggest that increased numbers of species, sampling localities, and specimens for a chosen area of interest may give new insights to explore barcode data and species ecology for the scope of conservation on a larger scale. We performed a meta-analysis of available barcode data of central European beetles to detect intraspecific genetic patterns among ecological groups in relation to geographic distance, regarding feeding style, body size, as well as habitat and biotope preferences. Our study confirmed that certain ecological traits were associated with higher species diversity and foster stronger genetic differentiation. However, significance levels were too low to further use the outcome for further trait investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ottati
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum A. Koenig (LIB)BonnGermany
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA)University of TorinoTurinItaly
| | - Jonas Eberle
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum A. Koenig (LIB)BonnGermany
- Department of Environment & BiodiversityUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Björn Rulik
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA)University of TorinoTurinItaly
| | - Frank Köhler
- Coleopterological Research OfficeBornheimGermany
| | - Dirk Ahrens
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum A. Koenig (LIB)BonnGermany
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3
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The Quality of Sequence Data Affects Biodiversity and Conservation Perspectives in the Neotropical Damselfly Megaloprepus caerulatus. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Ideally, the footprint of the evolutionary history of a species is drawn from integrative studies including quantitative and qualitative taxonomy, biogeography, ecology, and molecular genetics. In today’s research, species delimitations and identification of conservation units is often accompanied by a set of—at minimum—two sequence markers appropriate for the systematic level under investigation. Two such studies re-evaluated the species status in the world’s largest Odonata, the Neotropical damselfly Megaloprepus caerulatus. The species status of the genus Megaloprepus has long been debated. Despite applying a highly similar set of sequence markers, the two studies reached different conclusions concerning species status and population genetic relationships. In this study, we took the unique opportunity to compare the two datasets and analyzed the reasons for those incongruences. The two DNA sequence markers used (16S rDNA and CO1) were re-aligned using a strict conservative approach and the analyses used in both studies were repeated. Going step by step back to the first line of data handling, we show that a high number of unresolved characters in the sequence alignments as well as internal gaps are responsible for the different outcomes in terms of species delimitations and population genetic relationships. Overall, this study shows that high quality raw sequence data are an indispensable requirement, not only in odonate research.
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4
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Dincă V, Dapporto L, Somervuo P, Vodă R, Cuvelier S, Gascoigne-Pees M, Huemer P, Mutanen M, Hebert PDN, Vila R. High resolution DNA barcode library for European butterflies reveals continental patterns of mitochondrial genetic diversity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:315. [PMID: 33750912 PMCID: PMC7943782 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of global biodiversity will greatly benefit from access to comprehensive DNA barcode libraries at continental scale, but such datasets are still very rare. Here, we assemble the first high-resolution reference library for European butterflies that provides 97% taxon coverage (459 species) and 22,306 COI sequences. We estimate that we captured 62% of the total haplotype diversity and show that most species possess a few very common haplotypes and many rare ones. Specimens in the dataset have an average 95.3% probability of being correctly identified. Mitochondrial diversity displayed elevated haplotype richness in southern European refugia, establishing the generality of this key biogeographic pattern for an entire taxonomic group. Fifteen percent of the species are involved in barcode sharing, but two thirds of these cases may reflect the need for further taxonomic research. This dataset provides a unique resource for conservation and for studying evolutionary processes, cryptic species, phylogeography, and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Dincă
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, PO Box 3000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), 03008, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Leonardo Dapporto
- ZEN lab, Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Panu Somervuo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sylvain Cuvelier
- VVE Workgroup Butterflies, Diamantstraat 4, 8900, Ieper, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Huemer
- Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen, Sammlungs- und Forschungszentrum, Tiroler Landesmuseen, 6060, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Marko Mutanen
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, PO Box 3000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), 03008, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Menchetti M, Talavera G, Cini A, Salvati V, Dincă V, Platania L, Bonelli S, Balletto E, Vila R, Dapporto L. Two ways to be endemic. Alps and Apennines are different functional refugia during climatic cycles. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1297-1310. [PMID: 33421216 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Endemics co-occur because they evolved in situ and persist regionally or because they evolved ex situ and later dispersed to shared habitats, generating evolutionary or ecological endemicity centres, respectively. We investigate whether different endemicity centres can intertwine in the region ranging from Alps to Sicily, by studying their butterfly fauna. We gathered an extensive occurrence data set for butterflies of the study area (27,123 records, 269 species, in cells of 0.5 × 0.5 degrees of latitude-longitude). We applied molecular-based delimitation methods (GMYC model) to 26,557 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences of Western Palearctic butterflies. We identified entities based on molecular delimitations and/or the checklist of European butterflies and objectively attributed occurrences to their most probable entity. We obtained a zoogeographic regionalisation based on the 69 endemics of the area. Using phylogenetic ANOVA we tested if endemics from different centres differ from each other and from nonendemics for key ecological traits and divergence time. Endemicity showed high incidence in the Alps and Southern Italy. The regionalisation separated the Alps from the Italian Peninsula and Sicily. The endemics of different centres showed a high turnover and differed in phylogenetic distances, phenology and distribution traits. Endemics are on average younger than nonendemics and the Peninsula-Sicily endemics also have lower variance in divergence than those from the Alps. The observed variation identifies Alpine endemics as paleoendemics, now occupying an ecological centre, and the Peninsula-Sicily ones as neoendemics, that diverged in the region since the Pleistocene. The results challenge the common view of the Alpine-Apennine area as a single "Italian refugium".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Menchetti
- ZEN Laboratory, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alessandro Cini
- ZEN Laboratory, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vania Salvati
- ZEN Laboratory, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leonardo Platania
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Simona Bonelli
- ZOOLAB, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emilio Balletto
- ZOOLAB, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Leonardo Dapporto
- ZEN Laboratory, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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6
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May JA, Feng Z, Orton MG, Adamowicz SJ. The Effects of Ecological Traits on the Rate of Molecular Evolution in Ray-Finned Fishes: A Multivariable Approach. J Mol Evol 2020; 88:689-702. [PMID: 33009923 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-020-09967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Myriad environmental and biological traits have been investigated for their roles in influencing the rate of molecular evolution across various taxonomic groups. However, most studies have focused on a single trait, while controlling for additional factors in an informal way, generally by excluding taxa. This study utilized a dataset of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode sequences from over 7000 ray-finned fish species to test the effects of 27 traits on molecular evolutionary rates. Environmental traits such as temperature were considered, as were traits associated with effective population size including body size and age at maturity. It was hypothesized that these traits would demonstrate significant correlations with substitution rate in a multivariable analysis due to their associations with mutation and fixation rates, respectively. A bioinformatics pipeline was developed to assemble and analyze sequence data retrieved from the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) and trait data obtained from FishBase. For use in phylogenetic regression analyses, a maximum likelihood tree was constructed from the COI sequence data using a multi-gene backbone constraint tree covering 71% of the species. A variable selection method that included both single- and multivariable analyses was used to identify traits that contribute to rate heterogeneity estimated from different codon positions. Our analyses revealed that molecular rates associated most significantly with latitude, body size, and habitat type. Overall, this study presents a novel and systematic approach for integrative data assembly and variable selection methodology in a phylogenetic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A May
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Zeny Feng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Matthew G Orton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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7
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Scalercio S, Cini A, Menchetti M, Vodă R, Bonelli S, Bordoni A, Casacci LP, Dincă V, Balletto E, Vila R, Dapporto L. How long is 3 km for a butterfly? Ecological constraints and functional traits explain high mitochondrial genetic diversity between Sicily and the Italian Peninsula. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2013-2026. [PMID: 32207150 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Populations inhabiting Mediterranean islands often show contrasting genetic lineages, even on islands that were connected to the mainland during glacial maxima. This pattern is generated by forces acting in historical and contemporary times. Understanding these phenomena requires comparative studies integrating genetic structure, functional traits and dispersal constraints. Using as a model the butterfly species living across the Messina strait (3 km wide) separating Sicily from the Italian Peninsula, we aimed to unravel the mechanisms limiting the dispersal of matrilines and generating genetic differentiation across a narrow sea strait. We analysed the mitochondrial COI gene of 84 butterfly species out of 90 documented in Sicily and compared them with populations from the neighbouring southern Italian Peninsula (1,398 sequences) and from the entire Palaearctic region (8,093 sequences). For each species, we regressed 13 functional traits and 2 ecological constraints to dispersal (winds experienced at the strait and climatic suitability) against genetic differentiation between Sicily and Italian Peninsula to understand the factors limiting dispersal. More than a third of the species showed different haplogroups across the strait and most of them also represented endemic haplogroups for this island. One fifth of Sicilian populations (and 32.3% of endemic lineages) had their closest relatives in distant areas, instead of the neighbouring Italian Peninsula, which suggests high relictuality. Haplotype diversity was significantly explained by the length of the flight period, an intrinsic phenology trait, while genetic differentiation was explained by both intrinsic traits (wingspan and degree of generalism) and contemporary local constraints (winds experienced at the strait and climatic suitability). A relatively narrow sea strait can produce considerable differentiation among butterfly matrilines and this phenomenon showed a largely deterministic fingerprint. Because of unfavourable winds, populations of the less dispersive Sicilian butterflies tended to differentiate into endemic variants or to maintain relict populations. Understanding these phenomena required the integration of DNA sequences, species traits and physical constraints for a large taxon at continental scale. Future studies may reveal if the patterns here shown for mitochondrial DNA are also reflected in the nuclear genome or, alternatively, are the product of limited female dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Scalercio
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca Foreste e Legno, Contrada Li Rocchi, Rende, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy.,Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mattia Menchetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Raluca Vodă
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Adele Bordoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Pietro Casacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii, Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Emilio Balletto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Dapporto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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8
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Ruggeri P, Pasternak E, Okamura B. To remain or leave: Dispersal variation and its genetic consequences in benthic freshwater invertebrates. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12069-12088. [PMID: 31832145 PMCID: PMC6854113 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in dispersal capacity may influence population genetic variation and relatedness of freshwater animals thus demonstrating how life-history traits influence patterns and processes that in turn influence biodiversity. The majority of studies have focused on the consequences of dispersal variation in taxa inhabiting riverine systems whose dendritic nature and upstream/downstream gradients facilitate characterizing populations along networks. We undertook extensive, large-scale investigations of the impacts of hydrological connectivity on population genetic variation in two freshwater bryozoan species whose dispersive propagules (statoblasts) are either attached to surfaces (Fredericella sultana) or are released as buoyant stages (Cristatella mucedo) and that live primarily in either lotic (F. sultana) or lentic environments (C. mucedo). Describing population genetic structure in multiple sites characterized by varying degrees of hydrological connectivity within each of three (or four) UK regions enabled us to test the following hypotheses: (1) genetic diversity and gene flow will be more influenced by hydrological connectivity in populations of C. mucedo (because F. sultana dispersal stages are retained); (2) populations of F. sultana will be characterized by greater genetic divergence than those of C. mucedo (reflecting their relative dispersal capacities); and (3) genetic variation will be greatest in F. sultana (reflecting a propensity for genetic divergence as a result of its low dispersal potential). We found that hydrological connectivity enhanced genetic diversity and gene flow among C. mucedo populations but not in F. sultana while higher overall measures of clonal diversity and greater genetic divergence characterized populations of F. sultana. We suggest that genetic divergence over time within F. sultana populations reflects a general constraint of releasing propagules that might eventually be swept to sea when taxa inhabit running waters. In contrast, taxa that primarily inhabit lakes and ponds may colonize across hydrologically connected regions, establishing genetically related populations. Our study contributes more nuanced views about drivers of population genetic structures in passively dispersing freshwater invertebrates as outlined by the Monopolization Hypothesis (Acta Oecologica, 23, 2002, 121) by highlighting how a range of demographic and evolutionary processes reflect life-history attributes of benthic colonial invertebrates (bryozoans) and cyclically parthenogenetic zooplankton. In addition, growing evidence that genetic divergence may commonly characterize populations of diverse groups of riverine taxa suggests that organisms inhabiting lotic systems may be particularly challenged by environmental change. Such change may predispose riverine populations to extinction as a result of genetic divergence combined with limited dispersal and gene flow. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1tm8705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruggeri
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine ModelsStation Biologique de RoscoffCNRS‐Sorbonne UniversityRoscoffFrance
| | - Ellen Pasternak
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Zoology DepartmentOxford UniversityOxfordUK
| | - Beth Okamura
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
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9
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Dapporto L, Cini A, Vodă R, Dincă V, Wiemers M, Menchetti M, Magini G, Talavera G, Shreeve T, Bonelli S, Casacci LP, Balletto E, Scalercio S, Vila R. Integrating three comprehensive data sets shows that mitochondrial DNA variation is linked to species traits and paleogeographic events in European butterflies. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:1623-1636. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Cini
- Dipartimento di Biologia dell'Università di Firenze Firenze Italy
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
| | - Raluca Vodă
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Turin Italy
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Martin Wiemers
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg Germany
- Department of Community Ecology UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Halle Germany
| | - Mattia Menchetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia dell'Università di Firenze Firenze Italy
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC‐Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona Spain
| | - Giulia Magini
- Dipartimento di Biologia dell'Università di Firenze Firenze Italy
| | - Gerard Talavera
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC‐Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona Spain
| | - Tim Shreeve
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Environment and Conservation Oxford Brookes University Oxford UK
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Turin Italy
| | - Luca Pietro Casacci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Turin Italy
- Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Emilio Balletto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Turin Italy
| | - Stefano Scalercio
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria Centro di Ricerca Foreste e Legno Rende Italy
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC‐Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona Spain
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10
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Orton MG, May JA, Ly W, Lee DJ, Adamowicz SJ. Is molecular evolution faster in the tropics? Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 122:513-524. [PMID: 30202084 PMCID: PMC6461915 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary speed hypothesis (ESH) suggests that molecular evolutionary rates are higher among species inhabiting warmer environments. Previously, the ESH has been investigated using small numbers of latitudinally-separated sister lineages; in animals, these studies typically focused on subsets of Chordata and yielded mixed support for the ESH. This study analyzed public DNA barcode sequences from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for six of the largest animal phyla (Arthropoda, Chordata, Mollusca, Annelida, Echinodermata, and Cnidaria) and paired latitudinally-separated taxa together informatically. Of 8037 lineage pairs, just over half (51.6%) displayed a higher molecular rate in the lineage inhabiting latitudes closer to the equator, while the remainder (48.4%) displayed a higher rate in the higher-latitude lineage. To date, this study represents the most comprehensive analysis of latitude-related molecular rate differences across animals. While a statistically-significant pattern was detected from our large sample size, our findings suggest that the EHS may not serve as a strong universal mechanism underlying the latitudinal diversity gradient and that COI molecular clocks may generally be applied across latitudes. This study also highlights the merits of using automation to analyze large DNA barcode datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Orton
- Department of Integrative Biology & Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,School of Biological Sciences and Applied Chemistry, Seneca College, 1750 Finch Ave E, North York, ON, M2J 2X5, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A May
- Department of Integrative Biology & Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Winfield Ly
- School of Biological Sciences and Applied Chemistry, Seneca College, 1750 Finch Ave E, North York, ON, M2J 2X5, Canada
| | - David J Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Applied Chemistry, Seneca College, 1750 Finch Ave E, North York, ON, M2J 2X5, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology & Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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11
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Magoga G, Sahin DC, Fontaneto D, Montagna M. Barcoding of Chrysomelidae of Euro-Mediterranean area: efficiency and problematic species. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13398. [PMID: 30194432 PMCID: PMC6128942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), with more than 37,000 species worldwide and about 2,300 in the Euro-Mediterranean region, are an ecological and economical relevant family, making their molecular identification of interest also in agriculture. This study, part of the Mediterranean Chrysomelidae Barcoding project (www.c-bar.org), aims to: (i) develop a reference Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) library for the molecular identification of the Euro-Mediterranean Chrysomelidae; (ii) test the efficiency of DNA barcoding for leaf beetles identification; (iii) develop and compare optimal thresholds for distance-based identifications estimated at family and subfamily level, minimizing false positives and false negatives. Within this study, 889 COI nucleotide sequences of 261 species were provided; after the inclusion of information from other sources, a dataset of 7,237 sequences (542 species) was analysed. The average intra-interspecific distances were in the range of those recorded for Coleoptera: 1.6–24%. The estimated barcoding efficiency (~94%) confirmed the usefulness of this tool for Chrysomelidae identification. The few cases of failure were recorded for closely related species (e.g., Cryptocephalus marginellus superspecies, Cryptocephalus violaceus - Cryptocephalus duplicatus and some Altica species), even with morphologically different species sharing the same COI haplotype. Different optimal thresholds were achieved for the tested taxonomic levels, confirming that group-specific thresholds significantly improve molecular identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Magoga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Didem Coral Sahin
- Directorate of Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Diego Fontaneto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Largo Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania, Italy
| | - Matteo Montagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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12
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Cádiz A, Nagata N, Díaz LM, Suzuki-Ohno Y, Echenique-Díaz LM, Akashi HD, Makino T, Kawata M. Factors affecting interspecific differences in genetic divergence among populations of Anolis lizards in Cuba. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:21. [PMID: 30116552 PMCID: PMC6085692 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographical patterns and degrees of genetic divergence among populations differ between species, reflecting relative potentials for speciation or cladogenesis and differing capacities for environmental adaptation. Identification of factors that contribute to genetic divergence among populations is important to the understanding of why some species exhibit greater interpopulation genetic divergence. In this study, we calculated the mean pairwise genetic distances among populations as species' average genetic divergence by a phylogeny using nuclear and mitochondrial genes of 303 individuals from 33 Cuban Anolis species and estimated species ages by another phylogeny using nuclear and mitochondrial genes of 51 Cuban and 47 non-Cuban Anolis species. We identified factors that influence species' differences in genetic divergence among 26 species of Anolis lizards from Cuba. Species ages, environmental heterogeneity within species ranges, and ecomorph types were considered as factors affecting average genetic divergences among populations. RESULTS The phylogenies presented in this study provide the most comprehensive sampling of Cuban Anolis species to date. The phylogeny showed more conservative evolution of Anolis ecomorphs within Cuba and identified twig anoles as a monophyletic group. Subsequent Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares (PGLS) analyses showed that species age was positively correlated with species' average genetic divergence among populations. CONCLUSION Although previous studies have focused on factors affecting genetic divergence within species, the present study showed for the first time that species differences in genetic divergence could be largely affected by species age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cádiz
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculty of Biology, Havana University, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nobuaki Nagata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Luis M. Díaz
- National Museum of Natural History of Cuba, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Takashi Makino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masakado Kawata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Múrria C, Bonada N, Vellend M, Zamora‐Muñoz C, Alba‐Tercedor J, Sainz‐Cantero CE, Garrido J, Acosta R, El Alami M, Barquín J, Derka T, Álvarez‐Cabria M, Sáinz‐Bariain M, Filipe AF, Vogler AP. Local environment rather than past climate determines community composition of mountain stream macroinvertebrates across Europe. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6085-6099. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cesc Múrria
- Grup de Recerca Freshwater Ecology and Management (FEM) and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Departament de Biologia Evolutiva Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Facultat de Biologia Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Catalonia Spain
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum London UK
- Département de Biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Núria Bonada
- Grup de Recerca Freshwater Ecology and Management (FEM) and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Departament de Biologia Evolutiva Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Facultat de Biologia Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Mark Vellend
- Département de Biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Carmen Zamora‐Muñoz
- Departamento de Zoología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada Granada Spain
| | - Javier Alba‐Tercedor
- Departamento de Zoología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada Granada Spain
| | | | - Josefina Garrido
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal Facultad de Biología Universidad de Vigo Vigo Spain
| | - Raul Acosta
- Grup de Recerca Freshwater Ecology and Management (FEM) and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Departament de Biologia Evolutiva Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Facultat de Biologia Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| | - Majida El Alami
- Department of Biology University Abdelmalek Essâadi Tétouan Morocco
| | - Jose Barquín
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute Universidad de Cantabria Santander Spain
| | - Tomáš Derka
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University Bratislava Slovakia
| | | | - Marta Sáinz‐Bariain
- Departamento de Zoología Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Granada Granada Spain
| | - Ana F. Filipe
- CIBIO/InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
- CEABN/InBIO Centro de Ecologia Aplicada Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Alfried P. Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum London UK
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot Berkshire UK
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14
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Mitterboeck TF, Fu J, Adamowicz SJ. Rates and patterns of molecular evolution in freshwater versus terrestrial insects. Genome 2016; 59:968-980. [PMID: 27767335 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insect lineages have crossed between terrestrial and aquatic habitats many times, for both immature and adult life stages. We explore patterns in molecular evolutionary rates between 42 sister pairs of related terrestrial and freshwater insect clades using publicly available protein-coding DNA sequence data from the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera, and Neuroptera. We furthermore test for habitat-associated convergent molecular evolution in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in general and at a particular amino acid site previously reported to exhibit habitat-linked convergence within an aquatic beetle group. While ratios of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous substitutions across available loci were higher in terrestrial than freshwater-associated taxa in 26 of 42 lineage pairs, a stronger trend was observed (20 of 31, pbinomial = 0.15, pWilcoxon = 0.017) when examining only terrestrial-aquatic pairs including fully aquatic taxa. We did not observe any widespread changes at particular amino acid sites in COI associated with habitat shifts, although there may be general differences in selection regime linked to habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fatima Mitterboeck
- a Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.,b Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jinzhong Fu
- a Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah J Adamowicz
- a Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada.,b Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
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15
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Bray TC, Bocak L. Slowly dispersing neotenic beetles can speciate on a penny coin and generate space-limited diversity in the tropical mountains. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33579. [PMID: 27633844 PMCID: PMC5025657 DOI: 10.1038/srep33579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the controversial origin of a biological species within an area of a few kilometres in the absence of physical barriers. We employed nuclear rRNA/mitochondrial and genome-wide SNP approaches to infer relationships of four species of net-winged beetles characterised by female neoteny. Three species are distributed at low elevations and a single population colonised a 40 km(2) highland plateau and established distinct biological species despite incomplete genetic isolation. The speciation process is extreme in the highly localised spatial scale, due to the low dispersal power of neotenics, and provides clear support for a microallopatric model based on ecological conditions. In contrast with neutral evolution in a homogenous environment, as demonstrated by the genetic divergence and morphological similarity of two widely distributed low-mountain species, the environmental characteristics of the high-mountain plateau led to the origin of a species adapted to the local mimetic pattern and characterised by morphologically distinct genitalia. We conclude that the low dispersal propensity promotes neutral genetic differentiation in the first stage, but environmental characteristics play an important role the final phase of the speciation process. The unexpected speciation at such an extreme geographic scale points to the in situ origin and uniqueness of the mountain fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Bray
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Conservation Science and Learning, Bristol Zoological Gardens, Bristol, Clifton BS8 3HA, UK
| | - Ladislav Bocak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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16
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Islands in the desert: Species delimitation and evolutionary history of Pseudotetracha tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae: Megacephalini) from Australian salt lakes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 101:279-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Doña J, Moreno-García M, Criscione CD, Serrano D, Jovani R. Species mtDNA genetic diversity explained by infrapopulation size in a host-symbiont system. Ecol Evol 2016; 5:5801-9. [PMID: 26811755 PMCID: PMC4717341 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding what shapes variation in genetic diversity among species remains a major challenge in evolutionary ecology, and it has been seldom studied in parasites and other host‐symbiont systems. Here, we studied mtDNA variation in a host‐symbiont non‐model system: 418 individual feather mites from 17 feather mite species living on 17 different passerine bird species. We explored how a surrogate of census size, the median infrapopulation size (i.e., the median number of individual parasites per infected host individual), explains mtDNA genetic diversity. Feather mite species genetic diversity was positively correlated with mean infrapopulation size, explaining 34% of the variation. As expected from the biology of feather mites, we found bottleneck signatures for most of the species studied but, in particular, three species presented extremely low mtDNA diversity values given their infrapopulation size. Their star‐like haplotype networks (in contrast with more reticulated networks for the other species) suggested that their low genetic diversity was the consequence of severe bottlenecks or selective sweeps. Our study shows for the first time that mtDNA diversity can be explained by infrapopulation sizes, and suggests that departures from this relationship could be informative of underlying ecological and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Doña
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC) Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n Sevilla Spain
| | - Marina Moreno-García
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC) Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n Sevilla Spain
| | - Charles D Criscione
- Department of Biology Texas A&M University 3258 TAMU College Station Texas 77843
| | - David Serrano
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC) Avda Americo Vespucio s/n Sevilla Spain
| | - Roger Jovani
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC) Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n Sevilla Spain
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18
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Ahrens D, Fujisawa T, Krammer HJ, Eberle J, Fabrizi S, Vogler AP. Rarity and Incomplete Sampling in DNA-Based Species Delimitation. Syst Biol 2016; 65:478-94. [PMID: 26797695 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-based species delimitation may be compromised by limited sampling effort and species rarity, including "singleton" representatives of species, which hampers estimates of intra- versus interspecies evolutionary processes. In a case study of southern African chafers (beetles in the family Scarabaeidae), many species and subclades were poorly represented and 48.5% of species were singletons. Using cox1 sequences from >500 specimens and ∼100 species, the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) analysis as well as various other approaches for DNA-based species delimitation (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), Poisson tree processes (PTP), Species Identifier, Statistical Parsimony), frequently produced poor results if analyzing a narrow target group only, but the performance improved when several subclades were combined. Hence, low sampling may be compensated for by "clade addition" of lineages outside of the focal group. Similar findings were obtained in reanalysis of published data sets of taxonomically poorly known species assemblages of insects from Madagascar. The low performance of undersampled trees is not due to high proportions of singletons per se, as shown in simulations (with 13%, 40% and 52% singletons). However, the GMYC method was highly sensitive to variable effective population size ([Formula: see text]), which was exacerbated by variable species abundances in the simulations. Hence, low sampling success and rarity of species affect the power of the GMYC method only if they reflect great differences in [Formula: see text] among species. Potential negative effects of skewed species abundances and prevalence of singletons are ultimately an issue about the variation in [Formula: see text] and the degree to which this is correlated with the census population size and sampling success. Clade addition beyond a limited study group can overcome poor sampling for the GMYC method in particular under variable [Formula: see text] This effect was less pronounced for methods of species delimitation not based on coalescent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ahrens
- Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;
| | - Tomochika Fujisawa
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606 8502, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot SL7 5PY, UK
| | - Hans-Joachim Krammer
- Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Eberle
- Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Fabrizi
- Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alfried P Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot SL7 5PY, UK
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19
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Múrria C, Rugenski AT, Whiles MR, Vogler AP. Long-term isolation and endemicity of Neotropical aquatic insects limit the community responses to recent amphibian decline. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cesc Múrria
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD UK
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus Ascot SL5 7PY UK
| | - Amanda T. Rugenski
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale IL USA
| | - Matt R. Whiles
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale IL USA
| | - Alfried P. Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD UK
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus Ascot SL5 7PY UK
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